Gas and Chemical Exposure
Many types of gases--such as chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, and ammonia--may suddenly be released during industrial accidents and may severely irritate the lungs. Gases such as chlorine and ammonia easily dissolve and immediately irritate the mouth, nose, and throat. The lower parts of the lungs are affected only when the gas is inhaled deeply. Radioactive gases, which may be released in a nuclear reactor accident, may cause lung and other cancers many years after the exposure.
Some gases--for instance, nitrogen dioxide--do not dissolve easily. Therefore, they do not produce early warning signs of exposure, such as irritation of the nose and eyes, and they are more likely to be inhaled deeply into the lungs. Such gases can cause inflammation of the small airways (bronchiolitis) or lead to fluid accumulation in the lungs (pulmonary edema).
Silo filler's disease (which mostly affects farmers) results from inhaling fumes that contain nitrogen dioxide given off by moist silage. Fluid may develop in the lungs as late as 12 hours after exposure; the condition may temporarily improve and then recur 10 to 14 days later, even without further contact with the gas. A recurrence tends to affect the bronchioles.
Inhalation of some gases and chemicals may also trigger an allergic response that leads to inflammation, and in some cases, scarring in and around the tiny air sacs (alveoli) and smallest airways (bronchioles) of the lung; this condition is called hypersensitivity pneumonitis (see Section 4, Chapter 51).
In some people, inhalation of small amounts of gas or other chemicals over a long period may result in chronic bronchitis. Also, inhalation of some chemicals, such as arsenic compounds and hydrocarbons, can cause cancer. Cancer may develop in the lungs or elsewhere in the body, depending on the substance inhaled.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Soluble gases such as chlorine, ammonia, and hydrofluoric acid cause severe burning in the eyes, nose, throat, windpipe, and large airways within minutes of exposure to them. In addition, they often produce a cough and blood in the sputum (hemoptysis). Retching and shortness of breath also are common. Less soluble gases such as nitrogen dioxide and ozone produce shortness of breath, which may be severe, after a delay of 3 to 4 hours and sometimes up to 12 hours after exposure.
A chest x-ray can show whether pulmonary edema or bronchiolitis has developed.
Prognosis, Prevention, and Treatment
Most people recover completely from accidental exposure to gases. The most serious complications are lung infection or severe damage with scarring of the small airways (bronchiolitis obliterans). Recent studies, however, have shown long-term impairment of the lungs years after episodes of exposure to gases.
The best way to prevent exposure is to use extreme care when handling gases and chemicals. Gas masks with their own air supply should be available in case of accidental spillage. Farmers need to know that accidental exposure to toxic gases in silos is dangerous, even fatal.
Oxygen is the mainstay of treatment for people who are exposed to gases. If lung damage is severe, a person may need mechanical ventilation (see Section 4, Chapter 39). Drugs that open the airways (bronchodilators), intravenous fluids, and antibiotics may be helpful. Corticosteroids such as prednisone are often prescribed to reduce inflammation in the lungs.
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