Ginkgo
Background: Ginkgo is derived from the leaves of the ginkgo tree. The leaves contain several substances called ginkgolides.
Medicinal Claims: Ginkgo reduces the clotting tendency of platelets, dilates blood vessels (thereby improving blood flow), and reduces inflammation. Ginkgo is used to improve blood flow to the brain and in the lower legs. It may be useful in treating dizziness, headache, noise in the ears (tinnitus), memory loss for recent events, and mood disturbance. It may prevent damage to the kidneys caused by the immunosuppressant cyclosporine.
Evidence supports some of these claims. Many European studies have shown that a standardized preparation of ginkgo reduces symptoms in people with reduced blood flow to the brain or in the legs. For example, in people with peripheral arterial disease, it increased the distance that could be walked without pain. One large well-designed study in the United States indicated that ginkgo can stabilize or improve mental and social function in people with mild to moderate dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Another study indicated that it can improve mental function in healthy older people.
Possible Side Effects: Although ginkgo leaf extracts usually have no side effects except mild digestive upset, the use of ginkgo should be supervised by a doctor; it is not suitable for self-medication. Ginkgo may interact with anticoagulants, aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and it may reduce the effectiveness of anticonvulsants. Contact with the fruit pulp, which may be encountered under ginkgo trees (planted for ornamental purposes), can cause severe skin inflammation (dermatitis). The fruit is not used in ginkgo products.
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