

Currently released so far... 51122 / 251,287
Articles
Brazil
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
Sweden
00. Editorial
United States
Latin America
Egypt
Jordan
Yemen
Thailand
Browse latest releases
2010/12/01
2010/12/02
2010/12/03
2010/12/04
2010/12/05
2010/12/06
2010/12/07
2010/12/08
2010/12/09
2010/12/10
2010/12/11
2010/12/12
2010/12/13
2010/12/14
2010/12/15
2010/12/16
2010/12/17
2010/12/18
2010/12/19
2010/12/20
2010/12/21
2010/12/22
2010/12/23
2010/12/24
2010/12/25
2010/12/26
2010/12/27
2010/12/28
2010/12/29
2010/12/30
2011/01/01
2011/01/02
2011/01/04
2011/01/05
2011/01/07
2011/01/09
2011/01/11
2011/01/12
2011/01/13
2011/01/14
2011/01/15
2011/01/16
2011/01/17
2011/01/18
2011/01/19
2011/01/20
2011/01/21
2011/01/22
2011/01/23
2011/01/24
2011/01/25
2011/01/26
2011/01/27
2011/01/28
2011/01/29
2011/01/30
2011/01/31
2011/02/01
2011/02/02
2011/02/03
2011/02/04
2011/02/05
2011/02/06
2011/02/07
2011/02/08
2011/02/09
2011/02/10
2011/02/11
2011/02/12
2011/02/13
2011/02/14
2011/02/15
2011/02/16
2011/02/17
2011/02/18
2011/02/19
2011/02/20
2011/02/21
2011/02/22
2011/02/23
2011/02/24
2011/02/25
2011/02/26
2011/02/27
2011/02/28
2011/03/01
2011/03/02
2011/03/03
2011/03/04
2011/03/05
2011/03/06
2011/03/07
2011/03/08
2011/03/09
2011/03/10
2011/03/11
2011/03/13
2011/03/14
2011/03/15
2011/03/16
2011/03/17
2011/03/18
2011/03/19
2011/03/20
2011/03/21
2011/03/22
2011/03/23
2011/03/24
2011/03/25
2011/03/26
2011/03/27
2011/03/28
2011/03/29
2011/03/30
2011/03/31
2011/04/01
2011/04/02
2011/04/03
2011/04/04
2011/04/05
2011/04/06
2011/04/07
2011/04/08
2011/04/09
2011/04/10
2011/04/11
2011/04/12
2011/04/13
2011/04/14
2011/04/15
2011/04/16
2011/04/17
2011/04/18
2011/04/19
2011/04/20
2011/04/21
2011/04/22
2011/04/23
2011/04/24
2011/04/25
2011/04/26
2011/04/27
2011/04/28
2011/04/29
2011/04/30
2011/05/01
2011/05/02
2011/05/03
2011/05/04
2011/05/05
2011/05/06
2011/05/07
2011/05/08
2011/05/09
2011/05/10
2011/05/11
2011/05/12
2011/05/13
2011/05/14
2011/05/15
2011/05/16
2011/05/17
2011/05/18
2011/05/19
2011/05/20
2011/05/21
2011/05/22
2011/05/23
2011/05/24
2011/05/25
2011/05/26
2011/05/27
2011/05/28
2011/05/29
2011/05/30
2011/05/31
2011/06/01
2011/06/02
2011/06/03
2011/06/04
2011/06/05
2011/06/06
2011/06/07
2011/06/08
2011/06/09
2011/06/10
2011/06/11
2011/06/12
2011/06/13
2011/06/14
2011/06/15
2011/06/16
2011/06/17
2011/06/18
2011/06/19
2011/06/20
2011/06/21
2011/06/22
2011/06/23
2011/06/24
2011/06/25
2011/06/26
2011/06/27
2011/06/28
2011/06/29
2011/06/30
2011/07/01
2011/07/02
2011/07/04
2011/07/05
2011/07/06
2011/07/07
2011/07/08
2011/07/10
2011/07/11
2011/07/12
2011/07/13
2011/07/14
2011/07/15
2011/07/16
2011/07/17
2011/07/18
2011/07/19
2011/07/20
2011/07/21
2011/07/22
2011/07/23
2011/07/25
2011/07/27
2011/07/28
2011/07/29
2011/07/31
2011/08/01
2011/08/02
2011/08/03
2011/08/05
2011/08/06
2011/08/07
2011/08/08
2011/08/09
2011/08/10
2011/08/11
2011/08/12
2011/08/13
2011/08/15
2011/08/16
2011/08/17
2011/08/18
2011/08/19
2011/08/21
2011/08/22
2011/08/23
2011/08/24
Browse by creation date
Browse by origin
Embassy Athens
Embassy Asuncion
Embassy Astana
Embassy Asmara
Embassy Ashgabat
Embassy Apia
Embassy Antananarivo
Embassy Ankara
Embassy Amman
Embassy Algiers
Embassy Addis Ababa
Embassy Accra
Embassy Abuja
Embassy Abu Dhabi
Embassy Abidjan
Consulate Auckland
Consulate Amsterdam
Consulate Alexandria
Consulate Adana
American Institute Taiwan, Taipei
Embasy Bonn
Embassy Bujumbura
Embassy Buenos Aires
Embassy Budapest
Embassy Bucharest
Embassy Brussels
Embassy Bridgetown
Embassy Brazzaville
Embassy Bratislava
Embassy Brasilia
Embassy Bogota
Embassy Bishkek
Embassy Bern
Embassy Berlin
Embassy Belmopan
Embassy Belgrade
Embassy Beirut
Embassy Beijing
Embassy Banjul
Embassy Bangui
Embassy Bangkok
Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan
Embassy Bamako
Embassy Baku
Embassy Baghdad
Consulate Belfast
Consulate Barcelona
Embassy Cotonou
Embassy Copenhagen
Embassy Conakry
Embassy Colombo
Embassy Chisinau
Embassy Caracas
Embassy Canberra
Embassy Cairo
Consulate Curacao
Consulate Ciudad Juarez
Consulate Chiang Mai
Consulate Chennai
Consulate Chengdu
Consulate Casablanca
Consulate Cape Town
Consulate Calgary
Embassy Dushanbe
Embassy Dublin
Embassy Doha
Embassy Djibouti
Embassy Dili
Embassy Dhaka
Embassy Dar Es Salaam
Embassy Damascus
Embassy Dakar
DIR FSINFATC
Consulate Dusseldorf
Consulate Durban
Consulate Dubai
Consulate Dhahran
Embassy Guatemala
Embassy Grenada
Embassy Georgetown
Embassy Gaborone
Consulate Guayaquil
Consulate Guangzhou
Consulate Guadalajara
Embassy Helsinki
Embassy Harare
Embassy Hanoi
Consulate Hong Kong
Consulate Ho Chi Minh City
Consulate Hermosillo
Consulate Hamilton
Consulate Hamburg
Consulate Halifax
Embassy Kyiv
Embassy Kuwait
Embassy Kuala Lumpur
Embassy Kolonia
Embassy Kinshasa
Embassy Kingston
Embassy Kigali
Embassy Khartoum
Embassy Kathmandu
Embassy Kampala
Embassy Kabul
Consulate Krakow
Consulate Kolkata
Consulate Karachi
Embassy Luxembourg
Embassy Lusaka
Embassy Luanda
Embassy London
Embassy Lome
Embassy Ljubljana
Embassy Lisbon
Embassy Lima
Embassy Lilongwe
Embassy Libreville
Embassy La Paz
Consulate Leipzig
Consulate Lahore
Consulate Lagos
Mission USOSCE
Mission USNATO
Mission UNESCO
Mission Geneva
Embassy Muscat
Embassy Moscow
Embassy Montevideo
Embassy Monrovia
Embassy Mogadishu
Embassy Minsk
Embassy Mexico
Embassy Mbabane
Embassy Maseru
Embassy Maputo
Embassy Manila
Embassy Manama
Embassy Managua
Embassy Malabo
Embassy Madrid
Consulate Munich
Consulate Mumbai
Consulate Montreal
Consulate Monterrey
Consulate Milan
Consulate Merida
Consulate Melbourne
Consulate Matamoros
Consulate Marseille
Embassy Nouakchott
Embassy Nicosia
Embassy Niamey
Embassy New Delhi
Embassy Ndjamena
Embassy Nassau
Embassy Nairobi
Consulate Nuevo Laredo
Consulate Naples
Consulate Naha
Consulate Nagoya
Embassy Pristina
Embassy Pretoria
Embassy Praia
Embassy Prague
Embassy Port Of Spain
Embassy Port Moresby
Embassy Port Louis
Embassy Port Au Prince
Embassy Podgorica
Embassy Phnom Penh
Embassy Paris
Embassy Paramaribo
Embassy Panama
Consulate Peshawar
REO Hillah
REO Basrah
Embassy Rome
Embassy Riyadh
Embassy Riga
Embassy Reykjavik
Embassy Rangoon
Embassy Rabat
Consulate Rio De Janeiro
Consulate Recife
Secretary of State
Embassy Suva
Embassy Stockholm
Embassy Sofia
Embassy Skopje
Embassy Singapore
Embassy Seoul
Embassy Sarajevo
Embassy Santo Domingo
Embassy Santiago
Embassy Sanaa
Embassy San Salvador
Embassy San Jose
Consulate Surabaya
Consulate Strasbourg
Consulate St Petersburg
Consulate Shenyang
Consulate Shanghai
Consulate Sapporo
Consulate Sao Paulo
Embassy Tunis
Embassy Tripoli
Embassy Tokyo
Embassy Tirana
Embassy The Hague
Embassy Tel Aviv
Embassy Tehran
Embassy Tegucigalpa
Embassy Tbilisi
Embassy Tashkent
Embassy Tallinn
Consulate Toronto
Consulate Tijuana
Consulate Thessaloniki
USUN New York
USMISSION USTR GENEVA
USEU Brussels
US Office Almaty
US Mission Geneva
US Mission CD Geneva
US Interests Section Havana
US Delegation, Secretary
UNVIE
UN Rome
Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Embassy Vilnius
Embassy Vientiane
Embassy Vienna
Embassy Vatican
Embassy Valletta
Consulate Vladivostok
Consulate Vancouver
Browse by tag
AMGT
ASEC
AEMR
AR
APECO
AU
AORC
ADANA
AJ
AF
AFIN
AMED
AS
AM
ABLD
AFFAIRS
AMB
APER
ACOA
AND
AA
AE
AADP
AID
AO
AL
AG
AORD
ADM
AINF
AINT
ASEAN
AORG
ABT
APEC
AY
ASUP
ARF
AGOA
AVIAN
ATRN
ANET
AGIT
ASECVE
ABUD
AODE
ALOW
ADB
AN
ADPM
ASPA
ARABL
AFSN
AZ
AC
AIAG
AFSI
ASCE
ASIG
ACABQ
ADIP
AFGHANISTAN
AROC
ADCO
ACOTA
ANARCHISTS
AMEDCASCKFLO
AK
ARABBL
ASCH
ANTITERRORISM
AGRICULTURE
AOCR
ARR
ASSEMBLY
AORCYM
AFPK
ACKM
AGMT
AEC
APRC
AIN
AFPREL
ASFC
ASECTH
AFSA
AINR
AOPC
AFAF
AFARI
AX
ASECAF
ASECAFIN
AT
AFZAL
APCS
AGAO
AIT
ARCH
AEMRASECCASCKFLOMARRPRELPINRAMGTJMXL
AMEX
ARM
AQ
ATFN
AMBASSADOR
AORCD
AVIATION
ARAS
AINFCY
ACBAQ
AOPR
AREP
AOIC
ASEX
ASEK
AER
AGR
AMCT
AVERY
APR
AEMRS
AFU
AMG
ATPDEA
ASECKFRDCVISKIRFPHUMSMIGEG
AORL
ACS
AMCHAMS
AECL
AUC
ACAO
BA
BR
BB
BG
BEXP
BY
BRUSSELS
BU
BD
BTIO
BK
BL
BE
BMGT
BO
BM
BX
BN
BWC
BBSR
BTT
BC
BH
BILAT
BUSH
BHUM
BT
BTC
BMENA
BOND
BAIO
BP
BF
BRPA
BURNS
BUT
BBG
BCW
BOEHNER
BOL
BASHAR
BIDEN
BFIN
BZ
BEXPC
BTIU
CPAS
CA
CASC
CS
CBW
CIDA
CO
CODEL
CI
CROS
CU
CH
CWC
CMGT
CVIS
CDG
CTR
CG
CF
CHIEF
CJAN
CBSA
CE
CY
CB
CW
CM
CHR
CD
COE
CV
COUNTER
CT
CN
CPUOS
CTERR
CVR
CVPR
CDC
COUNTRY
CLEARANCE
CONS
COM
CACS
CR
CONTROLS
CAN
CACM
COMMERCE
CAMBODIA
CFIS
COUNTERTERRORISM
CITES
CONDOLEEZZA
CZ
CTBT
CEN
CLINTON
CFED
CARC
CTM
CARICOM
CSW
CICTE
CYPRUS
CBE
CMGMT
CARSON
CWCM
CIVS
COUNTRYCLEARANCE
CENTCOM
CAPC
COPUOS
CKGR
CITEL
CQ
CITT
CIC
CARIB
CVIC
CAFTA
CVISU
CDB
CEDAW
CNC
CJUS
COMMAND
CENTER
COL
CAJC
CONSULAR
CLMT
CBC
CIA
CNARC
CIS
CEUDA
CHINA
CAC
CL
DR
DJ
DEMOCRATIC
DEMARCHE
DOMESTIC
DISENGAGEMENT
DB
DA
DHS
DAO
DCM
DAVID
DO
DEAX
DEFENSE
DEA
DTRO
DPRK
DOC
DTRA
DK
DAC
DOD
DRL
DRC
DCG
DE
DOT
DEPT
DOE
DS
DKEM
ECON
ETTC
EFIS
ETRD
EC
EMIN
EAGR
EAID
EFIN
EUN
ECIN
EG
EWWT
EINV
ENRG
ELAB
EPET
EIND
EN
EAIR
EUMEM
ECPS
ES
EI
ELTN
ET
EZ
EU
ER
EINT
ENGR
ECONOMIC
ENIV
EFTA
ETRN
EMS
EUREM
EPA
ESTH
EEB
EET
ENV
EAG
EXIM
ECTRD
ELNT
ENVIRONMENT
ECA
EAP
EINDIR
ETR
ECONOMY
ETRC
ELECTIONS
EICN
EXPORT
EARG
EGHG
EID
ETRO
EINF
EAIDHO
ECIP
EENV
EURM
EPEC
ERNG
ENERG
EIAD
EXBS
ED
EREL
ELAM
EK
EWT
ENGRD
EDEV
ECE
ENGY
EXIMOPIC
ETRDEC
ECCT
EUR
ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID
EFI
ECOSOC
EXTERNAL
ESCAP
ETCC
EENG
ERA
ENRD
ECLAC
ETRAD
EBRD
ENVR
ECONENRG
ELTNSNAR
ELAP
EPIT
EDUC
EAIDXMXAXBXFFR
EETC
EIVN
EDRC
EGOV
ETRA
EAIDRW
ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS
ESA
ETRDGK
ENVI
ELN
EPRT
EPTED
ERTD
EUM
EAIDS
EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM
EDU
EV
EAIDAF
EDA
EPREL
EINVEFIN
EAGER
ETMIN
EUCOM
ECCP
EIDN
EINVKSCA
ENNP
EFINECONCS
ETC
EAIRASECCASCID
EINN
ETRP
ECONOMICS
ENERGY
EIAR
EINDETRD
ECONEFIN
EURN
ETRDEINVTINTCS
EFIM
ETIO
EATO
EIPR
EINVETC
ETTD
ETDR
EIQ
ECONCS
ENRGIZ
EAIG
ENTG
EUC
ERD
EINVECONSENVCSJA
EEPET
EUNCH
ESENV
ECINECONCS
ETRDECONWTOCS
ECUN
FR
FI
FOREIGN
FARM
FIR
FAO
FK
FARC
FAS
FJ
FREEDOM
FAC
FINANCE
FBI
FTAA
FM
FCS
FAA
FORCE
FDA
FTA
FT
FCSC
FMGT
FINR
FIN
FDIC
FOR
FOI
FO
FMLN
FISO
GM
GERARD
GT
GA
GG
GR
GTIP
GH
GZ
GE
GB
GY
GAZA
GJ
GEORGE
GOI
GCC
GMUS
GI
GLOBAL
GV
GC
GL
GOV
GKGIC
GF
GWI
GIPNC
GUTIERREZ
GTMO
GANGS
GAERC
GUILLERMO
GASPAR
HR
HA
HYMPSK
HO
HK
HUMAN
HU
HN
HHS
HURI
HUD
HUMRIT
HUMANITARIAN
HUMANR
HL
HSTC
HILLARY
HCOPIL
HADLEY
HOURANI
HI
HUM
HEBRON
HUMOR
IZ
IN
IAEA
IS
IMO
ILO
IR
IC
IT
ITU
ID
IV
IMF
IBRD
IWC
ICAO
ICRC
INF
IO
IPR
ISO
IK
ISRAELI
IQ
ICES
IDB
INFLUENZA
IRAQI
ISCON
IGAD
IRAN
ITALY
IRAQ
ICTY
ICTR
ITPGOV
ITALIAN
IQNV
IADB
INTERNAL
INMARSAT
IRDB
ILC
INCB
INRB
ICJ
ISRAEL
INR
IEA
ISPA
ICCAT
IOM
ITRD
IHO
IL
IFAD
ITRA
IDLI
ISCA
INL
INRA
INTELSAT
ISAF
ISPL
IRS
IEF
ITER
INDO
IIP
IND
IEFIN
IACI
IAHRC
INNP
IA
INTERPOL
IFIN
ISSUES
IZPREL
IRAJ
IF
ITPHUM
ITA
IP
IRPE
IDA
ISLAMISTS
ITF
INRO
IBET
IDP
IRC
KMDR
KPAO
KOMC
KNNP
KFLO
KDEM
KSUM
KIPR
KFLU
KE
KCRM
KJUS
KAWC
KZ
KSCA
KDRG
KCOR
KGHG
KPAL
KTIP
KMCA
KCRS
KPKO
KOLY
KRVC
KVPR
KG
KWBG
KTER
KS
KN
KSPR
KWMN
KV
KTFN
KFRD
KU
KSTC
KSTH
KISL
KGIC
KSEP
KFIN
KTEX
KTIA
KUNR
KCMR
KCIP
KMOC
KTDB
KBIO
KBCT
KMPI
KSAF
KACT
KFEM
KPRV
KPWR
KIRC
KCFE
KRIM
KHIV
KHLS
KVIR
KNNNP
KCEM
KLIG
KIRF
KNUP
KSAC
KNUC
KPGOV
KTDD
KIDE
KOMS
KLFU
KNNC
KMFO
KSEO
KJRE
KJUST
KMRS
KSRE
KGIT
KPIR
KPOA
KUWAIT
KIVP
KICC
KSCS
KPOL
KSEAO
KRCM
KSCI
KNAP
KGLB
KICA
KCUL
KPRM
KFSC
KQ
KPOP
KPFO
KPALAOIS
KREC
KBWG
KR
KTTB
KNAR
KCOM
KESS
KINR
KOCI
KWN
KCSY
KREL
KTBT
KFTN
KW
KRFD
KFLOA
KHDP
KNEP
KIND
KHUM
KSKN
KOMO
KDRL
KTFIN
KSOC
KPO
KGIV
KSTCPL
KSI
KPRP
KFPC
KNNB
KNDP
KICCPUR
KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KDMR
KFCE
KIMMITT
KMCC
KMNP
KSEC
KOMCSG
KGCC
KRAD
KCRP
KAUST
KWAWC
KCHG
KRDP
KPAS
KTIAPARM
KPAOPREL
KWGB
KIRP
KMIG
KLAB
KSEI
KHSA
KNPP
KPAONZ
KWWW
KGHA
KY
KCRIM
KCRCM
KGCN
KPLS
KIIP
KPAOY
KTRD
KTAO
KJU
KBTS
KWAC
KFIU
KNNO
KPAI
KILS
KPA
KRCS
KWBGSY
KNPPIS
KNNPMNUC
KNPT
KERG
KLTN
KPREL
KTLA
KO
KAWK
KVRP
KAID
KX
KENV
KWCI
KNPR
KCFC
KNEI
KFTFN
KTFM
KCERS
KDEMAF
KMEPI
KEMS
KBTR
KEDU
KIRL
KNNR
KMPT
KPDD
KPIN
KDEV
KFRP
KTBD
KMSG
KWWMN
KWBC
KA
KOM
KWNM
KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KRGY
KNNF
KICR
KIFR
KWMNCS
KPAK
KDDG
KCGC
KID
KNSD
KMPF
KWMM
MARR
MX
MASS
MOPS
MNUC
MCAP
MTCRE
MRCRE
MTRE
MASC
MY
MK
MG
MU
MILI
MO
MZ
MEPP
MCC
MEDIA
MOPPS
MI
MAS
MW
MP
MEPN
MV
MD
MR
MC
MCA
MT
MIL
MARITIME
MOPSGRPARM
MAAR
MOOPS
ML
MA
MN
MNUCPTEREZ
MTCR
MUNC
MPOS
MONUC
MGMT
MURRAY
MACP
MINUSTAH
MCCONNELL
MGT
MNUR
MF
MEPI
MOHAMMAD
MAR
MAPP
MNU
MFA
MTS
MLS
MEETINGS
MERCOSUR
MED
MNVC
MIK
MBM
MILITARY
MAPS
MARAD
MDC
MACEDONIA
MASSMNUC
MUCN
MQADHAFI
MPS
NZ
NATO
NI
NO
NU
NG
NL
NPT
NS
NA
NP
NASA
NSF
NEA
NANCY
NSG
NRR
NATIONAL
NMNUC
NC
NSC
NAS
NARC
NELSON
NATEU
NDP
NIH
NK
NIPP
NR
NERG
NSSP
NE
NTDB
NT
NEGROPONTE
NGO
NATOIRAQ
NAR
NZUS
NCCC
NH
NAFTA
NEW
NRG
NUIN
NOVO
NATOPREL
NV
NICHOLAS
NPA
NSFO
NW
NORAD
NPG
NOAA
OPRC
OPDC
OTRA
OECD
OVIP
OREP
ODC
OIIP
OAS
OSCE
OPIC
OMS
OFDP
OFDA
OEXC
OPCW
OIE
OSCI
OM
OPAD
ODPC
OIC
ODIP
OPPI
ORA
OCEA
OREG
OMIG
OFFICIALS
OSAC
OEXP
OPEC
OFPD
OAU
OCII
OIL
OVIPPRELUNGANU
OSHA
OPCD
OPCR
OF
OFDPQIS
OSIC
OHUM
OTR
OBSP
OGAC
OESC
OVP
ON
OES
OTAR
OCS
PREL
PGOV
PARM
PINR
PHUM
PM
PREF
PTER
PK
PINS
PBIO
PHSA
PE
PBTS
PA
PL
POL
PAK
POV
POLITICS
POLICY
PO
PRELTBIOBA
PKO
PIN
PNAT
PU
PGOVPREL
PALESTINIAN
PTERPGOV
PELOSI
PAS
PP
PTEL
PROP
PRELAF
PRHUM
PRE
PUNE
PIRF
PVOV
PROG
PERSONS
PROV
PKK
PRGOV
PH
PLAB
PDEM
PCI
PRL
PRM
PINSO
PERM
PETR
PPAO
PERL
PBS
PETERS
PRELBR
PCON
POLITICAL
PMIL
POLM
PKPA
PNUM
PLO
PTERM
PJUS
PARMP
PNIR
PHUMKPAL
PG
PREZ
PGIC
PAO
PROTECTION
PRELPK
PGOVENRG
PATTY
PSOC
PARTIES
PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ
PMIG
PAIGH
PARK
PETER
PHUS
PKPO
PGOVECON
POUS
PMAR
PWBG
PAR
PGOVGM
PHUH
PTE
PY
POLUN
PDOV
PGOVSOCI
PGOVPM
PRELEVU
PGOR
PBTSRU
PHUMA
PHUMR
PPD
PGV
PRAM
PARMS
PINL
PSI
PKPAL
PPA
PTERE
PGOF
PINO
PREO
PHAS
PAC
PRESL
PORG
PS
PGVO
PKFK
PSOE
PEPR
PINT
PRELP
PREFA
PNG
PTBS
PFOR
PGOVLO
PHUMBA
PREK
PHJM
POLINT
PGOVE
PHALANAGE
PARTY
PECON
PEACE
PROCESS
PLN
PEDRO
PF
PGPV
PCUL
PGGV
PSA
PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA
PGIV
PHUMPREL
POGOV
PEL
PBT
PAMQ
PINF
PSEPC
POSTS
PAHO
PHUMPGOV
PGOC
PNR
RS
RP
RU
RW
RFE
RCMP
RIGHTSPOLMIL
REFORM
RO
ROW
ROBERT
REACTION
REPORT
REGION
RELATIONS
RAY
ROBERTG
RIGHTS
RM
RATIFICATION
RREL
RBI
RICE
ROOD
REL
RODHAM
RGY
RUEHZO
RELIGIOUS
RELFREE
RUEUN
RELAM
RSP
RF
REO
REGIONAL
RUPREL
RI
REMON
RPEL
RSO
SCUL
SENV
SOCI
SZ
SNAR
SO
SP
SU
SY
SI
SMIG
SYR
SA
SW
SF
SR
SYRIA
SNARM
START
SPECIALIST
SG
SNIG
SCI
SGWI
SE
SIPDIS
SANC
SELAB
SN
SETTLEMENTS
SCIENCE
SENVENV
SENS
SPCE
SPAS
SECURITY
SENC
SOCIETY
SOSI
SENVEAGREAIDTBIOECONSOCIXR
SEN
SPECI
ST
SL
SENVCASCEAIDID
SC
SECRETARY
STR
SNA
SOCIS
SADC
SEP
SK
SHUM
SYAI
SMIL
STEPHEN
SNRV
SKCA
SENSITIVE
SECI
SCUD
SCRM
SGNV
SECTOR
SAARC
SENVSXE
SWMN
STEINBERG
SOPN
SOCR
SCRS
SWE
SARS
SNARIZ
SUDAN
SENVQGR
SAN
SM
SFNV
SSA
SPCVIS
SOFA
SCULKPAOECONTU
SENVKGHG
SHI
SEVN
SH
SNARCS
SNARN
SIPRS
TBIO
TW
TRGY
TSPA
TU
TPHY
TI
TX
TH
TIP
TSPL
TNGD
TZ
TS
TC
TK
TURKEY
TERRORISM
TPSL
TINT
TRSY
TERFIN
TPP
TT
TECHNOLOGY
TE
TAGS
TRAFFICKING
TJ
TN
TO
TD
TP
TREATY
TR
TA
TIO
TECH
TF
TRAD
TNDG
TWI
TPSA
TWL
TAUSCHER
TRBY
TL
TV
THPY
TSPAM
TREL
TRT
TNAR
TFIN
TWCH
THOMMA
THOMAS
TERROR
TRY
TBID
UK
UNESCO
UNSC
UNGA
UN
US
UZ
USEU
UG
UP
UNAUS
UNMIK
USTR
UY
USUN
UNEP
UNDC
UV
UNPUOS
UNSCR
USAID
UNODC
UNRCR
UNHCR
UNDP
UNCRIME
UA
UNHRC
UNRWA
UNO
UNCND
UNCHR
USAU
UNICEF
USPS
UNOMIG
UNESCOSCULPRELPHUMKPALCUIRXFVEKV
UR
UNFICYP
UNCITRAL
UNAMA
UNVIE
USTDA
USNC
UNCSD
USCC
UNEF
UNGAPL
USSC
UNMIC
UNTAC
UNCLASSIFIED
USDA
UNCTAD
USGS
UNFPA
UNSE
USOAS
UE
UAE
UNCHS
UNDESCO
UNC
UNSCS
UKXG
UNGACG
UNHR
UNBRO
UNCHC
UNFCYP
UNIDROIT
WHTI
WIPO
WTRO
WHO
WTO
WMO
WFP
WEET
WS
WE
WA
WHA
WBG
WILLIAM
WI
WSIS
WCL
WEBZ
WZ
WW
WWBG
WMD
WWT
WMN
WWARD
WITH
WTRQ
WCO
WEU
WB
WBEG
Browse by classification
Community resources
courage is contagious
Viewing cable 08BEIJING4631, Ruby Trade in China: Opaque at Best
If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs
Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
- The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
- The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
- The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #08BEIJING4631.
Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
08BEIJING4631 | 2008-12-22 23:06 | 2011-08-23 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Beijing |
VZCZCXRO2903
PP RUEHCN RUEHGH RUEHVC
DE RUEHBJ #4631/01 3572306
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
P 222306Z DEC 08
FM AMEMBASSY BEIJING
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 1534
INFO RUEHOO/CHINA POSTS COLLECTIVE
RUCPDOC/DEPT OF COMMERCE WASHDC
RUEHGO/AMEMBASSY RANGOON 4743
RUEHBK/AMEMBASSY BANGKOK 6551
RUEHHI/AMEMBASSY HANOI 3780
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 05 BEIJING 004631
STATE PASS TO USTR
SENSITIVE
SIPDIS
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: ETRD EFIN ECON EMIN PGOV PREL CN BM
SUBJECT: Ruby Trade in China: Opaque at Best
REF: A) STATE 127059
THIS CABLE IS SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED. NOT FOR INTERNET
DISTRIBUTION. PLEASE HANDLE ACCORDINGLY.
¶1. (SBU) This is a preliminary response to REF A request for
information on the ruby trade in China.
SUMMARY: Burmese rubies apparently are entering China primarily via
"walk across" trade at the Burma-China border as well as through
other intermediaries, primarily Thailand. The ruby trade is lightly
regulated, if at all, by the Chinese government, documentation of
the authenticity of rubies sold in China is optional, and origin
testing for rubies is not widely used. Trade volume numbers are not
readily available. MOFCOM reluctance to speak to embassy on this
issue, as well as preliminary information gathered, suggests there
would be significant challenges to establishing a reliable and
verifiable chain of custody for rubies in China.END SUMMARY.
¶2. (SBU) In response to STATE 127059, AmEmbassy Beijing officers
interviewed, over the period of December 12 to December 19, local
ruby sellers, ranging from small vendors to high-end jewelry shops,
industry association representatives, PRC government officials, and
gem experts to gather information on the ruby trade detailed below.
ConGens Chengdu and Guangzhou also contributed substantially to this
report. Information from AmEmbassy Rangoon is also included to
provide supporting context.
Import Sources and Origin of Rubies
-----------------------------------
¶3. (SBU) Vice-Secretary-General of the Gems and Jewelry Trade
Association of China (GAC), Yu Xiaojin, and the Vice-Director of the
National Gemstone Testing Center of China (NGTC), Ke Jie, told
emboffs that most of the rubies imported into China come from
Thailand. Neither was willing to venture an estimate of total
import volumes of rubies, besides saying that the market for rubies
in China is "very small." In addition, ConGen Guangzhou reported
that a manager at the Guangdong Provincial Gem and Precious Metal
Testing Centre as well as the owners of two jewelry companies
operating in Guangzhou estimate that 90 percent of colored gems
imported into China are from Thailand. Again, the sources were not
able to put a number on ruby imports into China. Mr. Yu also noted
that that most of the rubies imported into China are not accompanied
by certificates of origin, so it is difficult to say conclusively
whether rubies are mined in Thailand, for example, or simply cut and
polished there.
¶4. (SBU) Emboffs' sampling of five small retail jewelry shops in
Beijing showed that rubies sold in the local market are tagged as
Burmese, Vietnamese, Thai, and Sri Lankan. Amembassy Rangoon notes
that gems and jade "walk" across the Burmese border into China and
Thailand, but says that there is no way to estimate how many move
annually in this way. Amembassy Rangoon also advises that there are
indications that usually lesser quality stones are walked across the
border, and high quality stones are seized inside Burma by the
Government of Burma and sold at official GOB auctions that take
place several times per year. (Note: Embassy Rangoon is clearly
better placed to comment on the other side of the trade, we share
this information here only to help put the Chinese information in
context. End note.) One local Beijing vendor even acknowledged that
the rubies in his store were purchased at a Burmese auction and
carried into China's Yunnan province by the shop owner without
passing through any customs unit or administrative body. According
to ConGen Chengdu, conditions along the Burma-China border are well
suited to foster high levels of unregulated trade between the two
countries.
¶5. (SBU) ConGen Guangzhou also highlights an October 2008 online
article from Mizzima News stating that, "Despite the US embargo,
Burma's military junta earlier this month held a gem exhibition in
Rangoon, which generated more than USD 172 million. The sale drew
2648 gem merchants from nearly a dozen countries, including China,
Thailand, Japan and Canada." In addition, Guangzhou congenoffs
recall seeing a Burmese Times article from October 2008 claiming
that of the 2,648 gem merchants at the gem exhibition, 2,200 were
Chinese.
Chain of Custody - Report from ConGen Chengdu
---------------------------------------------
¶6. (SBU) ConGen Chengdu advises that shop workers in the free trade
zone on the Burma-China border near the Chinese town of Ruili say
that nearly all the precious stones from Burma sold there first go
to the Guangzhou area in the Chinese province of Guangdong for
processing and then come back to Ruili for sale. (Note: Processing
BEIJING 00004631 002 OF 005
refers to designing the setting for the gem and completing the piece
of jewelry. It does not include cutting and polishing of the stone.
End note.) Shop owners in Ruili say that many Chinese come to the
border to buy gemstone jewelry so they can feel more assured that
they are not getting fake gems. Even customers from Guangzhou
travel to Ruili to buy Burmese stones that just came back from
polishing in Guangzhou. ConGen Chengdu speculates that such buyers
-- who arrive by bus -- are tourists, as business owners and
industry insiders might know that the stones can be purchased in
Guangzhou and that the trip to Ruili is unnecessary. ( Note:
interviewees in Ruili did not specify a specific pattern for rubies,
but referred to all colored gemstones. End note.)
Chain of Custody - Report from ConGen Guangzhou
--------------------------------------------- --
¶7. (SBU) Like ConGen Chengdu, ConGen Guangzhou also reports that
many gems go to Guangzhou for processing. When asked by Congenoffs
about how colored gems arrived at Guangzhou processing centers, the
processing industry contacts said they were not sure, as the
shipping arrangements and customs clearances were usually handled by
the suppliers. The manager of the Guangdong Provincial Gem and
Precious Metal Testing Centre said rubies must be declared to
customs and duties must be paid in China. Mr. Li Chaoran, Executive
Vice Chair of the GZ Jewelry Association, told Congenoffs that
normally the rubies were carried by suitcase, but the buyers almost
never ask how the rubies are imported, in order perhaps to avoid
learning they are stolen gems. (Note: Mr. Li would not specify
where the rubies are arriving from via suitcase).
¶8. (SBU) Guangzhou industry contacts also report that even if the
gems are originally from Burma, they are shipped first to Bangkok
for cutting and polishing, then sent to Guangzhou for processing.
These sources also advise that most rubies are tagged in the place
they are polished and cut as originating there. Therefore, it is
difficult from here to verify that the estimated 90 percent of
rubies coming into China from Thailand are actually mined in
Thailand. (Comment: Some portion of Thai-tagged gems that enter the
Chinese market are likely Burmese. End comment.) Guangzhou contacts
said that technically there is no way to tell where rubies are from,
and in practice, suppliers in Thailand label origin only for a few
high-quality, large gems. These contacts say it is not worth it to
mark or certify the origins of the far more numerous, small gems.
¶9. (SBU) A ruby vendor in Guangzhou also added that there are many
hai uppies located in Guangzhou that are able to cut and polish
the rubies there. The vendor said that sellers in the Guangzhou
processing centers get many of their gems from Bangkok via Hong
Kong, which helps them avoid duties and taxes. The contact did not
elaborate on the customs requirements for importing rubies into
China.
Processing Centers Outside Guangzhou
------------------------------------
¶10. (SBU) ConGen Guangzhou reports that industry representatives in
the area say there are two other major processing centers in
Guangdong Province -- Shenzhen, which primarily serves the domestic
market, and Panyu, which primarily serves the international market.
These contacts said many of the gems processed in Shenzhen are
shipped to department stores in northern China.
¶11. (SBU) According to Mr. Yu at the GAC, another major processing
center is located in the Chinese Province of Guangxi. However,
industry reports Mr. Yu has seen indicate that rubies polished in
Guangxi come from Vietnam and Thailand and are of lesser quality
than those from Burma.
Certification of Authenticity and Proof of Origin
--------------------------------------------- ----
¶12. (SBU) When asked by emboffs to show certificates of origin for
rubies on display, one Beijing vendor claiming to sell only Burmese
rubies said he did not have certificates of origin for his
merchandise, but averred that the origin of the rubies could be
determined by examining the gems with the naked eye. He claimed
that those with the deep "pigeon's blood" red color or those rubies
that have a visible white colored star inside the gem are the
supposed marks of a natural Burmese ruby. (Note: According to
industry experts in Beijing, unless you are a gemologist, it is very
difficult to tell Burmese rubies and jade from that of other
countries. End note.) Mr. Yu from the GAC stated that most
customers in China do not ask about the origin of the rubies they
buy, so certificates of origin are not sought by ruby dealers. In
addition, a Taiwanese industry contact who owns a jewelry processing
factory in Fuzhou says that when his company buys rubies, he only
BEIJING 00004631 003 OF 005
looks at the quality and not the source of the gem. However, some
local vendors in Beijing agree that Burmese rubies are the best
quality.
¶13. (SBU) Despite not having certificates on hand to prove origin,
many Chinese ruby dealers obtain a "certificate of authenticity"
issued in China for the gems they sell in their shops. These
domestically-issued certificates state that the gem is authentic,
give the color and size of the gem, and list serial numbers to
identify each gem. The origin of the stone is not listed on the
domestic certificates of authenticity. According to Mr. Yu, 70
percent of these domestic certificates are issued by the NGTC, which
falls under the authority of the Chinese Ministry of Land and
Resources (MLR), but is under direct supervision of the PRC
Administration of Quality, Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine
(AQSIQ). (Note: MLR and AQSIQ are bureaucratically separate
entities. End note.)
¶14. (SBU) Another laboratory that is widely used in China is the
National Jewelry Quality Supervision and Inspection Center.
Vice-Director of the NGTC, Ke Jie, told us there are less than 100
labs in China that can offer legitimate authentication certificates
for colored gems, and all of these labs are supposed to be monitored
by the AQSIQ. However, when ConGen Guangzhou spoke to the manager of
the Guangdong Provincial Gem and Precious Metal Testing Centre, he
stated that his lab is "affiliated" with the government. According
to this contact, each province has its own testing centers that are
not government-owned, which he described as "service providers, or
trustees, that provide objectivity for the testing process." Asked
if his lab was regulated by AQSIQ, he said it was affiliated with
Guangdong Technical Supervision Bureau of Guangdong Provincial
Government. He added that the testing market is competitive and
vendors and suppliers can choose different testing centers.
¶15. (SBU) The domestically-produced certificates generally cost RMB
50, according to Vice-Director Ke, and the revenue generated from
the cost of certification supports the operating expenses of the
labs, "much like nonprofits in the U.S." Ke said domestic
certificates are not required in order to sell rubies in China, but
she believes it is better for business to obtain these certificates,
as customers generally ask about them.
¶16. (SBU) In Beijing, every vendor Emboffs visited produced a
domestic certificate of authenticity for each of their rubies on
display, but each vendor showed a certificate from a different
Chinese institution, and one of the five vendors had a certificate
issued by the NGTC. Vice-Director Ke estimates that 70 percent of
the gems the NGTC certifies per year are diamonds, 20 percent are
jade, and the remaining 10 percent are colored gems. She would not
estimate how many rubies the NGTC certifies each year. Ke noted
that the NGTC does not typically perform gem origin testing, but can
do it in special circumstances when the gem in question is
potentially of great value.
¶17. (SBU) In addition to the above described domestic certificates,
some higher-end Beijing stores have international certificates
ostensibly issued by GemResearch SwissLab (GRS). These certificates
allegedly verify the authenticity of their rubies. (Note: The
closest GRS lab is located in Thailand. End note.) The GRS
certificates Emboffs saw in local high-end stores did not show
origin. However, the Geological Museum of China in Beijing does have
GRS certificates showing the probable origin of some of the stones
on display. Vice Secretary-General Yu, who also works at the
Geological Museum of China, confirmed that when he asks for a GRS
certificate for a museum stone, he requests GRS include the probable
origin of the gem on the certificate, for which GRS laboratories
test. He went on to add that most Chinese ruby dealers request that
the origin information not be included on GRS certificates, although
it does not cost any additional amount to include this information.
(Comment: In the case of rubies, we would speculate this is done to
allow dealers to misrepresent gems as the more highly-valued
"Burmese rubies." End comment.)
PRC Government Involvement
--------------------------
¶18. (SBU) Aside from the testing centers' affiliation with
government agencies, it is difficult to obtain information about
Chinese government involvement with the ruby industry. For example,
when asked about reporting rubies to Customs, some vendors in
Beijing said their stores do not need to register the rubies with
Customs when the rubies are imported. Some avoided the question
entirely. Contacts in the industry indicated that the market for
rubies in China is so small that the government simply does not care
about regulating it. Mr. Yu from the GAC speculated that 95 percent
BEIJING 00004631 004 OF 005
of the jewelry market in China is jade and jadeite, and that rubies
only make up approximately 3 percent of the remaining 5 percent of
the overall market.
¶19. (SBU) Ms. Dang Yingjie, Director of Bilateral Relations for
China's General Administration of Customs, told Embassy Customs
Officer that China's Free Trade Agreement with ASEAN requires that
importers pay a 5 percent tariff for rubies coming into China. As
of January 1, 2009, however, this tariff will be eliminated.
According to the law, all gems should be declared at the place of
entry into China, with the duty payable online or in cash. Ms. Dang
said that the revenue from this duty goes to the PRC central
government, but gave no further information about what specific
agencies receive the funds. Ms. Dang Yingjie stated that the
Chinese government does not tax anything beyond the 5 percent (soon
to expire) stipulated by the ASEAN FTA.
¶20. (SBU) Exploration of the PRC General Administration of Customs
website, www.customs.gov.cn, revealed that no import statistics for
jewelry is available, and jewelry is not on the list of Major
Commodities Imported into China. However, 2006, 2007 and 2008
export statistics available on the website show that the list of
Major Commodities Exported out of China has a category called
"Precious Metals and Jewelry." It shows that the aggregate export
amount for this category in November 2006 was 678,264 kilograms,
which was an 8.2 percent increase from November 2005. In November
2007, the aggregate export amount of "Precious Metals and Jewelry"
was 714,865 kilograms, an increase of 5.4 percent from November
¶2006. As of November 2008, 599,698 kilograms was exported, which
the website estimates is a drop of 16.1 percent from November 2007.
Export countries are not listed on the website. This category does
not break out diamonds, high-value pearls, or any other gems.
¶21. (SBU) Rubies are not listed on AQSIQ's "Catalogue of Commodities
Subject to Inspection and Quarantine," but diamonds and high-value
pearls are.
MOFCOM Initial Response Unfavorable
-----------------------------------
¶22. (SBU) On November 4, Emboffs faxed a summary of the 2008 Block
Burmese JADE Act to Mr. Du Shuang at MOFCOM's U.S. Desk. Embassy
also sought comments on the act from Mr. Wang Xu, Director of the
U.S. Desk. MOFCOM did not respond to several follow-up phone calls
and emails. On December 17, a local Economic Specialist in the
Economic Section finally reached Mr. Wang on the phone. Mr. Wang
advised he had already forwarded the JADE Act information to the
"appropriate MOFCOM offices," in particular to MOFCOM's WTO
Department. He noted that the WTO department at MOFCOM believed the
JADE Act was WTO non-compliant. Embassy will follow up further with
MOFCOM.
Export Markets
--------------
¶23. (SBU) According to Mr. Yu at the GAC, rubies finished in China
tend to stay in the Chinese market. He notes that Thailand has a
much bigger export market because their polishing, cutting, and
processing are more advanced. When asked to describe their
clientele, one small Beijing ruby vendor said that mostly Americans
look for Burmese rubies in China in order to take the rubies to the
U.S. and sell them at a much higher price. In addition, according
to ConGen Guangzhou industry contacts, U.S. and European companies
are the two biggest customers at the Panyu processing center.
Challenges to Establishing Chain of Custody for Rubies
--------------------------------------------- ---------
¶24. (SBU) Emboffs also met with the Director of the Division of
Rules of Origin at the PRC General Administration of Quality,
Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ), Kang Yuyan, to
learn more about how China implements the Kimberley Process
Certification Scheme (KCPS). AQSIQ implements KCPS in China. Most
of the work is done by 26 local China Inspection and Quarantine
Offices, or "CIQs," located throughout the country, which do on-site
inspections of shipments of rough diamonds. Kang said each
inspection includes a thorough review of the documentation filed by
the exporting country and verification that the package of rough
stones matches in detail an accompanying KP certificate. CIQs do
not have instruments to check the origin of stones, nor is it
required to do this in order to issue a PRC Release Note for the
package of rough diamonds. China does issue official Certificates
of Origin, but does so by inspecting the shipment for tampering and
the documents accompanying the shipment. Ms. Kang noted that since
China only trades rough diamonds with countries that participate in
BEIJING 00004631 005 OF 005
the Kimberley Process, the documents from the exporting countries
can be trusted. (Note: If the CIQs, responsible for the enforcement
of the Kimberley Process in China, do not have instruments or
expertise to test the origins of rough diamonds, it is likely that
even if it wanted to, the Chinese government would not be able to
implement origin testing of gems at customs sites. The NGTC,
however, does have the limited ability to perform origin tests. End
note.)
¶25. (SBU) When asked about the possibilities to establish a paper
trail for rubies entering and leaving China, Ms. Kang responded that
the Kimberley Process was very costly to implement in China. The
importers and exporters of rough diamonds pay administrative fees
for the applications and certificates, but she said the Chinese
government shoulders a majority of the costs associated with the
process.
¶26. (SBU) Ms. Kang also pointed out that there is no international
structure to facilitate Chinese regulation of the ruby trade. She
averred that it would probably require a UN resolution or a similar
mandate to build a Kimberley Process-like structure to effectively
regulate the ruby trade.
RANDT