For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32166 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Order Code RL32166 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web A CRS Review of 10 States: Home and Community-Based Services -- States Seek to Change the Face of Long-Term Care: Maine September 30, 2003 Jane Tilly Consultant The Urban Institute Carol O'Shaughnessy Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Rob Weissert Research Assistant Domestic Social Policy Division Congressional Research Service ~ The Library of Congress A CRS Review of 10 States: Home and Community- Based Services -- States Seek to Change the Face of Long-Term Care: Maine Summary Demographic challenges posed by the growing elderly population and demands for greater public commitment to home and community-based care for persons with disabilities have drawn the attention of federal and state policymakers. Spending on long-term care by both the public and private sectors is significant. In 2001, spending for long-term care services for persons of all ages represented 12.2% of all personal health care spending (almost $152 billion of $1.24 trillion). Federal and state governments accounted for almost two-thirds of all spending. By far, the primary payer for long-term care is the federal-state Medicaid program, which paid for almost half of all long-term care spending in 2001. Many states have devoted significant efforts to respond to the desire for home and community-based care by persons with disabilities and their families. Nevertheless, financing of nursing home care, chiefly by Medicaid, still dominates most states' spending for long-term care today. To assist Congress understand issues that states face in providing long-term care services, CRS undertook a study of 10 states in 2002. This report presents background and analysis about long-term care in Maine. Maine is one of the smallest states in the country with 1.3 million people in 2000; it is also one of the oldest states, with 14.4% of its population aged 65 and older. By 2025, over one-fifth of its population will be 65 and older. Medicaid spending for long-term care in Maine in FY2001 was $411 million -- almost one-third of all Medicaid spending. In part due to the aging population and because of a 1993 budgetary crisis involving rapidly escalating Medicaid nursing home costs, Maine has pursued an aggressive policy to decrease dependence on nursing homes. Between 1995 and 2001, the percentage of public long-term care funding devoted to these facilities decreased from 84% to 61%. Moreover, the state has decreased reliance on large state-operated residential facilities for persons with mental retardation in favor of smaller community-based facilities. Maine's efforts to reduce reliance on institutional care has been in part due to expanded use of Medicaid's home and community-based waiver program as well as multiple state- funded programs. CRS interviews with state officials and a review of state reports highlighted Maine's reliance on a "Medicaid maximization" policy under which the state makes every effort to draw down federal Medicaid dollars by incorporating in its state plan almost all the home and community-based services options allowed by federal law. One of the challenges the state faces during tight fiscal constraints is to hold on to the gains it has made in providing home and community services to people with disabilities. The 10-state study was funded in part by grants from the Jewish Healthcare Foundation and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Office of Rural Health Policy. This report will not be updated. Preface Demographic challenges posed by the growing elderly population and demands for greater public commitment to home and community-based care for persons with disabilities have drawn the attention of federal and state policymakers for some time. Spending on long-term care by both the public and private sectors is significant. In 2001, spending for long-term care services for persons of all ages represented 12.2% of all personal health care spending (almost $152 billion of $1.24 trillion). Federal and state governments accounted for almost two-thirds of all spending. By far, the primary payor for long-term care is the federal-state Medicaid program, which paid for almost half of all U.S. long-term care spending in 2001. Federal and state Medicaid spending for long-term care in FY2001 was about $75 billion, representing over one-third of all Medicaid spending. Over 70% of Medicaid long-term care spending was for institutions -- nursing homes and intermediate care facilities for the mentally retarded (ICFs/MR). Many believe that the current federal financing system paid through Medicaid is structurally biased in favor of institutional care. State governments face significant challenges in refocusing care systems, given the structure of current federal financing. Many states have devoted significant efforts to change their long-term care systems to expand home and community-based services for persons with disabilities and their families. Nevertheless, financing of nursing home care -- primarily through the Medicaid program -- still dominates most states' spending on long-term care today. While some advocates maintain that the federal government should play a larger role in providing support for home and community-based care, Congress has not yet decided whether or how to change current federal policy. One possibility is that Congress may continue an incremental approach to long-term care, without major federal policy involvement, leaving to state governments the responsibility for developing strategies that support home and community-based care within existing federal funding constraints and program rules. To help Congress review various policy alternatives and to assist policymakers understand issues that states face in development of long-term care services, the Congressional Research Service (CRS) undertook a study of ten states in 2002. The research was undertaken to look at state policies on long-term care as well as trends in both institutional and home and community-based care for persons with disabilities (the elderly, persons with mental retardation, and other adults with disabilities). The research included a review of state documents and data on long- term care, as well as national data sources on spending. Interviews were held with state officials responsible for long-term care, a wide range of stakeholders and, in some cases, members or staff of state legislatures. The 10 states included in the study are: Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Texas. States were chosen according to a number of variables, including geographic distribution, demographic trends, and approaches to financing, administration and delivery of long-term care services. This report presents background and analysis about long-term care in Maine. Contents Introduction: Federal Legislative Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Summary Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Demographic Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Administration of Long-Term Care Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Trends in Institutional Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Trends in Home and Community-Based Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Long-Term Care Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Issues in Financing and Delivery of Long-Term Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Demographic Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Need for Long-Term Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Administration of Long-Term Care Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Responsibility for Assessment, Eligibility, and Case Management . . . . . . . 10 Functional Eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Financial Eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Care Coordination and Consumer-Directed Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Maine's Long-Term Care Services for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Trends in Institutional Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Trends in Home and Community-Based Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Medicaid State Plan Services and 1915 (c) Waivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Mandatory and Optional State Plan Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Medicaid Section 1915(c) Waivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 State Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Maine's Long-Term Care Services for Persons with Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Trends in Institutional Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Trends in Home and Community-Based Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Financing of Long-Term Care in Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Medicaid Spending in Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Medicaid and State Spending on Services for Persons with Mental Retardation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Issues in Long-Term Care in Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Budgetary Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Labor Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Consumer Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Assisted Living Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Waiting List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Appendix 1. Major Home and Community-Based Long-Term Care Programs for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities in Maine . . . . . . . 29 Appendix 2. Population in Large State Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Appendix 3. About the Census Population Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 List of Figures Figure 1. Projected Percentage Population Increases in Maine Over 2000 by Population for Selected Years, 2000-2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 2. Institutional and Home and Community-Based Services as a Percent of Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine, 1990-2001 . . 21 Figure 3. Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine by Category, FY1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 4. Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine by Category, FY2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 5. Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waiver Spending by Target Population in Maine, FY2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 List of Tables Table 1. Maine Population Age 65 and Older, 1990 and 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table 2. Elderly Population as a Percent of Total Population, Maine and the United States, 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Table 3. Estimated Number of Persons with Two or More Limitations in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), by Poverty Status, in Maine . . . . . . . . . . 9 Table 4. Where People Receive Publicly Funded Long-Term Care Services . . . 13 Table 5. Where Public Long-Term Care Funding Goes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Table 6. Nursing Home Characteristics in Maine and the United States . . . . . . 14 Table 7. Persons with Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Served in Residential Settings, by Size of Setting, 1991, 1995 and 2002 . . 19 Table 8. Share of State Spending by Category, Maine and the United States, 1990-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table 9. State Spending for Medicaid as a Percent of Total State Spending, Maine and the United States, 1990-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Table 10. Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine, FY1990-FY2001 . . . 22 Table 11. Medicaid Spending in Maine, Total Spending and Long-Term Care Spending, by Category, FY1990-FY2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table 12. Federal and State Spending for Institutional and Community Services for Persons with Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities in Maine, 1990 and 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Table A-2. Population in Large State Facilities for Persons with Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities and Closure Date, Maine . . . . . . 35 Acknowledgments The Congressional Research Service (CRS) wishes to acknowledge the generous time and contributions of the many state officials and stakeholders who provided information on long-term care services in Maine. Without their generous time and invaluable experience and insight, this report would not be possible. We would particularly like to thank officials from the Department of Human Services, the Department of Behavioral and Developmental Services, and the Department of Labor. We would also like to thank the advocates and providers who offered valuable perspectives on the long-term care system in Maine. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the excellent assistance of Flora Adams and Charlotte Foote in the production of this report. A CRS Review of 10 States: Home and Community-Based Services -- States Seek to Change the Face of Long-Term Care: Maine Introduction: Federal Legislative Perspective States choosing to modify their programs for The Social Security Amendments of 1965, which long-term care face created the Medicaid program, required states to significant challenges. provide skilled nursing facility services under their Financing of nursing home state Medicaid plans, and gave nursing home care the same level of priority as hospital and physician care has dominated long-term services. care spending for decades. The federal financing "Section 1902 (a) A State plan for medical assistance structure that created must provide for inclusion of some institutional and some noninstitutional care and services, and, effective incentives to support July 1, 1967, provide (A) for inclusion of at least ... institutional care reaches (1) inpatient hospital services ...; (2) outpatient back to 1965. A number of hospital services; (3) other laboratory and X-ray converging factors have services; (4) skilled nursing home services (other than supported reliance on nursing services in an institution for tuberculosis or mental diseases) for individuals 21 years of age or older; (5) home spending. Prior to physicians' services . . . .;" P.L. 89-97, July 30, 1965. enactment of Medicaid, homes for the aged and other public institutions were financed by a combination of direct payments made by individuals with their Social Security Old Age Assistance (OAA) benefits, and vendor payments made by states with federal matching payments on behalf of individuals. The Kerr-Mills Medical Assistance to the Aged (MAA) program, enacted in 1960, a predecessor to Medicaid, allowed states to provide medical services, including skilled nursing home services, to persons who were not eligible for OAA cash payments, thereby expanding the eligible population.1 In 1965, when Kerr-Mills was transformed into the federal-state Medicaid program, Congress created an entitlement to skilled nursing facility care under the expanded program. The Social Security Amendments of 1965 required that states provide skilled nursing facility services and gave nursing home care the same level of priority as hospital and physician services. Amendments in 1967 allowed states to provide care in "intermediate care facilities" (ICFs) for persons who did not need 1 CRS Report 83-181, Nursing Home Legislation: Issues and Policies, by Maureen Baltay. Archived and available upon request from the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS-2 skilled nursing home care, but needed more than room and board. In 1987, Congress eliminated the distinction between skilled nursing facilities and intermediate care facilities (effective in 1990). As a result of these various amendments, people eligible under the state's Medicaid plan are entitled to nursing home facility care; that is, if a person meets the state's income and asset requirements, as well as the state's functional eligibility requirements for entry into a nursing home, he or she is entitled to the benefit. These early legislative developments were the basis for the beginnings of the modern day nursing home industry. Significant growth in the number of nursing homes occurred during the 1960s -- from 1960 to 1970, the number of homes more than doubled, from 9,582 to almost 23,000, and the number of beds more than tripled, from 331,000 to more than one million.2 (Today there are about Since its inception, Medicaid has been the predominant 17,000 nursing homes with payor for nursing home care. In 1970, over $1 billion 3 was spent on nursing home care through Medicaid and 1.8 million beds. ) Medicare. Federal and state Medicaid payments accounted for almost all of this spending -- 87%. During the latter part Medicaid spending for nursing home care grew by 50% in of the 1960s and the 1970s, the three-year period beginning in 1967. nursing home care attracted a great deal of In FY2001, Medicaid spent $53.1 billion on institutional care (for nursing homes and care in intermediate care congressional oversight as a facilities for the mentally retarded). result of concern about increasing federal expenditures, and a pattern of instances of fraud and abuse that was becoming evident. Between 1969 and 1976, the Subcommittee on Long-Term Care of the Senate Special Committee on Aging, held 30 hearings on problems in the nursing home industry.4 Home care services received some congressional attention in the authorizing statute -- home health care services were one of the optional services that states could provide under the 1965 law. Three years later in 1968, Congress amended the law to require states to provide home health care services to persons entitled to skilled nursing facility care as part of their state Medicaid plans (effective in 1970). During the 1970s, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (now Health and Human Services, DHHS) devoted attention to "alternatives to nursing home care" through a variety of federal research and demonstration efforts. These efforts were 2 U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Developments in Aging, 1970, Report 92-46, Feb. 16, 1970, Washington, cited from the American Nursing Home Association Fact Book, 1969-1970. 3 American Health Care Association, Facts and Trends 2001, The Nursing Facility Sourcebook, 2001, Washington. The number of nursing homes is for 1999-2000 and number of beds is for 1998. (Hereafter cited as American Health Care Association, The Nursing Facility Sourcebook.) 4 U.S. Congress, Senate Special Committee on Aging, Nursing Home Care in the United States: Failure of Public Policy, Washington, 1974, and supporting papers published in succeeding years. CRS-3 undertaken not only to find ways to offset the high costs of nursing facility care, but also to respond to the desires of persons with disabilities to remain in their homes and in community settings, rather than in institutions. However, it was not until 1981 that Congress took significant legislative action to expand home and community-based services through Medicaid when it authorized the Medicaid Section 1915(c) home and community-based waiver program. Under that authority (known then as the Section 2176 waiver program), the Secretary of DHHS may waive certain Medicaid state plan requirements to allow states to cover a wide range of home and community-based services to persons who otherwise meet the state's eligibility requirements for institutional care. The waiver provision was designed to alter the fact that the Medicaid program had emphasized institutional care rather than care in home and community-based settings. Services under the Section 1915(c) waiver include: case management, personal care, homemaker, home health aide, adult day care, habilitation, environmental modifications, among many others.5 These services are covered as an option of states, and under the law, persons are not entitled to these services as they are to nursing facility care. Moreover, states are allowed to set cost caps and limits on the numbers and types of persons to be served under their waiver programs. Notwithstanding wide use of the Section 1915(c) waiver authority by states over the last two decades, total spending for Medicaid home and community-based services waivers is significantly less than institutional care -- about $14.4 billion in 2001, compared to $53.1 billion for nursing facility care services and care for persons with mental retardation in intermediate care facilities (ICFs/MR). Despite this disparity in spending, in many states the Section 1915(c) waiver program is the primary source of financial support for a wide range of home and community-based services, and funding has been increasing steadily. Federal and state Medicaid support for the waiver programs increased by over 807% from FY1990 to FY2001 (in constant 2001 dollars). The home and community-based waiver program has been a significant source of support to care for persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities as states have closed large state institutions for these persons over the last two decades. Nationally, in FY2001, almost 75% of Section 1915(c) waiver funding was devoted to providing services to these individuals. States administer their long-term care programs against this backdrop of federal legislative initiatives -- first, the entitlement to nursing home care, and requirement to provide home health services to persons entitled to nursing home care, and, 5 States may waive the following Medicaid requirements: (1) statewideness -- states may cover services in only a portion of the state, rather than in all geographic jurisdictions; (2) comparability of services -- states may cover state-selected groups of persons, rather than all persons otherwise eligible. In addition, states may use more liberal income requirements for persons needing home and community-based waiver services than would otherwise apply to persons living in the community. For further information, see CRS Report RL31163, Long-Term Care: A Profile of Medicaid 1915(c) Home and Community-based Services Waivers, by Carol O'Shaughnessy and Rachel Kelly. CRS-4 second, the option to provide a wide range of home and community-based services through waiver of federal law, within state-defined eligibility requirements, service availability, and limits on numbers of persons served. Summary Overview6 Overview ! Maine has pursued an aggressive policy to decrease dependence on nursing homes as a result of a 1993 budgetary crisis involving rapidly escalating Medicaid nursing home costs. Its policies to tighten nursing home eligibility and expand community options have decreased reliance on nursing homes dramatically. ! Maine has also decreased its reliance on institutions for persons with developmental disabilities. The state closed its large state-operated facility in 1995, and has greatly reduced its use of private intermediate care facilities for the mentally retarded (ICFs/MR). Care of this population has shifted to the home and smaller group residential settings. Demographic Trends ! Maine is one of the smallest states in the country with 1.27 million people in 2000; its population increased by 50,000 people during the 1990s. It also is one of the oldest states, with 14.4% of its population aged 65 and older. In 2025, 21.4% of Maine's population will be age 65 years or older, compared to 18.5% for the nation. ! Persons aged 85 and over with two or more limitations in activities of daily living are estimated to increase 15.3% by 2010 to reach 2,047; the number of persons aged 18 to 64 with the same level of disability will increase by 6% reaching 2,990. Administration of Long-Term Care Programs ! Responsibility for administration and management of long-term care services for persons with disabilities is spread across several state agencies, with the Department of Human Services (DHS) retaining responsibility for most programs. Various sub-state agencies and some private contractors have responsibility for different aspects of long-term care administration and services. 6 Information based on Maine data and documents, national data, and interviews with state officials. This report does not discuss programs for persons with mental illness. It also generally excludes discussion of programs for infants and children with disabilities, other than those serving persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities. CRS-5 ! Maine uses several management tools to try to control use of nursing homes and to manage its home and community-based services including: 1) pre-admission screening for all nursing home applicants, 2) contracted assessment and case management agencies for adults receiving home care agency services, and 3) a separate agency for participants in consumer-directed, personal assistance programs. Trends in Institutional Care ! Between 1995 and 2001, according to state data, the percentage of public long-term care beneficiaries served in nursing homes declined from 50% to 33%. During the same time period, the percentage of public long-term care funding devoted to these facilities decreased from 84% to 61%. ! Very few persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities who live in residential settings live in large institutions; in 2002, 10% of persons in residential settings lived in settings serving seven or more persons. Persons living in small residential settings (with six or fewer persons) has increased from 62% of all persons living in group residential settings in 1991 to over 90% in 2002. This is due in part to expanded use of Maine's Section 1915(c) home and community-based waiver program which was designed to move people from large institutions into smaller settings. Trends in Home and Community-Based Care ! In FY2001, Maine provided about 5,000 older persons and persons with disabilities with the following Medicaid state plan services: private duty nursing, home health, personal care, and adult day care. In addition, the state relies on two Medicaid Section 1915(c) home and community based waivers to serve the adult population with disabilities -- the Elder and Adult Waiver and the Consumer- Directed Waiver. Together they served about 2,000 participants in FY2001. The state also has a large Medicaid and state-funded residential care program which served about 4,300 persons in FY2001. The largest state funded program is Home-Based Care, which served about 4,000 people in FY2001. ! Maine uses one optional Medicaid state plan service -- day habilitation; one Medicaid Section 1915(c) home and community- based services waiver, which includes day habilitation; and some state-funded programs to serve persons with developmental disabilities. The state's Section 1915(c) waiver serves people who would otherwise be in an institution. It provides residential training in licensed homes, personal support, day habilitation, supported employment, respite, environmental modification, crisis intervention, and other services. About 2,200 people received services in FY2002. CRS-6 Long-Term Care Spending ! Long-term care comprises a significant portion of Medicaid spending in Maine -- about 30% of all Medicaid spending was devoted to long-term care in FY2001 ($411 million out of $1.3 billion). Nursing home spending represented 15% of all Medicaid spending. ! As a share of Medicaid long-term care spending, nursing home spending decreased from 65.5% to 49% from FY1990-FY2001. During the same time period, Medicaid spending for institutions for persons with mental retardation decreased from 23.2% to 10.9%. ! In FY2001, Maine spent $152.8 million on Medicaid Section 1915(c) home and community-based services waiver programs, a 536% increase (in constant 2001 dollars) from FY1990. Issues in Financing and Delivery of Long-Term Care ! One of the challenges Maine faces during its 2003 budgetary crisis is to hold on to the gains it has made in providing home and community services to people with disabilities, while dealing with its fiscal constraints. ! The labor shortage is a critical problem affecting all areas of health care, including long-term care for older persons and care for persons with developmental disabilities, particularly in Southern Maine. The labor shortage also makes it difficult to recruit state and privately- employed case managers. ! Much of the state is rural and it is a challenge for people to travel to services or for workers to get to the homes of people with disabilities. Transportation services is a largely unmet need in these areas. Demographic Trends Maine is one of the smallest states in the country with 1.27 million people in 2000; the population increased by about 50,000 people in the past decade. It also is one of the oldest states, with 14.4% of its population aged 65 and older -- more than 183,000 people in 2000. The state's older population is growing quite rapidly; it rose 12.3% during the 1990s. Those most in need of long-term care -- the population age 85 and older -- grew by 27.9% during the same time period (Table 1). Almost one- third of non-institutionalized persons age 65 and older live alone. CRS-7 Table 1. Maine Population Age 65 and Older, 1990 and 2000 1990 2000 2000 1990- population Percent of 2000 rank in total Percent of percent U.S. Age Number population Number population change (based on 65+ 163,373 13.3% 183,402 14.4% 12.3% percent) 7 65-74 91,600 7.5% 96,196 7.5% 5.0% 4 75-84 53,547 4.4% 63,890 5.0% 19.3% 9 85+ 18,226 1.5% 23,316 1.8% 27.9% 45 Under 65 1,064,555 86.7% 1,091,521 85.6% 2.5% 45 Total 1,227,928 1,274,923 3.85 40 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Profile of General Demographics for Maine: 1990. 2000 at [http://www.census.gov/census2000/states/me.html]. Numbers may not sum to 100 due to rounding. Maine, along with the rest of the country, will experience large increases in its older population over the next 25 years. By 2025, its elderly population will have increased by 77.3% (see Figure 1). In 2025, 21.4% of Maine's population will be aged 65 years or older, compared to 18.5% for the nation (Table 2). Maine will have to address the long-term care needs of 300,000 elderly in that year, 30,000 of whom will be aged 85 or older. Figure 1. Projected Percentage Population Increases in Maine Over 2000 by Population for Selected Years, 2000-2025 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 65-74 75-84 85+ 65+ Total Under 65 Source: CRS calculations based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Projections at [http://www.census.gov/populations/st_yrby5.html]; analyzed data from State Populations Projections: Every Fifth Year. CRS-8 Table 2. Elderly Population as a Percent of Total Population, Maine and the United States, 2025 Percent of total Percent of total population, United Age population, Maine States 65+ 21.4% 18.5% 65-74 12.8% 10.5% 75-84 6.6% 5.8% 85+ 2.0% 2.2% Under 65 population 78.6% 81.5% Source: CRS calculations based on data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Projections at [http://www.gov/population/www/projections/st_urby5.html]; analyzed data from State Populations Projections: Every Fifth Year. See Appendix 3 for information about projection assumptions. Need for Long-Term Care Table 3 presents estimates of the number of persons aged 18 and over in Maine who have limitations in two or more activities of daily living (ADLs) and thus may need long-term care. These estimates were derived from data generated by The Lewin Group and combine national level data on persons with disabilities with state- level data from the U.S. Census Bureau on age, income, and broad measures of disability. Persons aged 85 and over with two or more limitations in ADLs are estimated to increase 15.3% by 2010 to reach 2,047. The number of persons aged 18 to 64 with the same level of disability will increase by 6% reaching almost 3,000. Growth in the number of adults of all ages with disabilities will place pressure on public and private long-term care resources. CRS-9 Table 3. Estimated Number of Persons with Two or More Limitations in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), by Poverty Status, in Maine 2002 2005 2010 Percent of poverty Persons with 2+ ADL limitations by age and income 18-64 65+ 85+ 18-64 65+ 85+ 18-64 65+ 85+ Up to 100% 597 742 128 613 752 134 634 796 148 Up to 150% 954 1,984 738 979 2,027 771 1,014 2,159 852 Up to 200% 1,234 2,770 1,070 1,276 2,830 1,119 1,321 3,032 1,235 All income 2,822 5,239 1,775 2,894 5,343 1,854 2,990 5,707 2,047 Source: CRS analysis based on projections generated by The Lewin Group through the HCBS State- by-State Population Tool available on-line at [http://www.lewin.com/cltc]. Lisa M.B. Alecxih, and Ryan Foreman, The Lewin Group Center on Long Term Care HCBS Population Tool, 2002. Administration of Long-Term Care Program Responsibility for administration and management of long-term care services for persons with disabilities is spread across several state agencies, with the Department of Human Services (DHS) retaining responsibility for most programs. Various sub-state agencies and some private contractors have responsibility for different aspects of long-term care administration and services. The Department of Human Services is the single state agency for Medicaid; and three of its bureaus administer most of the state's long-term care programs. The Bureau of Medical Services (BMS) is the fiscal agent for Medicaid; it processes claims, enrolls participating providers, and manages Medicaid's optional personal care service. The Bureau of Elder and Adult Services (BEAS) manages two of the state's four Medicaid Section 1915(c) home and community-based services waivers along with Medicaid home health and private duty nursing, nursing home eligibility determination and some of the residential options. The Bureau of Family Independence (BFI) determines financial eligibility for all Medicaid applicants. The Department of Behavioral and Developmental Services (DBDS) houses the Bureau of Adult Mental Retardation Services, which manages one waiver, day habilitation, and a number of state-funded services for persons with developmental disabilities. The waiver is managed in partnership with the DHS. CRS-10 The Department of Labor (DoL) gained responsibility for administering the state's consumer-directed programs in 2002, including the Medicaid personal care optional service for those who want to direct their own services, the consumer- directed Medicaid Section 1915(c) home and community-based services waiver, and the state-funded consumer-directed program. The DHS Division of Licensing and Certification licenses nursing homes and ICFs/MR. Until 2001, the Division also licensed assisted living facilities (ALFs). This responsibility went to BEAS because the state wanted to maintain the social model for ALFs in contrast to the medical model that the Department used when it regulated those facilities. Responsibility for Assessment, Eligibility, and Case Management Maine uses several management tools to try to control use of nursing homes and to manage its home and community-based services including: 1) pre-admission screening for nursing home applicants using a standardized assessment tool, 2) contracted assessment and case management agencies for adults receiving agency- provided home care services, and 3) a contracted agency that assists participants in consumer-directed programs. Functional Eligibility. A private agency -- Goold Data Management -- conducts the assessments of functional eligibility and authorizes service plans that establish the amount and type of services for all persons receiving Medicaid home and community-based services. After this assessment, people are advised of what their long-term care options are and many are able to remain in the community or enter group residential settings rather than enter a nursing home. Fifty-four nurses statewide conducted 16,359 assessments in State Fiscal Year (SFY) 2001 at a cost of $153 per assessment.7 State officials and stakeholders commented that people who receive Medicaid home health services from certified home health agencies must have two assessments, the state's uniform assessment as well as the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) tool that is federally required when people receive Medicare or Medicaid-funded home health services. Some stakeholders advocate replacing the state's tool with OASIS, but state officials resist this idea because they believe their tool meets their management needs better than OASIS would. Financial Eligibility. The Bureau of Family Independence handles the financial eligibility determination for Medicaid services through its 15 local offices. Some interviewees said that financial eligibility standards for long-term care programs differ and are so complex that applicants cannot understand them; BEAS staff say they help people work through the eligibility rules so that they obtain the benefits for which they qualify. However, some stakeholders complained that the determination process can take several months, which delays receipt of services. State officials say that financial eligibility determination generally takes place within 7 Bureau of Elder and Adult Services, Maine's Home and Community-Based Care System, at [www.state.me.as.dhs/ltc/2000], accessed on Feb. 6, 2002. CRS-11 45 days of submission of the forms; complex financial situations can take longer to process. Care Coordination and Consumer-Directed Services. In 1996, Elder Independence of Maine (EIM), which is a division of the Western Maine Area Agency on Aging, began providing care coordination services (i.e., arranging and monitoring services) to persons across the state who receive Medicaid and state- funded home and community-based services. EIM receives a monthly per capita payment of $117 to arrange services, coordinate and monitor care, calculate consumer copayments, contract with service providers, pay claims, audit providers, and participate in quality improvement activities. EIM contracted with 200 providers and served 6,825 consumers in SFY2001 in four programs. Maine has established a consumer-directed program where persons with disabilities plan their care, including services and providers of their choice. The state contracts out management of its consumer-directed programs to Alpha One, Maine's Center for Independent Living (CIL). Alpha One conducts assessments for people seeking to direct their own services and coordinates the state's three consumer- directed programs. The CIL provides consumer skills training, monitoring, and payroll processing for consumers. In SFY2001, Alpha One served 357 consumers eligible under the state's Medicaid consumer-directed program and received payments of $132 per consumer per month; it also served 297 consumers eligible under the state's Section 1915(c) waiver program and received payments of $335 per consumer per month.8 The Department of Behavioral and Developmental Services performs case management for its clients with developmental disabilities through its three regional offices. Case managers are state employees who, in addition to assessing eligibility and developing service plans, also visit people in nursing homes to determine if they can live in the community in small group homes, for example. About 4,500 people receive case management services from the Department. After a person is determined eligible and has a service plan, the provider agency takes over most day- to-day case management functions, in addition to providing services. 8 Personal communication with staff of the Maine Department of Labor, June 6, 2003. CRS-12 Maine's Long-Term Care Services for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities Trends in Institutional Care Maine has pursued an aggressive policy to decrease dependence on nursing homes in its long-term care system. The state started on this course because of a 1993 budgetary crisis. Since nursing home costs had increased by 50% over a 3-year period,9 the state implemented stringent functional eligibility criteria for Medicaid nursing home care in 1994. Prior to implementation of these criteria, people had been able to obtain Medicaid nursing home coverage if they needed assistance with one activity of daily living (ADL) or one instrumental activity of daily living (IADL).10 According to some stakeholders, the new criteria resulted in some people being released to or remaining in the community without sufficient home and community service alternatives. According to interviewees, the Alzheimer's Association succeeded in amending the functional criteria for nursing home eligibility to define nursing need to include management of cognition and behavior. The standard now requires an applicant to need a form of therapy 5 days a week, assistance with three specific ADLs, nursing services three times a week, or have a cognitive or behavior problem. In 1994, the Maine legislature adopted a policy of universal pre-admission screening of all nursing home applicants so facilities cannot admit anyone unless they first have an assessment. The state found that there were not enough residential alternatives to nursing homes, and that waiting lists for home and community services had developed. To ameliorate this situation, in 1996, the state devoted more funding to home and community services. As a result, Medicaid nursing home admissions decreased and use of home and community services increased. (Tables 4 and 5). Between 1995 and 2001, the percentage of publicly-funded, aged and disabled long-term care beneficiaries served in nursing homes declined from 50% to 33%. During the same time period the percentage of public long-term care funding devoted to these facilities decreased from 84% to 61%. 9 Bureau of Elder and Adult Services, Long-Term Care Reform in Maine. 10 The need for long-term care assistance is measured by assessing a person's need for assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs) and/or instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). ADLs are activities necessary to carry out basic human functions, and include the following: bathing, dressing, eating, getting around inside the home, toileting, and transferring from a bed to a chair. IADLs are tasks necessary for independent community living, and include the following: shopping, light housework, laundry, taking medication, telephoning, money management, and meal preparation. CRS-13 Table 4. Where People Receive Publicly Funded Long-Term Care Services 1995 2001 Total served in all settings 19,803 25,455 Home care 39% 49% Assisted living 11% 18% Nursing homes 50% 33% Source: Calculations based on the Bureau of Elder and Adult Services, Dec. 27, 2001, as revised on Feb. 7, 2002. Table 5. Where Public Long-Term Care Funding Goes 1995 2001 Funds spent in all settings $284,715,157 $328,581,664 Home care 10% 20% Assisted living 6% 19% Nursing homes 84% 61% Source: Calculations based on the Bureau of Elder and Adult Services, Dec. 27, 2001, as revised on Feb. 7, 2002. In 2000, Maine had 126 nursing facilities with 8,236 beds, with an occupancy rate of 88.7% (Table 6). The number of beds per 1,000 older persons (44.9) is lower than the national average (52.7). The state's ratio for persons aged 85 and older is 353.2 beds per 1,000, a figure much lower than the national rate of 434.8. The relatively high occupancy rates combined with the low ratio of nursing home beds to older persons, implies that the state does not have much excess capacity in its nursing home industry. According to data supplied by officials from the Maine Bureau of Medical Services, Medicaid helps fund the costs of 72% of all nursing home residents. CRS-14 Table 6. Nursing Home Characteristics in Maine and the United States Characteristics Maine United States Number of facilities 126 17,023 Number of residents 7,309 1,490,155 Number of beds 8,236 1,843,522 Number of Medicaid beds 6,497 841,458 Number of beds per 1,000 pop. aged 65 and older 44.9 52.7 Number of beds per 1,000 pop. aged 75 and older 94.4 111.1 Number of beds per 1,000 pop. aged 85 and older 353.2 434.8 Occupancy rate 88.7% 80.8% Source: CRS calculations based on data from the American Health Care Association (ACHA), Facts and Trends: The Nursing Facility Sourcebook, 2001. All figures represent 1999-2000 data. Some stakeholders claim that about half of nursing facilities are technically insolvent due to low payment rates and a handful have closed in recent years. State officials counter that Maine has one of the highest nursing home payment rates in the country. Officials mentioned that elimination of the Boren amendment, which required that state Medicaid nursing home payment rates be "reasonable and adequate to meet the costs which must be incurred by efficiently and economically operated facilities" (Section 1902(a)(13) of the Social Security Act), enabled the state to control payments to nursing homes and avoid paying unnecessary costs. Nursing home quality is said to be generally good. According to interviewees, since many homes are located in rural areas where people know one another well, the resulting sense of community promotes delivery of good quality care. In some rural communities, the facilities are a major employer in the area. Trends in Home and Community-Based Care Maine takes advantage of Medicaid's mandatory and optional state plan services as well as Section 1915(c) waivers to provide home and community-based care to adults with disabilities. In FY2001, the state provided about 5,000 participants with the following Medicaid state plan services: private duty nursing, home health, personal care, and adult day care. Costs of these services in FY2001 were $19.4 million. In addition, the state relies on two waivers to serve the adult population with disabilities in home and community-based settings -- the Elder and Adult Waiver and the Consumer-directed waiver. Together they served almost 2,000 participants at a cost of $27 million in FY2001. The state also has a large residential care program funded by Medicaid and state funds, which served about 4,300 persons in FY2001. CRS-15 The state also sponsors a number of programs that do not receive federal funding, most of which serve just a few hundred people. By far the largest program is Home-Based Care, which served about 4,000 people at a cost of $15 million in FY2001. This program and the state's other home and community-based programs for adults have separate consumer-directed components that mirror the main programs. Medicaid State Plan Services and 1915 (c) Waivers Maine's Medicaid mandatory and optional long-term services have varying functional eligibility standards, but all have the same financial eligibility standards. Under the state's Medicaid program, a person's countable income cannot exceed 100% of the federal poverty level. Countable assets cannot exceed $2,000,11 although the state can disregard an additional $8,000 in financial assets when calculating financial eligibility. Section 1915(c) waiver services require that a person meet the state's functional eligibility criteria for nursing facility coverage. The income eligibility standard for these waivers is 222% of the federal poverty level and countable assets cannot exceed $2,000, or $10,000 including an $8,000 additional asset disregard. Mandatory and Optional State Plan Services. The mandatory state plan home health service requires beneficiaries of any age to have a need for skilled care and to be homebound; physicians must order the service. Available services are nursing, therapies, aides, and psychiatric monitoring. There is no cap on the amount of care available to an individual. About 2,000 adults received these services in FY2001 at a cost of $5.3 million. Private duty nursing and personal care, both optional services under the Maine state Medicaid plan, require beneficiaries of any age to need assistance in at least two of seven activities of daily living (ADLs) or need direction with four ADLs. Both services offer nursing, home health aide, and personal care assistance. Costs are limited to $3,884 a month in FY2001 for people needing a nursing home level of care, but the cost cap for beneficiaries who are dependent on a ventilator is $20,100 a month. The programs served about 2,500 adults in FY2001; the cost of the two programs was $9.3 million in that year. Consumer-Directed Personal Care is an optional service for persons age 18 and over who need assistance with two of seven ADLs but who are cognitively capable of directing their own services. The service limit is 35 hours a week of daytime care and 14 hours of night-time care. In FY2001, Alpha One served 357 consumers at a cost of $4.1 million. 11 In addition, Medicaid statute requires that certain items are excluded from assets: an individual's home; up to $2,000 of household goods and personal effects; life insurance policies with a face value of $1,500 or less; an automobile with value up to $14,500; and burial funds up to $1,500, among other things. CRS-16 Adult day health services, another Medicaid optional service under the clinic option, serves people who are age 18 or older and who attend day care a minimum of four hours a week. Services available to the 173 participants (FY2001) include health care monitoring, nursing, rehabilitation counseling, and health promotion. The functional and financial eligibility standards for this service are the same as for private duty nursing and personal care. Adult day health spending was $787,000 in FY2001. Medicaid Section 1915(c) Waivers. Maine has two Section 1915(c) waivers for the adult population, one for services provided through home care agencies services and the other for consumer-directed services. (The Section 1915(c) waiver for persons with mental retardation is discussed below.) They are administered independently of one another. The Elder and Adult with Disabilities Waiver is for persons aged 18 and older who receive a range of services including case management; nursing, aide, and personal care services; therapies; homemaker; adult day care; mental health; and transportation services. The cap on services is 100% of the average nursing facility payment. Elder Independence of Maine administers these waivers. The Consumer-Directed Waiver also serves people who are eligible for nursing facility care, but who are cognitively capable of directing their services. This waiver provides case management, skills training, and personal care assistance. The cap on services is 90% of the average nursing facility payment. As of June 2003, the state was considering exploring an amendment to its Medicaid waiver that would increase the cost cap. The waiver served 279 participants at a cost of $8.3 million in FY2001. Alpha One manages this waiver. One of the state's largest Medicaid programs is the Residential Care Services Program, which paid for the medical and remedial component of group residential care for 4,325 participants in FY2001 at a cost of $45.1 million. State funds paid for the room and board component for most participants accounting for $17 million in the same year. The state expanded this program as it sought to increase alternatives to nursing home care during its budget crisis in the mid-1990s. Medicaid finances the care component of services in residential care homes (adult family care homes and residential care homes), which have private or shared rooms and baths; and assisted living facilities, which have private apartments. Medicaid payments for residents of all residential facilities are adjusted for varying categories (15 case-mix groups), using a standardized assessment of all residents. Assisted living facility residents receive an average subsidy of $10,657 per year in SFY2003. According to data supplied by the Bureau of Medical Services, Medicaid helps fund the costs of 67% of ALF residents. Residents who are eligible for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) use these payments and their SSI state supplemental payments to fund their room and board costs. Those who are not SSI eligible must pay 40% of their income and 3% of liquid assets over $10,000 as a co-payment for residential care. State Programs. There are a number of pathways that establish Medicaid eligibility for home and community-based long-term care services. These include CRS-17 coverage of persons whose income is 300% of the federal Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payment level, as allowed under the Section 1915(c) waiver program ($1,656 a month for an individual in 2003). Despite the availability of this more liberal standard, many people may need community care but cannot meet Medicaid's income limits or resource tests. Many of these persons cannot establish eligibility until they spend-down almost all of their resources and income to meet that eligibility level, and, by that time, may be in danger of entering an institution. One of the issues many states have confronted is how to serve these people. Maine has addressed this issue in part through its seven state-funded programs. Many of these programs are designed to complement their Medicaid counterparts with more generous financial eligibility standards than those of Medicaid. By far the largest program is Home-based Care for adults aged 18 and over. Eligibility for services is based on the presence of limitations in ADLs and IADLs with at least one being an ADL or if they need direction with four ADLs. The program has no upper limits on participants' incomes or assets. However, the program has a copayment of 4% of monthly income and 3% of assets exceeding $15,000. The program offers a wide array of services including case management, nursing, home health aide, therapies, personal care, and adult day care. These are the same basic services provided under the Elder and Adult Waiver. There are four levels of care with corresponding maximum caps. The cap on services for the highest level is 85% of the nursing facility rate. Elder Independence of Maine runs the program, which served 3,863 persons in FY2001 at a cost of $12.4 million. In addition, the program has a separately-managed consumer-directed component with the same basic eligibility standards as the agency-provided service program; the service cap is set at 35 hours per week plus 14 hours per week of night personal care services. The consumer-directed component, managed by Alpha One, served 203 people in FY2001 at a cost of $3.1 million. The state has five other state funded programs -- adult day services, congregate housing, assisted living, Alzheimer's respite, and homemaker services -- all of which have similar functional and financial eligibility standards as the other two state-funded programs. These five programs served a total of 2,672 participants at a cost of $6 million in FY2001. CRS-18 Maine's Long-Term Care Services for Persons with Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Overview Services to persons with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities in the United States changed dramatically over the last half of the 20th century as a result of a number of converging factors. These include the advocacy efforts of families and organized constituency groups, various changes to the Social Security law that provided payments to individuals through Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Supplemental Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and to service providers through the Medicaid program, and significant litigation brought on behalf of persons with mental retardation.12 Trends in Institutional Care The early history of services to persons with mental retardation is characterized by the development of large state institutions or training schools begun during the latter part of the 19th century and continuing through the first part of the 20th century. Between 1920 and 1967, institutions quadrupled in size and peaked at almost 200,000 individuals nationwide in 165 free-standing, state-operated mental retardation institutional facilities.13 Today, some states are still faced with the legacy of large state-operated institutions. Maine has eliminated its sole large state-operated facility for persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities. It is also making strides to downsize its other three smaller state-operated facilities (see Appendix Table 2 for a list of the facilities). Very few persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities who live in residential settings live in large institutions; in 2002, 10% of persons in residential settings lived in settings serving 7 or more persons. Persons living in small residential settings (with six or fewer persons) has increased from 62% of all persons living in group residential settings in 1991 to over 90% in 2002 (Table 7). This is due in part to expanded use of Maine's Section 1915(c) home and community-based waiver program which was designed to move people from large institutions into smaller settings. 12 For a detailed history of the development of services for persons with developmental disabilities, see David Braddock, Richard Hemp, Susan Parish, and James Westrich, The State of the States in Developmental Disabilities, University of Illinois at Chicago. American Association on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC, 1998. (Hereafter cited as Braddock, et al., The State of the States in Developmental Disabilities.) 13 Ibid. CRS-19 Table 7. Persons with Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Served in Residential Settings, by Size of Setting, 1991, 1995 and 2002 Persons served by residential setting 1991 1995 2002 2,018 1,577 3,073 Setting by size (100%) (100%) (100%) 572 191 43 16+ Persons (28.3%) (12.1%) (1.4%) 187 298 247 7-15 Persons (9.3%) (18.9%) (8.0%) 1,259 1,088 2,783 <6 Persons (62.4%) (69%) (90.6%) Source: Prouty, Robert W., Gary Smith and K. Charlie Lakin, Residential Services for Persons with Developmental Disabilities: Status and Trends Through 2002. Research and Training Center on Community Living. University of Minnesota, June 2003. [Http://rtc.umn.edu/risp]. Trends in Home and Community-Based Care As the number and size of larger facilities has decreased over the years, the state has made significant use of Medicaid financing for community-based care. Maine uses one optional service -- day habilitation; one Section 1915(c) waiver, which includes day habilitation; and some state-funded programs to support community- based care. Day habilitation services are available to persons who meet the ICF/MR eligibility criteria. The service originally was designed to serve people with developmental disabilities who live in nursing homes and need special services due to their conditions. The state's Home and Community Based Waiver Services for Persons with Mental Retardation serves people who would otherwise be in an institution. It provides residential training in a licensed home, including personal support, day habilitation, supported employment, respite, environmental modification, crisis intervention, and other services. About 2,200 people received services in FY2002. Costs are limited to 100% of the aggregate average cost of ICF/MR facilities across the state (approximately $110,000 in 2003). CRS-20 Financing of Long-Term Care in Maine In most states, Medicaid is the chief source of financing for long-term care. In Maine, long-term care spending accounted for about 30% of total Medicaid spending in FY2001. In addition, Maine has a number of state-financed programs that complement Medicaid programs. Maine's Medicaid spending on institutional care declined during the 1990s while spending on home and community-based services rose rather dramatically. Medicaid Spending in Maine Medicaid is a significant part of state budgets. After elementary, secondary and higher education spending, Medicaid spending was the largest share of state budgets in 2001. According to data compiled by the National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO), federal and state Medicaid spending represented almost 20% of state budgets for the United States as a whole in 2001. In Maine, Medicaid spending is the largest single category of federal and state spending. Of the state's $5.3 billion budget in 2001, federal and state Medicaid spending represented one out of every four dollars. Federal and state spending for Medicaid increased from almost 15% of total spending in 1990, and in 2001 at 24.9%, was about equal to spending for elementary, secondary, and higher education combined (Table 8). Table 8. Share of State Spending by Category, Maine and the United States, 1990-2001 Maine U.S. total Expenditure category 1990 1995 2000 2001 2001 Total expenditures (in millions) $2,651 $3,825 $4,847 $5,269 $1,024,439 Medicaid 14.9% 23.0% 25.0% 24.9% 19.6% Elementary and secondary education 26.4% 13.9% 19.8% 20.4% 22.2% Higher education 6.7% 4.4% 4.2% 4.6% 11.3% Public assistance 6.9% 5.9% 3.4% 2.7% 2.2% Corrections 2.4% 1.8% 2.0% 1.9% 3.7% Transportation 10.8% 8.7% 8.6% 8.7% 8.9% All other expenses 31.9% 42.2% 36.9% 36.8% 32.1% Source: CRS calculations based on National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO) State Expenditures Reports 1990-2001. CRS-21 State spending for Medicaid services in Maine contributed from state funds only (excluding federal funds)14 increased over 3 times from 1990 to 2001. As a percent of spending for all categories of state spending, state Medicaid spending increased from 6.4% in 1990 to 12% in 2001 (Table 9). Table 9. State Spending for Medicaid as a Percent of Total State Spending, Maine and the United States, 1990-2001 Maine All states State spending 1990 1995 2000 2001 2001 Total state spending (in millions)a $2,009 $2,753 $3,352 $3,729 $760,419 State Medicaid spending (millions)b $130 $275 $416 $447 $85,141 State Medicaid spending as a percent of total state spending 6.4% 10.0% 12.4% 12.0% 11.2% Source: CRS calculations based on data from the National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO), State Expenditure Reports for 1991, 1997 and 2001. Data reported are for state fiscal years. a Total state spending for all categories, excluding federal funds. b State spending for Medicaid, exclusive of federal funds. Figure 2. Institutional and Home and Community-Based Services as a Percent of Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine, 1990-2001 100% 90% $214.0 million 80% $289.2 million $246.2 70% million 60% 50% 40% $164.8 30% million $27.2 million $66.2 million 20% 10% 0% 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total Institutional Care Total Home and Community Based Services Source: CRS calculations based on Burwell, Medicaid Expenditures FY1991-FY2001, 1990 total Medicaid spending, based on HCFA 64 data provided by the Urban Institute, Washington, DC. 14 Federal and state governments share the costs of Medicaid spending according to a statutory formula based on a state's relative per capita income (federal medical assistance percentage, or FMAP). In FY2001, the federal share for Medicaid in Maine was 66.12%. CRS-22 Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine Long-term care spending represented 30.5% of all Medicaid long-term spending in Maine at a glance: Medicaid spending in Maine in FY2001, a significant decrease In FY2001, about 30%of Medicaid dollars were spent from 55.1% in 1990 (Table on long-term care. This is a decline from FY1990 10). This reduction is due to when long-term care represented over 55% of Medicaid spending. the state's pre-admission screening process for nursing This decline is largely attributed to a decline in home applicants; restrictions spending for nursing home care. This spending on functional eligibility represented 15% of total Medicaid spending in FY2001 -- a decline from the 36% it represented in criteria for Medicaid nursing FY1990. Nursing home spending grew less than one home coverage; and increased percent over the period. use of home and community- based alternatives to nursing As a percent of Medicaid long-term care spending, home care that the state started nursing home care declined from 65.5% to 49% FY1990 to FY2001 During the same period, the providing in the wake of a mid- portion spent on ICFs/MR decreased from 23.2% to 1990s state budget crisis. 10.9%. During the same period, spending for home and At the same time, spending on home and community- community-based services as a based services increased by almost 400% from FY1990 to FY2001. Home and community-based proportion of total long-term services represented 40% of long-term care spending care spending grew almost in FY2001. fourfold to reach 40.1% of long-term care spending in FY2001. Nevertheless, institutional care still dominates long-term care spending and is a significant share of these expenditures at 60%. Table 10. Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine, FY1990-FY2001 Maine FY1990 FY1995 FY2000 FY2001 Long-term spending as a %of Medicaid spending 55.1% 37.5% 32.0% 30.5% Institutional care spending as % of long-term care spending 88.7% 81.4% 60.2% 59.9% Nursing home spending as a % of long-term care spending 65.5% 66.7% 51.2% 49.0% ICFs/MR* spending as a % of long-term care spending 23.2% 14.7% 9.0% 10.9% Total home and community-based services spending as a % of long-term care spending 11.3% 18.6% 39.8% 40.1% HCBS waivers spending as a % of long-term care spending 7.8% 14.7% 36.2% 37.2% Source: CRS calculations based on CMS/HCFA 64 data provide by The Medstat Group, Inc. For 2000 and 2001, Burwell Brian et al., Medicaid Long-Term Care Expenditures in FY2001, May 10, 2002. For 1995, Brian Burwell, Medicaid Long-Term Care Expenditures in FY2000, May 7, 2001. For 1990, Brian Burwell, Medicaid Expenditures for FY1991. Systemetrics/McGraw-Hill Healthcare Management Group, Jan. 10, 1992, 1990 total Medicaid spending based on HCFA 64 data provided CRS-23 by Urban Institute, Washington, DC. (Hereafter cited as Burwell, Medicaid Expenditures FY1991- FY2001.) *Intermediate care facilities for the mentally retarded. In FY2001, $246.2 million or 18.2% of all Medicaid spending was for care in institutions but nursing home spending accounted for 81.8% of total institutional spending (Table 11). In the same year, home and community-based services accounted for 12.2% of all Medicaid spending. Table 11. Medicaid Spending in Maine, Total Spending and Long-Term Care Spending, by Category, FY1990-FY2001 (dollars in millions) Percent change FY1990 FY1995 FY2000 FY2001 FY1990-FY2001 (current (current (current (current (in constant 2001 Spending category dollars) dollars) dollars) dollars) dollars) Total Medicaid $437.8 $948.9 $1,218.5 $1,349.7 142.4% Total long-term care* $241.1 $355.5 $390.2 $411.0 34.1% Total institutional care $214.0 $289.2 $234.9 $246.3 -9.5% Nursing homes $158.0 $237.1 $199.6 $201.4 0.3% ICFs/MR** $56.0 $52.1 $35.3 $44.8 -37.0% Total home and community $27.2 $66.2 $155.3 $164.8 376.9% based services Home health $5.9 $12.2 $9.4 $6.6 -12.2% Personal care $2.3 $2.0 $4.8 $5.3 78.9% HCBS waivers $18.9 $52.1 $141.1 $152.8 535.9% Source: CRS calculations based on Burwell, Medicaid Expenditures FY1991-FY2001. Total 1990 Medicaid spending, based on HCFA 64 data provided by the Urban Institute, Washington, DC. Figures 3 and 4 depict dramatic changes in long-term care spending patterns from FY1990 to FY2001. In FY1990, 23.2% of Medicaid long-term care spending was devoted to care for persons with developmental disabilities in ICFs/MR; this decreased to 10.9% in FY2001. The proportion of Medicaid long-term care spending on nursing home services also declined during that time period from 65.5% to 49.0%. Spending on home and community services increased from 11.3% to 40.1% of long- term care expenditures, primarily due to the expansion of Section 1915(c) waivers, which increased 536% from FY1990 to FY2001 (in constant 2001 dollars). CRS-24 Figure 3. Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine by Category, FY1990 Total Medicaid LTC Spending: $241.1 million Home Health ICFs/MR 2.5% 23.2% Personal Care HCBS 1.0% 11.3% HCBS Waivers 7.8% Nursing Home 65.5% Source: CRS calculations based on Burwell, Medicaid Expenditures FY1991-FY2001. Figure 4. Medicaid Long-Term Care Spending in Maine by Category, FY2001 Total Medicaid LTC Spending: $411.0 million ICFs/MR 10.9% Home Health 1.6% Personal Care 1.3% HCBS 40.1% Nursing Home 49.0% HCBS Waivers 37.2% Source: CRS calculations based on Burwell, Medicaid Expenditures FY1991-FY2001. Increased funding for Section 1915(c) waiver services does not affect all populations equally. In FY2001, about 15.6% of waiver spending in Maine was devoted to services for the aged and younger persons with disabilities; spending for persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities accounted for 84.4% of waiver spending in FY2001. CRS-25 Figure 5. Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waiver Spending by Target Population in Maine, FY2001 Total Medicaid HC BS Waiver Spending: $152.8 million Age d Waive r s 15.6% M R/DD Waive r s 84.4% Source: CRS calculations based on Medicaid HCBS Waiver Expenditures, FY1995 through FY2001 by Steve Eiken and Brian Burwell, The Medstat Group, Inc., May 13, 2002. Medicaid and State Spending on Services for Persons with Mental Retardation Federal and state spending for persons with mental retardation and developmental disabilities was $216.8 million in 2000 (Table 12). This represented an increase of 812.2% (in constant 2000 dollars) since 1990. Of total 2000 spending, 34.8% was contributed by state resources. Section 1915(c) waiver funding increased from $9.2 million in 1990 to $84.8 million in 2000. As discussed earlier, Maine has devoted considerable effort to increasing services in home and community-based settings to persons with developmental disabilities. Table 11 shows that in 2000, 95.6% of total spending was for home and community-based services -- $207.4 million. Of total spending in 2000, 39.1% was from waiver programs. This spending increased by 640.9% in constant 2000 dollars since 1990. The state has used waivers to maximize federal Medicaid reimbursement for home and community-based services, while it has dramatically decreased federal spending for institutional services. Federal spending for institutional services decreased by 71.2% in constant dollars from 1990 to 2000. CRS-26 Table 12. Federal and State Spending for Institutional and Community Services for Persons with Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities in Maine, 1990 and 2000 Percent 1990 2000 Percent of change (in (current (current FY2000 constant 2000 dollars) dollars) total dollars) Total funds $79.6 $216.8 100% 812.2% Congregate/institutional services $31.4 $9.4 4.4% -75.8% Federal funds $17.5 $6.3 2.9% -71.2% State funds $14.0 $3.2 1.5% -81.6% Home and community-based services $48.2 $207.4 95.6% 246.7% Federal funds $29.0 $135.2 62.3% 275.0% ICF/MR funds $12.7 $16.8 7.8% 7.0% HCBS waiver $9.2 $84.8 39.1% 640.9% Title XX/SSBG funds $0.9 $0.8 0.4% -29.6% Other $6.2 $32.8 15.1% 323.4% State funds $19.1 $72.2 33.3% 203.8% Source: CRS calculations based on data presented in The State of the States in Developmental Disabilities (Fifth Edition), by David Braddock et al., (1998) Washington, DC, American Association on Mental Retardation, p. 404 (for 1990 data). Unpublished data furnished by Richard Hemp, University of Colorado (for 2000 data). Issues in Long-Term Care in Maine The following discussion highlights selected issues raised in state reports collected for this report and in interviews with state officials and key stakeholders conducted during the site visit to Maine in the summer of 2002. Budgetary Concerns. In dealing with prior budgetary dilemmas the state has followed a "Medicaid maximization" policy in providing home and community- based care. That is, because the state has opted to take opportunities to provide a number of optional home and community-based services that are allowed under the federal law, it can therefore draw down federal Medicaid matching dollars to support its program. One of the challenges the state faces during its budgetary crisis is to hold on to the gains it has made in providing home and community services to people with disabilities. According to interviewees, this is particularly the case when the state's CRS-27 nursing home lobby competes with other groups for funding. Part of the state government's plan to close its budget gap would involve a 6% "nursing home bed tax," which would raise $7 million.15 The money would be used to draw down federal Medicaid funds, which would then go to wages for long-term care workers, including providers other than nursing homes. Other budget actions would shift some state funded residential costs to Medicaid and reduce spending on state-funded services, including homemaker, adult day services, and Alzheimer's respite care. The Governor's budget proposal would decrease nursing facilities' cost of living adjustment from 3% to 2%.16 According to state officials, as of March 2002, home and community-based services had not been affected too negatively by budget cuts. Labor Issues. The health labor shortage is a critical problem affecting all areas of health care, including long-term care and care for persons with developmental disabilities, particularly in Southern Maine. The labor shortage also makes it difficult to recruit state and privately-employed case managers. Interviewees cited several reasons for the labor shortage. Fourteen percent of Maine's population is aged 65 or over and many younger people are leaving the state to find employment. Interviewees also cited low wages and lack of health insurance as barriers to employment in the long-term care sector. The state has considered becoming a self-insurer for agencies contracting with the state to provide an opportunity for them to participate in a large group health insurance plan. The results of the labor shortage include high staff turnover and reliance on temporary agency staff. This can disrupt continuity of care in facilities and lead to staff having insufficient training to handle some of the complex needs of nursing home residents. There is also a shortage of experienced nursing home administrators so many come to their jobs with very little training. State officials said that some people in southern Maine may have to be placed on waiting lists for home and community services because of the labor shortage. Conducting criminal background checks on long-term care employees is another controversial labor issue in Maine. Not all long-term care programs require criminal background checks for long-term care workers and consumer-directed programs have actively resisted this. The state's certified nurse aide registry does not allow people who have committed crimes in health care settings to be on the registry but criminals with other types of convictions can be. Some officials recommended more attention to registries of nurse aides. State officials noted that a U.S.-wide registry could prevent criminals working in long-term care from going from state to state when they lose their credentials. Consumer Direction. A number of controversial issues raised during the site visit related to various aspects of the consumer-directed programs. Control of these 15 Rankin Joe, "Governor Proposes Nursing Home Tax," Kennebec Journal, June 29, 2002. 16 Michael O' D. Moore, "Health Professionals Wary of King Cuts," Bangor Daily News, June 27, 2002. CRS-28 programs was transferred from the Maine Department of Human Services (DHS) to the Department of Labor (DoL) in 2001. The transfer occurred as a result of advocacy efforts on the part of consumers. Many believed that Maine DoL would be the more appropriate administering agency since it has experience with rehabilitation services and independent living services for persons with severe disabilities, (DoL administers programs authorized under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, including vocational rehabilitation and centers for independent living programs). Another controversy surrounds paying family members to work for beneficiaries. According to interviewees, this can become problematic when the family members come to consider the payments part of their rights and income, and when families provide inadequate or substandard services. There is also the feeling among some that women who receive payment will become the next generation of poor women because they do not have access to employment that provides fringe benefits (like retirement and health insurance). Assisted Living Facilities. Some stakeholders interviewed said that assisted living facilities (ALFs) are becoming more popular than nursing homes. However, sometimes people enter nursing homes because federal money isn't available for assisted living facilities. Also, assisted living facilities are supposed to provide personal care as part of the payment they receive from Medicaid but some do not. The ALF regulations give residents the right to age in place but providers say that this is not reflected in the level of Medicaid reimbursement they receive. Waiting List. As of the summer of 2002, the waiting list for residential care for persons with developmental disabilities was 500. People who are in crisis situations move off of the list to receive services first. The waiting list for supported employment was between 300 and 400. CRS-29 Appendix 1. Major Home and Community-Based Long-Term Care Programs for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities in Maine No. of persons Functional eligibility Financial eligibility enrolled/ slots Annual cost Income/ approved and cap Target Determined resource Determined expenditures (aggregate/ Administrative Financial Program group Criteria by limits by Services (SFY2001) individual) oversight oversight Home health Adults age Need for Home health 100% of Bureau of Nursing, 2,238 persons None Bureau of Elder Department (adults only) 18+ skilled agency does poverty; assets Family therapies, home and Adult of Human nursing or assessment of $2,000 or Independence health aide, $5,329,567 Services Services (Medicaid therapy, less with psychiatric state plan homebound, additional monitoring service) and physician exclusions in ordered certain circumstances Private duty Adults age Limited Assessing 100% of Bureau of Nursing, home 1,188 persons $3,884 a Bureau of Elder Department nursing 18+ assistance Services poverty; assets Family health aide, and month or, if and Adult of Human (adults only) and one Agency of $2,000 or Independence personal care $4,292,745 ventilator Services Services person less with assistance dependent, physical additional $20,100 a (Medicaid support in exclusions in month state plan two of seven certain service) ADLs or circumstances cueing in four ADLs Personal care Adults age Limited Assessing 100% of Bureau of Nursing, home 1,388 persons $3,884 a Bureau of Elder Department services 18 and over assistance Services poverty; assets Family health aide, and month or, if and Adult of Human (adults only) and one Agency of $2,000 or Independence personal care $4,986,955 ventilator Services Services person less with assistance dependent, (Medicaid physical additional $20,100 a state plan support in exclusions in month service) two of seven certain ADLS or circumstances cueing in four ADLs CRS-30 No. of persons Functional eligibility Financial eligibility enrolled/ slots Annual cost Income/ approved and cap Target Determined resource Determined expenditures (aggregate/ Administrative Financial Program group Criteria by limits by Services (SFY2001) individual) oversight oversight Adult day 18 and Limited Day care 100% of Bureau of Monitoring of 173 persons Must attend a Bureau of Elder Department health older assistance provider or poverty; assets Family health care, minimum of 4 and Adult of Human services and one Assessing of $2,000 or Independence nursing $787,015 hours weekly Services Services person Services less with rehabilitation (Medicaid physical Agency additional counseling, state plan support in exclusions in exercise, health service) two of seven certain promotion ADLs or circumstances cueing in four ADLs Consumer- 18 and Limited Alpha One or 100% of Bureau of Personal care 357 persons Up to 35 hours Alpha One Department directed older assistance Assessing poverty; assets Family assistance, skills a week plus of Labor personal care and one Services of $2,000 or Independence training $4.1 million less than 14 person Agency less with night-time (Medicaid physical additional hours a week state plan support in exclusions in service) two ADLs certain and circumstances cognitively capable of self direction Consumer- 18 and Nursing Alpha One or 222% of Bureau of Case 279 persons 90% of Alpha One Department directed older facility Assessing poverty; and Family management average of Labor waiver eligible and Services assets of Independence with skills $8.3 million nursing facility cognitively Agency $2,000 or less training and payment (Medicaid capable of with additional consumer 1915(c) self direction exclusions in directed waiver) certain personal care circumstances assistants CRS-31 No. of persons Functional eligibility Financial eligibility enrolled/ slots Annual cost Income/ approved and cap Target Determined resource Determined expenditures (aggregate/ Administrative Financial Program group Criteria by limits by Services (SFY2001) individual) oversight oversight Elder and Age 18 and Nursing Assessing 222% of Bureau of Case 1,589 persons 100% of Bureau of Elder Department adult waiver older facility Services poverty and Family management, average and Adult of Human eligible Agency assets of Independence nursing home $19,096,433 nursing facility Services Services (Medicaid $2,000 or less health aide, payment 1915(c) with additional certified nursing waiver) exclusions in assistants, certain therapies, circumstances personal care assistant, homemaker, adult day health care, emergency response systems, mental health, transportation respite Residential Age 18 and Needs shelter Residential Income limit Bureau of Room and 4,325 Personal needs Bureau of Elder Department care: older and support care provider varies with Family board, medical $45.1 million allowance of and Adult of Human medical and facility rate; Independence and remedial up to $70 a Services Services remedial assets of services month component $2,000 or less (Medicaid and state funded) Residential Age 18 and Needs shelter Residential Income limit Bureau of Room and 4,403 Personal needs Bureau of Elder Department care: room older and support care provider varies with Family board, medical $16,698,724 allowance of and Adult of Human and board facility rate; Independence and remedial up to $70 a Services Services assets of services month (Medicaid and $2,000 or less state funded) CRS-32 No. of persons Functional eligibility Financial eligibility enrolled/ slots Annual cost Income/ approved and cap Target Determined resource Determined expenditures (aggregate/ Administrative Financial Program group Criteria by limits by Services (SFY2001) individual) oversight oversight Congregate 18 and three IADLs, Provider $50,000 asset Bureau of Service 260 Based on Bureau of Elder Department housing older two ADLs, or limit Family coordination, $592,156 needs of and Adult of Human program one ADL and Independence chore services, resident Services Services two IADLs one meal a day (state funded) Assisted 18 and three IADLs, Provider $50,000 asset Bureau of Service 199 Based on Bureau of Elder Department living CHSP older two ADLs, or limit Family coordination, $1,812,206 needs of and Adult of Human one ADL and Independence chore services, resident Services Services (state funded) two IADLs one meal a day Adult foster 18 and Needs shelter Provider $14 gross Bureau of Medicaid and Not available Resident pays Bureau of Elder Department homes older and support income and Family remedial maximum of and Adult of Human assets of Independence services, room $544 a month. Services Services (state funded) $2,000 or less and board Personal needs allowance of up to $70 a month Adult family 18 and Cueing in Provider $1,706 gross Bureau of Medicaid and Not available Based on Bureau of Elder Department care homes older four ADLs; income and Family remedial needs of and Adult of Human cognitive or assets of Independence services, room resident. Services Services (Medicaid and behavioral $2,000 or less and board Personal needs state funded) problems allowance of with two or up to $70 a four ADLs month CRS-33 No. of persons Functional eligibility Financial eligibility enrolled/ slots Annual cost Income/ approved and cap Target Determined resource Determined expenditures (aggregate/ Administrative Financial Program group Criteria by limits by Services (SFY2001) individual) oversight oversight Home-based 18 and Total of three Assessing No upper Bureau of Case 3,863 persons 85% of Elder Department care older limitations Services limit. Family management, nursing facility Independence of of Human with at least Agency Copayment of Independence nursing home $12.4 million rate ($3,301 in Maine Services (state funded) one ADL or 4% of monthly health aide, SFY2002) cueing in four income and certified nursing ADLs 3% of assets assistants, exceeding therapies, $15,000 personal care assistant, homemaker, adult day health care, emergency response systems, mental health, transportation respite Home-based 18 and Total of three Assessing No upper Bureau of Personal care 203 100% of Alpha One Department care: older limitations Services limit. Family assistance and $3,118,374 nursing facility of Labor consumer- with at least Agency or Copayment of Independence skills training rate ($3,884 a directed one ADL and Alpha One 4% of monthly month in cognitively income and SFY2002) (state funded) capable of 3% of assets self direction exceeding $30,000 Adult day 18 and One ADL or Day care $50,000 asset Monitor health 119 Attend a Alpha One Department services older cueing with provider or test. care, nursing $304,240 minimum of 4 of Labor four ADLs assessing Copayment of rehabilitation hours a week (state funded) services 20% of cost of counseling, agency services exercise, health promotion CRS-34 No. of persons Functional eligibility Financial eligibility enrolled/ slots Annual cost Income/ approved and cap Target Determined resource Determined expenditures (aggregate/ Administrative Financial Program group Criteria by limits by Services (SFY2001) individual) oversight oversight Alzheimer's 18 and Need- based Bureau of $50,000 asset In-home or 430 $3,800 a year Bureau of Elder Department respite (state older Elder and test. institutional $754,609 and Adult of Human and Older Adult Copayment of respite, adult Services Services Americans Services/Area 20% of cost of day care respite Act funded) Agencies in services Aging Homemaker 21 and Need help Homemaker $50,000 asset Homemaking, 1,664 Ten hours a Home Resources Department older with three provider or test. chore, grocery $2,553,199 month of Maine or of Human IADLs and assessing Copayment of shopping, Aroostook Home Services (state funded) one ADL services 20% of laundry, Health Services agency services incidental personal care, transportation Home and All ages ICF/MR level Department of 300% of the Department of Residential 2,200 slots 100% of the Department of Department community of care Behavioral and SSI level; Human training services average Behavioral and of Human based waiver Developmental $2,000 per Services, in a DHS aggregate costs Developmental Services services for Services, individual Bureau of licensed home of ICF/MR Services, Adult persons with Adult Mental Family Personal facilities Mental mental Retardation Independence support services (approx. Retardation retardation Services Day habilitation $110,000 per Services services year in 2003) (Medicaid Supported 1915(c) employment waiver) Respite care Environmental modification, communication assessment Crisis intervention Consultative services CRS-35 Appendix 2. Population in Large State Facilities Table A-2. Population in Large State Facilities for Persons with Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities and Closure Date, Maine Large state MR/DD facilities or units operating 1908-1998 Year facility opened Year closed Aroostook Residential Center (Presque Isle) 1972 Elizabeth Levinson Center (Bangor) 1971 Freeport Town Square not available Pineland Center (Pownal) 1908 1995 Source: Residential Services for Persons with Developmental Disabilities: Status and Trends Through 2001, Research and Training Center on Community Living, Institute on Community Integration/UCEED, University of Minnesota, June 2002; and personal communication with personnel of the Department of Behavioral and Developmental Services. CRS-36 Appendix 3. About the Census Population Projections The projections use the cohort-component method. The cohort-component method requires separate assumptions for each component of population change: births, deaths, internal migration (internal migration refers to state-to-state migration, domestic migration, or interstate migration), and international migration .... The projection's starting date is July 1, 1994. The national population total is consistent with the middle series of the Census Bureau's national population projections for the years 1996 to 2025. Source: Paul R. Campbell, 1996, Population Projections for States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2025, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Division, PPL-47. For detailed explanation of the methodology, see same at [http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/ppl47.html]. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32166