Illness and Death in Infants
The medical needs of ill or premature newborns and infants often require that these children be separated from their parents temporarily. Although doctors may allow parents to hold their infant some of the time, medical care often sharply limits the opportunity for parents to interact with their infant. In addition, parents are usually emotionally distressed by their infant's condition. The separation and parental distress can interfere with bonding (see Section 23, Chapter 263), particularly in severely ill infants who are hospitalized for a long time. Parents need to see, hold, and interact with their infant as soon as it is practical. Even with severely ill infants, parents often can help to feed, bathe, and change their infant. Breastfeeding may be possible, even if the infant must be fed through a tube at first.
If an infant has a birth defect, parents may experience guilt, sadness, anger, or even horror. Many feel even more guilt because they have such feelings. Seeing and touching the child can help the parents look beyond the birth defect and see the infant as a whole person; this helps the bonding process begin. Information about the condition, possible treatments, and the infant's prognosis can help the parents adjust psychologically and plan for the best medical care.
Death of an infant is always traumatic for parents. However, if a newborn dies before being seen or touched by the parents, the parents may feel as though they never had a baby. Although painful, holding or seeing the dead baby can help parents begin to grieve and begin the process of closure. Emptiness, lost hopes and dreams, and fear may overwhelm parents, who may become depressed. Parents tend to feel guilty, blaming themselves even when they are not responsible for the death. The grief and guilt that follow may strain the relationship between parents.
Many families whose infants are severely ill or who have died can benefit from counseling from psychologic or religious personnel. Parent and family support groups also may help.
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