For more information on this report, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
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WikiLeaks Document Release
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
February 2, 2009
Congressional Research Service
Report R40119
Filling Advice and Consent Positions at the Outset of a New
Administration
Henry B. Hogue, Analyst in American National Government; Maureen Bearden, Information Research
Specialist; Betsy Palmer, Analyst on the Congress and Legislative Process
December 18, 2009
Abstract. This report focuses on the processes, during a presidential transition, by which top-level executive
branch PAS positions are filled. Outside of top White House staff appointments, these are a new President's
earliest and arguably most important appointments. In the next section, the usual process is described in
three stages: "Selection and Vetting", "Senate Consideration", and "Appointment". That section also provides
examples of ways the Senate has adapted its procedures during recent presidential transitions. The report then
discusses processes-recess appointments and designations under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998-that
could be used by the President to unilaterally fill positions on a temporary basis. The final portion of the
report provides additional information on the length of time required in the past to fill Cabinet positions and
certain national-security-related subcabinet positions. This section provides related data for the last three party
turnover transitions prior to 2008: Carter-Reagan (1980-1981), Bush- Clinton (1992-1993), and Clinton-Bush
(2000-2001).
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
WikiLeaks Document Release
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
February 2, 2009
Congressional Research Service
Report R40119
Filling Advice and Consent Positions at the Outset of a New
Administration
Henry B. Hogue, Analyst in American National Government; Maureen Bearden, Information Research
Specialist; Betsy Palmer, Analyst on the Congress and Legislative Process
December 18, 2009
Abstract. This report focuses on the processes, during a presidential transition, by which top-level executive
branch PAS positions are filled. Outside of top White House staff appointments, these are a new President's
earliest and arguably most important appointments. In the next section, the usual process is described in
three stages: "Selection and Vetting", "Senate Consideration", and "Appointment". That section also provides
examples of ways the Senate has adapted its procedures during recent presidential transitions. The report then
discusses processes-recess appointments and designations under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998-that
could be used by the President to unilaterally fill positions on a temporary basis. The final portion of the
report provides additional information on the length of time required in the past to fill Cabinet positions and
certain national-security-related subcabinet positions. This section provides related data for the last three party
turnover transitions prior to 2008: Carter-Reagan (1980-1981), Bush- Clinton (1992-1993), and Clinton-Bush
(2000-2001).
ข
ข
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ข
ข
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
ข
In its 2004 report, the 9/11 Commission identified what it perceived were shortcomings in the
appointment process during presidential transitions. The report asserted that delays in filling top
executive branch leadership positions, such as those experienced during the 2000-2001 transition,
could compromise national security policymaking in the early months of a new Administration.
Although the unique circumstances of the 2000 presidential race truncated the ensuing transition
period, the commission's observations could be applied to other recent transitions; lengthy
appointment processes during presidential transitions, particularly between those of different
political parties, have been of concern to observers for more than 20 years. The process is likely
to develop a bottleneck during this time, even under the best of circumstances, due to the large
number of candidates who must be selected, vetted, and, in the case of positions filled through
appointment by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate (PAS positions),
considered by that body.
The advice and consent appointment process has three stages: selection and vetting, Senate
consideration, and presidential appointment. Congress has taken steps to accelerate appointments
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during presidential transitions. In recent decades, Senate committees have provided for pre-
nomination consideration of Cabinet-level nominations; examples of such actions are provided in
this report. In addition, recently adopted statutory provisions appear designed to facilitate faster
processing of appointments during presidential transitions. Among the new statutory provisions
were those enacted by Congress in response to 9/11 Commission recommendations, mainly in the
Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. Also part of this act was a sense of the
Senate resolution stating that nominations to national security positions should be submitted by
the President-elect to the Senate by Inauguration Day, and that Senate consideration of all such
nominations should be completed within 30 days of submission.
The President has certain powers--constitutional recess appointment authority and statutory
authority under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998--that he could, under certain
circumstances, use to unilaterally fill PAS positions on a temporary basis.
The final portion of the report provides comprehensive data and analyses related to the length of
time taken during recent party-turnover transitions to fill Cabinet-level positions and selected
higher-level subcabinet positions. In general, transition-period Cabinet-level nominees were
selected, vetted, considered, and confirmed expeditiously; they generally took office shortly after
the new President's inauguration. On average, the interval between election day and final
disposition of nominations to selected subcabinet positions was more than twice as long as that of
nominations to Cabinet-level positions, though nominees to subcabinet positions in some
departments were faster than others. The pre-nomination portion of this period was notably longer
than the period of Senate consideration. The Senate confirmed more than half of the selected
subcabinet nominations 23 days or fewer after the nomination was submitted.
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
The Appointment Process for PAS Positions................................................................................... 3
Selection and Vetting................................................................................................................. 3
Selection and Vetting During Presidential Transitions........................................................ 3
Senate Consideration................................................................................................................. 4
The Senate Confirmation Process and Presidential Transitions.......................................... 5
Appointment.............................................................................................................................. 7
Temporary Staffing of PAS Positions During Presidential Transitions ........................................... 7
The Length of the Appointment Process ......................................................................................... 9
Transition-period Cabinet Appointment Intervals................................................................... 10
Findings ............................................................................................................................ 14
Transition-period Subcabinet Appointment Intervals ............................................................. 14
Findings ............................................................................................................................ 15
Summary ................................................................................................................................. 18
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Table 1. Political Appointees by Department and Appointment Type as of September 1,
2008.............................................................................................................................................. 2
Table 2. Mean and Median Length of Appointment Process Intervals for Transition-
period Cabinet-level Nominees of President Ronald W. Reagan, President William J.
Clinton, and President George W. Bush ..................................................................................... 12
Table 3. Mean and Median Length of Appointment Process for Selected Transition-period
Subcabinet Nominees of President Ronald W. Reagan, President William J. Clinton,
and President George W. Bush ................................................................................................... 17
Table A-1.Transition Period Nominations to Cabinet Positions by President Ronald W.
Reagan, President William J. Clinton, and President George W. Bush..................................... 19
Table C-1.Transition Period Nominations to Selected Subcabinet Positions by President
Ronald W. Reagan, President William J. Clinton, and President George W. Bush .................... 28
ก
Appendix A. Transition Period Nominations to Cabinet Positions by President Ronald W.
Reagan, President William J. Clinton, and President George W. Bush..................................... 19
Appendix B. Subcabinet Position Selection Method..................................................................... 25
Appendix C. Transition Period Nominations to Selected Subcabinet Positions by
President Ronald W. Reagan, President William J. Clinton, and President George W.
Bush............................................................................................................................................ 28
Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 38
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In its July 22, 2004, report, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
(known as the 9/11 Commission) identified what it perceived were shortcomings in the
appointment process during presidential transitions that could compromise national security
policymaking in the early months of a new Administration. The commission noted, in particular,
the abbreviated transition period resulting from the delayed resolution of the 2000 presidential
race. As the report stated, "Given that a presidential election in the United States brings wholesale
change in personnel, this loss of time hampered the new administration in identifying, recruiting,
clearing, and obtaining Senate confirmation of key appointees."1 The commission reported,
among other findings, that "the new [George W. Bush] administration did not have its deputy
cabinet officers in place until the spring of 2001, and the critical subcabinet officials were not
confirmed until the summer--if then. In other words, the new administration--like others before
it--did not have its team on the job until at least six months after it took office."2
Although the unique circumstances of the 2000 presidential race truncated the ensuing transition
period, the commission's observations could be applied to other recent transitions. The length of
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presidential transitions, particularly between those of different political parties, has been of
concern to observers for more than 20 years.3 The appointment process is likely to develop a
bottleneck during this time, even under the best of circumstances, due to the large number of
candidates who must be selected, vetted, and, in the case of positions filled through appointment
by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate (PAS positions), considered by that
body. By the end of the first 100 days of the Reagan presidency, nominees had been confirmed
for only 20% of vacant PAS positions. At the same juncture at the outset of the Clinton
Administration, nominees had been confirmed for only 10% of these openings. At the end of the
first 100 days of the presidency of George W. Bush, nominees had been confirmed for only 6% of
PAS vacancies.4 Delays in installing new leadership would not be welcome at any time, but they
may be particularly problematic during the transition period between Presidents. As noted by the
9/11 Commission, a new President is likely to need his or her top advisers in place to maintain
continuity in national security policymaking.5 Furthermore, the President has limited time
following his or her election to initiate an administrative and legislative agenda.
As the 9/11 Commission pointed out, presidential transitions involve large-scale changes in the
political leadership of the executive branch. Table 1 summarizes Office of Personnel
Management (OPM) data indicating that more than 2,500 political appointees occupied positions
in the 15 departments as of September 1, 2008. These officials included top-level policymaking
presidential appointees, political managers, and confidential support staff. Unlike career public
service executives and employees, top political officials in the federal departments and agencies
nearly always serve at the pleasure of the President or agency head. These officials typically
1
U.S. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report (Washington:
GPO, 2004), p. 198 (hereafter referred to as 9/11 Commission Report).
2
Ibid., p. 422.
3
See, for example, National Academy of Public Administration, Leadership in Jeopardy: The Fraying of the
Presidential Appointments System (Washington: National Academy of Public Administration, 1985), pp. 9-10.
4
CRS Report RL31054, Nominations and Confirmations to Policy Positions in the First 100 Days of the George W.
Bush, William J. Clinton, and Ronald W. Reagan Administrations, by Rogelio Garcia (archived CRS report available
from the authors of this report).
5
9/11 Commission Report, p. 422.
resign when the Administration changes, especially if the incoming President is from a different
party.6
This report focuses on the processes, during a presidential transition, by which top-level
executive branch PAS positions are filled. Outside of top White House staff appointments, these
are a new President's earliest and arguably most important appointments. In the next section, the
usual process is described in three stages: "Selection and Vetting", "Senate Consideration", and
"Appointment". That section also provides examples of ways the Senate has adapted its
procedures during recent presidential transitions. The report then discusses processes--recess
appointments and designations under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998--that could be
used by the President to unilaterally fill positions on a temporary basis. The final portion of the
report provides additional information on the length of time required in the past to fill Cabinet
positions and certain national-security-related subcabinet positions. This section provides related
data for the last three party turnover transitions prior to 2008: Carter-Reagan (1980-1981), Bush-
Clinton (1992-1993), and Clinton-Bush (2000-2001).
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6
Not all political appointees change with a change in Administration, however. Some presidential appointees, such as
members of most regulatory commissions, serve in fixed-term positions, and these appointees may continue to serve
out their terms when the President changes.
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Under the Constitution, the power to appoint the top officers of the United States is shared by the
President and the Senate. The appointment process consists of three stages--selection and
vetting, Senate consideration, and appointment.
The first stage of the process begins with the President's selection of a candidate for the position.
Following this selection, the candidate needs to be cleared for nomination. The Office of the
Counsel to the President oversees this part of the process, which usually includes background
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investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Internal Revenue Service
(IRS), Office of Government Ethics (OGE), and an ethics official for the agency to which the
President wishes to appoint the candidate. Once the Office of the Counsel has cleared the
candidate, the nomination is ready to be submitted to the Senate. Candidates for higher-level
positions, such as Cabinet Secretaries, are often accorded priority in this process. A nominee has
no legal authority to assume the duties and responsibilities of the position; the authority comes
with Senate confirmation and formal presidential appointment.
An incoming President can, of course, begin the process of selecting the members of his
Administration at any time. During recent decades, most major candidates have begun preparing
for a potential presidency before election day by assigning a small number of advisors to begin
developing transition plans.7 With regard to the selection of personnel, the 2008 candidates and
their transition advisors were aided by a recently enacted statute. The Intelligence Reform and
Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (known as the Intelligence Reform Act)8 included a provision
that directs the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) to transmit an electronic record "on
Presidentially appointed positions," with specified contents, to each major party presidential
candidate "not later than 15 days" after his or her nomination.9 The provision permits OPM to
make such a record available to any other presidential candidate after these initial transmittals.
The Intelligence Reform Act also included several provisions that responded to 9/11 Commission
recommendations regarding the vetting process. One provision of law permits each major party
presidential candidate to submit, before the general election, security clearance requests for
"prospective transition team members who will have a need for access to classified information"
in the course of their work. The law directs that resulting investigations and eligibility
7
John P. Burke, Presidential Transitions: From Politics to Practice (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000).
8
P.L. 108-458, 118 Stat. 3638.
9
P.L. 108-458, ง 8403(b); 118 Stat. 3870.
determinations be completed, as much as possible, by the day after the general election.10 To the
degree that transition team members go on to be nominees to positions in the new Administration,
this proactive clearance process might also accelerate the transition period appointment process.
The Intelligence Reform Act also amended the Presidential Transition Act of 1963. The
amendments included a provision stating that the President-elect should submit, as soon as
possible after the presidential election, the "names of candidates for high level national security
positions through the level of undersecretary" of agencies and departments. A second provision
requires the responsible agency or agencies to carry out background investigations of these
candidates for high-level national security positions "as expeditiously as possible ... before the
date of the inauguration."11
In the consideration stage, the Senate determines whether or not to confirm a nomination.12 Once
received from the President, each nomination is referred to the committee with jurisdiction over
the agency in which the nominee would serve or the subject matter related to the nomination.
Action at the committee level is at the discretion of the committee chair. No Senate or committee
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rule requires that a committee, or the full Senate, act on any nomination.13 Most nominations,
however, proceed through the process in a routine, timely fashion. During the last presidential
transition in the 107th Congress, the Senate took a median14 of 36 days to confirm a nomination to
a full-time departmental position.15
The Senate confirmation process begins at the committee level. The rules and procedures of the
committees frequently include timetables specifying minimum periods between steps in the
process. Committee activity on nominations generally includes investigation, hearing, and
reporting stages. During the investigation phase, many committees require nominees to fill out
questionnaires that the committee has prepared. If the committee acts on a nomination, the
process typically begins with a hearing, where the nominee and other interested parties may
testify and Senators may question the nominee.16 After the hearing--if there is one--the
committee usually votes to report the nomination to the Senate. The committee may choose to
report the nomination favorably, unfavorably, or without recommendation.
The full Senate may then take up the nomination and vote on it. Confirmation of a nomination by
the Senate requires a simple majority. If there is opposition to the nomination, however,
10
P.L. 108-458, ง 7601(c); 118 Stat. 3857.
11
P.L. 108-458, ง 7601(a); 118 Stat. 3856.
12
For further information, see CRS Report RL31980, Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee
and Floor Procedure, by Elizabeth Rybicki; and CRS Report RL31948, Evolution of the Senate's Role in the
Nomination and Confirmation Process: A Brief History, by Betsy Palmer.
13
A chair may decide not to schedule committee consideration of a nomination. Nominations on which the Senate does
not act are returned to the President at the end of a session or if the Senate is adjourned for more than 30 days.
14
The median is the middle value in a numerical distribution. In this case, half the confirmations took less time, and
half took more time.
15
See CRS Report RL31346, Presidential Appointments to Full-Time Positions in Executive Departments During the
107th Congress, 2001-2002, by Henry B. Hogue.
16
While most high-level nominations receive hearings, many other nominations, such as those for military promotions
or public health officials, do not receive individual attention, and are acted upon by both the committee and the full
Senate as a group.
opponents may try to prevent a vote on it, using what is known as a filibuster. If a nomination is
subject to a filibuster, it can take 60 votes to bring an end to Senate consideration of the
nomination (that is, invoke cloture) and get to a final vote. Senators may also place "holds" on
nominations to prevent them from being considered, or for other reasons. A "hold" is an informal
Senate practice in which a Senator requests that his or her party leader delay floor action on a
particular matter, in this case a nomination. It is up to the Senate Majority Leader whether to
honor the request of the Senator wishing the hold or to try to bring the nomination to a vote. A
"hold" will not necessarily have the effect of killing a nomination, but it could signal that the
Senate may not be able to consider the nomination without considerable delay and the need for a
super-majority vote to invoke cloture.17
Although the Senate confirms most nominations, some are not confirmed. Rarely, however, is a
nomination voted down on the Senate floor. Most rejections occur in committee, either by
committee vote or by committee inaction. Rejections in committee occur for a variety of reasons,
including opposition to the nomination, inadequate amount of time for consideration of the
nomination, or factors that may have nothing to do with the merits of the nomination. If a
nomination is not acted upon by the Senate by the end of a Congress, it is returned to the
President. Pending nominations also may be returned automatically to the President at the
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beginning of a recess of 30 days or longer, but the Senate rule providing for this return is often
waived.18
The 9/11 Commission, which expressed concern about delays in the confirmation process for the
nation's national security team, recommended that the Senate change its rules to require that all
action on these nominations, such as hearings, committee meetings, and floor votes, be conducted
within 30 days of the Senate's receipt of the nomination.19 The Senate adopted a sense of the
Senate resolution stating that the 30-day target should be the goal.20 Such sense of the Senate
language is not binding on the chamber, but represents a position that at least a majority of the
Senators endorsed.
Under regular procedure, Senate action on nominations is triggered by the President's submission
of the nomination to the Senate. During recent Presidential transitions, however, it appears that
the Senate has developed a flexible, informal process to allow quick action on nominations to
Cabinet and other high-level positions.
When the President is sworn-in on January 20, one of his first official acts is typically to send to
the Senate many, if not all, of his nominations to Cabinet positions and some other high-level
positions.21 It is not uncommon for the Senate to confirm many of those individuals on January 20
17
See CRS Report 98-712, "Holds" in the Senate, coordinated by Walter J. Oleszek.
18
The rule may be found in U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Manual, 106th
Cong., 1st sess., S. Doc. 106-1 (Washington: GPO, 1999), p. 55, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the
Senate. For an example of a waiver of the rule, see Sen. John E. Sununu, "Nomination in Status Quo," Congressional
Record, daily edition, vol. 149, July 31, 2003, p. S10844.
19
9/11 Commission Report, p. 422; P.L. 108-458, ง 7601(b).
20
P.L. 108-458, ง 7601(b); 118 Stat. 3857.
21
Prior to January 20, a President-elect does not have the authority to submit nominations to the Senate. That power is
held by the sitting President until the new President is sworn in.
or very soon thereafter. If the Senate did not act quickly, it is possible that the President could be
in the position of trying to make new policy without his top people in place to carry out his plans.
But the tight timeline would typically allow the Senate very little time to review the nominations
to some of the most important positions in the federal government. The Senate appears to have
developed a method for handling this situation by allowing its committees to act on an
"anticipated" or "expected" nomination. As shown in Appendix A, which is discussed in detail
later in this report, Senate committees held hearings on most nominations to Cabinet positions at
the outset of the Reagan, Clinton, and George W. Bush Administrations before inauguration day.
Some committees also reported out the nominations before January 20.
During the transition from President Carter to President Reagan, for example, Senate committees
held confirmation hearings and voted to recommend confirmation of Reagan's nominees to be
secretaries of Defense, State, and Treasury before the formal submission of the nominees on
January 20. That allowed the full Senate to vote almost immediately on those nominations. The
Senate followed the same pattern for the three positions during the transition from President
George H. W. Bush to President Clinton, and Senate committees reported nominations to two of
the positions during the transition from President Clinton to President George W. Bush. (Delays
in Senate organization at the start of the 107th Congress prevented the Senate Finance Committee
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from acting on the nominee for Secretary of the Treasury, and the committee consented to be
discharged from its responsibilities on the nomination to allow the Senate to act on the
nomination on January 20.)22
The Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted to report the nomination of Alexander M. Haig,
Jr., to be President Reagan's Secretary of State on January 15, 1981, during the final session of its
confirmation hearing on the nomination. The chair of the committee moved "that in anticipation
of the nomination, that it be approved, subject to the formal receipt of it from the new President
of the United States."23
When the Senate Finance Committee acted upon the nomination of Lloyd Bentsen to be President
Clinton's Secretary of the Treasury on January 12, 1993, the chair made the following motion
before the hearing began: "I would ask that a vote be undertaken in the following form. The
resolution will read, `The Committee on Finance, having under consideration the perspective (sic)
nomination of Lloyd Bentsen to be Secretary of the Treasury, recommends that the nomination be
confirmed when received by the Senate.'"24
The Senate Armed Services Committee, on January 19, 2001, acted on the "expected" nomination
of Donald H. Rumsfeld to be Secretary of Defense. The committee reported the nomination to the
full Senate with the recommendation that Rumsfeld be confirmed. The language in the
committee's legislative calendar for the 107th Congress notes that "On January 19, 2001, the
Committee voted by a roll call vote of 19-0 in favor of a motion that the Committee recommend
22
Sen. Charles Grassley, remarks in Senate, Congressional Record, daily edition, Jan. 20, 2001, p. S65. By unanimous
consent, the Treasury Secretary nomination, along with eight other nominations, was, upon receipt by the Senate,
placed directly on the Executive Calendar. (Sen. Pat Roberts, "Executive Calendar," remarks in the Senate,
Congressional Record, daily edition, Jan. 20, 2001, pp. S57-S58.)
23
U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, The Nomination of Alexander M. Haig, Jr., to be Secretary
of State, 97th Cong., 1st sess., Jan. 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 1981, pt. 2, p. 115.
24
Federal News Service transcript, hearing of the Senate Finance Committee, Confirmation Hearing for Secretary of
the Treasury-Designate Senator Lloyd Bentsen, Jan. 19, 1993. Accessed on Nexis.com on Nov. 21, 2008.
the Senate give its advise and consent to the nomination when it was received by the Senate from
the President and without referral to the Committee."25
Other nominations to Cabinet or top-level positions also have been approved by committees in
advance of their actual submission. On January 18, 2001, for example, the Senate Energy and
Natural Resources Committee reported the nomination of Spencer Abraham to be Secretary of
Energy. During the committee meeting, the chair said that the committee's actions were "in
keeping with the past practices of the committee in reporting cabinet nominations made by
incoming presidents prior to their official receipt by the Senate...." In that case, the motion
agreed to by the committee was to "move that the committee report favorably on the proposed
nomination and recommend that when the nomination is received the Senate give its advice and
consent."26
In the final stage, the confirmed nominee is given a commission signed by the President, with the
seal of the United States affixed thereto, and is sworn into office. The President may sign the
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commission at any time after confirmation, and the appointment process is not complete until he
or she does so. Once the appointee is given the commission and sworn in, he or she has full
authority to carry out the responsibilities of the office. The length of the time between
confirmation and appointment varies in accordance with the preferences of the Administration
and appointee. It is usually shorter than either of the other two stages, and has not been identified
as problematic by presidential appointment scholars.
ข
Several provisions of law allow for temporarily filling PAS positions without Senate approval
during presidential transitions, as well as at other times. Congress has provided limited statutory
authority for temporary presidential appointments under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of
1998.27 Appointees under the Vacancies Act are authorized to "perform the functions and duties of
the office temporarily in an acting capacity subject to the time limitations" provided in the act.28 A
temporary appointment under the Vacancies Act ordinarily may last up to 210 days
(approximately seven months). During a presidential transition, however, the 210-day restriction
period does not begin to run until either 90 days after the President assumes office (i.e., mid-
April), or 90 days after the vacancy occurs, if it is within the 90-day inauguration period.
25
U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Armed Services, Legislative Calendar, committee print, 107th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington: GPO, 2002), p. 83.
26
Federal News Service, transcript of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Nomination of Gale
Norton As Secretary of the Interior, Jan. 18, 2001. Accessed on Nexis.com on Nov. 20, 2008.
27
P.L. 105-277, Div. C, Title I, ง 151; 5 U.S.C. งง 3345-3349d. The act does not apply to positions on multi-member
regulatory boards and commissions, to certain other specific positions that may be filled temporarily under other
statutory provisions, or to new positions that have never been filled. This law superceded previous, similar statutory
provisions. For more on the Vacancies Act, see CRS Report 98-892, The New Vacancies Act: Congress Acts to Protect
the Senate's Confirmation Prerogative, by Morton Rosenberg.
28
5 U.S.C. ง 3345(a)(1).
Furthermore, the time restriction is suspended if a first or second nomination for the position has
been submitted to the Senate for confirmation and is pending.
When an executive agency position requiring confirmation becomes vacant, it may be filled
temporarily under the Vacancies Act in one of three ways. First, the first assistant to such a
position may automatically assume the functions and duties of the office. This provision may be
of limited utility to a new President, because he probably would not yet have installed a first
assistant of his own choosing. Nonetheless, if the first assistant who becomes the acting leader is
a career executive, he or she might lend continuity to agency operations and reduce organizational
confusion and paralysis during the transition.
The Vacancies Act also provides that the President may direct an officer in any agency who is
occupying a position requiring Senate confirmation to perform the tasks associated with the
vacant position. Although this option would allow a new President to authorize one of his
confirmed appointees to perform key tasks, it might be of limited utility in the early months of the
new Administration when PAS positions in general are thinly staffed. Individuals the President
might designate to serve under this provision include appointees of the President's party who are
incumbents in fixed-term membership positions on boards and commissions and holdover
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appointees from the previous Administration who support the President's policy preferences.
Finally, the Vacancies Act provides that the President may temporarily fill the vacant position
with any officer or employee of the subject agency who has been occupying a position for which
the rate of pay is equal to or greater than the minimum rate of pay at the GS-15 level, and who
has been with the agency for at least 90 of the preceding 365 days. Under this provision, the
President could draw, for example, from among an agency's career Senior Executive Service
members, and this might allow him to select, as a temporary office holder, an individual who
supports his policy preferences.
A second form of limited-term appointment without Senate confirmation is a presidential recess
appointment. The President's authority to make recess appointments is conferred by the
Constitution, which states that "[t]he President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may
happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End
of their next Session."29 Such appointments during within-session Senate breaks are termed
intrasession recess appointments, and those which occur during between-session recesses are
known as intersession recess appointments. Intrasession recess appointments have, however,
sometimes provoked controversy in the Senate, and there is also an academic literature that has
drawn their legitimacy into question.30 Notwithstanding the ongoing discourse in this area, recent
Presidents have made recess appointments during both kinds of recesses. Recess appointments
expire at the end of the next session of Congress. As a result, a recess appointment may last for
less than a year, or nearly two years, depending on when the appointment is made.31
29
Article 2, ง 2, cl. 3 of the Constitution.
30
Regarding Senate controversy, see Sen. George Mitchell, "The Senate's Constitutional Authority to Advise and
Consent to the Appointment of Federal Officers," Congressional Record, vol. 139, July 1, 1993, p. 15266; and Senate
Legal Counsel, "Memorandum of United States Senate as Amicus Curiae in Support of Plantiffs' Motion, and in
Opposition to Defendants' Motions, for Summary Judgment on Count Two," U.S. District Court for the District of
Columbia, Mackie v. Clinton, C.A. No. 93-0032-LFO, Congressional Record, vol. 139, July 1, 1993, pp. 15267-15274.
For academic literature, see, for example, Michael A. Carrier, "When Is the Senate in Recess for Purposes of the
Recess Appointments Clause?" Michigan Law Review, vol. 92, June 1994.
31
For information on recess appointments generally, see CRS Report RS21308, Recess Appointments: Frequently
(continued...)
Although a new President might elect to use his recess appointment authority during a Senate
recess soon after he takes office, three recent Presidents used it sparingly during their first
calendar years in office. President George H.W. Bush made five such appointments in November
and December of 1989. President Clinton did not use this authority until 1994. President George
W. Bush made one recess appointment during the Senate's August recess in 2001. A fourth recent
President, President Reagan, did not use this authority during his first six months in office, but he
made 34 recess appointments between August and December of 1981.
At times, a nominee is hired as a consultant while awaiting confirmation, but he or she may serve
only in an advisory capacity and may not take on the functions and duties of the office to which
he or she has been nominated. A nominee to a Senate-confirmed position has no legal authority to
assume the responsibilities of this position; the authority comes with one of the limited-term
appointments discussed above, or with Senate confirmation and subsequent presidential
appointment.
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As noted at the outset of this report, the length of the appointment process during presidential
transitions, particularly between incoming and outgoing Presidents of different political parties,
has been of concern to observers for more than 20 years.32 The 9/11 Commission drew fresh
attention to this issue in 2004, recommending changes that might accelerate the selection,
clearance, and Senate consideration processes, particularly for "national security positions."33
Congress responded by enacting new statutory provisions related to the selection and vetting
process, as well as a provision expressing a "sense of the Senate" regarding a timetable for
submission and consideration of high-level national security nominations during transitions. (See
"Selection and Vetting During Presidential Transitions" and "The Senate Confirmation Process
and Presidential Transitions," above.) It could be argued that, with federal government efforts to
address the nation's economic and financial downturn underway during the 2008-2009
presidential transition, the pace at which top leadership positions at the Department of the
Treasury are filled would also be of concern.
Given these concerns and reform measures, Congress might elect to evaluate the length of the
2008-2009 transition-period appointment process. Baseline data about past transition-period
appointments could be helpful in such an effort. The 2008-2009 transition is a transition during
which the incoming President is of a political party different from the outgoing President.
Arguably, other recent "party-turnover" transitions would be more comparable to this one than
would be transitions between Presidents of the same political party.34 Appendix A provides
(...continued)
Asked Questions, by Henry B. Hogue; and CRS Report RL33310, Recess Appointments Made by President George W.
Bush, January 20, 2001- October 31, 2008, by Henry B. Hogue and Maureen Bearden. For information on related legal
issues, see CRS Report RL32971, Judicial Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview, by T. J. Halstead; and CRS Report
RL33009, Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview, by T. J. Halstead.
32
See, for example, National Academy of Public Administration, Leadership in Jeopardy: The Fraying of the
Presidential Appointments System (Washington: National Academy of Public Administration, 1985), pp. 9-10.
33
9/11 Commission Report, p. 422.
34
During such a transition, most politically appointed positions were vacated by the time of the inauguration of the new
President. This would not necessarily be the case during transitions between two Presidents of the same political party.
When President George H.W. Bush took office, for example, Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady, Attorney General
(continued...)
nominee-level data on the length of the process for making appointments to Cabinet-level
positions during the three most recent party turnover transitions prior to 2008: Carter-Reagan
(1980-1981), Bush-Clinton (1992-1993), and Clinton-Bush (2000-2001). Appendix C provides
nominee-level data on the length of the process for making appointments to selected higher-level
subcabinet positions during the transitions. Appendix B provides information on the method for
selecting those positions that were included in Appendix C.
Appendix A and Appendix C each provide information about the intervals, in elapsed days,
between different points in the appointment process.35 These points include election day, which is
the point after which the successful candidate and his supporters turn their attention from
campaigning to selecting a governing team, announcement of a proposed nominee, submission of
a nomination, Senate committee hearing on the nomination, Senate committee report or
discharge, and final disposition by the Senate.36
The remainder of this section provides brief analyses of these data.
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The analysis presented here summarizes the data presented in Appendix A. Cabinet-level PAS
positions considered in this analysis include all heads of departments,37 the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Director of the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB), the U.S. Trade Representative, and the Director of the Office of National Drug Control
Policy (ONDCP).38
Table 2 shows, for each position, across the three transitions, the mean length of the intervals
between specified points in the process: election day and the announcement; the announcement
and the first hearing date; the announcement and the final disposition of the nomination (usually
confirmation); and election day and final disposition of the nomination. The table also provides
(...continued)
Richard Thornburgh, and Secretary of Education Lauro F. Cavazos, each of whom had been appointed by President
Ronald W. Reagan, remained in office.
35
The appendices differ slightly with regard to the intervals they provide, because the transition-period appointment
process for Cabinet-level positions differs from the usual appointment process. Appendix A does not provide the
interval between submission and final disposition, for example. As discussed in the sections identified, Senate
committees often begin consideration of prospective Cabinet-level nominations before the new President takes office
and has the authority to submit formal nominations. Consequently, the submission-to-final disposition interval would
not be a meaningful measure of the Senate consideration period. (See "The Senate Confirmation Process and
Presidential Transitions" above.)
36
As noted earlier in the report, confirmation by the Senate must be followed by formal presidential appointment and
swearing in, but these steps may be carried out quickly, at the discretion of the Administration, and are generally
inconsequential in pace of the overall process.
37
As noted in the table, no nomination has been made to the position of Secretary of Homeland Security during a
presidential transition. The Department of Homeland Security, which was established in 2003, was not in existence
during any prior transition.
38
Department heads are generally considered to be members of the Cabinet by tradition. Other officials may be
accorded Cabinet rank at the President's discretion. For the purposes of this table, the category of Cabinet-rank
nominees includes nominees to the four additional PAS positions given Cabinet rank by President George W. Bush. All
of these positions, as well as others, were given Cabinet rank by President Clinton. President Reagan accorded Cabinet
rank to two of these positions--OMB Director and U.S. Trade Representative--as well as others.
the means, and medians, for each of these intervals in each of three categories of Cabinet
nominees: department head nominees, Cabinet-rank nominees, and all Cabinet nominees.39
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39
Two measures of central tendency are presented here: the mean and the median. The mean is the more familiar
measure, and it was calculated, in each instance, by adding together the elapsed times for all of the cases and dividing
the resulting sum by the total number of cases. The median is the middle number in a set of observations (or, in this
case, because of an even number of observations, the average of the two middle numbers). In data sets, such as those
under discussion here, where the data are skewed because of a limited number of extreme values, the median is often
considered to be the more accurate of the two measures of central tendency.
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syad despale )*naidem ro( naeM
On average, Cabinet appointments were confirmed within 91 days (approximately three months)
of the election. This means that the average Cabinet appointment was confirmed within about two
weeks after inauguration day. This finding suggests that, on the whole, the transition-period
appointment process has been effective at installing the top leaders of a new Administration soon
after the new President takes office.
Cabinet-level nominees do not all move through the process this quickly, however. As Table 2
shows, there are notable differences between the mean interval from election day to final
disposition for department head nominees (80 days) and for Cabinet-rank nominees (133 days).
Department head nominees were announced sooner, brought before the committee of jurisdiction
more quickly, and confirmed at an earlier date than Cabinet-rank nominees.
There was more variation in the intervals between election day and final disposition among the
Cabinet-rank nominees than the department head nominees. The overall duration of the
appointment process for OMB Director and U.S. Trade Representative nominees was similar to
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that of department head nominees. On average, the EPA Administrator nominations were
confirmed more than a month later than nominees to these two positions. Most notably,
nominations to the position of Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy took far
longer to go through every stage of the process than any other Cabinet nomination.
With regard to the EPA Administrator nominations, the data in Table 2 suggest that the
nominations were announced later than, and brought before the committee of jurisdiction for a
hearing less quickly than, the average department head nomination. As the data in Appendix A
show, however, one of the three EPA nominations, President Reagan's nomination of Ann M.
Gorsuch, took twice as long as either of the other two to get to final disposition. This single
nomination appears to account for most of the variation from the department head average.
Both transition period nominations to the position of ONDCP Director,40 on the other hand, were
anomolous among all Cabinet-level nominations. As the data in Appendix A show, both of these
nominations took much longer than other Cabinet nominations. But the elapsed time between
election day and final disposition for President Bush's nomination of John P. Walters was 393
days, 168 days longer than the same period for President Clinton's nomination of Lee P. Brown.
Because of these extreme values, for Cabinet-rank nominees, the mean length of the process is
much greater than the median.
The analysis presented here summarizes the data presented in Appendix C. This appendix
includes data on 75 nominations to 29 positions across the three party-turnover transitions
identified above. Positions considered in this analysis include selected higher-level subcabinet
posts in the federal government organizations that are most involved with policymaking related to
national security and to the federal response to the economic and financial downturn. A complete
40
As noted in Appendix A, the position of ONDPC Director was established near the end of the Reagan
Administration, so there were only two transition-period appointments prior to the 2008-2009 transition.
list of these selected positions and a detailed explanation of the method by which they were
chosen are provided in Appendix B.
Table 3 provides, at the department level, the mean and median length of the intervals between
specified points in the process: election day and nomination submission; submission and hearing;
hearing and report or discharge; report or discharge and final disposition of the nomination
(usually confirmation); submission and final disposition; and election day and final disposition of
the nomination. The table does not provide this information for the Department of Homeland
Security (DHS) or the Intelligence Community. In each of these cases, only one position was
included in the selected group of subcabinet positions. These cases would not necessarily be
representative of all DHS or the Intelligence Community subcabinet positions. The nominees to
positions in these agencies are, however, included in the mean and median values in the rows
entitled "All specified subcabinet nominees" at the bottom of the table.
For many of the intervals in Table 3, the mean is notably greater than the median. This suggests
that these data include a limited number of extreme values.41 In such cases, the median is often
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considered to be the more accurate of the two measures of central tendency. Consequently, the
analysis in this subsection will focus on the median.
The median length of the total process, from election day to final disposition, for all specified
subcabinet nominees was 182 days. This means that half of the nominees to positions in this
group were confirmed within approximately six months of election day, or, in other words, within
approximately 3ฝ months of inauguration day. The remaining half were confirmed after that
point.
State Department nominees, on average, completed the process most swiftly. Half the
nominations reached the point of final disposition within 139 days, or about 4ฝ months, after
election day. The median interval between election day and nomination submission, at 121 days,
or roughly four months, is shorter for State Department nominees than it is for any of the other
groups of nominees, and this appears to account for the faster progress of these nominees.
Nominees to Department of Energy positions took the longest to be confirmed, on average. The
median interval between election and confirmation for the seven nominees was 234 days, or
nearly eight months. In large part, this appears to be due to a relatively long interval between
election day and the submission of nominations to the Senate. Half of these nominations were
submitted 196 days (about 6ฝ months) or more after election day. Once the Energy Department
nominations were submitted, the median number of days before confirmation was 25 (less than
one month).
41
A review of the data in Appendix C verified that this is correct. A nomination with one or more time intervals that
are far longer than average is not necessarily one that faced a problematic process or led to extended vacancy in the
position in question. For example, President Bush submitted his first nomination to the position of Under Secretary of
Energy for Nuclear Security/Administrator, National Nuclear Security Administration on February 4, 2003, 819 days
after the presidential election and more than two years into his presidency. In this case, however, the incumbent under
the Clinton Administration, John Gordon, remained in office until July 2002. Following Gordon's departure, Linton F.
Brooks, who was then Deputy Administrator for Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, became Acting Administrator. He
was President Bush's nominee to the position, and was confirmed on May 1, 2003, approximately three months after
the nomination was submitted.
As Table 3 shows, for all selected subcabinet nominations, the median interval between election
and submission is nearly six times longer than the median interval between submission and final
disposition. In other words, during the past three party-turnover transitions, the incoming
Administration has typically taken much longer to submit one of these nominations than the
Senate has taken to dispose of it, once it is submitted.
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ข
In general, transition-period Cabinet-level nominees are selected, vetted, considered, and
confirmed expeditiously; they generally take office shortly after the new President's inauguration.
Nominations to be Director of ONDCP, a position that was accorded Cabinet rank by President
Clinton and President Bush, were different; they took far longer than other Cabinet-level
nominations to be confirmed.
On average, the interval between election day and final disposition of nominations to selected
subcabinet positions was more than twice as long as that of nominations to Cabinet-level
positions. There were notable differences in the average election to final disposition interval
among the subcabinet positions in different departments; on average, State Department
subcabinet nominations were processed and confirmed more quickly than those of any other
department. The pre-nomination portion of this period was notably longer than the period of
Senate consideration. The Senate confirmed more than half of the selected subcabinet
nominations 23 days or less after the nomination was submitted.
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97 24 72 73 18/22/1 18/02/1 18/7/1 08/11/21 )nagaeR( .rJ siweL .L werdnA
)noitatropsnarT dna ecneicS ,ecremmoC no eettimmoC( noitatropsnarT fo yraterceS
87 33 52 54 tnempoleveD nabrU dna gnisuoH fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
77 43 82 34 10/32/1 10/02/1 10/71/1 00/02/21 )hsuB( zenitraM leM
97 53 62 44 39/12/1 39/02/1 39/21/1 29/71/21 )notnilC( sorensiC .G yrneH
97 13 22 84 18/22/1 18/02/1 18/31/1 08/22/21 )nagaeR( .rJ ecreiP .R leumaS
)sriaffA nabrU dna ,gnisuoH ,gniknaB no eettimmoC( tnempoleveD nabrU dna gnisuoH fo yraterceS
87 63 72 24 secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
87 62 02 25 10/42/1 10/02/1 d10/81/1 00/92/21 )hsuB( nospmohT .G ymmoT
97 14 43 83 39/12/1 39/02/1 c39/41/1 29/11/21 )notnilC( alalahS .E annoD
87 14 62 73 18/12/1 18/02/1 18/6/1 08/11/21 )nagaeR( rekiewhcS .S drahciR
)ecnaniF no eettimmoC( secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo yraterceS
48 63 22 84 robaL fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
38 81 31 56 10/92/1 10/92/1 10/42/1 10/11/1 )hsuB( oahC .L enialE
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
97 14 72 83 39/12/1 39/02/1 39/7/1 29/11/21 )notnilC( hcieR .B treboR
19 94 72 24 18/3/2 18/02/1 18/72/1 ,18/21/1 08/61/21 )nagaeR( navonoD .J dnomyaR
))secruoseR namuH dna robaL ylremrof( snoisneP dna robaL ,noitacudE ,htlaeH no eettimmoC( robaL fo yraterceS
77 83 22 04 ecremmoC fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
47 13 51 34 10/02/1 10/02/1 10/4/1 00/02/21 )hsuB( snavE .L dlanoD
noitisopsid noitisopsid etad noitisopsid sgniraeh )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif ot yad lanif ot gniraeh tsrif ot tnemecnuonna lanif rehto noissimbuS eettimmoC tnemecnuonnA eenimoN
noitcele :latoT tnemecnuonnA tnemecnuonnA ot yad noitcelE ro noitamrifnoC
a syad despalE noitca fo etaD
511 15 24 46 ycnegA noitcetorP latnemnorivnE eht fo rotartsinimdA eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
48 93 62 54 10/03/1 10/02/1 10/71/1 00/22/21 )hsuB( namtihW .T enitsirhC
97 24 23 73 39/12/1 39/02/1 39/11/1 29/01/21 )notnilC( renworB .M loraC
281 37 96 901 18/5/5 18/3/3 18/1/5 18/12/2 )nagaeR( hcusroG .M nnA
)skroW cilbuP dna tnemnorivnE no eettimmoC( ycnegA noitcetorP latnemnorivnE eht fo rotartsinimdA
NOITARTSINIMDA HSUB .W EGROEG EHT GNIRUD KNAR TENIBAC DLEH TAHT SNOITISOP TNESNOC DNA ECIVDA LANOITIDDA
97 13 52 84 snoitisop daeh tnemtraped ot stnemtnioppa lla rof syad despale naideM
08 23 32 74 snoitisop daeh tnemtraped ot stnemtnioppa lla rof syad despale naeM
e )snoitisnart laitnediserp gnirud snoitanimon oN( )sriaffA latnemnrevoG dna ytiruceS dnalemoH no eettimmoC( ytiruceS dnalemoH fo yraterceS
87 03 12 84 sriaffA snareteV fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
77 52 02 25 10/32/1 10/02/1 10/81/1 00/92/21 )hsuB( ipicnirP .J ynohtnA
97 53 12 44 39/12/1 39/02/1 39/7/1 29/71/21 )notnilC( nworB esseJ
)sriaffA 'snareteV no eettimmoC( sriaffA snareteV fo yraterceS
77 32 41 55 noitacudE fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
47 22 21 25 10/02/1 10/02/1 10/01/1 00/92/21 )hsuB( egiaP .R kciredoR
97 13 22 84 39/12/1 39/02/1 39/21/1 29/12/21 )notnilC( yeliR .W drahciR
97 51 8 46 18/22/1 18/02/1 18/51/1 18/7/1 )nagaeR( lleB .H lerreT
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
)snoisneP dna ,robaL ,noitacudE ,htlaeH no eettimmoC( noitacudE fo yraterceS
77 72 22 15 ygrenE fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
47 81 61 65 10/02/1 10/02/1 10/81/1 10/2/1 )hsuB( maharbA recnepS
97 13 92 84 39/12/1 39/02/1 39/91/1 29/12/21 )notnilC( yraeL'O .R lezaH
97 13 12 84 18/22/1 18/02/1 18/21/1 08/22/21 )nagaeR( sdrawdE .B semaJ
)secruoseR larutaN dna ygrenE no eettimmoC( ygrenE fo yraterceS
noitisopsid noitisopsid etad noitisopsid s ir h )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif ot yad lanif ot gniraeh tsrif ot tnemecnuonna lanif rehto noissimbuS eetgtnmaeoC tnemecnuonnA
i m eenimoN
noitcele :latoT tnemecnuonnA tnemecnuonnA ot yad noitcelE ro noitamrifnoC
a syad despalE noitca fo etaD
eht ,snoitces eseht fo hcae nI .srehto sa llew sa--evitatneserpeR edarT .S.U dna rotceriD BMO--snoitisop eseht fo owt ot knar tenibaC dedrocca nagaeR tnediserP
.notnilC tnediserP yb knar tenibaC nevig erew ,srehto sa llew sa ,snoitisop ruof llA .hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP yb knar tenibaC nevig snoitisop SAP lanoitidda ruof eht
dna ,)stnemtraped fo sdaeh ,.e.i( ssecorp tnesnoc dna ecivda eht hguorht dellif era taht snoitisop tenibaC lanoitidart eht ,snoitces laitneuqes ni ,sedulcni elbat sihT :setoN
.79 .p ,)8991 ,sgnikoorB :notgnihsaW( gninrevoG ot gningiapmaC morF :ycnediserP eht ot segassaP ,senoJ .O selrahC
morf dna ,)srohtua eht morf elbaliava selcitra( stnuocca swen yraropmetnoc morf nward erew setad tnemecnuonnA .edoC .S.U eht dna ,aciremA fo setatS detinU eht fo etaneS
eht fo sgnideecorP evitucexE eht fo lanruoJ eht fo semulov suoirav ,sdrocer gniraeh suoirav ,sradnelac eettimmoc etaneS suoirav ,/simon/vog.ssergnoc.www//:ptth ta ytinummoc
lanoissergnoc eht ot elbaliava si hcihw ,)SIL( metsyS noitamrofnI evitalsigeL eht fo esabatad snoitanimon eht morf derehtag atad gnisu SRC yb detaerc elbaT :ecruoS
97 23 62 84 STNEMTNIOPPA LLA ROF SYAD DESPALE NAIDEM
19 73 52 45 STNEMTNIOPPA LLA ROF SYAD DESPALE NAEM
48 24 82 15 snoitisop knar-tenibaC ot stnemtnioppa lla rof syad despale naideM
331 55 43 77 snoitisop knar tenibac ot stnemtnioppa lla rof syad despale naeM
903 921 35 181 yciloP lortnoC gurD lanoitaN fo eciffO eht fo rotceriD eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
393 802 87 581 10/5/21 10/5/6 10/82/7 10/11/5 g)hsuB( sretlaW .P nhoJ
522 94 72 671 39/61/6 39/02/5 39/52/5 39/82/4 )notnilC( nworB .P eeL
)b(2001 noitceS ,A eltitbuS ,I eltiT ,8891/81/11 wal otni dengis 096-001 .L.P - noitisop wen )yraiciduJ eht no eettimmoC( yciloP lortnoC gurD lanoitaN fo eciffO eht fo rotceriD
38 32 91 06 evitatneserpeR edarT .S.U eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
19 62 91 56 10/6/2 10/92/1 10/03/1 10/11/1 )hsuB( kcilleoZ .B treboR
97 82 62 15 39/12/1 39/02/1 39/91/1 29/42/21 )notnilC( rotnaK leahciM
87 41 21 46 18/12/1 18/02/1 18/91/1 18/7/1 )nagaeR( III kcorB .E mailliW
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
)ecnaniF no eettimmoC( evitatneserpeR edarT .S.U
08 04 92 04 tegduB dna tnemeganaM fo eciffO eht fo rotceriD eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
77 23 82 54 10/32/1 10/02/1 10/91/1 00/22/21 )hsuB( .rJ sleinaD .E llehctiM
97 24 23 73 39/12/1 39/02/1 39/11/1 29/01/21 )notnilC( attenaP .E noeL
48 74 82 73 18/72/1 18/02/1 18/8/1 08/11/21 )nagaeR( namkcotS .A divaD
f
)sriaffA latnemnrevoG dna ytiruceS dnalemoH no eettimmoC( tegduB dna tnemeganaM fo eciffO eht fo rotceriD
noitisopsid noitisopsid etad noitisopsid s ir h )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif ot yad lanif ot gniraeh tsrif ot tnemecnuonna lanif rehto noissimbuS eetgtnmaeoC tnemecnuonnA
i m eenimoN
noitcele :latoT tnemecnuonnA tnemecnuonnA ot yad noitcelE ro noitamrifnoC
a syad despalE noitca fo etaD
.ssecorp eritne eht fo htgnel eht fo gnidnatsrednu etarucca erom a edivorp ot ereh
denibmoc era snoitanimon owt ehT .1002 ,5 rebmeceD no demrifnoc saw noitanimon eht dna ,1002 ,4 rebmetpeS no noitisop eht ot sretlaW detanimoner tnediserP
ehT .etaneS eht fo seluR gnidnatS eht fo 6 hpargarap ,IXXX eluR etaneS fo snoisivorp eht rednu ,ssecer tsuguA s'etaneS eht fo gninnigeb eht ta ,1002 ,3 tsuguA
no tnediserP eht ot denruter saw ,1002 ,5 enuJ no ,noitanimon tsrif ehT .noitisop eht ot sretlaW fo snoitanimon laitneuqes owt s'hsuB tnediserP sezirammus wor sihT .g
.sriaffA latnemnrevoG no eettimmoC eht sa nwonk ylremrof saw sriaffA latnemnrevoG dna ytiruceS dnalemoH no eettimmoC
ehT .ecnaniF no eettimmoC eht ot derrefer osla saw noitisop siht ot namkcotS fo noitanimon s'nagaeR tnediserP ,metsyS noitamrofnI evitalsigeL eht ot gnidroccA .f
.ytiruceS dnalemoH fo yraterceS fo noitisop
eht ot stnemtnioppa edam dah tnediserP gnimocni on ,noitisnart 9002-8002 eht fo gninnigeb eht fo sA .3002 ni dehsilbatse saw ytiruceS dnalemoH fo tnemtrapeD ehT .e
.1002 ,91 yraunaJ no noitanimon siht no gniraeh a dleh osla snoisneP dna ,robaL ,noitacudE ,htlaeH no eettimmoC ehT .d
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
.3991 ,51 yraunaJ no noitanimon siht no gniraeh a dleh osla secruoseR namuH dna robaL no eettimmoC ehT .c
.ereh dedulcni ton si etad siht ,yltneuqesnoC
).)3891 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( .sses dn2 ,.gnoC ht79 ,tnirp eettimmoc ,noitidE laniF ,radnelaC evitalsigeL ,snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC etaneS ,ssergnoC .S.U( .etad
gniraeh a sa ,1891 ,51 yraunaJ edulcni ton seod radnelac eettimmoc eht ,noitidda nI .revewoh ,ht51 eht no ynomitset yna draeh evah ot raeppa ton seod eettimmoc
ehT ).)1891 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1891 ,51 ,41 ,31 ,21 ,01 ,9 yraunaJ ,.sses ts1 ,.gnoC ht79 ,etatS fo yraterceS eb ot ,.rJ ,giaH .M rednaxelA fo noitanimon eht no sgniraeh
, .rJ ,giaH .M rednaxelA fo noitanimoN ,snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC etaneS ,ssergnoC .S.U( .noitanimon eht no etov dna weiver ot eettimmoc eht fo gniteem ,1891
,51 yraunaJ eht fo tpircsnart a sedulcni snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC etaneS eht erofeb .rJ giaH .M rednaxelA fo noitanimon eht gninrecnoc sgniraeh fo drocer ehT .b
).evoba
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-ot-noissimbus eht ,yltneuqesnoC .snoitanimon lamrof timbus ot ytirohtua eht sah dna eciffo sekat tnediserP wen eht erofeb snoitanimon level-tenibaC evitcepsorp fo
noitaredisnoc nigeb netfo seettimmoc etaneS ,troper siht fo ydob eht ni dessucsid sA .noitisopsid lanif dna noissimbus neewteb lavretni eht edivorp ton seod elbat sihT .a
.detanimon yltneuqesbus ton saw
ehs ro eh fi decnuonna saw noitceles esohw laudividni na edulcni ton seod elbat ehT .snoitisop tnesnoc dna ecivda sa dehsilbatse erew yeht redro eht ni detsil era snoitisop
ก
This report includes analysis of a group of higher-level subcabinet positions in the departments
most involved with policymaking related to national security and to the federal response to the
economic and financial downturn. A two stage process was used to select this group. First,
relevant criteria were used to identify an appropriate pool of positions. Second, those positions to
which a nomination had been made during at least one previous presidential transition were
selected from this pool.
The inclusion of the national security related positions was based on a 9/11 Commission
recommendation that the "president-elect ... submit the nominations of the entire new national
security team, through the level of under secretary of cabinet departments, not later than January
20," and that the "Senate ... adopt special rules requiring hearings and votes to confirm or reject
national security nominees within 30 days of their submission."42 The commission did not further
specify which departments or under secretaries should be treated in this manner. In an effort to
select positions for analysis that might match those intended by the commission, criteria similar
to those in the passages above were adopted. Positions were to be part of the Department of State,
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
the Department of Defense, the Department of Justice, the Department of Energy, the Department
of Homeland Security, or the Intelligence Community and either (1) at Level II of the Executive
Schedule; (2) titled as under secretaries; or (3) for those organizations without under secretaries,
the equivalent title at Level III of the Executive Schedule.
It could be argued that, with federal government efforts to address the nation's economic and
financial downturn underway during the 2008-2009 presidential transition, the pace at which top
leadership positions at the Department of the Treasury are filled would also be of concern. For
this reason, Treasury positions similar to those in the other organizations were included. In
addition, two new positions specifically associated with the federal government's efforts, the
Assistant Secretary for Financial Stability and the Special Inspector General for the Troubled
Asset Relief Program, were included.
The list below shows the positions that met the criteria specified above. The positions are listed
by organization, and the organizations are listed in the order established. The subcabinet positions
that were actually subject to analysis in this report were drawn from this pool. Given the nature
and purpose of the study, the group selected for analysis includes only those positions to which a
nomination has been made during at least one presidential transition; positions that have come
into existence since the 2000-2001 transition were not included in the final pool. Selected
positions are marked with an asterisk in the list below.
etatS fo tnemtrapeD
*yraterceS ytupeD
*tnempoleveD lanoitanretnI rof ycnegA .S.U eht fo rotartsinimdA
*snoitaN detinU eht ot evitatneserpeR tnenamreP .S.U
*ytiruceS lanoitanretnI dna lortnoC smrA rof yraterceS rednU
*sriaffA labolG dna ycarcomeD rof yraterceS rednU
42
9/11 Commission Report, p. 422.
)etarotceriD
smargorP dna noitcetorP lanoitaN rof yraterceS rednU eht sa nwonk osla( ssenderaperP rof yraterceS rednU
tnemeganaM rof yraterceS rednU
sisylanA dna ecnegilletnI rof yraterceS rednU
*ycnegA tnemeganaM ycnegremE laredeF eht fo rotceriD
yraterceS ytupeD
ytiruceS dnalemoH fo tnemtrapeD
ecneicS rof yraterceS rednU
*noitartsinimdA ytiruceS raelcuN lanoitaN eht fo rotartsinimdA/ytiruceS raelcuN rof yraterceS rednU
*yraterceS rednU
*yraterceS ytupeD
ygrenE fo tnemtrapeD
sevisolpxE dna ,smraeriF ,occaboT ,lohoclA fo uaeruB eht fo rotceriD
*lareneG roticiloS
*lareneG yenrottA etaicossA
*tnemecrofnE gurD fo rotartsinimdA
*lareneG yenrottA ytupeD
ecitsuJ fo tnemtrapeD
*yciloP rof yraterceS rednU
*ssenidaeR dna lennosreP rof yraterceS rednU
ecnegilletnI rof yraterceS rednU
*rellortpmoC - yraterceS rednU
scitsigoL dna ,ygolonohceT ,snoitisiuqcA rof yraterceS rednU
*ecroF riA eht fo yraterceS
*yvaN eht fo yraterceS
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
*ymrA eht fo yraterceS
*yraterceS ytupeD
esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD
margorP feileR tessA delbuorT eht rof lareneG rotcepsnI laicepS
ytilibatS laicnaniF rof yraterceS tnatsissA
*sriaffA lanoitanretnI rof yraterceS rednU
*ecnegilletnI laicnaniF dna msirorreT rof yraterceS rednU
*ecnaniF citsemoD rof yraterceS rednU
*yraterceS ytupeD
yrusaerT eht fo tnemtrapeD
*sriaffA cilbuP dna ycamolpiD cilbuP rof yraterceS rednU
*sriaffA lacitiloP rof yraterceS rednU
*tnemeganaM rof yraterceS rednU
*sriaffA larutlucirgA dna ssenisuB cimonocE rof yraterceS rednU
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
.noitamrofni erom rof evoba txet eeS .troper siht
ni sisylana ot tcejbus dna loop siht morf detceles erew taht esoht era ksiretsa na htiw dekram snoitisoP :etoN
retneC msirorretretnuoC lanoitaN eht fo rotceriD
ecnegilletnI lanoitaN fo rotceriD ytupeD lapicnirP
*ecnegilletnI lartneC fo rotceriD
ecnegilletnI lanoitaN fo rotceriD
ytinummoC ecnegilletnI
ygolonhceT dna ecneicS rof yraterceS rednU
48 6 0 5 1 87 39/62/1 39/62/1 39/12/1 39/02/1 )notnilC( thgirblA .K enieledaM
68 9 a .a.n a .a.n a .a.n 77 18/92/1 a.a.n 18/51/1 18/02/1 )nagaeR( kcirtapkriK .J enaeJ
)snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC( ).N.U( snoitaN detinU eht ot evitatneserpeR tnenamreP .S.U
651 03 1 4 52 621 DIASU eht fo rotartsinimdA eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
071 53 0 1 43 531 10/62/4 10/62/4 10/52/4 10/22/3 )hsuB( soistaN .S werdnA
581 23 1 7 42 351 39/7/5 39/6/5 39/92/4 39/5/4 )notnilC( doowtA nairB .J
411 32 2 4 71 19 18/62/2 18/42/2 18/02/2 18/3/2 )nagaeR( nosrehPcM reteP .M
)snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC( )DIASU( tnempoleveD lanoitanretnI rof ycnegA .S.U eht fo rotartsinimdA
111 71 4 8 5 49 etatS fo yraterceS ytupeD eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
631 51 0 8 7 121 10/32/3 10/32/3 10/51/3 10/8/3 )hsuB( egatimrA .L drahciR
48 6 0 4 2 87 39/62/1 39/62/1 39/22/1 39/02/1 )notnilC( .rJ notrahW .R notfilC
211 92 11 11 7 38 18/42/2 18/31/2 18/2/2 18/62/1 )nagaeR( kralC .P mailliW
)snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC( yraterceS ytupeD
ETATS FO TNEMTRAPED
noitisopsid noitisopsid noitisopsid egrahcsid gniraeh ot noissimbus noitisopsid degrahcsid )s(gniraeh noissimbuS )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif lanif ot lanif ro troper noissimbuS ot noitcelE lanif rehto ro ro eettimmoC eenimoN
ot noitcele noissimbuS ot egrahcsid ot gniraeH noitamrifnoC detropeR
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
:latoT ro tropeR
syad despalE noitca fo etaD
hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP dna ,notnilC
.J mailliW tnediserP ,nagaeR .W dlanoR tnediserP yb snoitisoP tenibacbuS detceleS ot snoitanimoN doireP noitisnarT.1-C elbaT
ข
ก
721 21 1 5 6 511 39/01/3 39/9/3 39/4/3 39/62/2 )notnilC( ffonraT reteP
411 32 2 6 51 19 18/62/2 18/42/2 18/81/2 18/3/2 )nagaeR( .rJ lesseotS .J retlaW
)snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC( sriaffA lacitiloP rof yraterceS rednU
431 22 4 6 21 211 tnemeganaM rof yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
141 02 1 6 31 121 10/82/3 10/72/3 10/12/3 10/8/3 )hsuB( .rJ neerG .S tnarG
841 32 8 6 9 521 39/13/3 39/32/3 39/71/3 39/8/3 )notnilC( doowtA nairB .J
411 32 2 6 51 19 18/62/2 18/42/2 18/81/2 18/3/2 )nagaeR( ydenneK .T drahciR
)snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC( tnemeganaM rof yraterceS rednU
sriaffA
481 15 22 4 52 331 larutlucirgA dna ,ssenisuB ,cimonocE rof yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
841 51 6 1 8 331 39/13/3 39/52/3 39/42/3 39/61/3 )notnilC( orepS .E naoJ
912 68 83 6 24 331 18/11/6 18/4/5 18/82/4 18/71/3 M )nagaeR( hsihsaR rey
e )snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC( sriaffA larutlucirgA dna ,ssenisuB ,cimonocE rof yraterceS rednU
151 03 7 4 81 121 sriaffA labolG dna ycarcomeD rof yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
071 22 0 1 12 841 10/62/4 10/62/4 10/52/4 10/4/4 )hsuB( yksnairboD aluaP
961 44 02 7 71 521 39/12/4 39/1/4 39/52/3 39/8/3 )notnilC( htriW .E yhtomiT
411 32 2 4 71 19 18/62/2 18/42/2 18/02/2 18/3/2 )nagaeR( enalraFcM .C treboR
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
d)snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC( sriaffA labolG dna ycarcomeD rof yraterceS rednU
281 16 21 82 12 121 10/8/5 10/62/4 10/92/3 10/8/3 )hsuB( notloB .R nhoJ
c)ssergnoC ht601 ,9991 fo sa noitisop weN( )snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC( ytiruceS lanoitanretnI dna lortnoC smrA rof yraterceS rednU
061 64 1 3 26 411 .N.U eht ot evitatneserpeR tnenamreP .S.U eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
113 321 1 0 221 881 10/41/9 10/31/9 10/31/9 10/41/5 b )hsuB( etnoporgeN .D nhoJ
noitisopsid noitisopsid noitisopsid egrahcsid gniraeh ot noissimbus noitisopsid degrahcsid )s(gniraeh noissimbuS )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif lanif ot lanif ro troper noissimbuS ot noitcelE lanif rehto ro ro eettimmoC eenimoN
ot noitcele noissimbuS ot egrahcsid ot gniraeH noitamrifnoC detropeR
:latoT ro tropeR
syad despalE noitca fo etaD
962 59 17 8 61 471 10/3/8 10/42/5 10/61/5 10/03/4 )hsuB( eluruG semaJ
k )ecnaniF no eettimmoC( semirC laicnaniF dna msirorreT rof yraterceS rednU
471 14 61 6 91 431 )sriaffA lanoitanretnI( yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
002 25 52 5 22 841 10/62/5 10/1/5 10/62/4 10/4/4 )hsuB( rolyaT .B nhoJ
841 92 7 6 61 911 39/13/3 39/42/3 39/81/3 39/2/3 )notnilC( sremmuS .H ecnerwaL
j)ssergnoC ht99 - 5891 fo sa noitisop weN( )ecnaniF no eettimmoC( )sriaffA lanoitanretnI( yraterceS rednU
002 25 92 7 61 941 )ecnaniF citsemoD( yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
962 59 17 41 01 471 10/3/8 10/42/5 10/01/5 10/03/4 )hsuB( rehsiF .R reteP
981 05 31 2 53 931 39/11/5 39/82/4 39/62/4 39/22/3 )notnilC( namweN .N knarF
341 01 2 5 3 331 18/72/3 18/52/3 18/02/3 18/71/3 )nagaeR( eruT .B namroN
i
)ecnaniF no eettimmoC( )ecnaniF citsemoD( yraterceS rednU
151 45 53 11 8 69 yrusaerT eht fo yraterceS ytupeD eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
962 841 49 33 12 121 10/3/8 10/1/5 10/92/3 10/8/3 )hsuB( maD .W htenneK
97 1 h .a.n h .a.n h .a.n 87 39/12/1 h.a.n 39/31/1 39/02/1 )notnilC( namtlA regoR
401 41 01 0 4 09 18/61/2 18/6/2 18/6/2 18/2/2 )nagaeR( ramaNcM .T .R
)ecnaniF no eettimmoC( yraterceS ytupeD
YRUSAERT EHT FO TNEMTRAPED
931 32 1 5 51 121 snoitisop etatS fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naideM
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
451 33 5 6 42 121 snoitisop etatS fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naeM
323 98 1 1 78 432 10/62/9 10/52/9 10/42/9 10/92/6 )hsuB( g
sreeB .L ettolrahC
f
)ssergnoC ht
601 - 8991 fo sa noitisop weN( )snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC( ycamolpiD cilbuP rof yraterceS rednU
621 71 1 5 11 901 sriaffA lacitiloP rof yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
631 51 0 3 21 121 10/32/3 10/32/3 10/02/3 10/8/3 )hsuB( namssorG .I craM
noitisopsid noitisopsid noitisopsid egrahcsid gniraeh ot noissimbus noitisopsid degrahcsid )s(gniraeh noissimbuS )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif lanif ot lanif ro troper noissimbuS ot noitcelE lanif rehto ro ro eettimmoC eenimoN
ot noitcele noissimbuS ot egrahcsid ot gniraeH noitamrifnoC detropeR
:latoT ro tropeR
syad despalE noitca fo etaD
981 51 3 7 5 471 ecroF riA eht fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
891 71 3 11 3 181 10/42/5 10/12/5 10/01/5 10/7/5 )hsuB( ehcoR .G semaJ
572 41 6 1 7 162 39/5/8 39/03/7 39/92/7 39/22/7 )notnilC( llandiW .E aliehS
49 41 1 8 5 08 18/6/2 18/5/2 18/82/1 18/32/1 )nagaeR( rrO enreV
)secivreS demrA no eettimmoC( ecroF riA eht fo yraterceS
181 61 1 6 9 561 yvaN eht fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
691 22 1 11 01 471 10/22/5 10/12/5 10/01/5 10/03/4 )hsuB( dnalgnE nodroG
062 02 1 7 21 042 39/12/7 39/02/7 39/31/7 39/1/7 )notnilC( notlaD .H nhoJ
68 6 0 1 5 08 18/92/1 18/92/1 18/82/1 18/32/1 )nagaeR( .rJ namheL .F nhoJ
)secivreS demrA no eettimmoC( yvaN eht fo yraterceS
222 51 2 5 8 702 ymrA eht fo yraterceS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
891 32 3 11 9 571 10/42/5 10/12/5 10/01/5 10/1/5 )hsuB( etihW .E samohT
283 51 2 0 31 763 39/02/11 39/81/11 39/81/11 39/5/11 )notnilC( .rJ tseW .D ogoT
68 6 0 3 3 08 18/92/1 18/92/1 18/62/1 18/32/1 )nagaeR( .rJ hsraM .O nhoJ
)secivreS demrA no eettimmoC( ymrA eht fo yraterceS
901 11 2 8 4 79 esnefeD fo yraterceS ytupeD eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
311 31 0 1 21 001 10/82/2 10/82/2 10/72/2 10/51/2 )hsuB( ztiwofloW luaP
221 9 0 8 1 311 39/5/3 39/5/3 39/52/2 39/42/2 )notnilC( yrreP .J mailliW
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
19 21 5 61 l
.a.n 97 18/3/2 18/92/1 18/31/1 18/22/1 )nagaeR( icculraC .C knarF
)secivreS demrA no eettimmoC( yraterceS ytupeD
ESNEFED FO TNEMTRAPED
981 05 91 6 61 331 snoitisop yrusaerT eht fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naideM
681 55 73 9 61 131 snoitisop yrusaerT eht fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naeM
noitisopsid noitisopsid noitisopsid egrahcsid gniraeh ot noissimbus noitisopsid degrahcsid )s(gniraeh noissimbuS )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif lanif ot lanif ro troper noissimbuS ot noitcelE lanif rehto ro ro eettimmoC eenimoN
ot noitcele noissimbuS ot egrahcsid ot gniraeH noitamrifnoC detropeR
:latoT ro tropeR
syad despalE noitca fo etaD
161 62 2 41 01 631 lareneG yenrottA ytupeD eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
481 94 0 53 41 531 10/01/5 10/01/5 10/5/4 10/22/3 )hsuB( nospmohT .D yrraL
602 12 4 6 11 581 39/82/5 39/42/5 39/81/5 39/7/5 )notnilC( nnamyeH .B pilihP
49 7 1 0 6 78 18/6/2 18/5/2 18/5/2 18/03/1 )nagaeR( stlumhcS .C drawdE
)yraiciduJ eht no eettimmoC( lareneG yenrottA ytupeD
ECITSUJ FO TNEMTRAPED
981 51 1 8 9 551 snoitisop esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naideM
091 82 2 41 31 261 snoitisop esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naeM
012 07 1 15 81 041 yciloP rof yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
742 37 1 63 63 471 10/21/7 10/11/7 10/5/6 10/03/4 )hsuB( htieF .J salguoD
042 721 1 811 8 311 39/1/7 39/03/6 39/4/3 39/42/2 )notnilC( rensiW .G knarF
341 01 1 0 9 331 18/72/3 18/62/3 18/62/3 18/71/3 )nagaeR( elkI .C derF
)secivreS demrA no eettimmoC( yciloP rof yraterceS rednU
002 62 5 11 01 471 10/62/5 10/12/5 10/01/5 10/03/4 )hsuB( uhC .C .S divaD
o)ssergnoC dr301 ,3991 fo sa noitisop weN( )secivreS demrA no eettimmoC( ssenidaeR dna lennosreP rof yraterceS rednU
662 66 2 81 64 002 rellortpmoC - yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
571 94 0 7 24 621 10/1/5 10/1/5 10/42/4 10/31/3 )hsuB( miehkaZ .S voD
653 28 4 82 05 472 39/52/01 39/12/01 39/32/9 39/4/8 )notnilC( ermaH .J nhoJ
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
n )ssergnoC ht99 ,6891 fo sa noitisop weN( )secivreS demrA no eettimmoC( rellortpmoC - yraterceS rednU
661 11 4 3 4 551 scitsigoL dna ,ygolonhceT ,snoitisiuqcA rof yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
281 51 7 5 3 761 10/8/5 10/1/5 10/62/4 10/32/4 )hsuB( egdirdlA .C drawdE
941 7 1 1 5 241 39/1/4 39/13/3 39/03/3 39/52/3 )notnilC( hctueD .M nhoJ
m)ssergnoC ht99 ,6891 noitisop weN( )secivreS demrA no eettimmoC( scitsigoL dna ,ygolonhceT ,snoitisiuqcA rof yraterceS rednU
noitisopsid noitisopsid noitisopsid egrahcsid gniraeh ot noissimbus noitisopsid degrahcsid )s(gniraeh noissimbuS )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif lanif ot lanif ro troper noissimbuS ot noitcelE lanif rehto ro ro eettimmoC eenimoN
ot noitcele noissimbuS ot egrahcsid ot gniraeH noitamrifnoC detropeR
:latoT ro tropeR
syad despalE noitca fo etaD
802 72 6 5 51 181 ygrenE fo yraterceS ytupeD eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
991 52 9 7 9 471 10/52/5 10/61/5 10/9/5 10/03/4 )hsuB( ekalB .S sicnarF
432 83 9 8 12 691 39/52/6 39/61/6 39/8/6 39/81/5 )notnilC( etihW .H mailliW
191 71 1 0 61 471 18/41/5 18/31/5 18/31/5 18/72/4 )nagaeR( sivaD htenneK .W
)secruoseR larutaN dna ygrenE no eettimmoC( yraterceS ytupeD
YGRENE FO TNEMTRAPED
602 05 4 8 82 071 snoitisop ecitsuJ fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naideM
113 88 8 12 95 322 snoitisop ecitsuJ fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naeM
422 85 7 81 33 761 lareneG roticiloS eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
891 27 0 94 32 621 10/42/5 10/42/5 10/5/4 10/31/3 )hsuB( noslO .B erodoehT
602 15 4 4 34 551 39/82/5 39/42/5 39/02/5 39/7/4 )notnilC( III syaD .S werD
962 05 71 0 33 912 18/13/7 18/41/7 18/41/7 18/11/6 )nagaeR( eeL .E xeR
)yraiciduJ eht no eettimmoC( lareneG roticiloS
942 05 91 01 12 891 lareneG yenrottA etaicossA eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
663 95 53 41 01 703 10/8/11 10/4/01 10/02/9 10/01/9 )hsuB( snehpetS .B yaJ
602 15 4 5 24 551 39/82/5 39/42/5 39/91/5 39/7/4 )notnilC( llebbuH .L retsbeW
471 14 91 21 01 331 18/72/4 18/8/4 18/72/3 18/71/3 )nagaeR( inailuiG .W hploduR
)yraiciduJ eht no eettimmoC( lareneG yenrottA etaicossA
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
906 712 5 14 171 293 tnemecrofnE gurD fo rotartsinimdA eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
762 05 6 9 53 712 10/1/8 10/62/7 10/71/7 10/21/6 )hsuB( nosnihctuH asA
294 34 1 7 53 944 49/01/3 49/9/3 49/2/3 49/62/1 )notnilC( enitnatsnoC .A samohT
7601 755 7 701 344 015 38/7/01 38/03/9 38/51/6 28/92/3 q)nagaeR( .rJ nelluM .M sicnarF
p)yraiciduJ eht no eettimmoC( tnemecrofnE gurD fo rotartsinimdA
noitisopsid noitisopsid noitisopsid egrahcsid gniraeh ot noissimbus noitisopsid degrahcsid )s(gniraeh noissimbuS )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif lanif ot lanif ro troper noissimbuS ot noitcelE lanif rehto ro ro eettimmoC eenimoN
ot noitcele noissimbuS ot egrahcsid ot gniraeH noitamrifnoC detropeR
:latoT ro tropeR
syad despalE noitca fo etaD
902 34 9 11 52 661 STNEMTNIOPPA LLA ROF SYAD DESPALE NAEM
88 11 .a.n .a.n .a.n 87 ecnegilletnI lartneC eht fo rotceriD eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
29 41 0 1 31 87 39/3/2 39/3/2 39/2/2 39/02/1 )notnilC( yeslooW semaJ .R
w w w w
48 7 .a.n .a.n .a.n 77 18/72/1 .a.n 18/31/1 18/02/1 )nagaeR( yesaC .J mailliW
v )ecnegilletnI no eettimmoC tceleS( ecnegilletnI lartneC fo rotceriD
uYTINUMMOC ECNEGILLETNI
051 52 4 3 81 521 ycnegA tnemeganaM ycnegremE laredeF eht fo rotceriD eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
001 9 0 2 7 19 10/51/2 10/51/2 10/31/2 10/6/2 )hsuB( hguabllA .M eoJ
351 02 4 1 51 331 39/5/4 39/1/4 39/13/3 39/61/3 )notnilC( ttiW .L semaJ
691 64 7 6 33 051 18/91/5 18/21/5 18/6/5 18/3/4 )nagaeR( adirffuiG .O siuoL
t
)sriaffA latnemnrevoG no eettimmoC( )AMEF( ycnegA tnemeganaM ycnegremE laredeF eht fo rotceriD
s
YTIRUCES DNALEMOH FO TNEMTRAPED
432 52 9 7 71 691 snoitisop ygrenE fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naideM
853 14 31 5 42 713 snoitisop ygrenE fo tnemtrapeD detceles ot stnemtnioppa rof syad despale naeM
509 68 65 7 32 918 30/1/5 30/6/3 30/72/2 30/4/2 )hsuB( skoorB .F notniL
rssergnoC ht601 - 9991 fo sa noitisoP weN )secivreS demrA no eettimmoC( noitartsinimdA ytiruceS raelcuN lanoitaN ,rotartsinimdA/ytiruceS raelcuN rof yraterceS rednU
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
623 14 5 3 23 582 ygrenE fo yraterceS rednU eb ot stnemtnioppa laitini rof syad despale naeM
991 32 9 7 7 671 10/52/5 10/61/5 10/9/5 10/2/5 )hsuB( draC .G treboR
164 97 5 1 37 283 49/7/2 49/2/2 49/1/2 39/02/11 )notnilC( sitruC .B selrahC
813 12 2 2 71 792 18/81/9 18/61/9 18/41/9 18/82/8 )nagaeR( eksiF .W yuG
)secruoseR larutaN dna ygrenE no eettimmoC( yraterceS rednU
noitisopsid noitisopsid noitisopsid egrahcsid gniraeh ot noissimbus noitisopsid degrahcsid )s(gniraeh noissimbuS )tnediserP gnitanimon(
lanif lanif ot lanif ro troper noissimbuS ot noitcelE lanif rehto ro ro eettimmoC eenimoN
ot noitcele noissimbuS ot egrahcsid ot gniraeH noitamrifnoC detropeR
:latoT ro tropeR
syad despalE noitca fo etaD
.syad thgie saw noitamrifnoc ot gniraeh eettimmoc eht morf emit despale
ehT .elbacilppa ton si gniraeh ot noissimbus morf emit despale eht ,tluser a sA .etaneS eht ot noitanimon eht timbus yllamrof ot ytirohtua eht dah dna eciffo koot
tcele-tnediserP eht erofeb noitanimon namtlA detapicitna eht no sgniraeh dleh snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC ehT .setad rehto dna etad siht neewteb syad despale
rof seirtne on dna ,egrahcsid ro troper eettimmoc fo etad rof wor siht ni yrtne on si ereht ,yltneuqesnoC .)eettimmoc ot derrefer ton dna( radnelaC evitucexE eht no
yltcerid decalp ,tnesnoc suominanu yb ,dna ,3991 ,02 yraunaJ no notnilC tnediserP yb dettimbus saw taht snoitanimon fo puorg a fo eno saw noitanimon namtlA ehT .h
.ssecorp eritne eht fo htgnel eht fo gnidnatsrednu etarucca erom a edivorp
ot ereh denibmoc era snoitanimon owt ehT .1002 ,62 rebmetpeS no demrifnoc saw noitanimon eht dna ,1002 ,4 rebmetpeS no noitisop eht ot sreeB detanimon-er
tnediserP ehT .etaneS eht fo seluR gnidnatS eht fo 6 hpargarap ,IXXX eluR etaneS fo snoisivorp eht rednu ,ssecer etaneS yad-13 a fo gninnigeb eht ta ,1002 ,3 tsuguA
no tnediserP eht ot denruter saw ,1002 ,92 enuJ no ,noitanimon tsrif ehT .noitisop eht ot sreeB fo snoitanimon laitneuqes owt s'hsuB tnediserP sezirammus wor sihT .g
.sriaffA cilbuP dna
ycamolpiD cilbuP rof etatS fo yraterceS rednU sa nwonk neeb sah noitisop eht ,noitartsinimdA hsuB .W egroeG eht gniruD .noitisnart laitnediserp a gnirud tsrif eht
saw noitisop eht ot noitanimon s'sreeB .)677-1862 .tatS 211( 3131 ง ,772-501 .L.P yb dehsilbatse saw ycamolpiD cilbuP rof etatS fo yraterceS rednU fo noitisop ehT .f
.5002 ,92 yluJ no demrifnoc
saw ohw ,renihS .S ettesoJ yb decalper saw nosraL .hsuB tnediserP rednu evres ot deunitnoc dna ,9991 ,91 rebmevoN no demrifnoc saw ,notnilC tnediserP yb noitisop
eht ot detanimon saw nosraL .P nalA .ycnediserp hsuB eht fo testuo eht ta noitisop eht ot edam saw tnemtnioppa wen oN .sriaffA larutlucirgA dna cimonocE rof
yraterceS rednU dna sriaffA cimonocE rof yraterceS rednU ,elpmaxe rof ,sa ,snoitartsinimda roirp rednu ,yltnereffid deltitne neeb sah noitisop yraterceS rednU sihT .e
.)4135 ง .C.S.U 5( noitisop III leveL a emaceb ti nehw ,3891 litnu eludehcS evitucexE eht fo VI leveL ta detasnepmoc saw rolesnuoC
ehT .)283-801 ;632-301 .L.P( 5991 dna 4991 sraeY lacsiF ,tcA noitazirohtuA snoitaleR ngieroF eht fo tnemtcane eht ot roirp "rolesnuoC" saw noitisop rossecederp
sti ,eromrehtruF .sriaffA labolG rof yraterceS rednU ,elpmaxe rof ,sa ,snoitartsinimda roirp rednu ,yltnereffid deltitne neeb sah noitisop yraterceS rednU sihT .d
.noitisnart laitnediserp a gnirud tsrif eht saw noitisop eht ot noitanimon
s'notloB .)767-1862 .tatS 211( 3121 ง ,772-501 .L.P yb dehsilbatse saw ytiruceS lanoitanretnI dna lortnoC smrA rof etatS fo yraterceS rednU fo noitisop ehT .c
.ssecorp eritne eht fo htgnel eht fo gnidnatsrednu etarucca erom a edivorp ot ereh denibmoc era snoitanimon
owt ehT .1002 ,41 rebmetpeS no demrifnoc saw noitanimon eht dna ,1002 ,4 rebmetpeS no noitisop eht ot etnoporgeN detanimon-er tnediserP ehT .etaneS
eht fo seluR gnidnatS eht fo 6 hpargarap ,IXXX eluR etaneS fo snoisivorp eht rednu ,ssecer tsuguA s'etaneS eht fo gninnigeb eht ta ,1002 ,3 tsuguA no tnediserP
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
eht ot denruter saw ,1002 ,41 yaM no ,noitanimon tsrif ehT .noitisop eht ot etnoporgeN fo snoitanimon laitneuqes owt s'hsuB tnediserP sezirammus wor sihT .b
.syad 41 saw noitamrifnoc ot gniraeh eettimmoc
eht morf emit despale ehT .elbacilppa ton si gniraeh ot noissimbus morf emit despale eht ,tluser a sA .etaneS eht ot noitanimon eht timbus yllamrof ot ytirohtua
eht dah dna eciffo koot tcele-tnediserP eht erofeb noitanimon kcirtapkriK detapicitna eht no sgniraeh dleh snoitaleR ngieroF no eettimmoC ehT .setad rehto dna etad
siht neewteb syad despale rof seirtne on dna ,egrahcsid ro troper eettimmoc fo etad rof wor siht ni yrtne on si ereht ,yltneuqesnoC .)eettimmoc ot derrefer ton( ksed
eht ta dleh ,tnesnoc suominanu yb ,dna ,1891 ,02 yraunaJ no nagaeR tnediserP yb dettimbus saw taht snoitanimon fo puorg a fo eno saw noitanimon kcirtapkriK ehT .a
.elbacilppa ton =.a.n
.dedulcni ton era noitisnart 1002-0002 eht ecnis ecnetsixe otni emoc evah taht snoitisoP .noitisnart laitnediserp eno tsael ta gnirud edam
neeb sah noitanimon a hcihw ot snoitisop esoht ylno sedulcni elbat ehT .eludehcS evitucexE eht fo III leveL ta eltit tnelaviuqe eht ,seiraterces rednu tuohtiw snoitazinagro
esoht rof )3( ro ;seiraterces rednu sa deltit )2( ;eludehcS evitucexE eht fo II leveL ta )1( rehtie era taht stinu lanoitazinagro detsil eht ni snoitisop SAP sedulcnI :etoN
.edoC .S.U eht dna ,aciremA fo setatS
detinU eht fo etaneS eht fo sgnideecorP evitucexE eht fo lanruoJ eht fo semulov suoirav ,sradnelac eettimmoc etaneS suoirav ,/simon/vog.ssergnoc.www//:ptth ta ytinummoc
lanoissergnoc eht ot elbaliava si hcihw ,)SIL( metsyS noitamrofnI evitalsigeL eht fo esabatad snoitanimon eht morf derehtag noitamrofni gnisu SRC yb detaerc elbaT :ecruoS
.noitisop rotartsinimdA eht ot detnioppa
dna demrifnoc retal saw eh litnu yticapac taht ni devres evah ot sraeppa eh dna ,tniop taht ta rotartsinimdA gnitcA emaceb ,noitarefilorpnoN raelcuN esnefeD
rof rotartsinimdA ytupeD neht saw ohw ,skoorB .2002 yluJ litnu eciffo ni deniamer ,nodroG nhoJ ,rossecederp 'skoorB .noitisnart laitnediserp a gnirud tsrif eht saw
noitisop eht ot noitanimon s'skoorB .)459 .tatS 311( 2023 ง ,56-601 .L.P yb 9991 ni dehsilbatse saw ytiruceS raelcuN rof ygrenE fo yraterceS rednU fo noitisop ehT .r
.ssecorp eritne eht fo htgnel eht fo gnidnatsrednu etarucca erom a edivorp ot ereh denibmoc era snoitanimon eerht ehT .3891 ,7 rebotcO
no demrifnoc saw nelluM dna ,niaga nelluM detanimoner tnediserP eht ,3891 ,9 rebmetpeS no ,ssecer eht fo dne eht retfA .ssecer etaneS yad-93 a fo gninnigeb eht
ta ,snoisivorp emas eht rednu ,denruter saw noitanimon siht dna ,3891 ,52 yraunaJ no noitisop eht ot nelluM detanimoner tnediserP ehT .etaneS eht fo seluR gnidnatS
t
eht fo 6 hpargarap ,IXXX eluR etaneS fo snoisivorp eht rednu ,ssergnoC h 79 eht fo dne eht raen eid enis denruojda etaneS eht retfa ,2891 ,72 rebmeceD no tnediserP
eht ot denruter saw ,2891 ,92 hcraM no ,noitanimon tsrif ehT .noitisop eht ot nelluM fo snoitanimon laitneuqes eerht s'nagaeR tnediserP sezirammus wor sihT .q
.1002 ,03 enuJ litnu no deyats ,llahsraM .R einnoD ,rossecederp s'nosnihctuH dna ;3991 ,13 rebotcO
litnu no deyats ,rennoB .C treboR ,rossecederp s'enitnatsnoC ;1891 ,01 yluJ litnu no deyats ,regnisneB .B reteP ,rossecederp s'nelluM :noitaruguani s'tnediserP
wen eht retfa shtnom fo rebmun a rof eciffo ni deniamer noitartsinimdA gnidecerp eht morf stnebmucni ,elbat siht yb derevoc snoitisnart eerht eht fo hcae gniruD .p
.noitisnart laitnediserp a gnirud tsrif eht saw noitisop
eht ot noitanimon s'uhC .)7271 .tatS 701( 309 ง ,061-301 .L.P yb 3991 ni dehsilbatse saw ssenidaeR dna lennosreP rof esnefeD fo yraterceS rednU fo noitisop ehT .o
.noitisnart laitnediserp a gnirud ,detasnepmoc dna deltit yltnerruc si ti sa ,noitisop eht ot tsrif eht saw noitanimon s'miehkaZ .noitasnepmoc s'noitisop
eht gnicnahne snoisivorp eht fo tnemtcane erofeb yltrohs demrifnoc saw eH .noitisnart laitnediserp revonrut ytrap a gnirud tsrif eht saw noitisop rellortpmoC
eht ot noitanimon s'ermaH .)3282 .tatS 801 ;)a(309 ง ,A .viD ,733-301 .L.P( ")rellortpmoC( esnefeD fo yraterceS rednU" ot degnahc saw noitisop eht fo eltit eht ,4991
nI .)209 ง( )tcA sreciffO laicnaniF feihC eht( "13 eltit fo 9 retpahc fo sesoprup eht rof esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD eht fo reciffO laicnaniF feihC ycnega" eht sa rellortpmoC
eht dehsilbatse osla tca sihT .)109 ง( eludehcS evitucexE eht fo III leveL ot noitasnepmoc sti gnignahc yb noitisop eht fo sutats eht decnahne )7451 .tatS 701 ;061-301
.L.P( 4991 raeY lacsiF rof tcA noitazirohtuA esnefeD lanoitaN ehT .eludehcS evitucexE eht fo VI leveL ta detasnepmoc saw noitisop siht dna ,)899 .tatS 001 ;701 ง ,334
-99 .L.P( 6891 fo tcA noitazinagroeR esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD slohciN-retawdloG eht yb dehsilbatse saw esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD eht fo rellortpmoC fo noitisop ehT .n
.noitisnart laitnediserp revonrut
ytrap a gnirud tsrif eht saw noitisop eht ot noitanimon s'hctueD .)331 ง .C.S.U 01( "scitsigoL dna ,ygolonhceT ,noitisiuqcA rof esnefeD fo yraterceS rednU" sa etutats
ni deltiter neeb ecnis sah noitisop ehT .)707 .tatS 001( )a(105 ง ,843-99 .L.P yb 6891 ni dehsilbatse saw noitisiuqcA rof esnefeD fo yraterceS rednU fo noitisop ehT .m
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
.elbacilppa ton si gniraeh ot noissimbus morf emit despale eht ,yltneuqesnoC
.etaneS eht ot noitanimon eht timbus yllamrof ot ytirohtua eht dah dna eciffo koot nagaeR tcele-tnediserP erofeb dleh erew noitanimon icculraC eht no sgniraeH .l
.ecnegilletnI laicnaniF
dna msirorreT rof yraterceS rednU ,eman tnereffid ylthgils a rednu nwonk neeb sah noitisop eht ,noitartsinimdA hsuB .W egroeG eht gniruD .evres ot deunitnoc
,tnebmucni eht ,yeveL ,noitisnart eht retfA .)2423 .tatS 811( 222 ง ,II eltiT ,H noisiviD ,744-801 .L.P yb tnemecrofnE rof yraterceS rednU eht ot noitisop rosseccus
a sa dehsilbatse saw semirC laicnaniF dna msirorreT rof yraterceS rednU fo noitisop ehT .yeveL trautS yb noitisop taht ni dedeeccus saw eH .noitisnart laitnediserp
a gnirud tsrif eht saw noitisop eht ot noitanimon s'eluruG .)42 .tatS 801( 3002 ง ,112-301 .L.P yb dehsilbatse saw tnemecrofnE rof yraterceS rednU fo noitisop ehT .k
.snoitartsinimdA
suoirav rednu ecnaniF lanoitanretnI rof yraterceS rednU sa nwonk neeb yllareneg sah ,etutats ni "yraterceS rednU" ylpmis deltitne si hcihw ,noitisop ehT
).9891 ni noitisnart hsuB-nagaeR eht gnirud dettimbus neeb dah noitanimon A( .noitisnart laitnediserp revonrut ytrap a gnirud tsrif eht saw noitisop eht ot noitanimon
'sremmuS .sriaffA yratenoM rof yraterceS rednU fo noitisop eht decalper tI .)4231 .tatS 99( 141 ง ,091-99 .L.P yb dehsilbatse saw noitisop yraterces rednu sihT .j
.ecnaniF citsemoD rof yraterceS rednU eht sa nwonk saw ti ,noitartsinimdA
hsuB .W egroeG eht rednU .snoitartsinimdA tnereffid yb syaw suoirav ni deman neeb sah dna ,etutats ni "yraterceS rednU" ylpmis deltitne si ,noitisop sihT .i
.syad 41 saw noitamrifnoc ot gniraeh
eettimmoc eht morf emit despale ehT .elbacilppa ton si gniraeh ot noissimbus morf emit despale eht ,tluser a sA .etaneS eht ot noitanimon eht timbus yllamrof ot
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119
ytirohtua eht dah dna eciffo koot tcele-tnediserP eht erofeb noitanimon yesaC detapicitna eht no sgniraeh dleh ecnegilletnI no eettimmoC tceleS ehT .setad rehto dna
etad siht neewteb syad despale rof seirtne on dna ,egrahcsid ro troper eettimmoc fo etad rof wor siht ni yrtne on si ereht ,yltneuqesnoC .)eettimmoc ot derrefer ton(
ksed eht ta dleh ,tnesnoc suominanu yb ,dna ,1891 ,02 yraunaJ no nagaeR tnediserP yb dettimbus saw taht snoitanimon fo puorg a fo eno saw noitanimon yesaC ehT .w
.dedulcni ton erofereht era dna ,lufgninaem
eb ton dluow segareva detaluclac ,noitisop siht ot snoitanimon rof atad eht fo erutan eht ot euD .noitisnart 1002-0002 eht gnirud noitisop siht ot noitanimon
on saw ereht ;noitartsinimdA hsuB eht fo sraey tsrif eht gnirud evres ot deunitnoc ,teneT egroeG ,noitartsinimdA notnilC eht fo dne eht ta rotceriD AIC ehT .v
.noitisnart laitnediserp a gnirud dellif neeb reven evah yeht tub ,elbat siht
ni derevoc eb dluow snoitisop eseht fo tsoM .hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP fo noitartsinimdA eht gnirud degnahc ytinummoC ecnegilletnI eht fo erutcurts pihsredael ehT .u
.sriaffA latnemnrevoG dna ytiruceS
dnalemoH no eettimmoC etaneS eht deman won si tI .sriaffA latnemnrevoG no eettimmoC eht deltitne saw eettimmoc siht ,snoitanimon eseht fo hcae fo emit eht tA .t
".rotartsinimdA" deltitne won si redael AMEF ehT .ereh nwohs era noitisop pot sti ot snoitanimon roirp dna
,revewoh ,SHD setaderp )AMEF( ycnegA tnemeganaM ycnegremE laredeF ehT .noitisnart laitnediserp a gnirud dellif neeb reven evah elbat siht ni derevoc eb esiwrehto
dluow taht tnemtraped siht ni snoitisop tsom os ,hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP fo noitartsinimdA eht gnirud dehsilbatse saw ytiruceS dnalemoH fo tnemtrapeD ehT .s
Henry B. Hogue Betsy Palmer
Analyst in American National Government Analyst on the Congress and Legislative Process
hhogue@crs.loc.gov, 7-0642 bpalmer@crs.loc.gov, 7-0381
Maureen Bearden
Information Research Specialist
mbearden@crs.loc.gov, 7-8955
http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40119