WikiLeaks Document Release
               http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22204
                                           February 2, 2009



                      Congressional Research Service
                                    Report RS22204
     U.S. Trade Deficit and the Impact of Rising Oil Prices
                   James K. Jackson, Specialist in International Trade and Finance

                                           January 13, 2009

Abstract. This report provides an estimate of the initial impact of the rising oil prices on the nation's
merchandise trade deficit.
                                                                         
                                         

                                         
 
                                             
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22204




                                        ¢




                                                                                            

                                                                                                 
                                                                                             
                                             
                                        Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
                                                                                                  


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                                        Petroleum prices rose sharply in the first half of 2008, at one time reaching more than $140 per
                                        barrel of crude oil. Since July, however, petroleum prices and import volumes have fallen at a
                                        historically rapid pace; in January 2009, prices of crude oil fell below $40 per barrel. At the same
                                        time the average monthly volume of imports of energy-related petroleum products fell slightly.
                                        The sharp rise in the cost of energy imports added an estimated $50 billion to the nation's trade
                                        deficit in 2006 and another $28 billion in 2007. The fall in the cost of energy imports combined
                                        with the drop in import volumes as a result of the slowdown in economic activity has reversed the
                                        trend of rising energy imports costs and will sharply reduce the overall costs of U.S. energy
                                        imports for the rest of 2008. This report provides an estimate of the initial impact of the rising oil
                                        prices on the nation's merchandise trade deficit. This report will be updated as warranted by
                                        events.
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                                        Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1
                                        Issues for Congress.......................................................................................................................... 5



                                          
                                        Figure 1. Quantity of U.S. Imports of Energy-Related Petroleum Products ................................... 2
                                        Figure 2. Value of U.S. Imports of Energy-Related Petroleum Products ........................................ 3
                                        Figure 3. U.S. Import Price of Crude Oil ........................................................................................ 5



                                        
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                                        Table 1. Summary Data of U.S. Imports of Energy-Related Petroleum Products, Including
                                          Oil (not seasonally adjusted) ........................................................................................................ 1
                                        Table 2. U.S. Imports of Energy-Related Petroleum Products, Including Crude Oil (not
                                          seasonally adjusted)...................................................................................................................... 3



                                           
                                        Author Contact Information ............................................................................................................ 6




                                            
                                                                                                        



                                            
                                        According to data published by the Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce,1 the prices
                                        of petroleum products over the first half of 2008 rose sharply, generally rising considerably faster
                                        than the change in demand for those products, before falling at a historic rate. As a result, the
                                        price increases of imported energy-related petroleum products worsened the U.S. trade deficit in
                                        2006 and 2007, and will again in 2008. Energy-related petroleum products is a term used by the
                                        Census Bureau that includes crude oil, petroleum preparations, and liquefied propane and butane
                                        gas. Crude oil comprises the largest share by far within this broad category of energy-related
                                        imports. The slowdown in the rate of growth in the U.S. economy is sharply reducing the amount
                                        of energy that the country imports and is helping to push down world energy prices. and, in
                                        isolation from other events, is placing upward pressure on the dollar against a broad range of
                                        other currencies. To the extent that the additions to the merchandise trade deficit are returned to
                                        the U.S. economy as payment for additional U.S. exports or to acquire such assets as securities or
                                        U.S. businesses, the U.S. trade deficit could be mitigated further.
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                                        Table 1 presents summary data from the Census Bureau for the change in the volume, or quantity,
                                        of energy-related petroleum imports and the change in the price, or the value, of those imports for
                                        2007 and for 2008. The data indicate that the United States imported 4.8 billion barrels of total
                                        energy-related petroleum products in 2007, valued at $319 billion. In the January-November
                                        period of 2008, the quantity of energy-related petroleum imports fell by 5.0% compared with the
                                        comparable period in 2007; crude oil imports also fell by 3.6% from the same period in 2007.
                                        Year-over-year, the average value of energy-related petroleum products imports rose by 46%,
                                        while the average value of crude oil imports rose by 53.4%. As Figure 1 shows, imports of
                                        energy-related petroleum products can vary sharply on a monthly basis, but averaged about 382
                                        million barrels a month in the January-November period of 2008.



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                                        1
                                         Census Bureau, Department of Commerce. Report FT900, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, January
                                        13, 2009. Table 17. The report and supporting tables are available at http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/Press-
                                        Release/current_press_release/ftdpress.pdf.




                                              
                                                                                                       


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http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22204




                                        In value terms, energy-related imports rose from about $291 billion in 2006 to $319 in 2007, or
                                        an increase of 9.6% to account for about 17% of the value of total U.S. merchandise imports.
                                        Data for 2008 indicate that the sharp rise experienced in energy prices in 2007 continued in
                                        January through July 2008 and did not follow previous trends of falling during the winter months.
                                        As Figure 2 shows, the cost of U.S. imports of energy-related petroleum products rose from
                                        about $17 billion per month in early 2007 to $53 billion a month in July 2008, but fell to $22
                                        billion in November 2008, reflecting a drop in the price and in the volume of imported oil. The
                                        average price of imported oil in November 2008 was down 16% from the average price in
                                        November 2007, and down 47% from the average price in July 2008, reflecting the sharp
                                        decrease in the price of imported oil in August through November, as indicated in Table 2.

                                                1 erugiF   stcudorP muelorteP detaleR-ygrenE fo stropmI .S.U fo ytitnauQ .
                                                        Millions of barrels
                                                    450
                                                    440
                                                    430
                                                    420
                                                    410
                                                    400
                                                    390
                                                    380
                                                    370
                                                    360
                                                    350
                                                    340
                                                    330
                                                       Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb. Apr Jun Aug Oct
                                                         Nov Jan Mar May Jly Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jly Sep Nov
                                                         2006               2007                     2008
                                             ecremmoC fo tnemtrapeD :ecruoS


                                           
                                                                         
28.28          697,766,42      806,9        638,792       540,190,23        547,283            rebmeceD
78.97          490,099,32      211,01       173,003       245,177,13        384,983            rebmevoN
95.27          648,968,22      461,01       170,513       794,930,03        808,404              rebotcO
54.86          527,007,02      080,01       014,203       736,534,72        646,193            rebmetpeS
61.86          398,746,12      542,01       585,713       326,798,82        566,414                tsuguA
75.56          779,163,02      810,01       655,013       247,557,72        772,604                     yluJ
99.06          720,326,91      527,01       757,123       698,327,62        471,414                   enuJ
73.95          148,821,91      493,01       212,223       562,830,72        700,724                    yaM
42.75          675,415,71      991,01       569,503       989,443,42        923,404                  lirpA
51.35          207,149,61      382,01       387,813       524,681,32        262,814                 hcraM
46.05          776,100,31      071,9        057,652       548,174,71        685,433              yraurbeF
81.25          925,367,61      463,01       272,123       619,560,22        828,914                yraunaJ
82.46$         356,112,732$    111,01       865,096,3     324,228,813$      118,708,4           .ceD -.naJ
                                                                                                     7002
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                                                                  ecremmoC fo tnemtrapeD :ecruoS
                 2006                2007                      2008
                                                                                                               http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22204




                  Nov Jan Mar May Jly S ep Nov Jan Mar May Jly S ep Nov
                Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct
             $16
                                                                                         $20
                                                                                         $24
                                                                                         $28
                                                                                         $32
                                                                                         $36
                                                                                         $40
                                                                                         $44
                                                                                         $48
                                                                                         $52
                                                                   Billions of dollars
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                                        8002


                                            yraunaJ          619,024       173,638,53$            602,223           493,01        185,390,72$            90.48$
                                          yraurbeF           890,763       594,653,13             384,682           978,9         718,182,42             97.48
                                             hcraM           252,363       321,641,33             175,872           689,8         666,030,52             58.98
                                              lirpA          541,883       825,581,83             050,303           201,01        067,933,92             18.69
                                                yaM          782,373       232,063,04             599,392           484,9         882,542,13             82.601
                                               enuJ          576,283       673,702,54             235,792           819,9         641,058,43             31.711
                                                 yluJ        764,424       717,318,25             420,243           330,11        365,736,24             66.421
                                            tsuguA           976,883       829,210,64             083,803           849,9         089,000,73             99.911
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22204




                                        rebmetpeS            440,933       838,971,63             672,352           344,8         502,742,72             85.701
                                          rebotcO            667,314       039,236,73             581,423           854,01        414,038,92             20.29
                                        rebmevoN             078,143       316,599,12             006,162           027,8         979,254,71             27.66
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                                                                                                   .sag enatub dna enaporp deifeuqil dna ,snoitaraperp
                                        As a result of the overall rise in the value of energy-related imports in 2007, the trade deficit of
                                        such imports rose to $293 billion to account for 36% of the total $815 billion U.S. trade deficit,
                                        up from one-fifth of the total trade deficit in less than two years. In January-November 2008, the
                                        trade deficit in energy-related imports amounted to $364 billion, or 48% of the total U.S. trade
                                        deficit of $763 billion for the eleven-month period.

                                        The quantity of energy imports in 2007 fell by 1.5% below the quantity imported in 2006, but the
                                        total price of U.S. energy imports rose by about 10% in 2007 above that for 2006, largely as a
                                        result of the continued rise in the prices of imported energy in the October-December period of
                                        2007. In testimony before Congress, Federal Reserve Board Chairman Ben Bernanke indicated
                                        that the rise in oil prices, along with other commodity prices, had increased the overall rate of
                                        inflation in the economy, such concerns have been eclipsed by the slowdown in the rate of growth
                                        in the economy.2

                                        Crude oil comprises the largest share of energy-related petroleum products imports. According to
                                        Census Bureau data3 as shown in Table 2, imports of crude oil fell from an average of 10.23
                                        million barrels of crude oil imports per day in 2006 to an average of 10.15 million barrels per day
                                        in 2007, or a decrease of 1.2%. In December 2007, such imports averaged 9.7 million barrels per

                                        2
                                          Bernanke, Ben, The Economy and Financial Markets, Testimony Before the Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
                                        Committee, U.S. Senate, February 14, 2008.
                                        3
                                          Report FT900, U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services, January 13, 2009. Table 17.




                                              
                                                                                                 


                                        day, or an increase of 2.5% over the volume of such imports recorded in December 2006. Data for
                                        crude oil imports in 2007 indicate that the total quantity of imported oil decreased by 1.2% from
                                        the comparable period in 2006. In December 2007, however, despite a 57% rise in the price of
                                        crude oil imports year over year, average crude oil imports rose by about 2.5% from December
                                        2006. From June 2007 to June 2008, the average price of crude oil increased from $61 per barrel
                                        to $117 per barrel, or an increase of 92%, as shown in Figure 3. As a result, the value of U.S.
                                        crude oil imports rose from about $19 billion a month in June 2007 to $35 billion a month in June
                                        2008.

                                                                  3 erugiF   liO edurC fo ecirP tropmI .S.U .
                                                       Dollars per barrel
                                                  $125
                                                  $120
                                                  $115
                                                  $110
                                                  $105
                                                  $100
                                                   $95
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                                                   $90
                                                   $85
                                                   $80
                                                   $75
                                                   $70
                                                   $65
                                                   $60
                                                   $55
                                                   $50
                                                   $45
                                                      Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct
                                                        Nov Jan Mar May Jly Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jly S ep Nov
                                                       2006                2007                     2008
                                            ecremmoC fo tnemtrapeD :ecruoS
                                        Data for the January-November 2008 period indicate that a number of factors combined to push
                                        oil prices to record levels in July 2008, before tumbling quickly. The sharp rise in prices
                                        combined with a small decrease in the volumes of oil imports experienced during the period
                                        combined to post a large jump in the overall cost of imported energy. At times, crude oil traded
                                        for nearly $148 per barrel in July 2008, indicating that the cost of energy imports would have a
                                        significant impact on the overall costs of U.S. imports and on the value of the U.S. trade deficit.
                                        Since those record prices, the price per barrel of imported crude oil has fallen to under $40 per
                                        barrel at times in January 2009. With an expected decrease in the volumes of energy-related
                                        petroleum products imports for the remainder of 2008 due to a slowdown in economic activity
                                        and at an average price of $90 per barrel, energy-related import prices could add about $90 billion
                                        to the trade deficit on an annual basis, pushing the annual trade deficit to nearly $900 billion.


                                          
                                        The sharp rise in prices of energy imports experienced since early 2007 is expected to affect the
                                        U.S. rate of inflation, likely will have a slightly negative impact on the rate of economic growth
                                        in 2008, and pose a number of policy issues for Congress. Various factors are combining to push
                                        up the cost of energy imports to record levels at a time when they traditionally have followed a



                                           
                                                                                                   


                                        cyclical pattern that has caused energy prices to decline in the winter. A slowdown in the rate of
                                        economic growth in the United states in the spring and summer likely would lessen demand for
                                        energy imports and might help restrain the prices of energy imports. An important factor,
                                        however, will be the impact Atlantic hurricanes have on the production of crude oil in the Gulf of
                                        Mexico Most immediately, higher prices for energy imports will worsen the nation's merchandise
                                        trade deficit, add to inflationary pressures, and have a disproportionate impact on the energy-
                                        intensive sectors of the economy and on households on fixed incomes.

                                        Over the long run, a sustained increase in the prices of energy imports will permanently increase
                                        the nation's merchandise trade deficit, although some of this impact could be offset if some of the
                                        dollars are returned to the U.S. economy through increased purchases of U.S. goods and services
                                        or through purchases of such other assets as securities or U.S. businesses. Some of the return in
                                        dollars likely will come through sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), or funds controlled and
                                        managed by foreign governments, as foreign exchange reserves boost the dollar holdings of such
                                        funds. Such investments likely will add to concerns about the national security implications of
                                        foreign acquisitions of U.S. firms, especially by foreign governments, and to concerns about the
                                        growing share of outstanding U.S. Treasury securities that are owned by foreigners. Over the
                                        long-run it is possible for the economy to adjust to the higher prices of energy imports by
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RS22204




                                        improving its energy efficiency, finding alternative sources of energy, or searching out additional
                                        supplies of energy. There may well be increased pressure applied to Congress to assist in this
                                        process. For Congress, the increase in the nation's merchandise trade deficit could add to existing
                                        inflationary pressures and complicate efforts to stimulate the economy should the rate of
                                        economic growth slow down. In particular, Congress, through its direct role in making economic
                                        policy and its oversight role over the Federal Reserve, could face the dilemma of rising inflation,
                                        which generally is treated by raising interest rates to tighten credit, and a slowing rate of
                                        economic growth, which is usually addressed by lowering interest rates to stimulate investment. A
                                        sharp rise in the trade deficit may also add to pressures for Congress to examine the causes of the
                                        deficit and to address the underlying factors that are generating that deficit. In addition, the rise in
                                        prices of energy imports could add to concerns about the nation's reliance on foreign supplies for
                                        energy imports and add impetus to examining the nation's energy strategy.



                                            

                                        James K. Jackson
                                        Specialist in International Trade and Finance
                                        jjackson@crs.loc.gov, 7-7751