

Currently released so far... 51122 / 251,287
Articles
Brazil
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
Sweden
00. Editorial
United States
Latin America
Egypt
Jordan
Yemen
Thailand
Browse latest releases
2010/12/01
2010/12/02
2010/12/03
2010/12/04
2010/12/05
2010/12/06
2010/12/07
2010/12/08
2010/12/09
2010/12/10
2010/12/11
2010/12/12
2010/12/13
2010/12/14
2010/12/15
2010/12/16
2010/12/17
2010/12/18
2010/12/19
2010/12/20
2010/12/21
2010/12/22
2010/12/23
2010/12/24
2010/12/25
2010/12/26
2010/12/27
2010/12/28
2010/12/29
2010/12/30
2011/01/01
2011/01/02
2011/01/04
2011/01/05
2011/01/07
2011/01/09
2011/01/11
2011/01/12
2011/01/13
2011/01/14
2011/01/15
2011/01/16
2011/01/17
2011/01/18
2011/01/19
2011/01/20
2011/01/21
2011/01/22
2011/01/23
2011/01/24
2011/01/25
2011/01/26
2011/01/27
2011/01/28
2011/01/29
2011/01/30
2011/01/31
2011/02/01
2011/02/02
2011/02/03
2011/02/04
2011/02/05
2011/02/06
2011/02/07
2011/02/08
2011/02/09
2011/02/10
2011/02/11
2011/02/12
2011/02/13
2011/02/14
2011/02/15
2011/02/16
2011/02/17
2011/02/18
2011/02/19
2011/02/20
2011/02/21
2011/02/22
2011/02/23
2011/02/24
2011/02/25
2011/02/26
2011/02/27
2011/02/28
2011/03/01
2011/03/02
2011/03/03
2011/03/04
2011/03/05
2011/03/06
2011/03/07
2011/03/08
2011/03/09
2011/03/10
2011/03/11
2011/03/13
2011/03/14
2011/03/15
2011/03/16
2011/03/17
2011/03/18
2011/03/19
2011/03/20
2011/03/21
2011/03/22
2011/03/23
2011/03/24
2011/03/25
2011/03/26
2011/03/27
2011/03/28
2011/03/29
2011/03/30
2011/03/31
2011/04/01
2011/04/02
2011/04/03
2011/04/04
2011/04/05
2011/04/06
2011/04/07
2011/04/08
2011/04/09
2011/04/10
2011/04/11
2011/04/12
2011/04/13
2011/04/14
2011/04/15
2011/04/16
2011/04/17
2011/04/18
2011/04/19
2011/04/20
2011/04/21
2011/04/22
2011/04/23
2011/04/24
2011/04/25
2011/04/26
2011/04/27
2011/04/28
2011/04/29
2011/04/30
2011/05/01
2011/05/02
2011/05/03
2011/05/04
2011/05/05
2011/05/06
2011/05/07
2011/05/08
2011/05/09
2011/05/10
2011/05/11
2011/05/12
2011/05/13
2011/05/14
2011/05/15
2011/05/16
2011/05/17
2011/05/18
2011/05/19
2011/05/20
2011/05/21
2011/05/22
2011/05/23
2011/05/24
2011/05/25
2011/05/26
2011/05/27
2011/05/28
2011/05/29
2011/05/30
2011/05/31
2011/06/01
2011/06/02
2011/06/03
2011/06/04
2011/06/05
2011/06/06
2011/06/07
2011/06/08
2011/06/09
2011/06/10
2011/06/11
2011/06/12
2011/06/13
2011/06/14
2011/06/15
2011/06/16
2011/06/17
2011/06/18
2011/06/19
2011/06/20
2011/06/21
2011/06/22
2011/06/23
2011/06/24
2011/06/25
2011/06/26
2011/06/27
2011/06/28
2011/06/29
2011/06/30
2011/07/01
2011/07/02
2011/07/04
2011/07/05
2011/07/06
2011/07/07
2011/07/08
2011/07/10
2011/07/11
2011/07/12
2011/07/13
2011/07/14
2011/07/15
2011/07/16
2011/07/17
2011/07/18
2011/07/19
2011/07/20
2011/07/21
2011/07/22
2011/07/23
2011/07/25
2011/07/27
2011/07/28
2011/07/29
2011/07/31
2011/08/01
2011/08/02
2011/08/03
2011/08/05
2011/08/06
2011/08/07
2011/08/08
2011/08/09
2011/08/10
2011/08/11
2011/08/12
2011/08/13
2011/08/15
2011/08/16
2011/08/17
2011/08/18
2011/08/19
2011/08/21
2011/08/22
2011/08/23
2011/08/24
Browse by creation date
Browse by origin
Embassy Athens
Embassy Asuncion
Embassy Astana
Embassy Asmara
Embassy Ashgabat
Embassy Apia
Embassy Antananarivo
Embassy Ankara
Embassy Amman
Embassy Algiers
Embassy Addis Ababa
Embassy Accra
Embassy Abuja
Embassy Abu Dhabi
Embassy Abidjan
Consulate Auckland
Consulate Amsterdam
Consulate Alexandria
Consulate Adana
American Institute Taiwan, Taipei
Embasy Bonn
Embassy Bujumbura
Embassy Buenos Aires
Embassy Budapest
Embassy Bucharest
Embassy Brussels
Embassy Bridgetown
Embassy Brazzaville
Embassy Bratislava
Embassy Brasilia
Embassy Bogota
Embassy Bishkek
Embassy Bern
Embassy Berlin
Embassy Belmopan
Embassy Belgrade
Embassy Beirut
Embassy Beijing
Embassy Banjul
Embassy Bangui
Embassy Bangkok
Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan
Embassy Bamako
Embassy Baku
Embassy Baghdad
Consulate Belfast
Consulate Barcelona
Embassy Cotonou
Embassy Copenhagen
Embassy Conakry
Embassy Colombo
Embassy Chisinau
Embassy Caracas
Embassy Canberra
Embassy Cairo
Consulate Curacao
Consulate Ciudad Juarez
Consulate Chiang Mai
Consulate Chennai
Consulate Chengdu
Consulate Casablanca
Consulate Cape Town
Consulate Calgary
Embassy Dushanbe
Embassy Dublin
Embassy Doha
Embassy Djibouti
Embassy Dili
Embassy Dhaka
Embassy Dar Es Salaam
Embassy Damascus
Embassy Dakar
DIR FSINFATC
Consulate Dusseldorf
Consulate Durban
Consulate Dubai
Consulate Dhahran
Embassy Guatemala
Embassy Grenada
Embassy Georgetown
Embassy Gaborone
Consulate Guayaquil
Consulate Guangzhou
Consulate Guadalajara
Embassy Helsinki
Embassy Harare
Embassy Hanoi
Consulate Hong Kong
Consulate Ho Chi Minh City
Consulate Hermosillo
Consulate Hamilton
Consulate Hamburg
Consulate Halifax
Embassy Kyiv
Embassy Kuwait
Embassy Kuala Lumpur
Embassy Kolonia
Embassy Kinshasa
Embassy Kingston
Embassy Kigali
Embassy Khartoum
Embassy Kathmandu
Embassy Kampala
Embassy Kabul
Consulate Krakow
Consulate Kolkata
Consulate Karachi
Embassy Luxembourg
Embassy Lusaka
Embassy Luanda
Embassy London
Embassy Lome
Embassy Ljubljana
Embassy Lisbon
Embassy Lima
Embassy Lilongwe
Embassy Libreville
Embassy La Paz
Consulate Leipzig
Consulate Lahore
Consulate Lagos
Mission USOSCE
Mission USNATO
Mission UNESCO
Mission Geneva
Embassy Muscat
Embassy Moscow
Embassy Montevideo
Embassy Monrovia
Embassy Mogadishu
Embassy Minsk
Embassy Mexico
Embassy Mbabane
Embassy Maseru
Embassy Maputo
Embassy Manila
Embassy Manama
Embassy Managua
Embassy Malabo
Embassy Madrid
Consulate Munich
Consulate Mumbai
Consulate Montreal
Consulate Monterrey
Consulate Milan
Consulate Merida
Consulate Melbourne
Consulate Matamoros
Consulate Marseille
Embassy Nouakchott
Embassy Nicosia
Embassy Niamey
Embassy New Delhi
Embassy Ndjamena
Embassy Nassau
Embassy Nairobi
Consulate Nuevo Laredo
Consulate Naples
Consulate Naha
Consulate Nagoya
Embassy Pristina
Embassy Pretoria
Embassy Praia
Embassy Prague
Embassy Port Of Spain
Embassy Port Moresby
Embassy Port Louis
Embassy Port Au Prince
Embassy Podgorica
Embassy Phnom Penh
Embassy Paris
Embassy Paramaribo
Embassy Panama
Consulate Peshawar
REO Hillah
REO Basrah
Embassy Rome
Embassy Riyadh
Embassy Riga
Embassy Reykjavik
Embassy Rangoon
Embassy Rabat
Consulate Rio De Janeiro
Consulate Recife
Secretary of State
Embassy Suva
Embassy Stockholm
Embassy Sofia
Embassy Skopje
Embassy Singapore
Embassy Seoul
Embassy Sarajevo
Embassy Santo Domingo
Embassy Santiago
Embassy Sanaa
Embassy San Salvador
Embassy San Jose
Consulate Surabaya
Consulate Strasbourg
Consulate St Petersburg
Consulate Shenyang
Consulate Shanghai
Consulate Sapporo
Consulate Sao Paulo
Embassy Tunis
Embassy Tripoli
Embassy Tokyo
Embassy Tirana
Embassy The Hague
Embassy Tel Aviv
Embassy Tehran
Embassy Tegucigalpa
Embassy Tbilisi
Embassy Tashkent
Embassy Tallinn
Consulate Toronto
Consulate Tijuana
Consulate Thessaloniki
USUN New York
USMISSION USTR GENEVA
USEU Brussels
US Office Almaty
US Mission Geneva
US Mission CD Geneva
US Interests Section Havana
US Delegation, Secretary
UNVIE
UN Rome
Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Embassy Vilnius
Embassy Vientiane
Embassy Vienna
Embassy Vatican
Embassy Valletta
Consulate Vladivostok
Consulate Vancouver
Browse by tag
AMGT
ASEC
AEMR
AR
APECO
AU
AORC
ADANA
AJ
AF
AFIN
AMED
AS
AM
ABLD
AFFAIRS
AMB
APER
ACOA
AND
AA
AE
AADP
AID
AO
AL
AG
AORD
ADM
AINF
AINT
ASEAN
AORG
ABT
APEC
AY
ASUP
ARF
AGOA
AVIAN
ATRN
ANET
AGIT
ASECVE
ABUD
AODE
ALOW
ADB
AN
ADPM
ASPA
ARABL
AFSN
AZ
AC
AIAG
AFSI
ASCE
ASIG
ACABQ
ADIP
AFGHANISTAN
AROC
ADCO
ACOTA
ANARCHISTS
AMEDCASCKFLO
AK
ARABBL
ASCH
ANTITERRORISM
AGRICULTURE
AOCR
ARR
ASSEMBLY
AORCYM
AFPK
ACKM
AGMT
AEC
APRC
AIN
AFPREL
ASFC
ASECTH
AFSA
AINR
AOPC
AFAF
AFARI
AX
ASECAF
ASECAFIN
AT
AFZAL
APCS
AGAO
AIT
ARCH
AEMRASECCASCKFLOMARRPRELPINRAMGTJMXL
AMEX
ARM
AQ
ATFN
AMBASSADOR
AORCD
AVIATION
ARAS
AINFCY
ACBAQ
AOPR
AREP
AOIC
ASEX
ASEK
AER
AGR
AMCT
AVERY
APR
AEMRS
AFU
AMG
ATPDEA
ASECKFRDCVISKIRFPHUMSMIGEG
AORL
ACS
AMCHAMS
AECL
AUC
ACAO
BA
BR
BB
BG
BEXP
BY
BRUSSELS
BU
BD
BTIO
BK
BL
BE
BMGT
BO
BM
BX
BN
BWC
BBSR
BTT
BC
BH
BILAT
BUSH
BHUM
BT
BTC
BMENA
BOND
BAIO
BP
BF
BRPA
BURNS
BUT
BBG
BCW
BOEHNER
BOL
BASHAR
BIDEN
BFIN
BZ
BEXPC
BTIU
CPAS
CA
CASC
CS
CBW
CIDA
CO
CODEL
CI
CROS
CU
CH
CWC
CMGT
CVIS
CDG
CTR
CG
CF
CHIEF
CJAN
CBSA
CE
CY
CB
CW
CM
CHR
CD
COE
CV
COUNTER
CT
CN
CPUOS
CTERR
CVR
CVPR
CDC
COUNTRY
CLEARANCE
CONS
COM
CACS
CR
CONTROLS
CAN
CACM
COMMERCE
CAMBODIA
CFIS
COUNTERTERRORISM
CITES
CONDOLEEZZA
CZ
CTBT
CEN
CLINTON
CFED
CARC
CTM
CARICOM
CSW
CICTE
CYPRUS
CBE
CMGMT
CARSON
CWCM
CIVS
COUNTRYCLEARANCE
CENTCOM
CAPC
COPUOS
CKGR
CITEL
CQ
CITT
CIC
CARIB
CVIC
CAFTA
CVISU
CDB
CEDAW
CNC
CJUS
COMMAND
CENTER
COL
CAJC
CONSULAR
CLMT
CBC
CIA
CNARC
CIS
CEUDA
CHINA
CAC
CL
DR
DJ
DEMOCRATIC
DEMARCHE
DOMESTIC
DISENGAGEMENT
DB
DA
DHS
DAO
DCM
DAVID
DO
DEAX
DEFENSE
DEA
DTRO
DPRK
DOC
DTRA
DK
DAC
DOD
DRL
DRC
DCG
DE
DOT
DEPT
DOE
DS
DKEM
ECON
ETTC
EFIS
ETRD
EC
EMIN
EAGR
EAID
EFIN
EUN
ECIN
EG
EWWT
EINV
ENRG
ELAB
EPET
EIND
EN
EAIR
EUMEM
ECPS
ES
EI
ELTN
ET
EZ
EU
ER
EINT
ENGR
ECONOMIC
ENIV
EFTA
ETRN
EMS
EUREM
EPA
ESTH
EEB
EET
ENV
EAG
EXIM
ECTRD
ELNT
ENVIRONMENT
ECA
EAP
EINDIR
ETR
ECONOMY
ETRC
ELECTIONS
EICN
EXPORT
EARG
EGHG
EID
ETRO
EINF
EAIDHO
ECIP
EENV
EURM
EPEC
ERNG
ENERG
EIAD
EXBS
ED
EREL
ELAM
EK
EWT
ENGRD
EDEV
ECE
ENGY
EXIMOPIC
ETRDEC
ECCT
EUR
ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID
EFI
ECOSOC
EXTERNAL
ESCAP
ETCC
EENG
ERA
ENRD
ECLAC
ETRAD
EBRD
ENVR
ECONENRG
ELTNSNAR
ELAP
EPIT
EDUC
EAIDXMXAXBXFFR
EETC
EIVN
EDRC
EGOV
ETRA
EAIDRW
ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS
ESA
ETRDGK
ENVI
ELN
EPRT
EPTED
ERTD
EUM
EAIDS
EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM
EDU
EV
EAIDAF
EDA
EPREL
EINVEFIN
EAGER
ETMIN
EUCOM
ECCP
EIDN
EINVKSCA
ENNP
EFINECONCS
ETC
EAIRASECCASCID
EINN
ETRP
ECONOMICS
ENERGY
EIAR
EINDETRD
ECONEFIN
EURN
ETRDEINVTINTCS
EFIM
ETIO
EATO
EIPR
EINVETC
ETTD
ETDR
EIQ
ECONCS
ENRGIZ
EAIG
ENTG
EUC
ERD
EINVECONSENVCSJA
EEPET
EUNCH
ESENV
ECINECONCS
ETRDECONWTOCS
ECUN
FR
FI
FOREIGN
FARM
FIR
FAO
FK
FARC
FAS
FJ
FREEDOM
FAC
FINANCE
FBI
FTAA
FM
FCS
FAA
FORCE
FDA
FTA
FT
FCSC
FMGT
FINR
FIN
FDIC
FOR
FOI
FO
FMLN
FISO
GM
GERARD
GT
GA
GG
GR
GTIP
GH
GZ
GE
GB
GY
GAZA
GJ
GEORGE
GOI
GCC
GMUS
GI
GLOBAL
GV
GC
GL
GOV
GKGIC
GF
GWI
GIPNC
GUTIERREZ
GTMO
GANGS
GAERC
GUILLERMO
GASPAR
HR
HA
HYMPSK
HO
HK
HUMAN
HU
HN
HHS
HURI
HUD
HUMRIT
HUMANITARIAN
HUMANR
HL
HSTC
HILLARY
HCOPIL
HADLEY
HOURANI
HI
HUM
HEBRON
HUMOR
IZ
IN
IAEA
IS
IMO
ILO
IR
IC
IT
ITU
ID
IV
IMF
IBRD
IWC
ICAO
ICRC
INF
IO
IPR
ISO
IK
ISRAELI
IQ
ICES
IDB
INFLUENZA
IRAQI
ISCON
IGAD
IRAN
ITALY
IRAQ
ICTY
ICTR
ITPGOV
ITALIAN
IQNV
IADB
INTERNAL
INMARSAT
IRDB
ILC
INCB
INRB
ICJ
ISRAEL
INR
IEA
ISPA
ICCAT
IOM
ITRD
IHO
IL
IFAD
ITRA
IDLI
ISCA
INL
INRA
INTELSAT
ISAF
ISPL
IRS
IEF
ITER
INDO
IIP
IND
IEFIN
IACI
IAHRC
INNP
IA
INTERPOL
IFIN
ISSUES
IZPREL
IRAJ
IF
ITPHUM
ITA
IP
IRPE
IDA
ISLAMISTS
ITF
INRO
IBET
IDP
IRC
KMDR
KPAO
KOMC
KNNP
KFLO
KDEM
KSUM
KIPR
KFLU
KE
KCRM
KJUS
KAWC
KZ
KSCA
KDRG
KCOR
KGHG
KPAL
KTIP
KMCA
KCRS
KPKO
KOLY
KRVC
KVPR
KG
KWBG
KTER
KS
KN
KSPR
KWMN
KV
KTFN
KFRD
KU
KSTC
KSTH
KISL
KGIC
KSEP
KFIN
KTEX
KTIA
KUNR
KCMR
KCIP
KMOC
KTDB
KBIO
KBCT
KMPI
KSAF
KACT
KFEM
KPRV
KPWR
KIRC
KCFE
KRIM
KHIV
KHLS
KVIR
KNNNP
KCEM
KLIG
KIRF
KNUP
KSAC
KNUC
KPGOV
KTDD
KIDE
KOMS
KLFU
KNNC
KMFO
KSEO
KJRE
KJUST
KMRS
KSRE
KGIT
KPIR
KPOA
KUWAIT
KIVP
KICC
KSCS
KPOL
KSEAO
KRCM
KSCI
KNAP
KGLB
KICA
KCUL
KPRM
KFSC
KQ
KPOP
KPFO
KPALAOIS
KREC
KBWG
KR
KTTB
KNAR
KCOM
KESS
KINR
KOCI
KWN
KCSY
KREL
KTBT
KFTN
KW
KRFD
KFLOA
KHDP
KNEP
KIND
KHUM
KSKN
KOMO
KDRL
KTFIN
KSOC
KPO
KGIV
KSTCPL
KSI
KPRP
KFPC
KNNB
KNDP
KICCPUR
KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KDMR
KFCE
KIMMITT
KMCC
KMNP
KSEC
KOMCSG
KGCC
KRAD
KCRP
KAUST
KWAWC
KCHG
KRDP
KPAS
KTIAPARM
KPAOPREL
KWGB
KIRP
KMIG
KLAB
KSEI
KHSA
KNPP
KPAONZ
KWWW
KGHA
KY
KCRIM
KCRCM
KGCN
KPLS
KIIP
KPAOY
KTRD
KTAO
KJU
KBTS
KWAC
KFIU
KNNO
KPAI
KILS
KPA
KRCS
KWBGSY
KNPPIS
KNNPMNUC
KNPT
KERG
KLTN
KPREL
KTLA
KO
KAWK
KVRP
KAID
KX
KENV
KWCI
KNPR
KCFC
KNEI
KFTFN
KTFM
KCERS
KDEMAF
KMEPI
KEMS
KBTR
KEDU
KIRL
KNNR
KMPT
KPDD
KPIN
KDEV
KFRP
KTBD
KMSG
KWWMN
KWBC
KA
KOM
KWNM
KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KRGY
KNNF
KICR
KIFR
KWMNCS
KPAK
KDDG
KCGC
KID
KNSD
KMPF
KWMM
MARR
MX
MASS
MOPS
MNUC
MCAP
MTCRE
MRCRE
MTRE
MASC
MY
MK
MG
MU
MILI
MO
MZ
MEPP
MCC
MEDIA
MOPPS
MI
MAS
MW
MP
MEPN
MV
MD
MR
MC
MCA
MT
MIL
MARITIME
MOPSGRPARM
MAAR
MOOPS
ML
MA
MN
MNUCPTEREZ
MTCR
MUNC
MPOS
MONUC
MGMT
MURRAY
MACP
MINUSTAH
MCCONNELL
MGT
MNUR
MF
MEPI
MOHAMMAD
MAR
MAPP
MNU
MFA
MTS
MLS
MEETINGS
MERCOSUR
MED
MNVC
MIK
MBM
MILITARY
MAPS
MARAD
MDC
MACEDONIA
MASSMNUC
MUCN
MQADHAFI
MPS
NZ
NATO
NI
NO
NU
NG
NL
NPT
NS
NA
NP
NASA
NSF
NEA
NANCY
NSG
NRR
NATIONAL
NMNUC
NC
NSC
NAS
NARC
NELSON
NATEU
NDP
NIH
NK
NIPP
NR
NERG
NSSP
NE
NTDB
NT
NEGROPONTE
NGO
NATOIRAQ
NAR
NZUS
NCCC
NH
NAFTA
NEW
NRG
NUIN
NOVO
NATOPREL
NV
NICHOLAS
NPA
NSFO
NW
NORAD
NPG
NOAA
OPRC
OPDC
OTRA
OECD
OVIP
OREP
ODC
OIIP
OAS
OSCE
OPIC
OMS
OFDP
OFDA
OEXC
OPCW
OIE
OSCI
OM
OPAD
ODPC
OIC
ODIP
OPPI
ORA
OCEA
OREG
OMIG
OFFICIALS
OSAC
OEXP
OPEC
OFPD
OAU
OCII
OIL
OVIPPRELUNGANU
OSHA
OPCD
OPCR
OF
OFDPQIS
OSIC
OHUM
OTR
OBSP
OGAC
OESC
OVP
ON
OES
OTAR
OCS
PREL
PGOV
PARM
PINR
PHUM
PM
PREF
PTER
PK
PINS
PBIO
PHSA
PE
PBTS
PA
PL
POL
PAK
POV
POLITICS
POLICY
PO
PRELTBIOBA
PKO
PIN
PNAT
PU
PGOVPREL
PALESTINIAN
PTERPGOV
PELOSI
PAS
PP
PTEL
PROP
PRELAF
PRHUM
PRE
PUNE
PIRF
PVOV
PROG
PERSONS
PROV
PKK
PRGOV
PH
PLAB
PDEM
PCI
PRL
PRM
PINSO
PERM
PETR
PPAO
PERL
PBS
PETERS
PRELBR
PCON
POLITICAL
PMIL
POLM
PKPA
PNUM
PLO
PTERM
PJUS
PARMP
PNIR
PHUMKPAL
PG
PREZ
PGIC
PAO
PROTECTION
PRELPK
PGOVENRG
PATTY
PSOC
PARTIES
PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ
PMIG
PAIGH
PARK
PETER
PHUS
PKPO
PGOVECON
POUS
PMAR
PWBG
PAR
PGOVGM
PHUH
PTE
PY
POLUN
PDOV
PGOVSOCI
PGOVPM
PRELEVU
PGOR
PBTSRU
PHUMA
PHUMR
PPD
PGV
PRAM
PARMS
PINL
PSI
PKPAL
PPA
PTERE
PGOF
PINO
PREO
PHAS
PAC
PRESL
PORG
PS
PGVO
PKFK
PSOE
PEPR
PINT
PRELP
PREFA
PNG
PTBS
PFOR
PGOVLO
PHUMBA
PREK
PHJM
POLINT
PGOVE
PHALANAGE
PARTY
PECON
PEACE
PROCESS
PLN
PEDRO
PF
PGPV
PCUL
PGGV
PSA
PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA
PGIV
PHUMPREL
POGOV
PEL
PBT
PAMQ
PINF
PSEPC
POSTS
PAHO
PHUMPGOV
PGOC
PNR
RS
RP
RU
RW
RFE
RCMP
RIGHTSPOLMIL
REFORM
RO
ROW
ROBERT
REACTION
REPORT
REGION
RELATIONS
RAY
ROBERTG
RIGHTS
RM
RATIFICATION
RREL
RBI
RICE
ROOD
REL
RODHAM
RGY
RUEHZO
RELIGIOUS
RELFREE
RUEUN
RELAM
RSP
RF
REO
REGIONAL
RUPREL
RI
REMON
RPEL
RSO
SCUL
SENV
SOCI
SZ
SNAR
SO
SP
SU
SY
SI
SMIG
SYR
SA
SW
SF
SR
SYRIA
SNARM
START
SPECIALIST
SG
SNIG
SCI
SGWI
SE
SIPDIS
SANC
SELAB
SN
SETTLEMENTS
SCIENCE
SENVENV
SENS
SPCE
SPAS
SECURITY
SENC
SOCIETY
SOSI
SENVEAGREAIDTBIOECONSOCIXR
SEN
SPECI
ST
SL
SENVCASCEAIDID
SC
SECRETARY
STR
SNA
SOCIS
SADC
SEP
SK
SHUM
SYAI
SMIL
STEPHEN
SNRV
SKCA
SENSITIVE
SECI
SCUD
SCRM
SGNV
SECTOR
SAARC
SENVSXE
SWMN
STEINBERG
SOPN
SOCR
SCRS
SWE
SARS
SNARIZ
SUDAN
SENVQGR
SAN
SM
SFNV
SSA
SPCVIS
SOFA
SCULKPAOECONTU
SENVKGHG
SHI
SEVN
SH
SNARCS
SNARN
SIPRS
TBIO
TW
TRGY
TSPA
TU
TPHY
TI
TX
TH
TIP
TSPL
TNGD
TZ
TS
TC
TK
TURKEY
TERRORISM
TPSL
TINT
TRSY
TERFIN
TPP
TT
TECHNOLOGY
TE
TAGS
TRAFFICKING
TJ
TN
TO
TD
TP
TREATY
TR
TA
TIO
TECH
TF
TRAD
TNDG
TWI
TPSA
TWL
TAUSCHER
TRBY
TL
TV
THPY
TSPAM
TREL
TRT
TNAR
TFIN
TWCH
THOMMA
THOMAS
TERROR
TRY
TBID
UK
UNESCO
UNSC
UNGA
UN
US
UZ
USEU
UG
UP
UNAUS
UNMIK
USTR
UY
USUN
UNEP
UNDC
UV
UNPUOS
UNSCR
USAID
UNODC
UNRCR
UNHCR
UNDP
UNCRIME
UA
UNHRC
UNRWA
UNO
UNCND
UNCHR
USAU
UNICEF
USPS
UNOMIG
UNESCOSCULPRELPHUMKPALCUIRXFVEKV
UR
UNFICYP
UNCITRAL
UNAMA
UNVIE
USTDA
USNC
UNCSD
USCC
UNEF
UNGAPL
USSC
UNMIC
UNTAC
UNCLASSIFIED
USDA
UNCTAD
USGS
UNFPA
UNSE
USOAS
UE
UAE
UNCHS
UNDESCO
UNC
UNSCS
UKXG
UNGACG
UNHR
UNBRO
UNCHC
UNFCYP
UNIDROIT
WHTI
WIPO
WTRO
WHO
WTO
WMO
WFP
WEET
WS
WE
WA
WHA
WBG
WILLIAM
WI
WSIS
WCL
WEBZ
WZ
WW
WWBG
WMD
WWT
WMN
WWARD
WITH
WTRQ
WCO
WEU
WB
WBEG
Browse by classification
Community resources
courage is contagious
Viewing cable 09SHANGHAI292, BEIJING LOOSENING RESTRICTIONS ON PROPERTY DEVELOPERS
If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs
Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
- The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
- The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
- The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #09SHANGHAI292.
Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
09SHANGHAI292 | 2009-07-01 10:59 | 2011-08-23 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Consulate Shanghai |
VZCZCXRO3509
RR RUEHCN RUEHGH
DE RUEHGH #0292/01 1821059
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 011059Z JUL 09
FM AMCONSUL SHANGHAI
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 8095
INFO RUEHBJ/AMEMBASSY BEIJING 2926
RUEHCN/AMCONSUL CHENGDU 2097
RUCPDOC/DEPT OF COMMERCE WASHINGTON DC
RUEATRS/DEPT OF TREASURY WASHINGTON DC
RUEHGZ/AMCONSUL GUANGZHOU 0554
RUEHHK/AMCONSUL HONG KONG 2265
RUEHML/AMEMBASSY MANILA 0081
RHEHAAA/NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL WASHINGTON DC
RUEHUL/AMEMBASSY SEOUL 0492
RUEHGH/AMCONSUL SHANGHAI 8742
RUEHSH/AMCONSUL SHENYANG 2088
RUEHGP/AMEMBASSY SINGAPORE 0279
RUEHIN/AIT TAIPEI 1883
RUEHKO/AMEMBASSY TOKYO 0701
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 05 SHANGHAI 000292
SENSITIVE
SIPDIS
STATE FOR EAP/CM, DAS DAVIES
TREASURY FOR OASIA/INA -- DOHNER/HAARSAGER/WINSHIP
TREASURY FOR IMFP -- SOBEL/CUSHMAN
USDOC FOR ITA DAS KASOFF, MELCHER, MAC/OCEA
NSC FOR LOI, SHRIER
STATE PASS CEA FOR BLOCK
STATE PASS USTR FOR STRATFORD/WINTER/MCCARTIN/KATZ/MAIN
STATE PASS CFTC FOR OIA/GORLICK
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: CH ECON EFIN EINV PGOV SOCI
SUBJECT: BEIJING LOOSENING RESTRICTIONS ON PROPERTY DEVELOPERS
REF: SHANGHAI 291 (FIRST CABLE OF THIS 2-PART SERIES)
¶1. (SBU) Summary: In recent weeks the Central Government has
shifted from--in the words of one contact--"strangling" the
property sector with regulatory restrictions to encouraging
families to purchase homes. While this is not the direct aid
that many struggling property developers were hoping for, it has
resparked household interest and led to experimentation in
housing policies by local governments. The Central Government's
key theme has been affordable housing for low-income families.
Others in power have used their bully pulpits to criticize
housing costs that remain high, even after double-digit declines
in some cities. For now, most local governments are most
interested in jumpstarting land sales growth and the off-budget
revenue that generates. End summary.
¶2. (SBU) This is the second of two cables on China's real
estate sector in the first four months of 2009. The cables are
the result of collaboration across the China Mission, with input
and clearances from Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, and Shanghai.
EconOffs in those posts spoke with contacts over a period of
several weeks in March-May 2009. This cable focuses on the
Chinese government response to troubles in the real estate
sector, and reftel focuses on real estate sector
trends--especially among households--and the impact on property
developers and banks.
============================
Government shifting to support for the real estate sector . . .
============================
¶3. (SBU) Chinese official policy has helped to pull the real
estate sector back from the brink over the past few months,
according to our contacts, even though the assistance did not
come in the form of an industry stimulus plan, as some real
estate players had hoped. According to official media accounts,
the Central Government has focused on the long-term development
of the real estate sector, rather than a short-term bailout. In
light of this, the bulk of the government's actions has not been
in the form of direct aid, but rather in unwinding regulatory
restrictions previously imposed. As a Shanghai-based investment
analyst put it, the Central Government's "strangling" of the
property sector beginning in October 2007 was a mistake, since
the sector makes up one-tenth of China's GDP. Beginning in
October 2008, said the contact, the government has allowed more
regulatory breathing room.
¶4. (SBU) Measures undertaken by the Central Government include
policies to encourage households to purchase and trade real
estate, such as:
- Reduction of the minimum down payment from 30 percent to 20
percent for first-time homebuyers purchasing property of less
than 90 sq. meters (implemented November 1, 2008).
- Reduction of the minimum mortgage interest rate to 0.7 times
the benchmark mortgage rate (implemented November 1, 2008).
- Reduction of the property deed tax to 1 percent (implemented
November 1, 2008).
- Temporary suspension of the stamp tax and the value-added tax
on land sales (implemented November 1, 2008).
- Temporary suspension of business tax for individuals who sell
"ordinary" housing they have held for two years or more, as
opposed to the previous five-year threshold; reduction of this
tax for sellers of "non-ordinary" housing (decision issued on
December 20, 2008) .
¶5. (U) Other Central Government measures are targeted at
reducing financing hurdles for property developers, including:
- Reduction of the minimum capital requirement for "ordinary"
housing projects from 35 percent to 20 percent (announced May
27, 2009).
- Possible consideration by the Ministry of Commerce of
SHANGHAI 00000292 002 OF 005
reducing barriers to foreign investment in real estate (cited in
local media June 22, 2009).
¶6. (SBU) In addition, some of our contacts highlighted official
statements made at the National People's Congress session in
early March. A Shanghai real estate sector contact told EconOff
the industry was encouraged by the unprecedented emphasis that
Premier Wen Jiabao gave to real estate in his work report--an
impressive "560 words," according to our contact--the statement
that "we must adopt even more proactive and effective policy
measures to stabilize market confidence and projections,
stabilize real-estate investments, and promote a stable and
orderly development of the real-estate sector."
¶7. (SBU) Comment: The Central Government's relatively loose
monetary policy in the first quarter is also affecting housing
purchases. Directly, it is providing banks with ample liquidity
to fund mortgages--in some cases without taking time for proper
credit checks (see reftel). Indirectly, the government's
monetary policy increases the public's inflation expectations,
and some may be seeking real estate assets as a hedge. End
comment.
============================
. . . and opening the door for local government initiatives . . .
============================
¶8. (SBU) The Central Government has also opened the door for
local governments to issue their own policies in the name of
"stabilizing" the real estate sector, according to a December
17, 2008, statement by Premier Wen following a State Council
meeting. Local policies announced since include:
- In Guangdong, 15 measures, such as allowing developers to
delay their land premium payments for up to two years on parcels
contracted for in 2008.
- In Chongqing, offering tax breaks for housing purchases,
permitting outsiders who buy homes in downtown areas to apply
for an urban Chongqing hukou (right to residence), and reducing
land costs for developers.
- In Chengdu, among measures similar to those cities, raising
the ceiling on loans from RMB200,000 to RMB400,000 and extending
mortgage repayment limits from 20 years to 30 years.
- In Shanghai, among similar measures, a program to create
demand for new housing by accelerating demolition of aging
housing. Vacant apartments are being purchased by state-owned
companies in Pudong to rent at subsidized rates to financial and
high-tech professionals.
============================
. . . but not too far
============================
¶9. (SBU) As local governments experiment with loosening the
center's restrictive real estate policies, sometimes central
authorities have pushed back. For instance, the Shanghai-based
investment analyst in early April reported that banks in none of
the 40 cities his firm had contacted were enforcing the
regulation that mortgages on second homes required a down
payment of 40 percent. By May, China Banking Regulatory
Commission Chairman Liu Mingkang issued a warning to banks to
comply, which our contact who oversees the Shanghai financial
services sector praised as an improvement in risk control. In
another example, Chongqing in December attempted to implement an
individual income tax deduction for mortgage payments, but the
State Council signaled that the measure was not acceptable. The
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development later announced
that tax and fiscal policies to support real estate first had to
be cleared with the center.
¶10. (SBU) Another measure that local governments across China
SHANGHAI 00000292 003 OF 005
have taken--so far without pushback from the center--is to
quietly stop requiring builders to begin development of land
within one year of purchase. According to a Beijing-based real
estate expert, the government is not putting a completion date
on projects, so even if construction does begin within one year,
the developer can postpone completion indefinitely. A Guangzhou
real estate consultant told EconOff that the one-year
requirement has not been formally lifted, but companies are free
to apply for an extension. A Guangzhou-based executive with one
of China's largest real estate companies noted that a property
is considered as being developed as soon as plans are submitted
to the government, which can still be some time prior to the
start of construction on a particular site. Another Guangzhou
real estate executive was even more dismissive of this policy,
"This is China," he said, "There are always ways." He went on
to say that while the rule may be an issue for some foreign
companies, local companies who maintained good relations with
the government seldom have problems. In Chongqing, a real
estate agent said that he knows of no actual application of the
land development deadline rules, noting that local government
does not want to "offend" developers.
============================
Emphasizing affordable housing . . .
============================
¶11. (SBU) Several of our contacts in the real estate industry
said that neither the central nor the local measures would offer
much direct support to developers, since the emphasis is on
affordable housing for low-income families. Developers had been
hoping for a stimulus to support their bigger projects focused
on the luxury market. A Beijing-based industry expert at the
law firm Jones Day told EconOffs that some of the big developers
believe the government is "forcing" them into the low-cost
housing market, and they are opposed to entering a market with
such a low profit margin. According to another Beijing-based
source, some Chinese development companies are willingly
entering the low-cost housing market to build goodwill with the
government in order to pave the way for more profitable projects
in the future. The principal investor in a South China real
estate group told EconOff that real estate developers are not
enthusiastic about Guangzhou's measures, which set limits on the
maximum size of houses and the percentage of houses that must be
for the mid and low-income market.
¶12. (SBU) In Shanghai, a local Urban-Rural Construction and
Transportation Committee official told EconOff that Shanghai
Party Secretary Yu Zhengsheng had publicly declared housing
prices should not go higher, and that the industry should focus
on affordable housing. Shanghai has announced a plan to build
20 million sq. meters of affordable housing: in 2008, work
began on 4 million sq. meters, and in 2009 another 4 million
will be started. In addition, Shanghai will launch a new tier
of "affordable commodity housing," which will reach households
that are too wealthy for traditional affordable housing but
cannot afford market-rate housing.
¶13. (SBU) Other contacts criticized the various local measures
as lacking specific details. Our Chongqing real estate contact
said he "doesn't yet see how it will work," for although an
operational deadline of December 2009 is set for several of the
specific tax breaks and other measures to encourage housing
purchases, other goals and measures have no specific
implementation dates. (Comment: The speed of implementation
for the real estate measures appears much slower than for those
of other industries, such as tax breaks for automobile
purchases. End comment.)
============================
. . . while talking down housing prices
SHANGHAI 00000292 004 OF 005
============================
¶14. (SBU) A contact at the China Academy of Social Sciences
(CASS) voiced a theme common among government officials that
housing prices remain too high. Our contact there said it is
difficult to forecast housing prices for 2009, but he predicted
that prices might fall 40 percent to 50 percent throughout China
over the next two years. The CASS scholar pointed out that
China has large amounts of empty floor space in urban areas
which will take a long time to consume. In addition, he said
that the income level and income growth of urban residents do
not support housing price increases. The housing price to
income ratio was 8:9 in China at the end of 2008, which is much
higher than the reasonable international standard of 3:5. In
Beijing, people cannot afford to buy homes even with housing
mortgages from the banks, and they are waiting for prices to
fall. His final explanation of further price decreases was a
simple one--housing prices are dictated by land prices in China,
and land prices depend on rent prices. When economic growth
slows, rents decrease, thus causing a decrease in housing
prices.
============================
Local governments eager to start selling land again
============================
¶15. (SBU) While the slowdown in the China real estate market
was orchestrated by central authorities, one of the biggest
impacts was on local governments, which saw a sharp downturn in
their revenues from land sales. According to E-House data, land
sales throughout China fell 29 percent growth in the first four
months of 2009, year over year, compared with 30 percent growth
in the first three months of 2008. From 101 million sq. meters
of land sold in the first four months of 2008, the same period
this year saw only 73 million sq. meters sold. In this
environment, most localities have begun withholding land from
the market, hoping for prices to rise again.
¶16. (SBU) Our contacts indicate that local governments may be
finding a shortcut to higher land sales prices. According to a
senior contact at E-House, media reports of bidding wars over
land parcels began to reemerge in April; however, several of the
largest transactions actually appeared to be local state-owned
enterprises that could have been directed to make the purchases.
For instance, in Tianjin April's most expensive land parcel was
sold to the Tianjin Songjiang City Construction Company, in
Shenzhen the most expensive parcel went to Shenzhen City Shangmo
Development Corporation, and in Hangzhou the most expensive
parcel went to Hangzhou Shangcheng District Investment Company.
¶17. (SBU) Fewer land sales have meant lower local revenues.
For instance, the Chengdu Development and Reform Commission
reports sales down 80 percent in first quarter of 2009 compared
with the same period in 2008. The general manager of a large
local property developer in Chengdu further confirmed to EconOff
that 2009 tax revenues will be down. Chongqing faces a similar
situation, according to a real estate agent contact. The
municipal government has relied heavily on land sales to fund
the demands of infrastructure construction, but with the drop
off in demand--19,000 sq mu sold in 2006, 16,000 sq mu in 2007,
and only 5,000 sq. mu in 2008--Chongqing is turning to new ways
to mitigate the impact on revenues, including bond sales.
(Note: One mu = 0.16 acres. End note.)
============================
Comment
============================
¶18. (SBU) Chinese leaders are torn between two opposing
interests that are intertwined with the real estate sector. On
SHANGHAI 00000292 005 OF 005
the one hand, real estate is one of the key domestic sectors for
generating internal investment and consumption--especially
important for combating the effects of slowing growth of demand
abroad. In light of this, some could argue a strong real estate
stimulus package is needed. On the other hand, the return to
labor from the high economic growth of recent years has been
lower than the return to capital, leaving workers with incomes
that have fallen behind the increases in housing costs. This
has led some to argue against supporting property developers,
since that would only be putting more profits in their hands.
¶19. (SBU) For now, Beijing appears to have decided to offer the
bulk of policy support to households, through homebuyer
incentives, while pushing property developers to contribute by
keeping price increases to a minimum and supplying a greater
percentage of affordable housing. However, the center's
unleashing of the real estate sector has the danger of signaling
to local governments that the punch bowl snatched away in
October 2007 is now back on the table. Inflation will be
worsened once expectations of a new housing boom trigger a surge
in real estate investment--which has still not happened (see
reftel)--since this would help drive up the international prices
of upstream commodities such as steel. Households already are
purchasing residences in part as a hedge against inflation, so
the inflation spiral could be self-sustaining.
CAMP