For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL33447
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                                                   Order Code RL33447




                  CRS Report for Congress
                                      Received through the CRS Web




                        Senate Proposals To Enhance
                            Chemical Facility Security




                                             Updated July 5, 2006




                                              Linda-Jo Schierow
                              Specialist in Environmental Policy
                       Resources, Science, and Industry Division




Congressional Research Service ~ The Library of Congress
           Senate Proposals To Enhance Chemical
                      Facility Security

Summary
     The 109th Congress is considering how to address the risks and consequences
of potential terrorist attacks on chemical facilities. This report compares and
analyzes two bills in the Senate that would address these issues: S. 2145, as reported,
and S. 2486, as introduced. S. 2145 was reported, amended (without written report),
by the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on June 26,
2006. For background information on chemical facility security and summaries of
other legislative proposals, see CRS Report RL31530, Chemical Facility Security.
For more information about alternative legislative approaches, see CRS Report
RL33043, Legislative Approaches to Chemical Facility Security.

     S. 2145 would direct the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) to issue rules designating chemical facilities subject to regulation, assigning
them to various risk-based tiers, and establishing performance-based standards for
each tier. Designated facilities would include facilities selected from those required
to complete risk management plans under the Clean Air Act (CAA), Section
112(r)(7), and facilities handling more than specified quantities of ammonium nitrate
or any other substance designated by the Secretary. Facilities would be required to
submit to DHS vulnerability assessments, security plans, and emergency response
plans for terrorist incidents. Plans would have to be "sufficient to deter, to the
maximum extent practicable, a terrorist incident or a substantial threat of such an
incident," and "include security measures to mitigate the consequences of a terrorist
incident." To oversee implementation, S. 2145 would establish regional DHS
security offices and area security committees and plans. DHS, other federal agencies,
and state and local agencies would be prohibited from releasing to the public
"protected information." S. 2145 expressly prohibits any private civil actions against
an owner or operator to enforce provisions of the Act. S. 2145 also requires
regulation of ammonium nitrate sales.

      S. 2486 addresses security and safety at "stationary sources," as defined by the
CAA Section 112(r)(2), and other facilities holding substances of concern that the
DHS Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency, designates as "high priority." For all stationary sources, S. 2486
would establish a general duty to identify hazards; ensure safe facility design,
operation, and maintenance (including use of use of inherently safer technology); and
reduce the consequences of a criminal release. Employees would assist owners or
operators in these tasks. Each high-priority facility would be required to submit to
DHS a vulnerability assessment, hazard assessment, and prevention, preparedness,
and response plan. S. 2486 would exempt DHS from public disclosure requirements
of the federal Freedom of Information Act for "all documents provided to the DHS
Secretary under this Act, and all information that describes a specific vulnerability
or stationary source derived from those documents." S. 2486 establishes Employees'
Safety and Security Committees and mandates employee training with respect to the
Act's requirements. This report will be updated as warranted by congressional
activity.
Contents
      Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
      S. 2145 (Collins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
           Chemical Sources and Substances of Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
           Vulnerability Assessments and Planning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
           Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
           Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
           Information Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
           Judicial Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
           Other Accountability Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
           Ammonium Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
      S. 2486 (Lautenberg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
           Chemical Sources and Substances of Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
           General Duty to Ensure Safe Design, Operation, and Maintenance . . . 5
           Vulnerability Assessments and Planning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
           Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
           Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
           Information Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
           Judicial Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
           Other Accountability Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
           Ammonium Nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
      Key Similarities and Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
           Chemical Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
           Substances of Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
           General Duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
           Inherently Safer Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
           Information Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
           Regional and Area Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
           Judicial Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
           Worker Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
           Ammonium nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9


List of Tables
Table 1. Comparison of S. 2145, as Reported, and S. 2486, as Introduced,
     in the 109th Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
    Senate Proposals To Enhance Chemical
               Facility Security

Introduction
     The 109th Congress is considering how to address the risks and consequences
of potential terrorist attacks on chemical facilities. Competing bills, S. 2145 and S.
2486, have been introduced in the Senate. Other legislation has been introduced in
the House, including a companion to S. 2145 (H.R. 4999). H.R. 5695 is similar to
S. 2145, while two other bills, H.R. 1562 and H.R. 2237, are similar to proposals in
the 108th Congress. This report focuses on legislation in the Senate. For background
information on chemical facility security and summaries of other legislative
proposals, see CRS Report RL31530, Chemical Facility Security, by Linda-Jo
Schierow. For more information on alternative legislative approaches, see CRS
Report RL33043, Legislative Approaches to Chemical Facility Security, by Dana A.
Shea.

     S. 2145 and S. 2486 direct the Secretary of the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS) to designate "substances of concern" and high-priority facilities for
regulation. Both bills require assessments of vulnerability for designated facilities
and preparation and implementation of security plans. Beyond these basic
provisions, however, the bills would mandate facility actions, federal oversight
mechanisms, and other requirements that differ in significant and often controversial
ways. The purpose of this report is to summarize key provisions of the two bills,
highlighting selected areas of disagreement and agreement.

S. 2145 (Collins)
    Senator Collins, Chairman of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Committee (HSGAC), introduced S. 2145, the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Act,
on December 19, 2005, following four full Committee hearings on the subject.1 Co-
sponsors on introduction included Senator Lieberman (the HSGAC Ranking

1
  Recordings of the four hearings are available on the Committee's website. They are
"Chemical Attack on America: How Vulnerable Are We?" held April 27, 2005; "Is the
Federal Government Doing Enough to Secure Chemical Facilities and Is More Authority
Needed?" held June 15, 2005; "Chemical Facility Security: What Is the Appropriate Federal
Role?" held July 13, 2005; and "Chemical Facility Security: What Is the Appropriate
Federal Role? (Part II)," held July 27, 2005. The House Committee on Homeland Security,
Subcommittee on Economic Security, Infrastructure Protection, and Cybersecurity also held
a hearing on this issue on June 15, 2005, "Preventing Terrorist Attacks on America's
Chemical Plants." A recording of the House hearing is not posted on the Committee
website, but a transcript is available on the Congressional Quarterly website at
[http://www.cq.com/].
                                         CRS-2

Member), Senator Coleman, Senator Carper, and Senator Levin, all members of the
HSGAC. The HSGAC reported an amended bill (without written report) on June 26,
2006.

      Chemical Sources and Substances of Concern. S. 2145 would direct
the DHS Secretary to promulgate rules for designating chemical facilities (referred
to in the legislation as "chemical sources") that would be subject to regulation,
assigning these facilities to various risk-based tiers and establishing performance-
based security standards for each tier. Facilities would be considered for designation
if they produced, used, or stored a substance of concern in a quantity equal to or
greater than a threshold quantity. To assist DHS in identifying facilities, the bill
would establish a duty to report to DHS for facilities handling more than a threshold
quantity of a designated substance of concern. Substances of concern would be those
that trigger risk management planning requirements under the Clean Air Act (CAA),
Section 112(r)(7),2 as well as ammonium nitrate and any other substance designated
by the Secretary. A decision to designate a substance would be based on the potential
extent of death, injury, or serious adverse effects to human health and safety or the
environment, or the potential impact on national or economic security or critical
infrastructure caused by a terrorist incident.

      Vulnerability Assessments and Planning Requirements. Designated
facilities would be assigned to risk-based tiers and required to complete and submit
to DHS vulnerability assessments, security plans, and emergency response plans for
terrorist incidents. DHS would be required to review these submissions within five
years of their date of submission and to provide a written determination to approve,
disapprove, or modify facility assessments and plans, as well as implementation of
plans. DHS would be prohibited from disapproving a site security plan based on the
presence or absence of a particular security measure, if the plan satisfied the
performance standards established for the applicable risk-based tier.

     For facilities in the higher-risk tiers, S. 2145 would require a preliminary DHS
review of facility assessments and plans within nine months of the date when DHS
issues regulations concerning assessments and plans. At that time, DHS would have
to provide notice and compliance assistance to facilities for which an assessment or
plan may not be approved. Three months later, (within one year of the date when
DHS issues regulations concerning assessments and plans), S. 2145 requires a written
determination by DHS to approve, disapprove, or modify facility assessments and
plans, as well as implementation of plans for higher-risk facilities.

     S. 2145 would require intergovernmental coordination, and requires facility
owners or operators to specify in their plans "steps taken by the chemical source to
coordinate security measures and plans for response to a terrorist incident with
Federal, State, and local government officials, including law enforcement and first
responders." Plans would have to be "sufficient to deter, to the maximum extent


2
  The list of regulated substances may be found at 40 CFR 68.130. Risk management
planning is required to reduce and mitigate the risk to neighboring communities from
accidental releases at facilities handling more than a threshold quantity of any of the 140
listed substances.
                                        CRS-3

practicable, a terrorist incident or a substantial threat of such an incident," and
"include security measures to mitigate the consequences of a terrorist incident."

     Enforcement. S. 2145 would provide administrative, civil, and criminal
penalties for facility owners or operators who fail to submit assessments or plans or
to implement plans adequately. DHS would be authorized to issue an order for the
chemical source to cease operation if the facility persisted in noncompliance with the
requirements established under S. 2145.

     Coordination. The bill would mandate coordination with existing security
and emergency response planning, including planning under the Maritime
Transportation Security Act (MTSA). To ensure coordination, S. 2145 establishes
regional security offices and area security committees and plans. State and local laws
would not be preempted unless they were inconsistent with federal law.

      Information Disclosure. DHS, other federal agencies, and state and local
agencies would be prohibited from releasing to the public "protected information."
That term is defined to include vulnerability assessments, site security plans, security
addenda to emergency response plans, area security plans, or materials developed or
produced exclusively in preparation for assessments or plans. S. 2145 also includes
in the definition of "protected information" any document obtained by DHS or a state
or local government from a chemical source in accordance with this Act, and any
document prepared by or provided to a federal agency or state or local government,
to the extent that the record contains information that (1) describes a specific
chemical source or the specific vulnerabilities of a chemical source; (2) was taken
from a vulnerability assessment, site security plan, addendum to an emergency
response plan, materials produced by a chemical source exclusively in preparation
of such documents, or a copy of such record in possession of the chemical source;
and (3) would, if disclosed, be detrimental to the security of a chemical source.

      The introduced bill would have required public disclosure of written
certifications of compliance by facility owners/operators, DHS certificates of
compliance issued for individual sources, DHS orders issued for noncompliance, and
lists of facilities for which DHS has issued an approval or disapproval, unless the
Secretary determined that release of a particular record would increase security risk.
An amendment to S. 2145 was approved during markup that reverses this provision,
such that certifications and orders could not be disclosed unless the Secretary were
to determine that release of a particular record would increase security risk. Even if
the Secretary determined an absence of increased risk, the Secretary would be
authorized, but not required, to disclose the record.

     Judicial Review. As introduced, S. 2145 was silent with respect to judicial
review. However, S. 2145 was amended during markup to permit any person to file
a petition with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia for judicial
review of a rule within 60 days of promulgation. The reported bill directs the court
to review rules in accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act (i.e., 5 U.S.C.
§701 et seq.).

     The amended bill would allow only an owner or operator whose facility is
affected by a final agency action to file a petition for judicial review of the action
                                          CRS-4

with an appropriate U.S. district court. (The standard of review would remain that
in the Administrative Procedure Act.) Only the owner or operator and the Secretary
could participate in such civil actions. In addition, the bill expressly prohibits any
private civil actions against an owner or operator to enforce provisions of the Act.

     Other Accountability Measures. Other provisions of S. 2145 would
require reports by DHS and GAO, establish a process by which any person might
submit a report to DHS regarding vulnerabilities of a chemical source, and protect
whistle-blowers from retaliation. During markup, an amendment was approved that
would prohibit GAO from releasing to the public any "protected information" in its
reports.

      Ammonium Nitrate. S. 2145 directs the DHS Secretary, in consultation with
the Secretary of Agriculture, to regulate the production and sale of ammonium nitrate
to prevent misappropriation or use in violation of law. The bill would require
registration of facilities and purchasers, and restrict sales to registered producers,
sellers, and purchasers.

S. 2486 (Lautenberg)
     Senator Lautenberg, a member of the HSGAC, introduced the Chemical
Security and Safety Act of 2006 (S. 2486) on March 30, 2006. Co-sponsors on
introduction included Senator Obama, Senator Kerry, Senator Menendez, Senator
Durbin, and Senator Biden.

     Chemical Sources and Substances of Concern. S. 2486 addresses
security and safety at "stationary sources," which are defined by reference to the
CAA Section 112(r)(2),3 but also to include other facilities that produce, process,
handle, or store any "substance of concern" and which the DHS Secretary designates
as "high priority." Substances of concern are defined as substances listed under the
CAA Section 112(r)(3) in a threshold quantity or any other substance designated by
the Secretary under section 5(d) of the Chemical Security and Safety Act in a
threshold quantity.

        The DHS Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), would be directed to designate by rule at
least 3,000 facilities handling substances of concern as "high priority categories." In
designating high-priority facilities, the Secretary would be directed to consider
potential severity of harm; proximity to population centers; threats to national
security; threats to critical infrastructure; threshold quantities of substances of

3
  The CAA §112(r)(2)(C) defines a "stationary source" to mean "any buildings, structures,
equipment, installations, or substance-emitting stationary activities (i) which belong to the
same industrial group, (ii) which are located on one or more contiguous properties, (iii)
which are under the control of the same person (or persons under common control), and (iv)
from which an accidental release may occur." The CAA §112(r)(2)(A) defines "accidental
release" to mean "an unanticipated emission of a regulated substance or other extremely
hazardous substance into the ambient air from a stationary source." The CAA §112(r)(2)(B)
defines "regulated substance" to mean "a substance listed under [CAA §112(r)] paragraph
(3)."
                                         CRS-5

concern that pose a serious threat; and other safety or security factors that the DHS
Secretary, in consultation with the EPA Administrator, determines to be appropriate.
S. 2486 also would require the Secretary to identify the 600 highest priority stationary
sources.

     General Duty to Ensure Safe Design, Operation, and Maintenance.
For all stationary sources, S. 2486 would establish a general duty to --

     !   identify hazards that may result from a criminal release of a
         substance;
     !   ensure that the facility is designed, operated, and maintained in a
         safe manner; and
     !   reduce the consequences of a criminal release.

Owners or operators of stationary sources would be required to involve employees
in ensuring the "design, operation, and maintenance of safe facilities," an obligation
that is defined to include use of inherently safer technology (IST) "to the maximum
extent practicable." S. 2486 defines IST as the "use of a technology, product, raw
material, or practice that, as compared to the technology, products, raw materials, or
practices currently in use ... significantly reduces or eliminates the possibility of the
release of a substance of concern, and ... significantly reduces or eliminates the
hazards to public health and safety and the environment associated with the release
or potential release." This definition includes such actions as "chemical substitution,
process redesign, product reformulation, and procedural and technological
modification."

      Vulnerability Assessments and Planning Requirements. Each owner
or operator of a high-priority facility would be required to submit to DHS a written
report that would include a vulnerability assessment, a hazard assessment, and a
prevention, preparedness, and response plan that would incorporate the results of the
assessments and meet requirements established by DHS. Each plan would have to
include discussion of the practicability of implementing each element of "safe"
facility design, operation, and maintenance. The bill also requires consultation with
employees at the facility in developing the assessments and plan.

     S. 2486 would require the DHS Secretary to review each submitted report to
determine whether it complied with DHS regulations, and to certify approval for
compliant facilities. In addition, the bill directs the DHS Secretary to notify any
owner or operator who submits a plan that is disapproved. S. 2486 would establish
an information clearinghouse to assist facilities in complying with requirements.

     Enforcement. S. 2486 would provide administrative, civil, and criminal
penalties for facility owners or operators who failed to comply with a compliance
order or directive issued by the Secretary. If a threat of a terrorist attack is beyond
the scope of a submitted prevention, preparedness, and response plan, or current
implementation of the plan is insufficient, DHS would be authorized to issue a
compliance order. If a facility persisted in noncompliance, the Secretary would be
authorized, after notifying the facility of that fact, to seek judicial relief to abate the
threat. Such judicial relief could include an order to cease operation and such other
orders as would be necessary to protect public health or welfare.
                                          CRS-6

     Coordination. S. 2486 mandates coordination of implementation for the
Chemical Security and Safety Act with the MTSA and directs the DHS Secretary to
minimize duplication of requirements for risk assessment and response plans under
other federal law.

      Information Disclosure. S. 2486 would protect DHS from public disclosure
requirements of the federal Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) for "all documents
provided to the DHS Secretary under this Act, and all information that describes a
specific vulnerability or stationary source derived from those documents." A few
documents are excepted from this protection, such as compliance certifications by the
DHS Secretary. In addition, information derived from the protected documents may
be disclosed if it would not divulge trade secrets, not identify any particular
stationary source, and "is not reasonably likely to increase the probability or
consequences of a criminal release." No protection is provided for information at
other federal agencies, but state and local government agencies are protected from
disclosure requirements of all federal, state, and local laws. As for DHS information
protection, a few documents are excepted from protection at state and local
government agencies.

     Judicial Review. S. 2486 is silent with respect to judicial review of DHS
actions. That means that final actions by DHS, whether rules or orders, would be
subject to judicial review as provided by the generally applicable Administrative
Procedure Act (APA; 5 U.S.C. §501 et seq.). The APA permits any person the right
to petition a federal district court for review of a final agency action. Under the APA,
an agency rulemaking can be held unlawful or set aside if it is found to be "arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with the law."4
The court can also "compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably
delayed."

     Other Accountability Measures. S. 2486 would establish Employees'
Safety and Security Committees at stationary sources with at least 15 employees, and
mandates employee training at all stationary sources with respect to the Act's
requirements. In addition, the bill would require notification and involvement of
employees in facility inspections and investigations. Protection is provided for
employees who might report problems at their facilities to authorities.

     Ammonium Nitrate. S. 2486 does not authorize additional regulation
regarding sale or purchase of ammonium nitrate.

Key Similarities and Differences
      Chemical Sources. Both bills would direct the Secretary to focus on
chemical sources regulated under the CAA §112(r). However, S. 2145 provides the
Secretary discretion with respect to designating and requires only that the Secretary
consider "any facility that is a stationary source ... for which the owner or operator
is required to complete a risk management plan...." Facilities required to complete
a risk management plan are those at which a regulated substance is present at a


4
    The judicial review provisions of the APA are codified at 5 U.S.C 701-706.
                                       CRS-7

quantity greater than a threshold quantity (CAA §112(r)(7)). In contrast, S. 2486
would apply to all stationary sources, which the bill defines with reference to the
CAA §112(r)(2). That definition includes "any buildings, structures, equipment,
installations, or substance-emitting stationary activities" (arguably a wider category
than "facilities") "(i) which belong to the same industrial group, (ii) which are
located on one or more contiguous properties, (iii) which are under the control of the
same person (or persons under common control), and (iv) from which an accidental
release may occur."

     In addition, both bills would authorize designation of additional facilities for
regulation. S. 2145, but not S. 2486, exempts facilities owned or operated by the
Department of Energy, the Department of Defense, or a licensee or certificate holder
of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

      Substances of Concern. S. 2145 would define "substance of concern" as
a chemical substance present at a chemical source in a quantity equal to or exceeding
the threshold quantity, as established under the CAA §112(r)(3) and (5); ammonium
nitrate, in a quantity to be determined by the Secretary; or any other chemical
substance above a threshold quantity designated by the Secretary. S. 2486 would
define "substance of concern" similarly, but does not include ammonium nitrate in
its definition.

      General Duty. S. 2145 would not impose a general duty on stationary sources
that produce, process, handle, or store any "substance of concern," as does S. 2486.
The latter would require owners or operators of stationary sources (1) to identify
hazards that may result from a criminal release; (2) to ensure the "design, operation,
and maintenance of safe facilities"; and (3) to eliminate or minimize the
consequences of any criminal release.

      Inherently Safer Technology. S. 2486 would require owners or operators
of stationary sources to ensure the "design, operation, and maintenance of safe
facilities," which the bill defines to include the use of IST "to the maximum extent
practicable." Higher priority stationary sources are required to consider use of IST,
implement IST to the maximum extent practicable, and document consideration in
security and response plans. S. 2145 does not require consideration or
implementation of IST, although it explicitly allows consideration and use of
technologies that would reduce potential consequences of any successful terrorist
attack as a security measure in a site security plan. During markup of S. 2145, the
committee approved an amendment that would prohibit the Secretary from
disapproving a security plan because it failed to incorporate a particular security
measure. This provision was adopted to ensure that the Secretary would not require
IST.

     Information Protection. Both bills would exempt DHS from FOIA
requirements for public disclosure of agency documents. S. 2145 would prohibit
disclosure of "protected information" (see definition above). In addition, it prohibits
disclosure of certifications and orders that might reveal the compliance status of
regulated facilities. Certifications (but not orders) may be released only if the
Secretary determines that release of such information would not increase the risk to
a facility. S. 2145 directs the Secretary to develop protocols to ensure, to the
                                         CRS-8

maximum extent practicable, that protected information will be maintained in a
secure location and that access will be limited to persons granted access for the
purpose of carrying out the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Act. The bill also
mandates that any officer or employee of a federal, state, or local government agency
who knowingly discloses any protected information be imprisoned for up to one year,
fined under chapter 227 of title 18, United States Code, or both, and if a federal
employee, removed from office or employment.

     S. 2486 would exempt DHS from FOIA requirements with respect to "all
documents provided to the DHS Secretary under this Act, and all information that
describes a specific vulnerability or stationary source derived from those documents,"
but the bill also would allow public disclosure of information derived from the
documents and information that is protected if it would not divulge trade secrets,
identify any particular stationary source, and "is not reasonably likely to increase the
probability or consequences of a criminal release." S. 2486 would not restrict
disclosure of certifications under §6(b), orders under §10(a), or best practices
established under §13(4) of the Act. The bill would require the Secretary to develop
information protection protocols, but S. 2486 would not authorize penalties for
unauthorized disclosure of protected information.

      Regional and Area Planning. S. 2145 would establish regional DHS
security offices to oversee facility efforts and area committees to coordinate local,
state, and federal security and emergency response planning. S. 2486 does not
include such provisions.

      Judicial Review. S. 2145 distinguishes between rulemaking and other final
agency actions with respect to courts of jurisdiction, as well as parties authorized to
act. S. 2145 would allow challenges to final rules only in the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the District of Columbia, but challenges to any other final actions could be filed
only in the appropriate federal district court. Because S. 2486 does not address
judicial review of final DHS actions, actions may be filed in any federal district court.

     S. 2145 would permit any person to file a petition for judicial review of a final
regulation but would permit only the owner or operator of a chemical source to file
a petition for review of a final agency action or order. Only that owner or operator
and the Secretary would have the right to participate in such civil action. In contrast,
because S. 2486 does not address judicial review of final DHS actions, any person
who is affected by a final DHS action, including promulgation of a final rule, has the
right under the Administrative Procedure Act to file an action for its review and to
participate in any civil action initiated by another.

     Finally, S. 2145 explicitly denies any right to private civil actions against an
owner or operator to enforce provisions of the Act. Again, S. 2486 is silent with
respect to private rights of action. As a result, it is unclear whether a private right of
action would be permitted.

     Worker Involvement. S. 2486 would establish Employees' Safety and
Security Committees at facilities with 15 or more employees to identify, discuss, and
make recommendations to owners or operators concerning potential hazards and risks
relevant to security, safety, health, and the environment. These committees are to
                                       CRS-9

participate in developing, reviewing, and revising vulnerability assessments, hazard
assessments, and prevention, preparedness, and response plans at their facilities.
Owners or operators would be required to provide employees annually with four
hours of training relevant to security and safety planning. S. 2145 does not have such
provisions. Both bills provide protection for employees who might report problems
at their facilities to authorities, but whistle-blower protection provisions are more
extensive and detailed in S. 2486 than in S. 2145.

     Ammonium nitrate. S. 2145 directs the DHS Secretary, in consultation with
the Secretary of Agriculture, to regulate the production and sale of ammonium nitrate
to prevent misappropriation or use in violation of law. The bill would require
registration of facilities and purchasers, and it would restrict sales to registered
producers, sellers, and purchasers. S. 2486 does not contain such provisions.

     Table 1 summarizes selected provisions of the two bills.
                                        CRS-10

   Table 1. Comparison of S. 2145, as Reported, and S. 2486,
              as Introduced, in the 109th Congress

        Provision           S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Title                 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Chemical Security and Safety Act
                      Act [§1]                         [§1]
Key Definitions
    Chemical source   Defined as a facility designated      Not defined. Instead defines
                      by the Secretary of the               "stationary source" as defined in
                      Department of Homeland Security       the Clean Air Act (CAA)
                      (DHS).                                §112(r)(2) with the addition of any
                                                            chemical facility designated by the
                                                            DHS Secretary under §5(d) of the
                                                            Chemical Security and Safety Act.
    Protected         Includes (1) any vulnerability        Not defined. Information that is to
    information       assessment, site security plan,       be protected under §11(a) includes
                      area security plan, and security      "all documents provided to the
                      addendum to an emergency              DHS Secretary under this Act, and
                      response plan prepared for the        all information that describes a
                      purposes of this Act and obtained     specific vulnerability or stationary
                      by DHS under §4; (2) any              source derived from those
                      materials obtained by DHS and         documents," except certifications
                      developed or produced by a            under §6(b), orders under §10(a),
                      chemical source exclusively in        and best practices for IST
                      preparation of records,               established under §13(4).
                      documents, or information
                      referred to by an assessment, plan,
                      or addendum or an emergency
                      response plan; (3) any document
                      or other information obtained by
                      DHS or a state or local
                      government from a chemical
                      source in accordance with this
                      Act, and any document prepared
                      by or provided to a federal agency
                      or state or local government, to
                      the extent that the document or
                      information (a) describes a
                      specific chemical source or the
                      specific vulnerabilities of a
                      chemical source; (b) was taken
                      from a vulnerability assessment,
                      site security plan, area security
                      plan, addendum to an emergency
                      response plan, or an emergency
                      response plan or from a copy of
                      such record in possession of the
                      chemical source; and (c) would, if
                      disclosed, be detrimental to the
                      security of a chemical source.
                                        CRS-11

  Provision                 S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Security or safety   Defines "security measure"             Defines "design, operation, and
measure              broadly to include measures to         maintenance of safe facilities" to
                     prevent or detect the presence of      include "to the maximum extent
                     terrorists in sensitive areas of the   practicable" --
                     facility, as well as measures to       "use of inherently safer
                     reduce consequences in the event       technology;" measures to make
                     of a successful terrorist attack.      facilities impregnable; "outreach to
                     [§2]                                   the surrounding community;"
                                                            improving site security, employee
                                                            training, and coordination with
                                                            state and local emergency officials,
                                                            law enforcement agencies, and first
                                                            responders; and secondary
                                                            containment, control, or mitigating
                                                            equipment. The definition also
                                                            includes use of buffer zones.
Use of inherently    No comparable definition.              Defines "use of inherently safer
safer technology                                            technology" as use of a technology,
                                                            product, raw material, or practice
                                                            that significantly reduces or
                                                            eliminates the possibility of the
                                                            release of a substance of concern,
                                                            and significantly reduces or
                                                            eliminates the hazards to public
                                                            health and safety and the
                                                            environment associated with the
                                                            release or potential release.
                                                            [§3]
Substance of         Defined as a chemical substance        Defined as any substance listed
concern              present at a chemical source in a      under the CAA §112(r)(3) in a
                     quantity equal to or exceeding the     threshold quantity or any other
                     threshold quantity for the             substance designated by the
                     chemical substance, as established     Secretary in a threshold quantity
                     under the CAA §112(r)(3) and           under §5(d) of this Act. Does not
                     (5); ammonium nitrate, in a            refer to the CAA §112(r)(5) or
                     quantity to be determined by the       ammonium nitrate.
                     DHS Secretary; or any other            [§3]
                     chemical substance above a
                     threshold quantity designated by
                     the DHS Secretary under §3(i).
                     [§2]
                                            CRS-12

      Provision                 S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Covered Facilities       Includes facilities designated by      Includes all "stationary sources"
                         DHS under §3(a), but not               under the CAA §112(r)(2), in
                         facilities owned or operated by        addition to any other sources
                         the Department of Energy,              designated in regulations as "high
                         Department of Defense, or a            priority" under §5(d) by the DHS
                         licensee or certificate holder of      Secretary.
                         the Nuclear Regulatory                 [§5]
                         Commission.
                         In designating facilities, the DHS
                         Secretary must consider:
                         (1) any facility that is a
                         "stationary source" under the
                         Clean Air Act (CAA), §112(r)(2)
                         and for which the owner or
                         operator is required to complete a
                         risk management plan in
                         accordance with CAA §112(r)(7)
                         (B)(ii); (2) any other facility that
                         produces, uses, or stores a
                         "substance of concern"; and (3)
                         any additional facility that the
                         DHS Secretary determines shall
                         be designated a chemical source.
                          [§3(c)-(d)]
Criteria for             Requires the DHS Secretary to          No comparable provision, but
Designating Facilities   establish criteria for designating     criteria for designating high-
                         chemical sources by regulation.        priority sources are similar. See
                         The DHS Secretary must base            "Identifying Priorities" below.
                         designation criteria on the
                         following "risk factors":
                          -- perceived threat to a facility;
                          -- potential extent and likelihood
                         of serious adverse effects to
                         human health and safety or to the
                         environment;
                          -- threats to or potential impact
                         on national security or critical
                         infrastructure;
                          -- potential threats or harm to the
                         economy;
                          -- proximity of a facility to
                         population centers;
                          -- nature and quantity of
                         substances of concern; and
                          -- other security-related factors
                         necessary to protect public health
                         and safety, critical infrastructure,
                         and national and economic
                         security.
                         [§3(a)-(b)]
                                           CRS-13

      Provision                S. 2145, as reported                   S. 2486, as introduced
Identifying Priorities   Requires the DHS Secretary to          Requires the DHS Secretary, in
                         promulgate rules establishing a        consultation with the Administrator
                         risk-based tier system of chemical     of the U.S. Environmental
                         sources, consisting of several         Protection Agency (EPA) and state
                         tiers, and providing guidance to       and local government agencies
                         owners and operators regarding         responsible for planning for and
                         actions that would enable a source     responding to criminal releases and
                         to move to a lower risk tier. One      for providing emergency health
                         or more tiers must be "higher          care, to designate "high priority"
                         risk" tiers.                           facilities by regulation, based on
                         Directs the DHS Secretary to           "the severity of the threat posed by
                         determine the tier applicable to       a criminal release." At least 3,000
                         each designated chemical source.       facilities must be designated "high
                         (Note that the listing of facilities   priority." In designating facilities
                         is not through rule-making.)           "high priority," the DHS Secretary
                         [§3(e)]                                must consider:
                                                                 -- potential severity of harm;
                                                                 -- proximity to population
                                                                centers;
                                                                 -- threats to national security;
                                                                 -- threats to critical infrastructure;
                                                                 -- threshold quantities of
                                                                substances of concern that pose a
                                                                serious threat; and
                                                                 -- other safety or security factors
                                                                that the DHS Secretary, in
                                                                consultation with the EPA
                                                                Administrator, determines to be
                                                                appropriate. Each stationary
                                                                source must be considered
                                                                individually.

                                                                The DHS Secretary also must
                                                                identify the 600 highest priority
                                                                stationary sources. [§5(a)-(b) and
                                                                §6(c)(1)]

                                                                In designating high-priority
                                                                categories, the DHS Secretary, in
                                                                consultation with the EPA
                                                                Administrator, is authorized to
                                                                designate by rule any chemical
                                                                facility as a "stationary source."
                                                                [§5(d)]
                                         CRS-14

      Provision               S. 2145, as reported                 S. 2486, as introduced
General Duty            No comparable provision.             Establishes for each owner and
                                                             operator of a stationary source that
                                                             produces, processes, handles, or
                                                             stores any "substance of concern" a
                                                             general duty: (1) to identify
                                                             hazards that may result from a
                                                             criminal release; (2) to ensure the
                                                             "design, operation, and
                                                             maintenance of safe facilities;" and
                                                             (3) to eliminate or minimize the
                                                             consequences of any criminal
                                                             release. Requires that the owner or
                                                             operator of a stationary source
                                                             involve employees of the source in
                                                             each aspect of ensuring the
                                                             "design, operation, and
                                                             maintenance of safe facilities."
                                                             [§4]
Security Standards      Requires the DHS Secretary to        Requires the DHS Secretary, in
                        establish security performance       consultation with the EPA
                        standards for each risk-based tier   Administrator, the U.S. Chemical
                        of facilities, with stricter         Safety and Hazard Investigation
                        requirements for tiers posing        Board, and state and local
                        greater risks. The standards must    government agencies, to
                        allow an owner or operator to        promulgate regulations that require
                        select security measures that, in    each owner and each operator of a
                        combination, satisfy the security    "high priority" stationary source to
                        performance standards and must       take action to detect, prevent, and
                        be risk-based, performance-based,    eliminate or reduce the
                        flexible, and include                consequences of terrorist attacks
                        consideration of the criteria for    and other criminal releases. Such
                        designating chemical sources         action must be taken in
                        [under §3(a)], cost, technical       consultation with local law
                        feasibility, and scale of            enforcement, first responders,
                        operations.                          employees, and employee
                        [§3(f)]                              representatives, and must include
                                                             the "design, operation, and
                                                             maintenance of safe facilities."
                                                             [§5(c)(1) and §5(e)]
Notice to Potentially   Requires the DHS Secretary to        No comparable provision.
Designated Facilities   notify potentially regulated
                        facilities about the process and
                        timeline for review and
                        designation of chemical sources.
                        [§3(g)]
Review of Designation Requires the DHS Secretary to          Requires the DHS Secretary, in
of Chemical Sources   review and revise as necessary the     consultation with the EPA
                      list of designated sources every 3     Administrator, to review the
                      years. Authorizes additional           regulations designating "high
                      revisions of the list by the DHS       priority" sources and make
                      Secretary.                             necessary revisions, at least once
                      [§3(h)]                                every 5 years.
                                                             [§5(e)]
                                         CRS-15

      Provision              S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Identification of      Requires the owner or operator of No comparable provisions, but see
Additional Chemical    any facility where a threshold      "Identifying Priorities" above.
Sources                quantity of a substance of concern
                       is present to petition the DHS
                       Secretary for a determination on
                       whether that facility should be
                       designated a chemical source, if
                       that facility has not been required
                       to complete a risk management
                       plan (under the CAA §112(r)(7)
                       (B)(ii).

                       Directs the DHS Secretary to
                       consult with the EPA
                       Administrator to establish a
                       mechanism for DHS to receive
                       timely notice when a facility is
                       required to complete a risk
                       management plan in accordance
                       with CAA §112(r)(7)(B)(ii).

                        Requires the owner or operator of
                       any newly operational facility that
                       handles at least the threshold
                       quantity of a substance of concern
                       to file a petition with the DHS
                       Secretary for a determination on
                       whether that facility should be
                       designated a chemical source.
                       [§3(h)]
Authority to           Authorizes the DHS Secretary to       Authorizes the DHS Secretary, in
Designate Substances   issue a rule designating or           consultation with the EPA
of Concern and         exempting a chemical substance        Administrator, for the purpose of
Threshold Quantities   as a substance of concern or          designating "high priority"
                       establishing or revising the          categories, to designate by rule any
                       threshold quantity. In                additional substance that, in a
                       promulgating such rules, the DHS      specified threshold quantity, poses
                       Secretary must consider "the          a serious threat as a "substance of
                       potential extent of death, injury,    concern." [§5(d)]
                       or serious adverse effects to
                       human health and safety or the
                       environment and the potential
                       impact on national security, the
                       economy, or critical infrastructure
                       that would result from a terrorist
                       incident involving the chemical
                       substance."
                       [§3(i)]
                                         CRS-16

      Provision              S. 2145, as reported                   S. 2486, as introduced
Vulnerability         Requires the DHS Secretary to           Requires each owner or operator of
Assessments, Site     promulgate regulations requiring        a high-priority facility to submit a
Security Plans, and   the owner or operator of each           report to the DHS Secretary within
Emergency Response    chemical source to conduct a            6 months of the date on which
Plans                 vulnerability assessment, prepare       regulations are promulgated under
                      and implement a site security           §5(c)(1). The report must include
                      plan, and prepare and implement         a vulnerability assessment, an
                      an emergency response plan or           assessment of the hazards that may
                      addendum to an existing plan.           result from a criminal release; and
                      The regulations must be risk-           a prevention, preparedness, and
                      based, performance-based,               response plan.
                      flexible, and include                   Requires the DHS Secretary to
                      consideration of the criteria for       notify each stationary source of an
                      designating chemical sources            elevated threat if the DHS
                      [§3(a)], cost, technical feasibility    Secretary, in consultation with
                      and scale of operations.                local law enforcement officials,
                      Authorizes cooperation among            determines that a threat of a
                      sources operating at contiguous         terrorist attack exists that is beyond
                      locations. Directs the DHS              the scope of a submitted
                      Secretary to share relevant threat      prevention, preparedness, and
                      information with state and local        response plan of one or more
                      government officials and with an        stationary sources.
                      owner or operator of a chemical         [§5(c)(2) and §10(c)(1)]
                      source. Specifies content of
                      vulnerability assessments.
                      [§4(a)]
Content of Site       Requires that each site security        Requires that each plan incorporate
Security Plans        plan indicate the tier applicable to    the results of the vulnerability and
                      the facility; address risks             hazard assessments. Required
                      identified in the vulnerability         reports to DHS also must include a
                      assessment; address appropriate         statement as to how the plan meets
                      security performance standards;         the requirements of the regulations;
                      include security measures               a statement as to how the
                      appropriate to the tier level that      prevention plan meets the general
                      are "sufficient to deter, to the        duty requirements of §4; a
                      maximum extent practicable, a           discussion of the consideration of
                      terrorist incident or a substantial     the elements of "design, operation,
                      threat of such an incident;"            and maintenance of safe facilities,"
                      include security measures to            including the practicability of
                      mitigate the consequences of a          implementing each element; and a
                      terrorist incident; increase            statement describing how and when
                      security of automated systems;          employees and employee
                      describe contingency plans for the      representatives were consulted.
                      facility; identify roles and            [§5(c)(2)]
                      responsibilities of employees;
                      identify steps taken to coordinate
                      with government officials;
                      describe training, drills, exercises,
                      and security actions; and describe
                      security measures that would be
                      implemented in response to an
                      order under §7 in the event that
                      heightened security measures
                      became necessary for a particular
                      facility.
                      [§4(a)]
                                           CRS-17

      Provision                S. 2145, as reported                S. 2486, as introduced
Contents of              Requires that an emergency            No comparable provision.
Emergency Response       response plan address the
Plans                    consequences of a terrorist
                         incident identified in the
                         vulnerability assessment; is
                         consistent with the site security
                         plan; and identifies the roles and
                         responsibilities of employees.
                         Requires plans to be modified
                         versions of plans that have been
                         federally approved or certified
                         and that are in effect on the date
                         of enactment, if consistent with
                         guidance provided by the
                         National Response Team (NRT)
                         established under the National
                         Contingency Plan.5 If no plan
                         exists, then the owner or operator
                         is required to develop one by
                         following guidance provided by
                         the NRT. Directs owners or
                         operators to place security
                         information in an addendum to
                         the plan, if necessary, to protect it
                         from public disclosure.
                         [§4(a)]
Self-Certification and   Within 6 months of promulgation No comparable provision.
Submission               of rules requiring vulnerability
                         assessments, site security plans,
                         and emergency response plans,
                         each owner or operator of a
                         chemical source must certify in
                         writing to the DHS Secretary that
                         a vulnerability assessment has
                         been completed and a site security
                         plan and an emergency response
                         plan have been developed and
                         implemented, and must submit
                         copies of the vulnerability
                         assessment and plans to the DHS
                         Secretary.
                         [§4(b)]




5
  The National Contingency Plan (NCP) and the National Response Team (NRT) are
established by EPA and the U.S. Coast Guard under the authority of Section 105 of the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (also
known as Superfund, 42 U.S.C. 9605). The purpose of the NCP and NRT is to coordinate
cleanup of releases of hazardous substances or oil.
                                          CRS-18

      Provision               S. 2145, as reported                   S. 2486, as introduced
Review and Approval     Requires the DHS Secretary,            Requires the DHS Secretary, in
by the DHS Secretary    within 5 years of the promulgation     consultation with the EPA
of Reports Submitted    of requirements for vulnerability      Administrator, to review each
by Covered Facilities   assessment and site security and       report submitted to determine
                        emergency response planning, to        whether the source covered by the
                        review submitted documents to          report is in compliance with
                        determine whether they comply          regulations promulgated under
                        with requirements promulgated          §5(c)(1). Requires the DHS
                        under §4(a). Authorizes                Secretary, after consultation with
                        subsequent reviews on a schedule       the EPA Administrator, to notify
                        to be determined by the DHS            the stationary source and to
                        Secretary. Requires the DHS            provide advice and technical
                        Secretary to provide the owner or      assistance to the source, if the DHS
                        operator written notice regarding      Secretary determines, in
                        DHS determination of compliance        consultation with the EPA
                        or noncompliance of the                Administrator, that a report does
                        vulnerability assessment, security     not comply, a threat exists that is
                        and emergency plans, and facility      beyond the scope of the plan
                        implementation. DHS is                 submitted, or the implementation
                        prohibited from disapproving a         of the plan is insufficient.
                        site security plan based on the        [§6(a) and (d)]
                        presence or absence of a
                        particular security measure, if the
                        plan satisfies the performance
                        standards established for the
                        applicable tier. If a notice
                        indicates disapproval, the notice
                        must include a clear explanation
                        of deficiencies, and DHS must
                        consult with the owner or operator
                        to identify steps to achieve
                        compliance. [§4(c)]
Schedule for Review     Within 9 months of the                 Within 2 years of the date on which
and Approval of         promulgation of requirements for       reports are required to be
Reports by Facilities   vulnerability assessment and site      submitted under §5(c)(2), requires
in Higher-risk Tiers    security and emergency response        the DHS Secretary to complete
                        planning, requires the DHS             review and certification of all
                        Secretary to conduct a preliminary     reports submitted by high-priority
                        review of higher-risk facilities and   stationary sources. Within 6
                        provide notice and compliance          months of the date on which
                        assistance to owners or operators      reports are required to be
                        if their assessment or plan may        submitted under §5(c)(2), requires
                        not be approved. Within one year       the DHS Secretary to review
                        of the promulgation of                 reports and certify compliance of
                        requirements for assessments and       the 600 highest priority stationary
                        plans, requires the DHS Secretary      sources.
                        to (1) review and approve,             [§6(c)]
                        disapprove, or modify a
                        vulnerability assessment, site
                        security plan, and emergency
                        response plan submitted by a
                        chemical source in a higher-risk
                        tier; and 2) determine whether the
                        chemical source is operating in
                        compliance with the submitted
                        site security plan and emergency
                        response plan. [§4(c)]
                                           CRS-19

       Provision               S. 2145, as reported                 S. 2486, as introduced
Certificate of          Requires the DHS Secretary to         Requires the DHS Secretary to
Compliance              issue a certificate of approval for   certify each compliance
                        facilities in compliance with the     determination for each "higher
                        requirements of this Act.             priority" source, and to include a
                        [§9(b)(2)]                            checklist indicating the
                                                              consideration by the source of the
                                                              use of elements of "design,
                                                              operation, and maintenance of safe
                                                              facilities."
                                                              [§6(b)]
Authority to Issue      Authorizes the DHS Secretary to       Authorizes the DHS Secretary, in
Orders for              issue an order requiring              consultation with the EPA
Noncompliance           certification and submission, if an   Administrator, to issue an order
                        owner or operator fails to certify    requiring compliance by the owner
                        or to submit a vulnerability          or operator of a stationary source
                        assessment, site security plan, or    30 days after the date on which the
                        emergency response plan. Directs      DHS Secretary first provided
                        the DHS Secretary to issue an         assistance, or the owner or operator
                        order requiring correction of         received notice regarding a
                        specified deficiencies if the owner   deficient report under §6(d)(2),
                        or operator does not achieve          whichever is later. An order may
                        compliance by a date to be            be issued only after such notice and
                        determined by the DHS Secretary.      an opportunity for a hearing.
                        Authorizes the DHS Secretary to       [§10(a)]
                        issue an order for a chemical
                        source to cease operation, if the
                        owner or operator continues to be
                        in noncompliance after an order to
                        comply with requirements has
                        been issued.
                        [§4(b)-(c)]
Authority to Close      Authorizes the DHS Secretary to No comparable provision, but see
Non-compliant           issue an order to a chemical       "Heightened Security Measures"
Facilities in Higher-   source in a higher risk tier to    below.
Risk Tiers              cease operation, if the DHS
                        Secretary disapproves its
                        vulnerability assessment, site
                        security plan, or emergency
                        response plan or determines that a
                        chemical source is not operating
                        in compliance with its site
                        security plan or emergency
                        response plan.
                        [§4(c)]
                                        CRS-20

      Provision             S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Heightened Security   Authorizes the DHS Secretary to       If the DHS Secretary has notified a
Measures              issue an order to the owner or        stationary source that a threat of a
                      operator of a chemical source         terrorist attack exists that is beyond
                      mandating security measures           the scope of a submitted
                      specified in rules promulgated        prevention, preparedness, and
                      under §4(a), if the DHS Secretary     response plan of one or more
                      determines that additional security   stationary sources, or that current
                      measures are necessary to respond     implementation of the plan is
                      to a threat. Orders may be            insufficient, and the response by a
                      effective for up to 90 days, or       stationary source to such
                      longer if the DHS Secretary files     notification is insufficient, the DHS
                      an action in a U.S. district court    Secretary is required to notify the
                      and the court authorizes an           stationary source, the EPA
                      extension.                            Administrator, and the Attorney
                      [§7]                                  General. After the DHS Secretary
                                                            provides such notice, the DHS
                                                            Secretary or the Attorney General
                                                            may secure such relief as is
                                                            necessary to abate a threat,
                                                            including an order to cease
                                                            operation and such other orders as
                                                            are necessary to protect public
                                                            health or welfare. Provides district
                                                            courts with the jurisdiction to grant
                                                            such relief.
                                                            [§10(c)(2)]

                      No comparable provision.              Authorizes [by reference to the
                                                            CAA §112(r)(9)] judicial relief in
                                                            the case of an imminent danger to
                                                            public health.
                                                            [§9(a)]
Information           No comparable provision.              Requires the DHS Secretary, in
clearinghouse                                               consultation with the EPA
                                                            Administrator, to establish an
                                                            information clearinghouse to assist
                                                            stationary sources in complying
                                                            with this Act that includes
                                                            "scalable best practices" for IST
                                                            and other actions.
                                                            [§13]
                                          CRS-21

      Provision                S. 2145, as reported              S. 2486, as introduced
Submissions and          Requires owners or operators of    No comparable provision.
Certification of         chemical sources to notify the
Changes Affecting the    DHS Secretary in writing within
Security of a Chemical   60 days of any change to a
Source                   chemical source that would have a
                         "materially detrimental effect" on
                         its security. Requires owners and
                         operators to certify to the
                         Secretary that they have reviewed
                         and implemented necessary
                         modifications to the vulnerability
                         assessment, site security plan, or
                         emergency response plan.
                         Requires the DHS Secretary to
                         provide written notice to the
                         owner or operator if additional
                         modification of a vulnerability
                         assessment, site security plan, or
                         emergency response plan is
                         required. Requires owners or
                         operators to ensure temporary
                         security measures are
                         implemented before the modified
                         vulnerability assessment, site
                         security plan, or emergency
                         response plan is implemented.
                         [§4(d)]
                                         CRS-22

      Provision              S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Facilities Regulated   Requires a facility regulated under   Requires the DHS Secretary, in
under Other Federal    the Maritime Transportation           consultation with the EPA
Laws                   Security Act (MTSA) to comply         Administrator, to minimize
                       with the Chemical Facility Anti-      duplication of the requirements for
                       Terrorism Act by modifying and        risk assessments and response
                       submitting to the Maritime            plans under the MTSA.
                       Security Coordinator and the
                       DHS Secretary its facility security
                       assessment and facility security
                       plan. Modifications should
                       ensure compliance with the
                       security performance standards of
                       the tier applicable to the chemical
                       source under the Chemical
                       Facility Anti-Terrorism Act.
                       Requires the DHS Secretary, in
                       consultation with the Federal
                       Maritime Security Coordinator, to
                       determine whether such facility
                       security assessment and plan meet
                       the security performance
                       standards established by the DHS
                       Secretary. Requires the DHS
                       Secretary to implement this Act
                       and the MTSA in "as consistent
                       and integrated manner as
                       possible," and to ensure
                       coordination between the DHS
                       Under Secretary for Preparedness
                       and the Coast Guard
                       Commandant.
                       [§4(e)]
                       No comparable provision.              Requires the DHS Secretary, in
                                                             consultation with the EPA
                                                             Administrator, to minimize
                                                             duplication of the requirements for
                                                             risk assessments and response
                                                             plans under the CAA and other
                                                             federal law.
                                                             [§15(a)]
                                          CRS-23

      Provision               S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Alternative Security   Authorizes the DHS Secretary to No comparable provision.
Programs               consider a petition submitted by
                       any person that describes alternate
                       security procedures, protocols,
                       and standards established by an
                       industry entity, government
                       authority, or other law and the
                       scope of chemical sources to
                       which it would apply. Authorizes
                       the DHS Secretary to determine
                       (by rule, regulation, or order)
                       whether the alternative security
                       program meets all promulgated
                       requirements for a vulnerability
                       assessment, security plan, and
                       emergency response plan. If the
                       DHS Secretary determines that all
                       requirements are met, the DHS
                       Secretary is required to notify the
                       petitioner that any chemical
                       source covered by that program
                       may submit an assessment or plan
                       prepared under that program
                       without revision. Authorizes the
                       DHS Secretary to specify (by rule,
                       regulation, or order) what
                       modifications would be necessary
                       to meet promulgated
                       requirements. Allows an owner or
                       operator covered by the program
                       to submit an alternative
                       assessment or plan with the
                       specified modifications.
                       [§4(f)]
Updates to             Requires the owner or operator of      Requires the owner or operator of a
Vulnerability          a chemical source to review the        high priority stationary source,
Assessments, Site      adequacy of the vulnerability          within 3 years after the date of
Security Plans, and    assessment, site security plan, and    submission of the first report and
Emergency Response     emergency response plan on a           every 2 years thereafter, to review
Plans                  schedule to be determined by the       the adequacy of the report, certify
                       DHS Secretary, and to certify to       that the review is complete, and
                       the DHS Secretary that the             submit to the DHS Secretary any
                       chemical source has completed          changes to the assessment or plan.
                       the review and implemented any         [§6(e)]
                       needed modifications. For a
                       facility in a higher-risk tier,
                       requires the DHS Secretary to
                       establish a timeline that requires
                       review within one year of the date
                       of approval of the previous
                       vulnerability assessment, site
                       security plan, and emergency
                       response plan, and not less often
                       than every 3 years thereafter. For
                       a facility in any other tier, review
                       must be required at least every 5
                       years.
                       [§4(g)]
                                         CRS-24

      Provision               S. 2145, as reported                 S. 2486, as introduced
Record Keeping, Site   Requires the owner or operator to     Requires the owner or operator to
Inspections, and       keep a copy of the vulnerability      keep at the stationary source copies
Production of          assessment, site security plan, and   of any vulnerability assessment,
Information            emergency response plan for 5         hazard assessment, or prevention,
                       years after the date on which it      preparedness, and response plan
                       was approved by the DHS               required under §5(c)(2). Provides
                       Secretary. Authorizes the DHS         to the DHS Secretary and EPA
                       Secretary to require submission       Administrator, for purposes of
                       of, or seek access to and copy,       determining compliance with this
                       any required copy of a                Act, authority that is provided to
                       vulnerability assessment, site        the EPA Administrator by the CAA
                       security plan, or emergency           §112(r)(7), §112(r)(9), or §114.
                       response plan or any                  Includes authority to require an
                       documentation needed to support       owner or operator to prepare and
                       such assessment or plan or to         submit hazard assessment, risk
                       demonstrate implementation of         management plans, or emergency
                       such.                                 response plans; to establish and
                                                             maintain records; make reports;
                                                             submit compliance certifications;
                                                             or provide information.
                       Provides the DHS Secretary with       Authorizes the DHS Secretary and
                       a right of entry to the premises of   the EPA Administrator to enter
                       a chemical source and any other       premises and have access to and
                       premises on which any required        copy records.
                       copy of a vulnerability
                       assessment, site security plan, or
                       emergency response plan is
                       located.
                       Requires the DHS Secretary to          Directs the DHS Secretary and the
                       conduct, or require the conduct       EPA Administrator to establish a
                       of, facility security audits and      program to conduct regular
                       inspections to ensure and evaluate    inspections. Requires at least 25%
                       compliance with the Chemical          of inspections to occur without
                       Facility Anti-Terrorism Act. [§5]     prior notice to the facility owner or
                                                             operator.
                       No comparable provision.              When notice is provided, the DHS
                                                             Secretary or the EPA
                                                             Administrator must inform the
                                                             owner or operator that public
                                                             posting of that notice is required.
                                                             When conducting an inspection, an
                                                             official must instruct the owner or
                                                             operator to afford opportunity to
                                                             participate in the inspection to any
                                                             employee. Official explanations of
                                                             the purpose, scope, procedures,
                                                             progress, or outcome of an
                                                             inspection or investigation must be
                                                             shared with such employees.
                                                             Authorizes officials to interview
                                                             any person at the stationary source
                                                             as necessary.
                                                             [§9]
                                         CRS-25

      Provision              S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Audits for Higher-     Requires DHS Secretary to             No comparable provision.
Risk Tiers             conduct an audit or inspection of
                       each higher-risk facility annually.
                       Authorizes exemptions for
                       particular facilities if they have
                       been audited and found in
                       compliance for 5 consecutive
                       years. [§5(b)(2)(C)]
Compliance Orders      If the DHS Secretary determines       Authorizes the DHS Secretary, in
for Record Keeping,    that an owner or operator of a        consultation with the EPA
Inspections, and       chemical source is not                Administrator, to issue an order
Production of          maintaining, producing, or            directing compliance 30 days after
Information            permitting access to records or to    the date on which the DHS
                       the premises of the chemical          Secretary provides notice to the
                       source as required, authorizes the    source that it is not in compliance.
                       DHS Secretary to issue an order       [§10(a)(1)]
                       requiring compliance.
                       [§5(d)]
Infrastructure         Requires the DHS Secretary to      No comparable provision.
Protection and         provide necessary infrastructure,
Implementation         leadership, technical assistance,
                       guidance, and accountability to
                       ensure effective security planning
                       and response in areas surrounding
                       chemical sources. Requires the
                       DHS Secretary to promulgate
                       regulations, establish
                       organizations, and take actions to
                       ensure effective planning and
                       response in a manner that models
                       requirements of the MTSA.
                       Requires the DHS Secretary to
                       coordinate with and complement
                       other federal area security and
                       response committees to provide a
                       unified and effective federal
                       security and response
                       organizational infrastructure.
                       [§6(a)]
Office for Chemical    Establishes under the DHS           No comparable provision.
Facility Security      Assistant Secretary for
                       Infrastructure Protection an office
                       responsible for implementing and
                       enforcing the Chemical Facility
                       Anti-Terrorism Act.
                       [§6(b)]
General Authority to   No comparable general provision. Authorizes the DHS Secretary and
Regulate                                                the EPA Administrator to
                                                        promulgate such regulations as are
                                                        necessary to carry out this Act.
                                                        [§15]
                                     CRS-26

      Provision           S. 2145, as reported              S. 2486, as introduced
Regional Security   Requires the DHS Secretary to      No comparable provision.
Offices             establish in each Federal
                    Emergency Management Agency
                    (FEMA) region an Infrastructure
                    Protection Regional Security
                    Office, to carry out this Act and
                    coordinate regional security.
                    Requires each office to consist of
                    DHS personnel in the
                    Infrastructure Protection Office
                    within the region, and regional
                    security advisory staff, to be
                    appointed by the DHS Secretary.
                    Each such office must review and
                    approve each Area Security Plan
                    in the region, oversee
                    implementation of this Act, and
                    perform other functions as
                    assigned by the DHS Secretary.
                    [§6(c)]
Area Security       Requires the DHS Secretary,        No comparable provision.
Committees and      within 6 months of enactment of
Coordinators        this Act, to designate geographic
                    areas for area committees and
                    planning. Requires that no area
                    be larger than a single state, and
                    all parts of the United States are
                    to be included in such areas
                    (except areas designated under
                    MTSA, which shall not be
                    included in any newly designated
                    area). Allows areas to incorporate
                    portions of more than one state.
                    Establishes an Area Security
                    Committee and a Coordinator for
                    each designated area. Requires
                    each Coordinator to conduct
                    audits and inspections of, and
                    provide guidance and support to,
                    chemical sources in the area.
                    [§6(d)]
                                         CRS-27

      Provision              S. 2145, as reported                 S. 2486, as introduced
Area Security Plans    Requires each Area Security          No comparable provision.
                       Committee, within 2 years of the
                       date of enactment, to prepare and
                       submit to the DHS Secretary an
                       Area Security Plan for the area.
                       Requires that plans coordinate
                       resources, and coordinate with the
                       National Infrastructure Protection
                       Plan, National Response Plan, site
                       security plans of chemical sources
                       in the area, other national security
                       and response plans, and Area
                       Security Plans for contiguous
                       areas. Requires the DHS
                       Secretary to review and approve
                       or require amendments to each
                       Area Security Plan within 24
                       months of the date of enactment
                       of this Act.
                       [§6(d)]
Exercises and Drills   Requires the DHS Secretary to        Requires the DHS Secretary and
                       periodically conduct drills and      the EPA Administrator, in
                       exercises of security and response   consultation with other federal
                       capability in each area for which    agencies and state and local
                       an Area Security Plan is required,   government officials, to
                       and under the site security plan     promulgate regulations requiring
                       and emergency response plans of      high-priority stationary sources to
                       relevant chemical sources.           participate in emergency
                       Requires the DHS Secretary to        preparedness exercises. Requires
                       publish annual reports on drills,    exercises to be structured based on
                       including assessments of the         the threat posed to the public by a
                       effectiveness of plans.              criminal release at a stationary
                       [§6(e)]                              source.
                                                            [§12]
                                      CRS-28

      Provision             S. 2145, as reported         S. 2486, as introduced
Employees' Safety and No comparable provision.     Within 6 months of promulgation
Security Committees                                of regulations under §5(a), requires
                                                   the owner or operator of a
                                                   stationary source with at least 15
                                                   employees to establish a safety and
                                                   security committee of employees,
                                                   including both non-managerial and
                                                   managerial employees, which must
                                                   meet at least monthly to identify,
                                                   discuss, and make
                                                   recommendations to the owner or
                                                   operator concerning potential
                                                   hazards and risks relevant to
                                                   security, safety, health, and the
                                                   environment. An existing health
                                                   and safety committee may be
                                                   designated to serve as the safety
                                                   and security committee. Such
                                                   committee shall participate in the
                                                   development, review, and revision
                                                   of the vulnerability assessment,
                                                   hazard assessment, and prevention,
                                                   preparedness, and response plan.
                                                   [§7]
Employee Training     No comparable provision.     Requires the owner or operator of a
                                                   stationary source to annually
                                                   provide each employee with 4
                                                   hours of training -- (1) regarding
                                                   the requirements of the Chemical
                                                   Security and Safety Act; (2)
                                                   identifying and discussing
                                                   substances of concern; (3)
                                                   discussing the prevention,
                                                   preparedness, and response plan
                                                   for the stationary source; (4)
                                                   identifying opportunities to reduce
                                                   or eliminate the vulnerability of a
                                                   stationary source to a criminal
                                                   release through the use of the
                                                   elements of "design, operation, and
                                                   maintenance of safe facilities;" and
                                                   (5) discussing appropriate
                                                   emergency response procedures.
                                                   [§8]
                                       CRS-29

      Provision            S. 2145, as reported                 S. 2486, as introduced
Penalties for Non-
Compliance
    Administrative   Authorizes administrative            Similar, but authorizes
                     penalties of not more than           administrative penalty orders of not
                     $25,000 per day and not more         more than $50,000 per day and not
                     than $1,000,000 per year, for        more than $2,000,000 per year, for
                     failure to comply with an order or   failure to comply with an order or
                     directive issued by the DHS          directive issued by the DHS
                     Secretary, but only after the DHS    Secretary under §10(a).
                     Secretary has provided written
                     notice of the proposed penalty
                     and 30 days, during which the
                     owner or operator may request a
                     hearing.
    Civil            Authorizes the DHS Secretary to      Authorizes a U.S. district court to
                     bring an action in a U.S. district   issue civil penalties to owners or
                     court against any owner or           operators of facilities in high
                     operator of a chemical source that   priority categories of up to $50,000
                     violates or fails to comply with     per day for violation or failure to
                     any order or directive issued by     comply with any compliance order
                     the DHS Secretary or with a site     issued under §10(a).
                     security plan approved by the
                     DHS Secretary. Authorizes the
                     court to issue an order for
                     injunctive relief and to award a
                     civil penalty of not more than
                     $50,000 per day.
    Criminal         Authorizes a fine of up to $50,000   Authorizes a fine of between
                     per day and/or imprisonment for      $5,000 and $50,000 per day and/or
                     up to 2 years for an owner or        imprisonment for up to 2 years, the
                     operator of a chemical source who    first time that an owner or operator
                     knowingly and willfully violates     of a facility in a high priority
                     any order issued by the DHS          category knowingly violates or
                     Secretary or fails to comply with    fails to comply with a compliance
                     an approved site security plan.      order under §10(a). For
                     [§8]                                 subsequent violations or failures,
                                                          authorizes fines not less than
                                                          $10,000 nor more than $50,000 per
                                                          day and/or imprisonment for up to
                                                          4 years.
                                                          [§10(b)]
Exemption from       Exempts DHS from public              Exempts DHS from public
Federal Freedom of   disclosure requirements of the       disclosure requirements of FOIA
Information Act      federal Freedom of Information       for "all documents provided to the
(FOIA)               Act (FOIA; 5 U.S. C. §552) for       DHS Secretary under this Act, and
                     "protected information."             all information that describes a
                     [§9(a)(1)]                           specific vulnerability or stationary
                                                          source derived from those
                                                          documents," except for
                                                          certifications under §6(b), orders
                                                          under §10(a), and best practices
                                                          established under §13(4).
                                                          [§11(a)]
                                         CRS-30

      Provision              S. 2145, as reported                 S. 2486, as introduced
Exemption from         Prohibits disclosure under FOIA No comparable provision.
Federal Freedom of     of (1) self-certifications by
Information Act        owners or operators under §4(b)
(FOIA) (cont.)         that a vulnerability assessment has
                       been completed, and a site
                       security plan and an emergency
                       response plan have been
                       developed and implemented; (2)
                       DHS orders under §4(b)(3)
                       requiring certification and
                       submission, if an owner or
                       operator fails to certify or to
                       submit such documents; (3) DHS
                       compliance certificates for
                       individual facilities under
                       §9(b)(2); and (4) the identity of
                       any chemical source and its owner
                       or operator for which any other
                       order or any approval or
                       disapproval is issued under this
                       Act, including information
                       identifying the applicable order,
                       approval, or disapproval.
                       Authorizes the DHS Secretary to      Allows public disclosure of
                       release to the public a              information derived from
                       certification under §4(b)(1) or      information described in §11(a) if
                       §9(b)(2), if the DHS Secretary       it would not divulge trade secrets,
                       finds that security risk would not   identify any particular stationary
                       be increased for a facility if the   source, and "is not reasonably
                       record were released.                likely to increase the probability or
                       [§9(b)(1)]                           consequences of a criminal
                                                            release."
                                                            [§11(d)]
Protection of          Exempts other federal agencies       No comparable provision.
Information by Other   from disclosure requirements of
Federal Agencies       FOIA for "protected
                       information."
                       [§9(a)(2)]
Protection of          Exempts state and local              Exempts state and local
Information by State   government agencies from             government agencies from
or Local Government    disclosure requirements of state     disclosure requirements of all
Agencies               and local laws for "protected        federal, state, and local laws for
                       information."[§9(a)(3)]              "any documents provided by a
                                                            stationary source under this Act, or
                                                            any information that describes a
                                                            specific vulnerability or stationary
                                                            source derived from those
                                                            documents," except for
                                                            certifications under §6(b), orders
                                                            under §10(a), and best practices
                                                            established under §13(4).
                                                            [§11(b)]
                                          CRS-31

      Provision               S. 2145, as reported                   S. 2486, as introduced
Report to Congress      Requires the DHS Secretary to      No comparable provision.
                        submit to Congress a public report
                        on the performance of chemical
                        sources (as a group) under the
                        Act.
                        [§9(b)(3)]
Development of          Requires the DHS Secretary, in         Requires the DHS Secretary to
Information             consultation with the Director of      develop within one year of the date
Protection Protocols    the Office of Management and           of enactment of this Act protocols
                        Budget and appropriate federal         to protect information described in
                        law enforcement and intelligence       §11(a) from unauthorized
                        officials, in a manner consistent      disclosure. Requires protocols to
                        with existing protections for          be in effect before the date on
                        sensitive or classified information,   which the EPA Administrator
                        to develop confidentiality             receives any report under this Act.
                        protocols for maintaining and          [§11(c)]
                        using records containing
                        "protected information."
                        Requires protocols to ensure, to No comparable provision.
                        the maximum extent practicable,
                        that information protected from
                        public disclosure laws shall be
                        maintained in a secure location
                        and access shall be limited to
                        persons granted access for the
                        purpose of carrying out the
                        Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism
                        Act.
                        [§9(c)]
Process for Reporting   Requires the DHS Secretary to          Requires the DHS Secretary to
Problems                establish a process by which any       establish and publicize information
                        person may submit a report to the      regarding mechanisms through
                        DHS Secretary regarding                which any person may report an
                        problems, deficiencies, or             alleged violation of this Act or a
                        vulnerabilities at a chemical          threat to the health or safety of the
                        source. Requires the DHS               public.
                        Secretary to provide guidance to       [§14]
                        employees as to how to make
                        such disclosures without
                        compromising security.
                        Directs Government                  No comparable provision.
                        Accountability Office (GAO) to
                        report on the problems,
                        deficiencies, or vulnerabilities
                        reported and on the DHS
                        Secretary's response to such
                        information. Prohibits GAO from
                        releasing protected information to
                        the public unless the Secretary has
                        released information under
                        §9(b)(1).
                        [§9(d), (k)]
                                    CRS-32

      Provision         S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Whistle-blower    Prohibits employers from              Prohibits employers from
Protection        discriminating against a person       discriminating against a person
                  who submits a report to the DHS       who: (1) notifies the employer,
                  Secretary. Requires information       DHS, or any other appropriate
                  disclosure protocols to               government agency of an alleged
                  accommodate protections for           violation of this Act or of a threat
                  disclosures that are not prohibited   to the health or safety of the public
                  by law and are generally              relating to chemical security or the
                  permitted for federal employees       improper release of any harmful
                  who believe the information is        chemical; (2) refuses to engage in
                  evidence of a violation of law,       unlawful activity; (3) testifies
                  "gross mismanagement, a gross         before Congress or at any relevant
                  waste of funds, an abuse of           federal or state proceeding; (4)
                  authority, or a substantial and       commences a proceeding for
                  specific danger to public health or   administration or enforcement of
                  safety" [5 U.S.C. §2302(b)(8) and     this Act; (5) testifies in any such
                  §7211].                               proceeding; or (6) assists in a
                                                        proceeding or in any other action
                                                        to carry out the purposes of this
                                                        Act.
                  Directs the DHS Secretary to keep No comparable provision.
                  the identity of a person who
                  submits such a report confidential.
                  [§9(d)]
                  No comparable provision.              Authorizes an employee to file a
                                                        complaint with the Secretary of
                                                        Labor alleging discrimination in
                                                        violation of this provision.
                                                        Requires the Secretary of Labor to
                                                        complete an investigation of the
                                                        alleged violation and notify the
                                                        complainant of the results within
                                                        30 days from the date on which the
                                                        complaint was received. Within 90
                                                        days of receiving the complaint,
                                                        the Secretary of Labor must issue
                                                        an order providing relief or
                                                        denying the complaint "on the
                                                        record" after notice and
                                                        opportunity for public hearing.
                                                        Provides instructions regarding the
                                                        basis for decisions by the Secretary
                                                        of Labor. Authorizes a
                                                        complainant to bring an action at
                                                        law or equity for de novo review of
                                                        a complaint in a district court, if
                                                        the Secretary of Labor has not
                                                        issued a final decision within one
                                                        year after the date on which a
                                                        complaint was filed. Any person
                                                        adversely affected by an order may
                                                        obtain review in a U.S. court of
                                                        appeals.
                                                        [§14]
                                         CRS-33

      Provision               S. 2145, as reported              S. 2486, as introduced
Whistle-blower          No comparable provision.          Authorizes the Secretary of Labor
Protection (cont'd)                                       to file a civil action in U.S. district
                                                          court if a person has failed to
                                                          comply with an order. Also
                                                          authorizes any person on whose
                                                          behalf the order was issued to
                                                          commence a civil action against the
                                                          person to whom the order was
                                                          issued. Authorizes enforcement in
                                                          a mandamus proceeding for any
                                                          non-discretionary duty imposed by
                                                          §14.
                                                          [§14]
Protection of           Protects the right to make certain No comparable provision.
Disclosure Rights and   disclosures under current law or
Obligations             to a Special Counsel, inspector
                        general, or other employees who
                        might be designated by an agency
                        head. Also protects the right or
                        obligation of a chemical source, a
                        non-governmental organization,
                        or an individual to disclose
                        records or copies of records in
                        their possession.
                        [§9(e)-(h)]
Penalties for           Requires that any officer or        No comparable provision.
Unauthorized            employee of a federal, state, or
Disclosure              local government agency who
                        knowingly discloses any record
                        protected from disclosure be
                        imprisoned for up to 1 year, fined,
                        or both, and removed from federal
                        office or employment.
                        [§9(j)]
State and Other Laws Protects the right of states and     The Chemical Security and Safety
                     political subdivisions to adopt or   Act does not affect any duty or
                     enforce requirements more            other requirement imposed under
                     stringent than requirements in       any other federal, state, or local
                     effect under the Chemical Facility   law or any collective bargaining
                     Anti-Terrorism Act, unless there     agreement.
                     is an actual conflict between a      [§16]
                     provision of this Act and the law
                     of a state.
                     [§10]
                                        CRS-34

      Provision               S. 2145, as reported             S. 2486, as introduced
National Strategy for   Directs the DHS Secretary, within No comparable provision.
Chemical Security       6 months of the date of
                        enactment, to submit to the Senate
                        Committee on Homeland Security
                        and Governmental Affairs and the
                        House Committee on Energy and
                        Commerce an update of the
                        national strategy for the chemical
                        sector that was required to be
                        submitted by February 10, 2006
                        to the Committee on
                        Appropriations of the Senate and
                        the Committee on Appropriations
                        of the House of Representatives.
                        [§11]
GAO Review              Directs the DHS Secretary to      No comparable provision.
                        provide access by the GAO to any
                        document or information required
                        to be submitted to, generated by,
                        or otherwise in the possession of
                        DHS under this Act.
                        [§12]
GAO Reports             Requires GAO to provide          No comparable provision.
                        annually to the Senate Committee
                        on Homeland Security and
                        Governmental Affairs and the
                        House Committee on Energy and
                        Commerce a review of site
                        security plans, vulnerability
                        assessments, and emergency
                        response plans under the Act and
                        a determination of whether such
                        plans and assessments are in
                        compliance.
                        [§12]
                                     CRS-35

      Provision          S. 2145, as reported                  S. 2486, as introduced
Judicial Review    Permits any person to file a       No comparable provisions.
                   petition with the U.S. Court of
                   Appeals for the District of
                   Columbia for judicial review of a
                   rule within 60 days of
                   promulgation. Directs the court
                   to review rules in accordance with
                   the Administrative Procedure Act
                   (5 U.S.C. §701 et seq.).

                   Allows only an owner or operator
                   whose facility is affected by a
                   final agency action to file a
                   petition for judicial review of the
                   action with an appropriate U.S.
                   district court. Only the owner or
                   operator and the Secretary could
                   participate in such civil actions.

                   Expressly prohibits any private
                   civil actions against an owner or
                   operator to enforce provisions of
                   the Act.
                   [§13]
Ammonium Nitrate   Directs the DHS Secretary, in       No comparable provisions.
                   consultation with the Secretary of
                   Agriculture, to regulate the
                   production and sale of ammonium
                   nitrate to prevent
                   misappropriation or use in
                   violation of law. Requires
                   registration of facilities and
                   purchasers. Restricts sales to
                   registered producers, sellers, and
                   purchasers. Requires sales
                   records to be maintained.
                   Registration information is to be
                   treated as protected information.
                   Authorizes the DHS Secretary to
                   establish a process for auditing
                   handler records to determine
                   compliance. Authorizes penalties
                   for violations and compliance
                   failures. Gives federal district
                   courts jurisdiction over any action
                   for civil damages against a
                   handler for any harm or damage
                   alleged to have resulted from use
                   of ammonium nitrate in violation
                   of law.
                   [§14]
Authorization of   Authorizes such sums as are           Similar, but funds remain available
Appropriations     necessary to carry out the Act.       until expended.
                   [§15]                                 [§17]

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