For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-94-834 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Order Code 94-834 Updated October 16, 2008 Cost-of-Living Adjustments for Federal Civil Service Annuities Patrick Purcell Specialist in Income Security Domestic Social Policy Division Summary Cost-of-living adjustments (COLAs) for the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) and the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) are based on the rate of inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). COLAs for both CSRS and FERS are determined by the average monthly CPI-W during the third quarter (July to September) of the current calendar year and the third quarter of the previous year. The "effective date" for COLAs is December, but they first appear in the benefit checks issued during the following January. All CSRS retirees and survivors receive COLAs. Under FERS, however, non- disabled retirees under age 62 do not receive COLAs. Survivors and disabled retirees are eligible for COLAs under FERS regardless of age. CSRS pays a COLA that is equal to the percentage change in the CPI-W during the measurement period, but COLAs under FERS are limited if the rate of inflation is greater than 2.0%. If the rate of inflation during the measurement period is between 2.0% and 3.0%, the COLA under FERS is 2.0%. If inflation is greater than 3.0%, then the COLA for FERS benefits is equal to the CPI-W minus one percentage point. Congress passed the first law requiring automatic COLAs for federal civil service retirement benefits in 1962, and it has adjusted either the formula by which they are calculated or the date on which they take effect more than a dozen times since then. The next COLA for civil service retirees will be effective in December 2008 and will appear in checks issued in January 2009. CSRS retirement benefits will increase by 5.8%. FERS retirement benefits will increase by 4.8%. COLA Formulas and Amounts CSRS applies only to federal employees first hired before 1984. It is closed to new entrants and the program will expire with the death of the last CSRS annuitant sometime around the year 2075. All civilian federal employees who were first hired in 1984 or later are covered by FERS, as are employees who voluntarily switched from CSRS to FERS CRS-2 during "open seasons" that were held in 1987 and 1998. The FERS program began operating on January 1, 1987. COLAs for CSRS annuities are based on the average monthly percentage change in the CPI-W in the third quarter (July to September) of the current calendar year compared to the third quarter one year earlier. Adjustments are effective on the first day of the month preceding the month in which they are first paid. For example, the most recent CSRS COLA of 2.3% was effective December 1, 2007, and was first applied to benefits paid in January 2008. It was equal to the average monthly percentage change in the CPI- W between the third quarter of calendar year 2006 and the third quarter of 2007. COLAs for benefits paid under FERS also are based on the percentage change in the CPI-W from third quarter to third quarter, but payment of COLAs under FERS is limited according the eligibility category of the beneficiary and the rate of inflation. COLAs are not paid to non-disabled FERS retirees as long as they are under age 62. COLAs are paid to survivors and disabled FERS retirees of any age after the first year of disability. All COLAs paid under FERS are limited if the rate of inflation exceeds 2.0%, according to the following formula: Increase in CPI-W Increase (COLA) in FERS Benefits Under 2.0% Same as CPI-W increase 2.0% to 3.0% 2.0% More than 3.0% Increase in CPI-W minus 1 percentage point History of Legislation Affecting COLAs for Civil Service Annuities P.L. 87-793 (enacted in 1962) was the first law that provided for automatic adjustments in civil service retirement and disability benefits whenever the CPI in the current year exceeded the CPI in the base year (the year in which the last adjustment occurred) by 3.0% or more. In 1965, this was changed to require an adjustment in benefits whenever the CPI for a given month was at least 3.0% higher than in the month when the last adjustment was made, and remained at that level or higher for three consecutive months. P.L. 91-93 (enacted in 1969) added one percentage to COLAs in addition to the percentage change in the CPI in order to offset the erosion of benefits that had occurred as a result of the time lag in the adjustment formula. (P.L. 91-179 did the same for COLAs paid to military retirees.) P.L. 94-440 (enacted in October 1976) repealed the one percentage point addition to COLAs. In addition, this law provided for automatic semi-annual adjustments in benefits based on the change in the CPI from June to December (effective the following March 1) and December to June (effective the following September 1). P.L. 97-35 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981) replaced semi-annual COLAs with annual COLAs based on the December-to-December change in the CPI, payable in March of the following year. CRS-3 P.L. 97-253 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1982) delayed the implementation of COLAs by one month in FY1983, FY1984, and FY1985. The FY1983 COLA was effective April 1 rather than March 1. The FY1984 COLA was scheduled for May 1 and the FY1985 COLA was scheduled for June 1. This law also mandated that non-disabled retirees under age 62 would receive 50% of the projected CPI plus the full difference in the actual CPI over these projections. The law specified that the projected CPI was 6.6% for 1983; 7.2% for 1984; and 6.6% for 1985. This provision was repealed by the supplemental appropriations law that was passed in August 1984. COLAs for January 1985 and thereafter were to be the full amount for all retirees. P.L. 97-253 limited COLAs in certain cases. Under the restriction, an annuity could not be increased by a COLA to an amount that exceeded the greater of the maximum pay for a GS-15 federal employee or the final pay of the employee (or high-3 average pay, if greater), increased by the average annual percentage change (compounded) in rates of pay of the General Schedule for the period beginning on the retiree's annuity starting date and ending on the effective date of the adjustment. P.L. 98-270 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1983, enacted April 1984) delayed the COLA scheduled for May 1984 until December (payable in January 1995). Thereafter, all COLAs were to be effective in December and payable in January and were to be based on the change in the average monthly CPI-W from third-quarter to third- quarter. This formula and schedule are the same as those used to calculate COLAs in the Social Security program, as required by P.L. 98-21 (Social Security Amendments of 1983). P.L. 98-369 (Deficit Reduction Act of 1984) specified that civilian and military retirement COLAs are to be paid in checks issued on the first business day of the month following the month in which they are effective. (COLAs that are effective in December are to be paid in checks issued in January.) P.L. 99-177 (Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1981 (Gramm- Rudman-Hollings)). This law suspended all civil service retirement COLAs for FY1986 and for all subsequent years in which the specified deficit reduction targets for the year would not otherwise be met. P.L. 99-509 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986). This law reinstated COLAs for programs in which they were subject to suspension under P.L. 99-177 for FY1987-FY1991. P.L. 100-119 (Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987). This law permanently exempted the programs subject to suspension of COLAs under P.L. 99-177 from the suspensions required by that law. P.L. 103-66 (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993). This law postponed the effective date of COLAs from December to March for FY1994-FY1996. The CPI measurement period was not changed. CRS-4 Table 1. COLAs in Civil Service Retirement Benefits CSRS Benefit FERS Benefit CPI Increase During COLA Effective Datea Increase Increase Measurement Period December 1965 6.1% -- 4.6% January 1967 3.9 -- 3.9 May 1968 3.9 -- 3.9 March 1969 3.9 -- 3.9 November 1969 5.0 -- 4.0 August 1970 5.6 -- 4.6 June 1971 4.5 -- 3.5 July 1972 4.8 -- 3.8 July 1973 6.1 -- 5.1 January 1974 5.5 -- 4.5 July 1974 6.3 -- 5.3 January 1975 7.3 -- 6.3 August 1975 5.1 -- 4.1 March 1976 5.4 -- 4.4 March 1977 4.8 -- 4.8 September 1977 4.3 -- 4.3 March 1978 2.4 -- 2.4 September 1978 4.9 -- 4.9 March 1979 3.9 -- 3.9 September 1979 6.9 -- 6.9 March 1980 6.0 -- 6.0 September 1980 7.7 -- 7.7 March 1981 4.4 -- 4.4 March 1982 8.7 -- 8.7 April 1983 3.9 -- 3.9 December 1984 3.5 -- 3.5 December 1985 0.0 -- 3.1 December 1986 1.3 -- 1.3 December 1987 4.2 -- 4.2 December 1988 4.0 3.0 4.0 December 1989 4.7 3.7 4.7 December 1990 5.4 4.4 5.4 December 1991 3.7 2.7 3.7 December 1992 3.0 2.0 3.0 March 1994 2.6 2.0 2.6 March 1995 2.8 2.0 2.8 March 1996 2.6 2.0 2.6 December 1996 2.9 2.0 2.9 CRS-5 CSRS Benefit FERS Benefit CPI Increase During COLA Effective Datea Increase Increase Measurement Period December 1997 2.1 2.0 2.1 December 1998 1.3 1.3 1.3 December 1999 2.4 2.0 2.4 December 2000 3.5 2.5 3.5 December 2001 2.6 2.0 2.6 December 2002 1.4 1.4 1.4 December 2003 2.1 2.0 2.1 December 2004 2.7 2.0 2.7 December 2005 4.1 3.1 4.1 December 2006 3.3 2.3 3.3 December 2007 2.3 2.0 2.3 December 2008 5.8 4.8 5.8 Source: The Congressional Research Service. Note: Includes pensions for Members of Congress. a. Benefit increases are actually paid in checks issued the first of the following month. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-94-834