WikiLeaks Document Release http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 February 2, 2009 Congressional Research Service Report RS22579 District of Columbia Representation: Effect on House Apportionment Royce Crocker, Government and Finance Division November 14, 2007 Abstract. A proposal (H.R. 1905/S. 1257) has been introduced in the 110th Congress to provide for voting representation in the U.S. House of Representatives for the residents of the District of Columbia (DC). H.R. 1905/S. 1257, for purposes of voting representation, treats the District of Columbia as if it were a state, giving a House seat to the District, but restricting it to a single seat under any future apportionments. The bills also would increase the size of the House to 437 members from 435, and give the additional seat to the state of Utah. This report shows the distribution of House seats based on the 2000 census for 435 seats and for 437 seats as specified in the proposal. The report also examines the impact of using the 2006 estimated population to allocate the 437 seats, including the single seat provided to the District. ¢ http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ A proposal (H.R. 1905/S. 1257) has been introduced in the 110th Congress to provide for voting representation in the U.S. House of Representatives for the residents of the District of Columbia (DC). H.R. 1905/S. 1257, for purposes of voting representation, treats the District of Columbia as if it were a state, giving a House seat to the District, but restricting it to a single seat under any future apportionments. The bills also would increase the size of the House to 437 members from 435, and give the additional seat to the state of Utah. This report shows the distribution of House seats based on the 2000 census for 435 seats and for 437 seats as specified in the proposal. The report also examines the impact of using the 2006 estimated population to allocate the 437 seats, including the single seat provided to the District. This report will be updated as conditions warrant. http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Adding New States and Seats to the House..................................................................................... 1 Congressional precedent ........................................................................................................... 1 Reapportionment Impact ................................................................................................................. 2 Table 1. Apportionment Impact of Alternative Plans for DC Voting Representation in the House............................................................................................................................................ 2 Table 2. Population Needed to Gain or Lose a Seat Using the 2000 Census Apportionment Population and a 435 Seat House........................................................................ 5 Table 3. Population Needed to Gain or Lose a Seat Using the 2000 Census http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 Apportionment Population and a 437 Seat House........................................................................ 6 Author Contact Information ............................................................................................................ 7 H.R. 1905/S. 1257, the District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2007, would provide for a permanent increase in the size of the U.S. House of Representatives, from 435 seats to 437 seats. The bills specify that one of the seats is to be allocated to the District of Columbia while the other seat is to be assigned either by using the normal apportionment formula allocation procedure (H.R. 1905) or specifying that the seat would be allocated to Utah, thus adding a fourth seat (S. 1257). While both versions treat the District of Columbia as if it were a state for the purposes of the allocation of House seats, each restricts the District of Columbia to a single congressional seat under any future apportionments. On April 19, 2007, the House approved H.R. 1905 (a revised version of H.R. 1433) by a vote of 241 to 177 (Roll Call vote 231) and sent it to the Senate for consideration.1 On June 28, 2007, S. 1257 was reported out of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs with amendments. On September 18, 2007, cloture on the motion to proceed to consideration of the measure was not invoked in the Senate on a Yea-Nay vote, 57 - 42, leaving the measure http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 pending. The 435 seat limit for the size of the House was imposed in 1929 by 46 Stat. 21, 26-27. Altering the size of the House would require a new law setting a different limit. Article I, §2 of the Constitution establishes a minimum House size (one Representative for each state), and a maximum House size (one for every 30,000 persons, or 9,380 representatives based on the 2000 Census). In 2003, a House size of 473 would have resulted in no state losing seats held from the 103rd to the 107th Congresses. However, by retaining seats through an increase in the House size, other state delegations would become larger. At a House size of 473, California's delegation size, for example, would be 57 instead of 53 seats. General congressional practice when admitting new states to the union has been to increase the size of the House, either permanently or temporarily, to accommodate the new states. New states usually resulted in additions to the size of the House in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The exceptions to this general rule occurred when states were formed from other states (Maine, Kentucky, and West Virginia). These states' Representatives came from the allocations of Representatives of the states from which the new ones had been formed. When Alaska and Hawaii were admitted in 1959 and 1960 the House size was temporarily increased to 437. This modern precedent differed from the state admission acts passed following the censuses in the 19th and early 20th centuries which provided that new state representatives would be added to the apportionment totals. 1 See CRS Report RL33830, District of Columbia Voting Representation in Congress: An Analysis of Legislative Proposals, by Eugene Boyd, esp. pp. 19-20., for a complete discussion. The apportionment act of 1911 anticipated the admission of Arizona and New Mexico by providing for an increase in the House size from 433 to 435 if the states were admitted. As noted above, the House size was temporarily increased to 437 to accommodate Alaska and Hawaii in 1960. In 1961, when the President reported the 1960 census results and the resulting reapportionment of seats in the reestablished 435-seat House, Alaska was entitled to one seat, and Hawaii to two seats. Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Missouri each received one less seat than they would have if the House size had been increased to 438 (as was proposed by H.R. 10264, in 1962). Table 1 lists the actual apportionment allocations of Representatives based on the 2000 census for 435 seats and the apportionment that would occur as a result of the provisions of the proposed legislation (i.e., 437 seats, DC allocated a seat and Utah allocated a seat). In addition, the apportionment of 437 seats of the House of Representatives is shown based on the 2006 state http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 population estimates and providing for a seat for the District of Columbia. If the District of Columbia had been treated as a state in the reapportionment of congressional seats following the 2000 census, and the House size had remained at 435, North Carolina would have not gained an additional seat in comparison with the 1990s. The state's delegation would have remained at 12 Representatives. If the District of Columbia were to receive representation as if it were a state and the House size were to be increased to 437, DC would be entitled to one Representative and Utah would be entitled to four Representatives, one more than the state received in the reapportionment following the 2000 census. No other state would be effected by the change. This is the impact that the proponents of the proposed legislation hope to achieve. If either of the pending bills are enacted and the most recent estimates of population of the states are used as a projection for what might happen in the 2012 apportionment, the District would get its seat and Utah would retain its fourth seat. However, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, and Nevada would each pick up a seat, and Texas would be allocated an additional two seats. Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania would each lose a single seat. This is primarily due to a change in state populations since the 2000 census. ni noitatneserpeR gnitoV CD rof snalP evitanretlA fo tcapmI tnemnoitroppA .1 elbaT esuoH eht :noitacolla 0002 lautcA sevitatneserpeR 734 sevitatneserpeR 534 taes nwo nevig CD taes nwo nevig CD TS TS staeS -noitroppA taeS staeS 6002 TS taeS staeS 0002 .pop tnem egnahc detamitsE egnahc -noitroppA morf c.pop morf b.pop tnem 0002 0002 LA 031,164,4 LA 7 031,164,4 7 LA 033,695,4 7 KA 339,826 KA 1 339,826 1 KA 901,496 1 1 326,636 DN 1 657,346 DN 1 657,346 DN 31 328,543,9 CN 31 376,760,8 CN 31 376,760,8 aCN 1- 82 276,344,91 YN 92 379,400,91 YN 92 379,400,91 YN 3 522,089,1 MN 3 128,328,1 MN 3 128,328,1 MN 31 132,810,9 JN 31 453,424,8 JN 31 453,424,8 JN 2 065,583,1 HN 2 514,832,1 HN 2 514,832,1 HN 1+ 4 135,096,2 VN 3 230,200,2 VN 3 230,200,2 VN 3 799,867,1 EN 3 963,517,1 EN 3 963,517,1 EN 1 895,869 TM 1 613,509 TM 1 613,509 TM 9 870,229,5 OM 9 062,606,5 OM 9 062,606,5 OM 4 214,179,2 SM 4 729,258,2 SM 4 729,258,2 SM 8 636,024,5 NM 8 076,529,4 NM 8 076,529,4 NM 51 386,824,01 IM 51 928,559,9 IM 51 928,559,9 IM 1- 9 144,946,6 AM 01 865,553,6 AM 01 865,553,6 AM 8 079,409,5 DM 8 688,703,5 DM 8 688,703,5 DM 2 431,753,1 EM 2 137,772,1 EM 2 137,772,1 EM 1- 6 976,216,4 AL 7 172,084,4 AL 7 172,084,4 AL 6 711,562,4 YK 6 134,940,4 YK 6 134,940,4 YK 4 074,508,2 SK 4 428,396,2 SK 4 428,396,2 SK 1- 4 709,900,3 AI 5 329,139,2 AI 5 329,139,2 AI 9 931,293,6 NI 9 287,090,6 NI 9 287,090,6 NI 91 498,619,21 LI 91 240,934,21 LI 91 240,934,21 LI 2 192,715,1 DI 2 472,792,1 DI 2 472,792,1 DI 2 476,043,1 IH 2 246,612,1 IH 2 246,612,1 IH 1+ 41 080,985,9 AG 31 579,602,8 AG 31 579,602,8 AG http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 1+ 62 196,152,91 LF 52 098,820,61 LF 52 098,820,61 LF 1 587,925 ED 1 860,587 ED 1 860,587 ED 1 243,488 CD 1+ 1 690,475 CD 0 690,475 aCD 5 094,775,3 TC 5 535,904,3 TC 5 535,904,3 TC 7 455,138,4 OC 7 288,113,4 OC 7 288,113,4 OC 35 431,760,83 AC 35 897,039,33 AC 35 897,039,33 AC 4 930,578,2 RA 4 337,976,2 RA 4 337,976,2 RA 1+ 9 183,736,6 ZA 8 386,041,5 ZA 8 386,041,5 ZA 0002 0002 morf c.pop morf b.pop tnem egnahc detamitsE egnahc -noitroppA .pop tnem taeS staeS 6002 TS taeS staeS 0002 TS staeS -noitroppA TS taes nwo nevig CD taes nwo nevig CD sevitatneserpeR 534 sevitatneserpeR 734 :noitacolla 0002 lautcA result in changes to the "populations needed to gain or lose a seat." to allocate seats in the House uses all state populations simultaneously, changes in several state populations may also state's population total would be adjusted without others changing as well. Since the method of equal proportions used The figures in Table 2 for the "population needed to gain or lose a seat" are misleading because it is unlikely that one 2 (ending at 435), but the states that would just miss getting additional representation.2 House, but the tables illustrate not only the last seats assigned by the apportionment formula allocate Representatives based on the 2000 Census. The law only provides for 435 seats in the formula provided in 2 U.S.C. §2a.(a). Table 2 displays the end of the priority list that was used to The actual apportionment is done through a "priority list" calculated using the equal proportions .7002 ,41 rebmetpeS ,detisiv tsal etiS .)6002TSE -TSN( 6002 ,1 yluJ ot 0002 ,1 lirpA :egnahC noitalupoP ,lmth.stesatad/tsepop/vog.susnec.www//:ptth :ecruoS .c .susnec eht fo emit eht ta niereht gnidiser ton tub etats eht morf era ohw stnedneped rieht dna seeyolpme laredef rehto dna yratilim desab-ngierof eht noitalupop tnediser s'etats hcae ot sdda uaeruB susneC eht esuaceb etats hcae fo noitalupop tnediser lautca eht morf tnereffid si noitalupop tnemnoitroppa ehT .b .31 fo daetsni 21 deviecer evah dluow aniloraC htroN dna ,evitatneserper eno ot deltitne neeb evah dluow ti susneC 0002 eht retfa etats a erew ti fi sa sevitatneserper detacolla neeb dah CD fI .a .)a(.a2§ .C.S.U 2 yb detadnam alumrof "snoitroporp lauqe fo dohtem" eht gnisu SRC yb snoitaluclac tnemnoitroppa llA :etoN 734 734 534 1 688,915 YW 1 403,594 YW 1 403,594 YW 8 624,727,5 IW 8 012,173,5 IW 8 012,173,5 IW 3 141,928,1 VW 3 770,318,1 VW 3 770,318,1 VW 9 369,145,6 AW 9 486,809,5 AW 9 486,809,5 AW 11 542,010,8 AV 11 207,001,7 AV 11 207,001,7 AV 1 215,256 TV 1 098,906 TV 1 098,906 TV 4 310,595,2 TU 1+ 4 417,632,2 TU 3 417,632,2 TU 2+ 43 888,846,42 XT 23 499,309,02 XT 23 499,309,02 XT http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 9 258,032,6 NT 9 730,007,5 NT 9 730,007,5 NT 1 993,687 DS 1 478,657 DS 1 478,657 DS 6 407,644,4 CS 6 160,520,4 CS 6 160,520,4 CS 2 256,611,1 IR 2 266,940,1 IR 2 266,940,1 IR 1- 81 784,485,21 AP 91 076,003,21 AP 91 076,003,21 AP 5 699,097,3 RO 5 345,824,3 RO 5 345,824,3 RO 5 615,195,3 KO 5 918,854,3 KO 5 918,854,3 KO 1- 71 181,675,11 HO 81 045,473,11 HO 81 045,473,11 HO 0002 0002 morf c.pop morf b.pop tnem egnahc detamitsE egnahc -noitroppA .pop tnem taeS staeS 6002 TS taeS staeS 0002 TS staeS -noitroppA TS taes nwo nevig CD taes nwo nevig CD sevitatneserpeR 534 sevitatneserpeR 734 :noitacolla 0002 lautcA .staes esuoH gnitacolla rof alumrof fo noitanalpxe na rof ,rekcorC ecyoR yb ,ecitcarP dna yroehT ni alumroF tnemnoitroppA esuoH ehT ,11703LR tropeR SRC eeS .SRC yb taes a esol ro niag ot dedeen snoitalupop dna seulav ytiroirp fo snoitatupmoC :ecruoS 020,371+ 80.045,526 688,703,5 9 DM 054 563,901+ 33.369,526 345,824,3 6 RO 944 671,934+ 47.407,826 098,820,61 62 LF 844 738,092+ 40.110,136 076,003,21 02 AP 744 090,97+ 49.094,136 918,854,3 6 KO 644 696,901+ 98.200,336 012,173,5 9 IW 544 489,426+ 81.842,436 897,039,33 45 AC 444 367,53+ 77.339,736 729,258,2 5 SM 344 564,251+ 73.901,836 240,934,21 02 LI 244 861,8+ 70.551,046 613,509 2 TM 144 750,73+ 84.420,246 287,090,6 01 NI 044 198,05+ 26.546,246 928,559,9 61 IM 934 862,68+ 39.572,346 499,309,02 33 XT 834 542,74+ 09.823,446 379,400,91 03 YN 734 558+ 07.386,546 417,632,2 4 TU 634 wal yb dengissa taes tsaL 480,3- 46.039,546 376,760,8 31 CN 534 049,33- 02.033,646 897,039,33 35 AC 434 886,97- 41.932,056 045,473,11 81 HO 334 339,212- 56.673,456 098,820,61 52 LF 234 733,44- 18.795,556 329,139,2 5 AI 134 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 683,241- 27.380,756 579,602,8 31 AG 034 418,39- 01.022,856 076,529,4 8 NM 924 156,976- 24.188,856 897,039,33 25 AC 824 054,721- 87.307,066 062,606,5 9 OM 724 915,765- 54.207,366 499,309,02 23 XT 624 588,953- 50.441,566 076,003,21 91 AP 524 noitalupop taes esol ro niag tnemnoitroppa ot dedeen .poP a eulav ytiroirP 0002 taeS etatS ytiroirP esuoH taeS 534 a dna noitalupoP tnemnoitroppA susneC 0002 eht gnisU taeS a esoL ro niaG ot dedeeN noitalupoP . 2 elbaT if DC is treated like state, as DC is entitled the constitutional minimum of one Representative. instead of 435. The priority values and the population needed to gain or lose a seat do not change Table 3 is similar to Table 2, in that it displays the end of the priority list, but the last seat is 437 477,116+ 81.842,436 897,039,33 45 AC 544 956,43+ 77.339,736 729,258,2 5 SM 444 156,741+ 73.901,836 240,934,21 02 LI 344 918,7+ 70.551,046 613,509 2 TM 244 417,43+ 84.420,246 287,090,6 01 NI 144 660,74+ 26.546,246 928,559,9 61 IM 044 342,87+ 39.572,346 499,309,02 33 XT 934 169,93+ 09.823,446 379,400,91 03 YN 834 dengissa taes tsaL 396,4- 07.386,546 417,632,2 4 TU 734 600,02- 46.039,546 376,760,8 31 CN 634 360,501- 02.033,646 897,039,33 35 AC 534 783,301- 41.932,056 045,473,11 81 HO 434 911,642- 56.673,456 098,820,61 52 LF 334 693,05- 18.795,556 329,139,2 5 AI 234 803,951- 27.380,756 579,602,8 31 AG 134 259,301- 01.022,856 076,529,4 8 NM 034 024,947- 24.188,856 897,039,33 25 AC 924 649,831- 87.307,066 062,606,5 9 OM 824 091,016- 54.207,366 499,309,02 23 XT 724 049,483- 50.441,566 076,003,21 91 AP 624 251,631- 76.733,566 288,113,4 7 OC 524 noitalupop taes esol ro niag tnemnoitroppa ot dedeen .poP eulav ytiroirP 0002 taeS etatS ytiroirP http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 esuoH taeS 734 a dna noitalupoP tnemnoitroppA susneC 0002 eht gnisU taeS a esoL ro niaG ot dedeeN noitalupoP .3 elbaT ht .tsil ytiroirp eht ni noitisop 634 eht ht deipucco evah dluow taes 31 s'aniloraC htroN esuaceb 534 fo rebmun ecneuqes wen a ni detluser evah dluow hcihw 77.039,546 ot desaercni neeb evah dluow eulav ytiroirp s'etats eht ,susneC eht ni detnuoc neeb dah snosrep erom 696,901 ,nisnocsiW fo esac eht ni ,fI .ffotuc eht evoba esir ot niag ot ro ,ffotuc taes ht 534 eht woleb pord ot redro ni esol ot deen rehtie dluow etats a noitalupop eht tneserper serugif esehT .b .detacolla era staes 534 litnu tsewol ot tsehgih morf seulav ytiroirp 'setats eht fo lla gniknar yb edam era stnemngissa taes lautca ehT 98.200,336 = 075832473182584.8 / 012,173,5 = ½ ] 27 [ / 012,173,5 = 9IW ½ ] ) 1 - 9 (9 [ / 012,173,5 = VP ht ht :si taes 9 s'nisnocsiW fo eulav ytiroirp eht ,elpmaxe roF .esuoH eht ni taes n s'etats ½ eht = n dna ,noitalupop s'etats eht = P ,eulav ytiroirp s'etats eht = VP erehw ; ]) 1 - n (n[ / P = VP :alumrof gniwollof eht yb denimreted "eulav ytiroirp" a no desab si esuoH eht ni noitatneserper ot mialc s'etats hcaE .a rcrocker@crs.loc.gov, 7-7871 Specialist in American National Government http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22579 Royce Crocker .2 elbaT fo dne seton eeS 310,801+ 33.369,526 345,824,3 6 RO 054 088,234+ 47.407,826 098,820,61 62 LF 944 320,682+ 40.110,136 076,003,21 02 AP 844 737,77+ 49.094,136 918,854,3 6 KO 744 006,701+ 98.200,336 012,173,5 9 IW 644 noitalupop taes esol ro niag tnemnoitroppa ot dedeen .poP eulav ytiroirP 0002 taeS etatS ytiroirP