The Ostian head of .\lithras ROIl/an 

SYMBOLS 

OF 

TRANSFORMA TION 

AN ANALYSIS OF THE PRELUDE TO A CASE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA 

c. G. JUNG 

TRANSLATED BY R. F. C. HULL 

R 0 U T LED G E &.J<' E"Gt N P A U L 

LONDON 

FIRST PUBLISHED IN 1956 
BY ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL, LTD I I NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE 
Printed in Great Britain by St Edmundsbury Press Ltd Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk 
ffiBN 0 7100 1636 0 
Reprinted 1967, 1974, 1981 and 1986 
THIS EDITION IS BEING PUBLISHED BY ROUTLEDGE & KEG AN PAUL, LTD., IN ENGLAND AND FOR THE BOLLINGEN FOUNDATION BY PANTHEON BOOKS INC. IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. THE PRESENT VOLUME IS NUMBER 5 OF THE COLLECTED WORKS, 
AND IS THE FIFTH TO APPEAR. 
Translated from Symbole der Wandlung (4th edition, rewritten, of Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido), published by 
Rascher Verlag, Zurich, 1952. 

EDITORIAL NOTE 
As the author's Foreword indicates, the volume from which the present translation has been made is an extensive revision, published in 1952, of Wandlungen und Symbole der- Libido, published in 1912.* The reasons for this revision and its extent are eXplained by Dr. Jung and need no further comment here. 
The present translation differs in certain respects from the revised Swiss edition. First of all, the number of illustrations has been reduced. In the Swiss edition, these had been inserted to amplify the text rather than to illustrate. It seemed to the Editors that the illustrations sometimes had the disadvantage of interrupting the text unduly, and after careful consideration it was decided that only those having a direct relevance to the text should be included. Among these, some new photographs and substitutions have been used. Secondly, an appendix containing the complete Miller fantasies has been added. Since these were available only in a French text published in 1906 in the Archives de psychologie, a translation by Philip Mairet has been provided. The textual quotations are also from this translation. Other differences from the Swiss edition result from bringing the volume into conformity with the general plan for the Collected Works. A bibliography has been added, and accordingly the references in the footnotes have been somewhat shortened. A new and fuller index has been compiled. 
In respect to the quotations from various languages, special mention must be made of the work of Dr. A. Wasserstein and Dr. Marie-Louise von Franz in checking and translating some of the Latin and Greek texts. The philological material has been checked over by Dr. Leopold Stein. 
• First published in two parts in the ]ahrbuch fur psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen (Leipzig), Ill-IV (1912), and republished the same year as a book by Deuticke Verlag,_Leipzig and Vienna. An English translation, by Dr. Beatrice M. Hinkle, entitled Psychology of the Unconscious, was published in 1916 by Moffatt Yard and Co., New York, and in 1917 by Kegan Paul, London. Translations have also appeared in Dutch, French, and Italian. 
V 

TRANSLATOR'S NOTE 
During the preparation of this volume, the text of the original English translation by Beatrice M. Hinkle, first published in America in 1916 under the title Psychology of the Unconscious, has been freely consulted. Certain of the poetic quotations there rendered by Louis Untermeyer have been taken over into the present edition, sometimes with slight modifications. For some of the quotations from Faust, I am indebted to Philip Wayne, both for extracts from his published version of Part 1 and for passages from Part 2 specially translated for this volume. Quotations from Latin and Greek sources are taken when possible from existing translations, but mostly they are of a composite nature, resulting from comparison of the existing translations with the original texts and with the German versions used by the author, who in some cases translated direct from the originals. For the purpose of comparison, reference is sometimes made, in square brackets, to an existing translation although it has not been quoted. 
vi 

NOTE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT 
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following pul and others for the reproduction of illustrations or for] sion to quote: 
AlIen and Unwin, London, for a passage from Freuc Interpretation of Dreams; O. W. Barth, Munich: a plat Wachlmayr, Das Christgeburtsbild der friihen Sakralkun. fessor W. Norman Brown: passages from his translation Rig-Veda; Bruckmann Verlag, Munich: an illustratiOl J. J. Bernou1li, Die erhaltenen Darstellungen Alexand Grossen; Clarendon Press, Oxford: a passage from Joh] hunter's translation of Heine and an illustration from d logue of the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome, edited b, Jones for the British School at Rome; Diederichs Verlal seldorf: a plate from Wirth, Der Autgang der Mensl Dodd, Mead and Co., New York: for the use of material ally appearing in Beatrice Hinkle's translation of Jung chology of the Unconscious; Folkwang Verlag, Hagen a plate from Fuhrmann, Reich der Inka; Friedrichsen ' Hamburg: figures from Danzel, Symbole, Diimonen, und Tiirme; Harcourt, Brace and Co.: passages from Unterr translation of Heine and Cornford's translation of Timaeus; Harvard University Press: passages from the Classical Library editions of avid, Seneca, Virgil, ar Homeric Hymns; William Heinemann, London: passage the Thomas and Guillemard translation of Rostand's ( de Bergerac; Hoepli, Milan: a plate from PrampoliJ Mitologia nella vita dei popoli; Th~ Hoganh Press; quo, from the Standard Edition of the Works of Sigmund Frel the Collected Papers of Sigmund Freud; Houghton Miffli Boston: passages from Longfellow's Hiawatha; H. Keller' Berlin: a plate from Deubner, Attische Feste; Librairie La] Paris: two plates from Guirand, Mythologie genera le; M lan and Co., New York: a quotation from Baldwin, Thl 
vii 

:he Egyptian Resurrection) I; Methuen and Co., London: figs. ), 24, and 27 and PI. XLlb) from Budge, Gods of the Egyptians; Jxford University Press, New York: passages from Louis Mac"Ieice's translation of Faust; Penguin Books: passages from Rieu's translation of the Iliad and the Odyssey, de Selincourt's :ranslation of Herodotus, Wayne's translation of Faust~ and Hamilton's translation of Plato; Princeton University Press: passages from E. A. Speiser's translations in Ancient Near East~rn Texts; Reimer Verlag, Berlin: a plate from LeCoq, Die 8uddhistische Spiitantike in Mittelasien; Schwann Verlag, Diisieldorf: a plate from Clemen, Die romanische Wandmalerei ies Rheinlands; Seeman Verlag, Cologne: a plate from Cohn, 8uddha in der Kunst des Ostens; Sheed and Ward, New York: passages from F. J. Sheed's translation of the Confessions of St. Augustine; Stubenrauch Verlag, Berlin: a plate from Spiess, Marksteine der Volkskunst; Editions Tel, Paris: a photograph of Strasbourg Cathedral, by Marc Foucault; Mr. Philip Wayne: passages from his unpublished translation of Faust) Part n. 
Vlll 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
EDITORIAL NOTE TRANSLATOR'S NOTE 
NOTE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT LIST OF PLATES 
LIST OF TEXT FIGURES 
FOREWORD TO THE FOURTH SWISS EDITION FOREWORD TO THE THIRD SWISS EDITION FOREWORD TO THE SECOND SWISS EDITION 
PART ONE 
I. Introduction 
Il. Two Kinds of Thinking 
Ill. The Miller Fantasies: Anamnesis IV. The Hymn of Creation 
V. The Song of the Moth 
PAR T TWO 
I. Introduction 
Il. The Concept of Libido 
Ill. The Transformation of Libido IV. The Origin of the Hero 
V. Symbols ofJthe Mother and of Rebirth 
VI. The Battle for Deliverance from the Mother IX 

V 1.1.1.. 1. ut: .:JC:lcnnct: 
IX. Epilogue 
\PPENDlX: The Miller Fantasies 
IIBLIOGRAPHY 
Linguistic Abbreviations 
NDEX 

x 

;$Y4 
441 
445 
463 
496 
497 

LIST OF PLATES 
For full documentation of sources, see the Bibliography. p = pI 
FrontisPiece. The Ostian head of Mithras 
Roman. Museo Laterano, Rome. p; Museum, courtesy Magnusson. 
la. Expulsion of the demons 
Anonymous engraving, 17th century. P: Courtesy of D Jacobi. 
lb. Sun-god 
Shamanistic Eskimo idol, Alaska. p; From Wirth, Del der Menschheit, PI. XI, fig. 1. 
11.	Romulus and Remus with the She-Wolf Painted wood, northern Italian, medieval. Victoria al Museum, London. P: Museum, Crown copyright. 
Ill. Christ in the Virgin's womb 
Upper Rhenish Master, Germany, c. 1400. Formerly: 
Gemaldegalerie, Berlin. P: From Wachlmayr, Das Chri bild, p. 4. 
IVa. Boar-headed mother goddess: shakti of boar Vishnu 
Relief, northern India, 7th century. British Museum seum. 
Ivb. Scenes from the Eleusinian Mysteries 
From a burial urn, Rome, 1st century A.D. Former! Kircher Museum, Rome. Reconstructed drawing fr lettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale a VII (1879), lmd series, Pis. 11-111. 
va. Veneration of the Buddha's teachings as a SUi Stupa of Amaravati, India, 2nd century A.D. Governn seum, Madras. p' Guirand, Mythologie generale, p. 33 
vb. The Son of Man between the Seven Candles1 Universitatsbibliothek, Tiibingen: Beatus CommentaIl Lat. fol. 561, fol. 3v. P: E. Surkamp, courtesy of the Br xi 

	..•..•..•..•.... •• .•.•. ~b" .....•. '-"- •.............•............ , _ 	.....,. - 	~~- -_ 	~ 	o 
Throne of Tut-Ankh-Amon, 14th century B.C. P: Courtesy of the Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. 
VIII. The Overshadowing of Mary 
Tempera painting on wood, Erfurt Cathedral, 1620-40. P: From Spiess, Marksteine der V olkskunst, II, fig. 112. 
IXa. Winged sun-moon disc and tree of life 
Hittite relief, Sakjegeuzi, northern Syria. P: From Orientalische Literaturzeitung, XII (1909) : 9, PI. II, fig. 2. 
Ixb. Crucifixion, and the serpent lifted up 
Thaler struck by the goldsmith Hieronymus Magdeburger of Annaberg. P: Courtesy of the Ciba Archives, Basel. 
x.	"Sin" 
Painting by Franz Stuck (1863-1928), Germany. Bayerische Staatliche Gemaldesammlung, Munich. P: Gallery. 
XIa. The King, attended, sacrifices to the sun-god 
Stele of King Nabupaliddina, Babylon, 870 B.C. British Museum. P: Museum. 
Xlb. The fertility god Frey 
Bronze figure, Sodermanland, Sweden. Drawings from MonteHus, Opuscula, p. 406. 
L.	Phanes in the egg 
Orphic relief, Modena Museum. P: From Revue archeologique, 3rd series, XL (1902), PI. I, facing p. 432. 
XIIIa. The fire-god Tjintya 
Wood-carving, Bali. P: Courtesy of the Ciba Archives, Basel. 
XIIIb. Agni on the ram, with fire-sticks 
Teak processional carving, southern India. Musee Guimet, Paris. P: Museum. 
XIva. The nourishing earth-mother 
V<¥Ult painting, Limburg Cathedral, c. 1235. P: From Clemen, Die romanischen Wandmalereien, PI. 51. 
XIvb. Gorgon 
Detail from a Greek vase. !:ouvre. P: Archives photographiques. 
Xll 

XVI. Kihe Wahine, goddess of goblins and lizards Kou wood with human teeth, Hawaii. P: Friedrich He' from Tischner, Oceanic Art, pI. 89. 
XVII. Female figure with head-dress symbolizing 1 power 
King's incense bowl, Yoruba, West Africa. Hesse State M Darmstadt. P: P. Hirlmann, Darmstadt. 
XVIII. The crowned hermaphrodite 
From a manuscript, "De alchimia," attributed to 'I Aquinas, c. 1520. Rijksuniversiteit Bibliotheek, Leiden, Vossianus Chymicus 29, fol. 91. P: Courtesy of the Librar 
XIX. Gilgamesh with the herb of immortality 
Relief, palace of Assurnasirpal II (885-860 B.C.), Nimn syria. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. P: Cour the Museum. 
xxa. The horned Alexander 
Coin of Lysimachus, 3rd century B.C. P: From Bernoul Darstellungen Alexanders, PI. VIII, fig. 4. 
xxb. The Dadophors with raised and lowered torch I From a Mithraic marble bas-relief. Museum, Palermo. P dazzo. 
XXIa. The god Men, on the cock 
Attic wall-relief. National Museum, Athens. P: Alison Athens. 
xXlb. American Indian dancer, in ceremonial head-d New Mexico. P: George Hight, Gallup. 
XXIIa. The New Jerusalem (Revelation, ch. 21) 
From a Bible illustrated and printed by Matthaeus 1\ Amsterdam, 1650. 
xXIIb. A man and woman devoured by the Terrible l'vJ Shaman's amulet, walrus ivory, Tlingit Indians, Alask; century. American Museum of Natural History, New Y Courtesy of the Museum. 
XXIII. Ardhanari: Shiva and Parvati united Polychrome day, India, 19th century. Victoria and Albe seum, London. P: Courtesy of Bush Collection, Columbl verslty, New '\:ork. 
Xlll 

...,,,'4,, •....••..•.. ~ .•••... ~ .•...•..... , ..•.•..•.•..•. b-~~ •. _ •. -· - .... --~OO~-, -------~I 
seum. 
XXIvb. Diana of Ephesus, with the mural crown 
Alabaster and bronze, Roman, 2nd century A.D. National Museum, Naples. P: Anderson. 
XXV. Lingam with yoni 
Angkor Wat, Cambodia, C. 12th century. P: Eliot Elisofon, copyright by Time, Inc. 
XXVI. The Fountain of Life 
Icon, Constantinople School, 17th century. ColI. Dr. S. Amberg, Ettiswil, near Lucerne. P: Courtesy of Dr. Jolande Jacobi. 
{XVII. Stoup, with arms encircling belly 
Church at Kilpeck, Herefordshire, early 12th century. P: Courtesy of Dr. C. A. Meier, Zurich. 
XVIII. Hook for hanging 
Painted wood, northern New Guinea. Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden. P: Museum. 
XXIX. The Goddess in the Lingam 
Cambodia, 14th century. Musee Guimet, Paris. P: Museum. 
xxxa. Mater Ecclesia 
From the manuscript "Scivias" of St. Hildegarde of Bingen, Germany, 12th century. Formerly in the Nassauische Landesbibliothek, Wiesbaden; destroyed in the second World War. P: Library. 
xxxb. The cow-headed Hathor 
Bronze, Serapeum of Saqqara, late period. Cairo Museum. P: 
From Daressy, "Statues de divillites," no. 39134. 
XXXI. The Tree of Life 
Bronze vessel, Egypt, 7th-6th century B.C. Louvre. P: Archives photographiques. 
xxxlIa. Jackal-headed Anubis bending over a mummy 
From a tomb, Der el-Medinah, Thebes, XXth Dynasty. P: A. Gaddis, Luxor. 
XXXlIb. The sun-eating lion of alchemy 
From a manuscript, St. Gall Bibliothek, 17th century. P: Courtesy of the Ciba Archives, Basel. 
XIV 

v ~~~. 
XXXIV. Demon eating the sun 
Stone, eastern Java, 15th century. Rijksmuseum voor kunde, Leiden. p: Museum. 
XXXV. Buddhist tree of the dead 
Wood carving, China. Museum fUr VOlkerkunde, Bel stroyed in the second World War. P: Museum. 
XXXVI. Christ on the Tree of Life 
Painting, Strasbourg School. Strasbourg Gallery. P: Br< 
XXXVII. The Cross on Adam's grave 
Detail over west door, Strasbourg Cathedral, c. 1280. Foucault, from Thibout, La Cathedrale de Strasbourg, 
xxxvlIIa. Lamia bearing off a new-born babe 
From the frieze "Tomb of the Harpies," Acropolis of ) British Museum. P: Museum. 
XXXVlIIb. The devouring mother 
Shaman's amulet, walrus tusk, Tlingit Indians, Alask~ ican Museum of Natural History, New York. P: Courte~ Museum. 
XXXIX. The wak-wak tree with its human fruit 
From a Turkish history of the West Indies, Woodc a history of the West Indies by Ta'rikh aI-Hind al-Ghal stantinople, 1730. 
XL. Mithras sacrificing the bull 
The Heddernheim Relief. N assauisches LandesmuseUI baden. P: Cumont, Textes et monuments, II, PI. VII. 
XLIa. The cross of Palenque 
Mayan relief, Yucatan, Mexico. Drawing from Mauc Biologia Centrali-Americana: Archaeology, IV, pI. 76. 
XLIb. The shaping of the world-egg: Ptah working 01 ter's wheel 
Egypt. Painting from Budge, The Gods of the Egyt P·500. 
XLII. Regeneration in the mother's body 
Wooden fig-ure, Nootka Indians, Vancouver Island, American Museum of Natural History, New York. P: of the Museum. 
XV 

XLIV. Aion, with the signs of the zodiac 
Rome, 2nd-3rd century. Museo Profano. Vatican. p: Alinari. 
XLV. Death the archer 
Detail from an engraving by the "Master of 1464," German School. From Publications of the International Chalcographical Society, 1888, PI. I. 
XLVIa. The lotus growing out of Vishnu's navel, with Brahma inside 
Relief, Vijayanagar, India. P: From Guirand, Mythologie generale, p. 320. 
XLVIb. Ixion on the wheel 
From a Cumaean vase. P: From Archaeologisches Institut des Deutschen Reiches, Annali, XLV (1873), PI. IK. 
XLVII. Vishnu as a fish 
Zinc figurine, India, 19th century. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. P: Museum. 
XLVIII. The witch Rangda, thief of children 
Painted wood, Bali. P: L. Fritz, Berlin, from Prampolini, La Mitologia, II, p. 416. 
XLIXa. Mithras carrying the bull 
Relief, Castle of Stockstadt, Germany. P: From Drexel, "Das Kastell Stockstadt," PI. XIII, fig. 5. 
xLIxb. Queen Maya's dream of the Buddha's conception Relief, Gandhara. P: From Le Coq, Die Buddhistische Spatantike, I, PI. 14a. 
La. The Hathor Cow, suckling Queen Hatshepsut 
Relief, Anubis Chapel, Temple of Der el-Bahri, XVIIlth Dynasty. P: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. 
Lb. The goddess Artio with bears: a Roman parallel to Artemis 
Bronze group, dedicated to the goddess of Licinia Sabinilla, from Muri, near Bern. Historical Museum, Bern. P: Museum. 
LI. The Mistress of the Beasts 
Greek hydria, 600 B.C., found near Bern. Historical Museum, Bern. P: Museum. 
xvi 

LlII. tlasket ot 1SIS, wIth snake 
Marble altar from Caligula's temple to Isis, Rome. Capitolino, Rome. P: Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut, 
LIV. MatUla, an Etruscan Pieta 
Fifth century B.C. Museo Archeologico, Florence. P: Alin 
LV. The Tree of Enlightenment 
Pillar relief, stupa of Bharhut, India, 1St century B.C. P: 
Cohn, Buddha in der Kunst des Ostens, fig. 3, p. xxiv. 
DDD.	The Vision of Ezekiel 
Bible of Manerius (French manuscript). Bibliotheque Nat Paris, MS. Lat. 11534. P: Bibliotheque. 
LVlIa. Cista and serpent 
Silver coin, Ephesus, 57 B.C. British Museum. P: Museum. 
LVlIb. The sacrifice to the snake deity 
Votive tablet, Sialesi (Eteonis), Boeotia. P: Courtesy of th Archives, Basel. 
LVIII. Triple-bodied Hecate 
Roman. Museum of the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Ro From lanes, Catalogue. 
LIxa. The self-consuming dragon 
From Lambsprinck's symbols in the Musaeum Herm, (1678), p. 353. 
LIxb. Circle of gods 
Balinese drawing. Courtesy of the Ciba Archives, Basel. 
LX. Christ surrounded by the Evangelists 
Relief, Church at Arles-sur-Tech, Pyrenees-orientales, 11 t tury. P: Archives photographiques, Paris. 
LXIa. The Serpent Mystery 
Altar to the Lares, Pompeii. p: Courtesy of the Ciba Ar Basel. 
LXlb. Priapus with snake 
Roman. Museo Archeologico, Verona. P: Courtesy of ] Mardersfeig. 
LXII. Devouring monster 
Stone, Belahan, eastern lava, 1 ah century. Rijksmuseun Volkenkunde, Leiden. P: Museum. 
XVll 

LXIIIO. lVl1Xmg-pot wItn lIon and snake 
Detail from the Heddernheim Relief (cf. PI. XL). Nassauisches Landesmuseum, Wiesbaden. p: From Cumont, Textes et monuments, Il, PI. VII. 
LXIV. Rubens: The Last Judgment 
1618-20. Alte Pinakothek, Munich. P: Bayerische Staatliche Gemaldesamnilung. 
xviii 

LIST OF TEXT FIGURES 
1.	The Mother of All Living 
Woodcut from Colonna, Hypnerotomachia poliphili; from Fierz-David, The Dream of Poliphilo, p. 67. 
2.	The Eye of God 
Frontispiece to Jakob Bohme, SeraPhinisch Blumengiirtlein, from Auslese aus den mystisch-religiosen Schriften ]akob Bohmes. 
3.	The Voyage of the Sun 
Late Egyptian. From Schaefer, Von iigyptischer Kunst, PI. UII, fig. 1. 
4.	Germanic sun-idol 
Woodcut from Botho, Sachsisch Chronicon. P: British Museum. 
5.	The life-giving Sun: Amenophis IV on his throne Relief, Egypt. Drawing from Budge, The Gods of the Egyp· tians, 11, p. 74. 
6.	The mercurial serpent, alchemical symbol of psychic transformation 
Engraving from Barchusen, Elementa chemiae, fig. 62. 
7.	The Sun's hands 
Relief, Spitalkirche, Tiibingen. Rubbing from Erich Jung Germanische G6tter und Helden, fig. 2. 
8.	The Tempting of Eve 
Woodcut from the SPeculum humanae salvationis; from Wor· ringer, Die altdeutsche Buchillustration, fig. 6, p. 37. 
g.	Mithras with sword and torch 
Roman sculp.!ure, excavated on the Esquiline Hill. Engraving from Cumont, Textes et monuments, 11, fig. 28, p. 202. 
10.	Serpent representing the orbit of the moon 
Assyrian boundary stone, Susa. Drawing from Roscher, Lexi kon, IV, col. 1475. 
XIX 

LXXX, fig. 3. 
12.	The birth-giving orifice 	125 
From a Mexican Iienzo. Drawing from Danzel, Symbole) pI. 87. 
13.	Odysseus as a Cabiric dwarf, with Circe 	128 
From a bowl by the Cabiri Painter (?), c. 400 B.C. British Museum. Drawing from WoIters and Bruns, Das Kabirenheiligtum bei Theben) I, pI. 2g. 
14.	The banquet of the Cabir 	129 
From a bowl by the Cabiri Painter, c. 435 B.C. National Museum, Athens. Drawing from Wolters and Bruns, Das Kabirenheligtum bez Theben) I, pI. 2g. 
15.	The phallic plough 	151 
From a Greek vase. Museo Archeologico, Florence. Drawing from Dieterich, Mutter Erde) p. 108. 
16.	The twirling-stick 	152 
From an Aztec hieroglyph-painting. Drawing courtesy of the Ciba Archives, Basel. 
17.	The first three labours of Heracles 	172 
Classical sarcophagus relief. Drawing by Gori in InscriPtiones antiquae graecae et romanae, 1783; from Robert, Dze antiken SarkoPhag-Reliefs, Ill, Part 1, PI. XXXIX, fig. 128 (detail). 
18.	Priest with a fish-mask, representing Oannes 	199 
Relief, Nimrud. Drawing from ]eremias, Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten Orients) fig. 2. 
19.	Androgynous divinity 	204 
Late Babylonian gem. Drawing from Lajard, Memozre) p. 161. 
20.	Cybele and her son-lover Attis 	204 
Roman coin. Drawing from Roscher, Lexikon) I1, Part 1, col. 1647. 
21.	Noah in the Ark 	212 
Enamelled altar of Nicholas of Verdun, 1186, Klosterneuburg, near Vienna. Drawing from Ehrenstein, Das Alte Testament zm Bilde) Ch. IV, fig. 31, p. 106. 
22.	The Great Whore of Babylon 	215 
New Testament engraving by H. Burgkmaier; from Worringer, Dze altdeutsche Buchillustration, fig. 88, p. 136. 
XX 

24· Nut giving birth to the Sun 
Relief, Egypt. Drawing from Budge, The Gods of the Egyp tians) I1, p. 101. 
25.	The Divine Cow 
From the tomb of Seti 1, Egypt. Drawing from Erman, Di. Religion der ;lgypter) p. 15. 
26.	The human cross 
Woodcut from Agrippa of Nettesheim, De occulta philoso phia) p. 157. 
27.	The life-giving crux ansata 
Egypt. Drawing from Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians) II P·24· 
28.	Wotan riding the eight-legged horse Sleipnir Tombstone, Gatland, Sweden, c. A.D. 1000. Drawing from Gra~ and McCulloch, The Mythology of All Races) I1, PI. VIII. 
29· The Devil riding off with a witch 
Woodcut from Olaus Magnus, Historia de gentibus septen trionrzlibus, Rome, 1555; from de Givry, Le Musee des Sorciers p. 207, fig. 164. 
30.	Quetzalcoatl devouring a man 
From the Codex Borbonicus, Aztec, 16th century. Library 0 the Palais Bourbon, Paris. Drawing from Danzel, "Altmexi kanische Symbolik," p. 235. 
31• The moon as the abode of souls 
Chalcedon gem. 1st century B.C. Drawing from Chapouthier Les Dioscures) fig. 67, p. 324. 
32• The woman in the moon 
Tattoo pattern, Haida Indians, Northwest America. Drawin! from Danzel, Symbole, pI. 35. 
33· Vidarr's fight with the Fenris-Wolf 
Relief nom a cross, Churchyard of Gosforth, Cumberland Rubbing from Gray and MacCuJloch, Mythology of All Races I1, PI. XXI. 
34· Hecate of Sam0thrace 
Gnostic gem. Engraving from Archiiologische Zeltung) XV gt!-gg (1857), Atlas, PI. XCIX. 
XXI 

India. -Drawing from Miiller, Glauben, Wissen und Kunst der alten Hindus, PI. H, fig. 21. 

37· 	Agathodaimon serpent 	383 	
	Antique gem. Engraving from Macarius, Abraxas, PI. XV, fig. 		
	63. Courtesy of the United States Geological Survey Library, 		
	Washington. 		
38. 	World plan 	391 	
	From an Aztec codex. Drawing from Danzel, Mexiko 1, pI. 53. 		
39· 	The four corners of the zodiac: sun and moon in 		
	centre 	392 	
	Cop tic. Woodcut from Kircher, OediPus Aegyptiacus. 		
40• 	The womb of the World Mother 	405 	
	Wooden bowl, Congo. Museum fUr Volkerkunde, Hamburg. 		
	Drawing from Danzel, Symbole, pI. 88. 		
41. 	Marduk fighting Tiamat 	416 	
	Assyrian cylinder seal. Drawing from ]eremias, Das Alte Testa- 		
	ment, fig. 14. 		
42. 	The sacred tree of Attis 	423 	
	Relief from an altar to Cybele. Drawing from Gressmann, Die 		
	orientalischen Religionen, fig. 41, p. 99. 		
43· 	Antique cameo 	444 	
	Formerly in a museum of Florence. Drawing from Bachofen, 		
	Versuch uber die Griibersymbolik, PI. H, fig. 1. 		
xxii 

rv.l'l..LVVV.l'l.V ..\.v ..\..n..L rvu.l'l...\..n. .::lVV..\..::l.::l .LV..\...\.. 
I have long been conscious of the fact that this book was written thirty-seven years ago, stood in urgent need sion, but my professional obligations and my scientif never left me sufficient leisure to settle down in comfor unpleasant and difficult task. Old age and illness release last from my professional duties and gave me the necess;: to contemplate the sins of my youth. I have never fel about this book, much less satisfied with it: it was writte speed, amid the rush and press of my medical practice, regard to time or method. I had to fling my material together, just as I found it. There was no opportunit my thoughts mature. The whole thing came upon ml landslide that cannot be stopped. The urgency that lay it became clear to me only later: it was the explosioJ those psychic contents which could find no room, no bn space, in the constricting atmosphere of Freudian psy and its narrow outlook. I have no wish to denigrate Fret: detract from the extraordinary merits of his investigatio individual psyche. But the conceptual framework int( he fitted the psychic phenomenon seemed to me unen narrow. I am not thinking here of his theory of neurosi! can be as narrow as it pleases if only it is adequate empirical facts, or of his theory of dreams, about which d views may be held in all good faith; I am thinking mor reductive causalism of his whole outlook, and the alm( plete disregard of the teleological directedness which is acteristic of everything psychic. Although Freud's bo Future of an Illusion dates from his later years, it gives· possible account of his earlier views, which move wit confines of the outmoded rationalism and scientific mate of the late nineteenth century. 
As might be expected, my book, born under such con consisted of larger or smaller fragments which I cou string together in an unsatisfying manner. It was an Cl 
1 (The edition here translated.-EDIToRS.] xxiii 

cal psychology from the subjective and personalis tic bias that characterized its outlook at that time, and to make it possible to understand the unconscious as an objective and collective psyche. The personalism in the views of Freud and Adler that went hand in hand with the individualism of the nineteenth century failed to satisfy me because, except in the case of instinctive dynamisms (which actually have too little place in Adler), it left no room for objective, impersonal facts. Freud, accordingly, could see no objective justification for my attempt, but suspected personal motives. 
Thus this book became a landmark, set up on the spot where two ways divided. Because of its imperfections and its incompleteness it laid down the programme to be followed for the next few decades of my life. Hardly had I finished the manuscript when it struck me what it means to live with a myth, and what it means to live without one. Myth, says a Church Father, is "what is believed always, everywhere, by everybody"; hence the man who thinks he can live without myth, or outside it, is an exception. He is like one uprooted, having no true link either with the past, or with the ancestral life which continues within him, or yet with contemporary human society. He does not live in a house like other men, does not eat and drink like other men, but lives a life of his own, sunk in a subjective mania of his own devising, which he believes to be the newly discovered truth. This plaything of his reason never grips his vitals. It may occasionally lie heavy on his stomach, for that organ is apt to reject the products of reason as indigestible. The psyche is not of today; its ancestry goes back many millions of years. Individual consciousness is only the flower and the fruit of a season, sprung from the perennial rhizome beneath the earth; and it would find itself in better accord with the truth if it took the existence of the rhizome into its calculations. For the root matter is the mother of all things. 
So I suspected that myth had a meaning which I was sure to miss if I lived outside it in the haze of my own speculations. I was driven to ask myself in all seriousness: "What is the myth you are living?" I found no answer to this question, and had to 
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know that 1 was living a myth, and even it I had knowI would not have known what sort of myth was ordering IT. without my knowledge. So, in the most natural way, I t< upon myself to get to know "my" myth, and I regarded t the task of tasks, for-so I told myself-how could I, when ing my patients, make due allowance for the personal fact( my personal equation, which is yet so necessary for a know of the other person, if I was unconscious of it? I simply b know what unconscious or preconscious myth was formin from what rhizome I sprang. This resolve led me to d many years of my life to investigating the subjective cOl which are the products of unconscious processes, and to out methods which would enable us, or at any rate help explore the manifestations of the unconscious. Here I d ered, bit by bit, the connecting links that I should have k about before if I was to join up the fragments of my book not know whether I have succeeded in this task now, al lapse of thirty-seven years. Much pruning had to be done, gaps filled. It has proved impossible to preserve the style of for I had to incorporate many things that I found out many years later. Nevertheless I have tried, despite a numl radical interventions, to leave as much of the original e standing as possible, for the sake of continuity with pre editions. And although the alterations are considerable, I d think one could say that it has turned into a different ' There can be no question of that because the whole thi really only an extended commentary on a practical analy the prodromal stages of schizophrenia. The symptoms 0 case form the Ariadne thread to guide us through the lab) of symbol is tic parallels, that is, through the amplifications " are absolutely essential if we wish to establish the meani: the archetypal context. As soon as these parallels come worked out they take up an incredible amount of space, " is why expositions of case histories are such an arduous task that is only to be expected: the deeper you go, the broade base becomes. It certainly does not become narrower, a never by any chance ends in a point-in a psychic traum: 
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vorkings of the unconscious. For this a great deal ot corn paraive material is needed, and it cannot be dispensed with any nore than in comparative anatomy. Knowledge of the subjecive contents of consciousness means very little, for it tells us 1ext to nothing about the real, subterranean life of the psyche. n psychology as in every science a fairly wide knowledge of >ther subjects is among the requisites for research work. A nodling acquaintance with the theory and pathology of neurosis s totally inadequate, because medical knowledge of this kind is nerely information about an illness, but not knowledge of the oul that is ill. I wanted, so far as lay within my power, to 'edress that evil with this book-then as now. 
This book was written in 1911, in my thirty-sixth year. The ime is a critical one, for it marks the beginning of the second lalf of life, when a metanoia, a mental transformation, not in'requently occurs. I was acutely conscious, then, of the loss of :riendly relations with Freud and of the lost comradeship of our Nork together. The practical and moral support which my wife save me at that difficult period is something I shall always hold .n grateful remembrance. 
)eptember) I950 

c. G. JUNG 

FOREWORD TO THE THIRD SWISS EDITIC 
The new edition of this book appears essentially unalter cept fOT a few textual improvements which hardly afl content. 
This book has to perform the thankless task of makin to my contemporaries that the problems of the human cannot be tackled with the meagre equipment of the d consulting-room, any more than they can be tackled with 1 man's famous "understanding of the world and human n; Psychology cannot dispense with the contribution me the humane sciences, and certainly not with that made history of the human mind. For it is history above all thal enables us to bring the huge mass of empirical materi; ordered relationships and to recognize the functional cance of the collective contents of the unconscious. The is not something unalterably given, but a product of il continuous development. Hence altered glandular secretj aggravated personal relationships are not the sole cat neurotic conflicts; these can equally well be caused 1 torically conditioned attitudes and mental factors. Scienti medical knowledge is in no sense sufficient to grasp the of the soul, nor does the psychiatric understanding of logical processes help to integrate them into the totality psyche. Similarly, mere rationalization is not an adequate ment. History teaches us over and over again that, cont] rational expectation, irrational factors play the largest, j the decisive, role in all processes of psychic transformatio 
It seems as if this insight were slowly making headwa the somewhat drastic assistance of contemporary events. 

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November) I937 

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watha) any more than 1 would have used Wagner's Siegfrit I wished to analyse the cycle of the younger Edda. I u: material quoted in the book because it belongs, direc indirectly, to the basic assumptions of the Miller fantasie have eXplained more fully in the text. If, in this work, v. mythologems are shown in a light which makes their p: logical meaning more intelligible, I have mentioned tt sight simply as a welcome by-product, without claimi propound any general theory of myths. The real purpose ( book is confined to working out the implications of all historical and spiritual factors which come together in t voluntary products of individual fantasy. Besides the ot personal sources, creative fantasy also draws upon the fore and long buried primitive mind with its host of images, ' are to be found in the mythologies of all ages and all pe The sum of these images constitutes the collective uncons a heritage which is potentially present in every individual the psychic correlate of the differentiation of the human 1 This is the reason why mythological images are able to spontaneously over and over again, and to agree with 01 other not only in all the corners of the wide earth, but times. As they are present always and everywhere, it entirely natural proceeding to relate mythologems, whid be very far apart both temporally and ethnically, to an in ual fantasy system. The creative substratum is everywher same human psyche and this same human brain, which, relatively minor variations, functions everywhere in the way. 
FOREWORD TO THE SECOND SWISS EDITION 
In this second edition the text of the book remains, for technical reasons, unaltered. The reappearance of this book after twelve years, without alterations, does not mean that I did not consider certain emendations and improvements desirable. But such improvements would have affected details only, and not anything essential. The views and opinions I expressed in the book I would still maintain, in substance and in principle, today. I must ask the reader to bear patiently with a number of minor inaccuracies and uncertainties of detail. 
This book has given rise to a good deal of misunderstanding. 
It has even been suggested that it represents my method of treatment. Apart from the fact that such a method would be a practical impossibility, the book is far more concerned with working out the fantasy material of an unknown young American woman, pseudonymously known as Frank Miller. This material was originally published by my respected and fatherly friend, the late Theodore Flournoy, in the A rchives de psychologie (Geneva). I had the great satisfaction of hearing from his own lips that I had hit off the young woman's mentality very well. Valuable confirmation of this reached me in 1918, through an American colleague who was treating Miss Miller for the schizophrenic disturbance which had broken out after her sojourn in Europe. He wrote to say that my exposition of the case was so exhaustive that even personal acquaintance with the patient had not taught him "one iota more" about her mentality. This confirmation led me to conclude that my reconstruction of the semi-conscious and unconscious fantasy processes had evidently hit the mark in all essential respects. 
There is, however, one very common misunderstanding which I feel I ought to point out to the reader. The copious use of comparative mythological and etymological material neces~ sitated by the peculiar nature of the Miller fantasies may evoke the impression, among certain readers, that the purpose of this book is to propound mythological or etymological hypotheses. This is far from my intention, [or if it had been, I would have 
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KusnachtjZurich) November) I924 
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