For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40056
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¢
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress
¢
This report provides data and analysis concerning legislative branch staffing levels since 1954.
Legislative branch staff include congressional staff, who work in the House or Senate, and
legislative agency staff, who work in a legislative branch agency. Legislative branch staff are
counted by full-time equivalent (FTE) positions or payroll positions. FTE positions are based on
an estimate of time needed to carry out the work of an agency, which is used to compute an
estimated level of staffing. The second method considers staff on the payroll, a head count
A @
method that counts the number of people actually carrying out the work of an agency. Because of
their consistency and availability, payroll data are used for this report. FTE data are used in a few
cases when payroll data are unavailable.
At present, there is no legislation pending before Congress to change existing staff arrangements
in Congress or legislative branch agencies. As policies and issues before Congress continue to
proliferate in volume and complexity, new proposals for change in staffing levels or changes in
the balance between congressional staff and legislative agency staff may emerge.
This report, which will be updated annually, is one of several CRS products focusing on various
aspects of congressional operations and administration. Others include CRS Report RL34619,
Use of the Capitol Rotunda and Capitol Grounds: Concurrent Resolutions, 101st to 110th
Congress, by Matthew Eric Glassman and Jacob R. Straus; CRS Report RL33220, Support
Offices in the House of Representatives: Roles and Authorities, by Ida A. Brudnick; and CRS
Report RL34545, Congressional Staff: Duties and Functions of Selected Positions, by R. Eric
Petersen.
Counting Positions: Full Time Equivalent and Payroll Positions.................................................... 2
FTE Positions ............................................................................................................................ 2
Payroll Positions........................................................................................................................ 3
Legislative Branch Staffing Trends, 1954-2007.............................................................................. 3
Potential Staffing Issues for Congress............................................................................................. 6
Figure 1. Legislative Branch Staffing, 1954-2007 .......................................................................... 1
Figure 2. Distribution of Legislative Branch Staff, 1955-2005....................................................... 2
Figure 3. House and Senate Staffing, 1975-2007 ........................................................................... 4
Figure 4. Distribution of Legislative Branch Staff, 1975-2005....................................................... 5
Figure 5. Selected Legislative Agency Staffing, 1954-2007 ........................................................... 6
Table 1. Change in Legislative Branch Staffing, 1955-2005........................................................... 3
Table 2. Legislative Branch Employment, 2001-2007 .................................................................... 7
Table 3. Legislative Branch Employment, 1991-2000 .................................................................... 8
Table 4. Legislative Branch Employment, 1981-1990 .................................................................... 9
Table 5. Legislative Branch Employment, 1971-1980 .................................................................. 10
Table 6. Legislative Branch Employment, 1961-1970 ...................................................................11
Table 7. Legislative Branch Employment, 1954-1960 .................................................................. 12
Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 13
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 13
T his report provides data and analysis of legislative branch staffing levels since 1954.
Legislative branch staff include congressional staff, who work in the House or Senate, and
legislative agency staff, who work in a legislative branch agency.1 All staff positions
discussed in this report are funded in the annual legislative branch appropriations act.
Legislative branch staffing levels since 1954 reflect a number of trends and characteristics. From
the mid-1950s, and through the 1960s, staffing levels were characterized by modest, steady
growth. This pattern gave way to a sharper increase in congressional staff throughout the 1970s,
primarily due to the implementation of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 (LRA) and the
Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (CBA). The LRA mandated enhanced congressional oversight,
including additional congressional staff for House and Senate committees and increased staff in
some legislative agencies. The CBA established the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the
Senate and House Committees on the Budget. Agency staff levels were essentially flat from the
mid-1970s until the mid-1980s, when they began to decline. In the 1980s, congressional staff
levels were also flat, resulting in a small overall decrease in legislative staff employment.
Congressional staff levels began to decrease in the early 1990s, and the rate of legislative agency
decline accelerated. The decreases were due in part to reductions in House committee staff, the
General Accounting Office (GAO), and other legislative branch entities, and the abolition of the
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). Decreases continued in the early 2000s, but appear to
show slight increases in the past few years. Figure 1 provides an overview of legislative branch
staffing trends.
7002-4591 ,gniffatS hcnarB evitalsigeL .1 erugiF
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
54
59
64
69
74
79
84
89
94
99
04
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
Year
Congress
Legislative Branch Agencies
Total, Legislative Branch
liviC ecivreS liviC .S.U ,ycnega rossecederp sti ro ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
-4591 morF .3002 ecnis atad eht ni dedulcni si hcihw ,)PCSU( eciloP lotipaC .S.U eht rof tpecxe ,noissimmoC
doirep eht roF .tnemyolpmE laredeF fo tropeR ylhtnoM eht ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,8691
MPO ,6891 ecniS .esaeleR ylhtnoM scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats ,5891-9691
1
In 2008, legislative branch agencies include the Office of the Architect of the Capitol (AOC); U.S. Botanic Garden
(USBG); U.S. Capitol Police (USCP); Congressional Budget Office (CBO); Government Accountability Office
(GAO); Government Printing Office; (GPO); Library of Congress (LOC); Congressional Research Service (CRS); and
Office of Compliance (OOC).
ataD .sdnerT dna tnemyolpmE ,scitsitatS ecrofkroW nailiviC laredeF ni ylhtnomib dehsilbup neeb evah scitsitats
ees ,atad PCSU roF .psa.tpme/lmth/ataddef/vog.mpo.www//:ptth ta elbaliava era 7991 ecnis MPO yb detcelloc
:notgnihsaW( 1 .tp ,4002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,evitalsigeL no eettimmocbuS ,esuoH ,ssergnoC .S.U
9002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,dibI dna ;0411 .p ,)3002 ,OPG .632 .p ,)8002 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp ,
tpecxe ,raey hcae ni rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era PCSU tpecxe seititne lla rof ataD :setoN
)ETF( tnelaviuqe emit-lluf era atad PCSU .MPO morf elbaliava atad tsetal eht ,rebmetpeS fo sa era hcihw ,7002
seititne hcnarb evitalsigel edulcni atad ,7002 erofeB .stseuqer snoitairporppa ni ycnega taht yb detroper snoitisop
.emit taht ta ecnetsixe ni
During the same period, the distribution of evitalsigeL fo noitubirtsiD .2 erugiF
legislative branch employees shifted between 5002-5591 ,ffatS hcnarB
legislative agencies and Congress. In 1954,
approximately three-fourths of legislative ffatS y cnegA evita lsi geL dna lanoissergnoC
branch staff worked in agencies. The
100%
percentage of staff working for Congress
90%
grew slowly and steadily and by the mid- 80%
1980s accounted for approximately half of 70%
legislative branch employment. In 2007, 60%
approximately 56% of legislative branch 50%
40%
employees worked in the House or Senate,
30%
with the remainder distributed throughout the 20%
legislative agencies. The data show that 10%
Senate and House staffs have grown from 0%
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
approximately 17% and 29%, respectively, in
1975, to approximately 21% and 34%, Congress Legislative Agencies
respectively, of legislative branch staff in
2007. Figure 2 displays changes in the SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
distribution of legislative branch staff .snoitaluclac
between 1955 and 2005.
Table 2 through Table 7 provide legislative branch staffing data between 1954 and 2007.
¢
Legislative branch staff are counted by full-time equivalent (FTE) positions or payroll positions.
FTE positions are based on an estimate of time needed to carry out the work of an agency, which
is used to compute an estimated level of staffing. The second method considers staff on the
payroll, a head count method that counts the number of people actually carrying out the work of
A @
an agency. FTEs capture the long-term staffing expectations of an agency, while head counts
represent on-board personnel at a specific moment in time.
According to the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), FTEs are determined by a formula
that adds the total number of hours worked by all employees of agencies during a year and then
divides that total by 2,080, which is the number of scheduled work hours in a work year. The
2,080 hours can be worked by one employee who works a full time schedule of 40 hours each
week for 52 weeks, or two or more part-time employees who work a total of 2,080 hours between
or among them. This method provides the means for an agency to determine its long term staffing
expectations and the impact of those expectations on the agency s future budgets. FTE estimates
=
do not reflect the actual number of people needed to carry out the work of the agency.2 While
OPM requires federal executive branch agencies to estimate their staffing needs in FTEs, no
standard has been explicitly mandated by Congress for legislative entities to use for staff
planning. Nevertheless, FTE estimates appear to be widely employed. Regular references to
legislative branch staff in terms of FTEs were made by the House Committee on Appropriations
beginning in the early 1990s, according to a survey of its hearings and reports.
¢
A second method of calculating employment levels considers staff on payroll. While the FTE
method provides an estimate of the long-term staff needs of an agency, the payroll method
captures the actual number of employees working at any one time. Payroll data are supplied by
the legislative branch entities to OPM on a monthly basis and made available as a public
document.3 Because of their consistency and availability, payroll data are used for this report.
FTE data are used in a few cases when payroll data are unavailable.
Between 1954 and 2007, total legislative branch staff increased by 44.50%. Most of this growth
occurred among congressional staff, which more than tripled over the five-decade period, while
legislative agency staff decreased by 13.28%. Table 1 summarizes changes in legislative branch
staffing between 1955 and 2005.
5002-5591 ,gniffatS hcnarB evitalsigeL ni egnahC .1 elbaT
,latoT
evitalsigeL evitalsigeL
raeY ssergnoC % seicnegA % hcnarB %
5591 607,5 - 167,51 - 764,12 -
0691 668,6 %33.02 156,51 %07.0- 715,22 %98.4
5691 457,8 %05.72 872,61 %10.4 230,52 %71.11
0791 721,11 %11.72 325,81 %97.31 118,92 %90.91
5791 930,71 %31.35 462,02 %04.9 303,73 %31.52
0891 838,81 %65.01 268,91 %89.1- 007,83 %57.3
5891 884,91 %54.3 095,81 %04.6- 870,83 %16.1-
2
Office of Personnel Management, Employment and Trends of Federal Civilian Workforce Statistics, September 2007,
available at http://www.opm.gov/feddata/html/2007/september/intro.asp. According to the Government Accountability
Office (GAO), annual leave, sick leave, compensatory time off, and other approved leave categories are considered to
be "hours worked" for purposes of defining FTE employment. See Government Accountability Office, A Glossary of
Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (Washington: GPO, 2005), p. 57.
3
Office of Personnel Management, Employment and Trends of Federal Civilian Workforce Statistics, available at
http://www.opm.gov/feddata/html/empt.asp.
,latoT
evitalsigeL evitalsigeL
raeY ssergnoC % seicnegA % hcnarB %
0991 181,91 %85.1- 155,71 %95.5- 237,63 %35.3-
5991 354,71 %10.9- 106,41 %18.61- 450,23 %47.21-
0002 405,61 %44.5- 523,41 %98.1- 928,03 %28.3-
5002 673,71 %82.5 842,41 %45.0- 026,13 %75.2
.snoitaluclac SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
Since 1954, there have been changes not only in the size but also in the deployment of legislative
branch staff. From the mid-1950s through the 1970s, there were considerably more legislative
agency employees than congressional staff. In 1954, 16,051 employees served in legislative
agencies, compared to 5,621 congressional staff. By 1970, the gap decreased with legislative
agencies comprising 18,523 employees and Congress having 11,127 staff members. During the
1980s, legislative branch employees were effectively evenly divided between Congress and
legislative branch agencies, with 1985 staffing levels of 18,590 in legislative agency offices and
19,488 in congressional offices. In the 1990s, both congressional staff and agency staff numbers
declined significantly, but the decline was higher for agency staff. In 2000, legislative branch
agencies accounted for 14,325 employees; congressional staff was 16,504. In the past several
years, legislative agency staff numbers have continued to decrease, but at a slower pace than
during the 1990s, while congressional staff levels have grown slightly. In 2007, the latest
available data from OPM show 13,390 employees working in legislative agencies, and 17, 396
staff members in congressional offices.
The growth of congressional staff was likely ,gniffatS etaneS dna esuoH .3 erugiF
due to a number of factors. These include a 7002-5791
steady increase in the volume and complexity
of issues addressed by Congress,4 which 14,000
required the acquisition of specialized 12,000
congressional staff, and legislative changes, 10,000
8,000
including the implementation of the LRA and
6,000
CBA. It appears from available data that 4,000
between 1954 and the mid-1980s, staff levels 2,000
in the House increased at a slightly higher 0
rate than the Senate. During the 1990s, staff
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
01
03
05
07
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
levels in both chambers decreased, with larger Senate House
decreases occurring in the House. Since then,
staff changes have been proportional in both SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
chambers. Figure 3 provides an overview of .snoitaluclac
House and Senate staffing trends between
1975 and 2007. Figure 4 provides the distribution of legislative branch staff in the House, Senate,
and legislative agencies between 1975 and 2005.
4
See, for example, Nelson W. Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," The American
Political Science Review, vol. 62, no. 1 (March 1968), pp. 144-168.
5002-5791 ,ffatS hcnarB evitalsigeL fo noitubirtsiD .4 erugiF
ffa tS y cnegA evita lsi geL dna ,etaneS ,esuoH
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
House Senate Congress
.snoitaluclac SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
The overall downward trend in legislative agency staffing, displayed in Figure 2, has not affected
every agency. Figure 5 provides staffing levels for four legislative agencies that have operated
continuously between 1954 and 2007: the Architect of the Capitol (AOC), GAO, the Government
Printing Office (GPO), and the Library of Congress (LOC). Staffing levels in two of the agencies,
AOC and LOC, appear to reflect trends similar to that of the legislative branch as a whole. By
contrast, both GAO and GPO had fewer staff in 2007 than in 1954. GAO staff levels appear to
have fallen until the 1970s before growing in the years after passage of the LRA and the General
Accounting Office Act of 1974. Relatively small growth continued at GAO until the mid-1990s,
when the agency's staff levels were reduced by Congress. Since the mid-1990s, GAO staff levels
have remained flat. GPO staff levels grew continuously between 1954 and 1975, but have
declined steadily since. This is due in part to the adoption by the agency of less labor intensive
printing technologies, increased utilization of contracted printing services, and reduced demands
from government clients who have opted to provide their documents through electronic means.
5 erugiF 7002-4591 ,gniffatS ycnegA evitalsigeL detceleS .
,ec iffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnre v oG ,lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA
sserg noC fo yrarbiL dn a , eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1954
1959
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
AOC GAO GPO LOC
.snoitaluclac SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
.ffats SRC edulcni atad COL :setoN
At present, there is no legislation pending before Congress to change existing staff arrangements
in Congress or legislative branch agencies. As policies and issues before Congress continue to
proliferate in volume and complexity, new proposals for change in staffing levels or changes in
the balance between congressional staff and legislative agency staff may emerge. Those proposals
may also be incorporated into broader issues, including how to fund additional staff resources,5
and how to accommodate more staff in congressional facilities. Periodically, concerns have been
raised that congressional buildings and facilities on Capitol Hill are overcrowded, or inadequate
to support the work of Congress,6 despite the recent addition of congressional facilities in the
Capitol Visitors' Center expansion. Any discussion of adding congressional staff would likely
raise questions related to the adequacy of current congressional facilities.
5
See CRS Report RL34490, Legislative Branch: FY2009 Appropriations, by Ida A. Brudnick.
6
U.S. Congress, House Committee on House Administration, Committee Funding, 109th Cong., 1st sess., March 10,
2005 (Washington: GPO, 2005), p. 4; Jennifer Yanchin, "House Panels Request More Funding, Space," Roll Call,
March 14, 2005, retrieved through nexis.com; Richard Sammon, "A Walk Through the Capitol Illustrates Safety
Concerns," CQ Weekly, August 6, 1994, p. retrieved from cq.com.; and Sarah Booth Conroy, "Plan for Capitol Hill
Ready: Capital Master Plan Would Limit Staffs, Buildings," The Washington Post, September 25, 1981, p. A1,
retrieved through nexis.com.
.srebmun etaneS ro esuoH ni dedulcni era yeht esuaceb slatot hcnarb evitalsigel ro ycnega eht ni detnuoc ton era 4002 ot roirp sraey rof atad
PCSU .rebmahc evitcepser eht fo sllor ffats eht ni detnuoc erew etaneS ro esuoH eht ni seitud ot dengissa lennosrep PCSU ,3002YF litnU .atad tnelaviuqe emit lluF .a
.elbat siht ni dedulcni ton era seititne eseht fo seeyolpmE .truoC xaT .S.U
dna ;slaeppA snareteV fo truoC .S.U ;noissimmoC weiveR ytiruceS dna cimonocE anihC-setatS detinU ;noissimmoC yrosivdA tnemyaP eracideM ;tnempoleveD cilbuP rof
retneC sinnetS .C nhoJ ;modeerF suoigileR lanoitanretnI no noissimmoC .S.U eht dedulcni seititne eseht ,7002 rebmetpeS nI .tca snoitairporppa hcnarb evitalsigel launna eht
ni dednuf ron hcnarb evitalsigel eht fo trap rehtien era taht seititne srebmun tnemyolpme hcnarb evitalsigel sti ni sedulcni MPO ,emit ot emit morF .stseuqer snoitairporppa
ni ycnega taht yb detroper snoitisop )ETF( tnelaviuqe emit lluf era atad PCSU .MPO morf elbaliava atad tsetal eht ,rebmetpeS fo sa era hcihw ,7002 tpecxe ,raey hcae ni
rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era PCSU tpecxe seititne lla rof ataD .tca snoitairporppa hcnarb evitalsigel launna eht ni dednuf era detsil seititne llA :setoN
.632 .p ,)8002
,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp ,9002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,dibI dna ;0411 .p ,)3002 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp ,4002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,evitalsigeL
no eettimmocbuS ,esuoH ,ssergnoC .S.U ees ,atad PCSU roF .psa.tpme/lmth/ataddef/vog.mpo.www//:ptth ta elbaliava era 7991 ecnis MPO yb detcelloc ataD .sdnerT dna
tnemyolpmE ,scitsitatS ecrofkroW nailiviC laredeF ni ylhtnomib dehsilbup neeb evah 6891 ecnis scitsitats MPO .stseuqer snoitairporppa ycnega morf nekat erew hcihw ,)PCSU(
eciloP lotipaC .S.U eht dna ,ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
613,13 250,13 026,13 386,13 436,13 771,23 673,13 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT
029,31 842,41 442,41 505,41 617,41 378,41 722,41 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL
52 32 22 91 81 41 81 ecnailpmoC fo eciffO
856 966 186 296 396 266 066 decivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC
252,3 333,3 915,3 346,3 947,3 617,3 195,3 cssergnoC fo yrarbiL
252,2 953,2 263,2 404,2 366,2 810,3 900,3 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG
271,3 362,3 402,3 852,3 062,3 753,3 912,3 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG
232 432 332 632 922 522 132 eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC
380,2 570,2 400,2 399,1 598,1 057,1 184,1 aeciloP lotipaC .S.U
75 75 75 95 35 05 44 nedraG cinatoB .S.U
981,2 532,2 261,2 102,2 651,2 180,2 479,1 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA
seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL
693,71 408,61 673,71 871,71 819,61 403,71 941,71 ssergnoC .S.U
017,01 680,01 375,01 984,01 033,01 098,01 608,01 sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U
686,6 817,6 308,6 986,6 885,6 414,6 343,6 etaneS .S.U
7002 6002 5002 4002 3002 2002 1002
7002-1002 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL . 2 elbaT
.632 .p ,)8002 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp , 9002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,dibI dna ;0411 .p ,)3002 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp ,4002
rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,evitalsigeL no eettimmocbuS ,esuoH ,ssergnoC .S.U ees ,atad PCSU roF .psa.tpme/lmth/ataddef/vog.mpo.www//:ptth ta elbaliava era
7991 ecnis MPO yb detcelloc ataD .sdnerT dna tnemyolpmE ,scitsitatS ecrofkroW nailiviC laredeF ni ylhtnomib dehsilbup neeb evah scitsitats MPO ,6891 ecniS .esaeleR ylhtnoM
scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,5891-9691 morF .stseuqer snoitairporppa ycnega morf nekat erew hcihw ,)PCSU(
eciloP lotipaC .S.U eht dna ,ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
928,03 940,13 189,03 525,03 738,03 450,23 887,43 279,63 101,83 152,83 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT
523,41 353,41 044,41 082,31 419,31 106,41 560,61 278,61 469,71 240,81 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL
-- -- -- -- -- -- 891 602 902 791 tnemssessA ygolonhceT fo eciffO
71 91 02 22 81 -- -- -- -- -- ecnailpmoC fo eciffO
466 217 817 127 247 557 367 418 838 138 decivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC
366,3 836,3 236,3 766,3 527,3 608,3 868,3 038,3 111,4 981,4 cssergnoC fo yrarbiL
031,3 922,3 363,3 735,3 727,3 249,3 342,4 065,4 498,4 388,4 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG
511,3 542,3 553,3 072,3 864,3 018,3 164,4 888,4 981,5 873,5 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 01 lanubirT ytlayoR thgirypoC
922 222 612 132 822 632 412 122 132 032 eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC
115,1 923,1 042,1 AN AN AN AN AN AN AN aeciloP lotipaC .S .U
33 03 14 64 05 15 35 35 35 45 nedraG cinatoB .S.U
369,1 929,1 558,1 687,1 659,1 100,2 562,2 003,2 034,2 072,2 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA
seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL
405,61 696,61 145,61 542,71 329,61 354,71 327,81 001,02 731,02 902,02 ssergnoC .S.U
914,01 235,01 534,01 774,01 153,01 326,01 615,11 386,21 676,21 417,21 sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U
580,6 461,6 601,6 867,6 275,6 038,6 702,7 714,7 164,7 594,7 etaneS .S.U
0002 9991 8991 7991 6991 5991 4991 3991 2991 1991
0002-1991 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL . 3 elbaT
.serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .d
.seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .c
.sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO ytilibatnuoccA
tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b
.sdnerT dna tnemyolpmE ,scitsitatS ecrofkroW
nailiviC laredeF ni ylhtnomib dehsilbup neeb evah scitsitats MPO ,6891 ecniS .esaeleR ylhtnoM scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme
laredef ,5891-9691 morF .ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
237,63 389,63 639,63 634,73 721,63 870,83 073,83 307,83 899,73 482,83 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT
155,71 217,71 369,71 071,81 267,71 095,81 099,81 830,91 539,81 181,91 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL
091 691 102 202 891 491 702 681 271 051 tnemssessA ygolonhceT fo eciffO
797 928 858 918 867 258 398 378 528 958 cecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC
228,3 519,3 299,3 271,4 630,4 363,4 444,4 204,4 514,4 303,4 bssergnoC fo yrarbiL
439,4 799,4 621,5 202,5 322,5 193,5 855,5 247,5 639,5 013,6 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG
382,5 482,5 913,5 283,5 461,5 473,5 933,5 113,5 681,5 962,5 aeciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG
01 8 7 7 7 8 7 6 8 8 lanubirT ytlayoR thgirypoC
432 912 612 212 022 312 022 602 802 702 eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC
75 35 45 45 15 45 65 65 75 75 nedraG cinatoB .S.U
422,2 112,2 091,2 021,2 590,2 141,2 662,2 652,2 821,2 810,2 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA
seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL
181,91 172,91 379,81 662,91 563,81 884,91 083,91 566,91 360,91 301,91 ssergnoC .S.U
469,11 930,21 929,11 740,21 455,11 023,21 813,21 415,21 300,21 361,21 sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U
712,7 232,7 440,7 912,7 118,6 861,7 260,7 151,7 060,7 049,6 etaneS .S.U
0991 9891 8891 7891 6891 5891 4891 3891 2891 1891
0991-1891 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL .4 elbaT
.serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .d
.seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .c
.sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO ytilibatnuoccA
tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b
.sraey etairporppa eht rof AN dekram dna ,elbaliavanu era 8991 ot
roirp atad PCSU cificepS .srebmun etaneS ro esuoH ni dedulcni era yeht esuaceb slatot hcnarb evitalsigel ro ycnega eht ni detnuoc ton era 4002 ot roirp sraey rof atad
PCSU .rebmahc evitcepser eht fo sllor ffats eht ni detnuoc erew etaneS ro esuoH eht ni seitud ot dengissa lennosrep PCSU ,3002YF litnU .atad tnelaviuqe emit lluF .a
.ecnetsixe ni
ton saw ytitne hcnarb evitalsigel a nehw setacidni hsad A .stseuqer snoitairporppa ni ycnega taht yb detroper snoitisop )ETF( tnelaviuqe emit lluf era atad PCSU .MPO morf
elbaliava atad tsetal eht ,rebmetpeS fo sa era hcihw ,7002 tpecxe ,raey hcae ni rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era PCSU tpecxe seititne lla rof ataD :setoN
.AN dekram dna ,elbaliavanu
era sraey esoht rof srebmun etaneS dna esuoH .ssergnoC gnidaeh eht rednu detroper saw tnuoc eeyolpme etaneS dna esuoH denibmoc a ,4791-4591 morF .a
.ecnetsixe ni ton saw ytitne hcnarb evitalsigel a nehw setacidni hsad A .raey hcae rof rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era seititne lla rof ataD :setoN
.esaeleR ylhtnoM scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,5891-9691 morF .ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew
hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe ,noissimmoC ecivreS liviC .S.U ,ycnega rossecederp sti dna ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS
007,83 990,93 255,83 807,83 521,83 303,73 380,53 341,43 843,23 412,13 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT
268,91 264,02 826,02 239,02 808,02 462,02 121,02 642,91 402,91 774,81 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL
831 041 051 831 -- -- -- -- -- -- tnemssessA ygolonhceT fo eciffO
888 758 508 018 608 647 576 485 564 383 decivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC
634,4 635,4 573,4 233,4 131,4 930,4 408,3 667,3 257,3 905,3 cssergnoC fo yrarbiL
016,6 960,7 573,7 896,7 770,8 444,8 553,8 961,8 924,8 381,8 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG
434,5 923,5 283,5 824,5 273,5 798,4 782,5 498,4 877,4 186,4 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG
-- 72 23 63 04 04 04 -- -- -- draoB sdradnatS gnitnuoccA tsoC
01 01 01 9 -- -- -- -- -- lanubirT ytlayoR thgirypoC
012 702 302 502 791 -- -- -- -- -- eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC
55 65 75 75 65 26 75 55 75 55 nedraG cinatoB .S.U
180,2 132,2 932,2 912,2 921,2 630,2 309,1 877,1 327,1 666,1 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA
seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL
838,81 736,81 429,71 677,71 713,71 930,71 496,41 576,41 179,21 175,21 assergnoC .S.U
348,11 086,11 483,11 253,11 447,01 886,01 AN AN AN AN sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U
599,6 759,6 045,6 424,6 375,6 153,6 AN AN AN AN etaneS .S.U
0891 9791 8791 7791 6791 5791 4791 3791 2791 1791
0891-1791 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL .5 elbaT
.serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .c
.seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .b
.sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO
ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .hcnarb evitalsigel eht rof snoitairporppa launna ni dednuf neeb ecnis sah dna ,seciffo tnednepedni
rof snoitairporppa ni dednuf saw ycnega eht ,8691YF erofeB .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .a
.ecnetsixe ni ton saw ytitne hcnarb evitalsigel a nehw setacidni hsad A .raey hcae rof rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era seititne lla rof ataD :setoN
.serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .d
.seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .c
.sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO
ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .hcnarb evitalsigel eht rof snoitairporppa launna ni dednuf neeb ecnis sah dna ,seciffo tnednepedni
rof snoitairporppa ni dednuf saw ycnega eht ,8691YF erofeB .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b
.elbaliavanu
era sraey esoht rof srebmun etaneS dna esuoH .ssergnoC gnidaeh eht rednu detroper saw tnuoc eeyolpme etaneS dna esuoH denibmoc a ,4791-4591 morF .a
.raey hcae rof rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era seititne lla rof ataD :setoN
.esaeleR ylhtnoM scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef
,5891-9691 doirep eht roF .tnemyolpmE laredeF fo tropeR ylhtnoM eht ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,8691-4591 morF .ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew
hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe )MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO eht fo ycnega rossecederp ,noissimmoC ecivreS liviC .S.U :ecruoS
118,92 338,82 111,82 078,72 580,62 230,52 845,42 652,42 147,32 464,32 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT
325,81 211,81 491,81 166,71 477,61 872,61 364,61 712,61 481,61 239,51 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL
433 613 992 003 342 132 422 222 322 422 decivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC
035,3 196,3 621,4 667,3 263,3 741,3 370,3 088,2 677,2 116,2 cssergnoC fo yrarbiL
803,8 930,8 409,7 587,7 294,7 491,7 804,7 292,7 531,7 988,6 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG
137,4 664,4 562,4 612,4 410,4 440,4 112,4 783,4 585,4 827,4 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG
75 55 75 45 65 35 25 05 84 05 nedraG cinatoB .S.U
365,1 545,1 345,1 045,1 706,1 906,1 594,1 683,1 714,1 034,1 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA
seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL
721,11 127,01 719,9 902,01 113,9 457,8 580,8 930,8 755,7 235,7 a ssergnoC .S.U
0791 9691 8691 7691 6691 5691 4691 3691 2691 1691
0791-1691 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL . 6 elbaT
.serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .d
.seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .c
.sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO
ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .hcnarb evitalsigel eht rof snoitairporppa launna ni dednuf neeb ecnis sah dna ,seciffo tnednepedni
rof snoitairporppa ni dednuf saw ycnega eht ,8691YF erofeB .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b
.sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO
ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .hcnarb evitalsigel eht rof snoitairporppa launna ni dednuf neeb ecnis sah dna ,seciffo tnednepedni
rof snoitairporppa ni dednuf saw ycnega eht ,8691YF erofeB .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b
.AN dekram dna ,elbaliavanu
era sraey esoht rof srebmun etaneS dna esuoH .ssergnoC gnidaeh eht rednu detroper saw tnuoc eeyolpme etaneS dna esuoH denibmoc a ,4791-4591 morF .a
.raey hcae rof rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era seititne lla rof ataD :setoN
.tnemyolpmE laredeF fo tropeR ylhtnoM eht ni
dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,8691-4591 morF .)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO eht fo ycnega rossecederp ,noissimmoC ecivreS liviC .S.U :ecruoS
715,22 065,22 611,22 621,22 499,12 764,12 276,12 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT
156,51 456,51 555,51 596,51 567,51 167,51 150,61 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL
447,2 307,2 175,2 936,2 374,2 404,2 983,2 ssergnoC fo yrarbiL
375,6 994,6 064,6 924,6 186,6 856,6 187,6 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG
588,4 920,5 352,5 934,5 334,5 616,5 197,5 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG
84 74 64 74 84 74 74 nedraG cinatoB .S.U
104,1 673,1 522,1 141,1 031,1 630,1 340,1 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA
seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL
668,6 609,6 165,6 134,6 922,6 607,5 126,5 a ssergnoC .S.U
0691 9591 8591 7591 6591 5591 4591
0691-4591 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL . 7 elbaT
R. Eric Petersen
Analyst in American National Government
epetersen@crs.loc.gov, 7-0643
Jennifer Manning and Maureen Bearden, Information Research Specialists in the Knowledge Services
Group, provided research support for this report.
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