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Viewing cable 04BRASILIA1533, MAKING ENDS MEET IN BRASILIA
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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
04BRASILIA1533 | 2004-06-22 17:03 | 2011-07-11 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Brasilia |
This record is a partial extract of the original cable. The full text of the original cable is not available.
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 02 BRASILIA 001533
SIPDIS
NSC FOR DEMPSEY
TREASURY FOR SSEGAL
AID FOR LAC/SAM
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: SOCI EAID PGOV PHUM ELAB ECON BR
SUBJECT: MAKING ENDS MEET IN BRASILIA
¶1. SUMMARY. Notwithstanding all its ministry buildings,
rigid urban design and untypical (for Brazil) physical
separation from slums and shantytowns, Brasilia is
permeated with low-income earners working on the fringes of
the formal economy or filling informal jobs. They are
endemic at the lively produce market, at the city park, and
in the small shops of Brazil's more modest commercial
streets. It is from this class that current President Lula
rose and to which, in large part, his election is ascribed.
Econoff asked several long-standing personal contacts of
this station to fill out surveys of monthly income and
spending habits, for insight into the lives and day-to-day
struggles of these workhorses. This unscientific survey,
if anything, attested to a deepened hardship in the lives
of Brazil's marginal classes under Lula. End summary.
¶2. Econoff presented eight acquaintances with the survey
form, which asked for basic personal information and
amounts spent in 17 broad categories including survival
essentials, consumer goods, rent, transportation, and
taxes. Among those surveyed were self-appointed "car
guards" who stake out their long-term territory on the
shopping streets and parking lots to guide vehicles into
parking spaces, wash cars, and watch cars so the vehicles
will not get vandalized. Two out of the three car guards
who were approached with the survey were illiterate, thus
unable to participate. Another of the eight to not
participate was newsstand-owner Fernando. He said, "I'm
sorry I will not fill this out, but no one knows what I
make: not my wife, my children, the government, nor even
God." Apart from the car-washer who did fill in the form,
the five respondents comprised two micro-business owners,
a soap saleswoman, and a clothing store clerk.
¶3. Ediclea is a single twenty-year-old mother of two who
has been working as a "car guard" at the city park for 15
years (sic). She and her mother work at one of the parking
lots seven days a week. Ediclea often brings her infant
and toddler, who can be expected to be recruited into the
"family business" in a few years. For the survey month,
Ediclea personally made 100R from pocket change for
watching customers' cars. Her father is retired from
working at a bicycle shop and heads the household of eight
family members. Four of them work, for a total of just over
900 Reals (one USD = roughly 3.10 Reals) per month,
yielding a combined family income of 1150R when added to
the father's 240R minimum-wage pension. Food, water, and
utilities consume 35% of the family total income. The
family tax bite is 17%, which is most likely INSS (social
security taxes). Clothing and household goods accounted
for 39%, and the balance of 9% was spent on medicine for
the survey month.
¶4. Antonia is a 52-year-old married woman with two
students in the household. She and her husband have had an
exotic juice business at a produce market for 11 years.
She charges 1R for a cup of juice, 3.50R for a small
bottle, and 8R for a large container. The couple grossed
1500R in the survey month. The business' net profit has
declined steadily for the last five years, says Antonia,
due to increases in Amazon fruit prices, container costs,
and transportation costs, which they have been unable to
pass on to consumers. Taxes consume 20% of their income.
Even though they are in the food business, their food costs
are the greatest expense incurred by the family in the
survey month, at 40% of their income. Transportation
accounted for another 20% of expenditures, followed by
telephone bills (9%), electricity and medicine (both 6%),
and water (5%). Antonia was forced to tap into savings for
120R to meet expenses for the month.
¶5. Antonio washes cars for 5R a pop and earns 10R for a
wash and wax at the same market where Antonia sells juice.
At thirty-eight, he is the sole supporter of his family of
five, and made 500R last month. He is not liable for
paying any income tax, does not pay social security tax,
and has no housing expenses, since he lives in a small
shack which he built himself with scrap materials he
accumulated. The lion's share (44%) of his income in the
survey month went to clothing (100R) and transportation
(120R). All other expenditures were 40R or under: food,
alcohol, cigarettes, a loan repayment of 25R, water,
electricity, household goods, water, telephone, medicine,
and presents. He is one of ten children who assists in
supporting his mother by giving her 30R per month.
¶6. Fifty-three-year-old Angelica sells soap at local fairs
and reports that she made 200R during the survey month.
She and her taxi-driver husband have an empty nest. Some
of Angelica's living expenses are paid by her sister who
works for the state government, her manicurist daughter who
lives in another town, and her husband. Last month,
Angelica paid 50R in taxes, 30R for her basic monthly
telephone charge, and 80R for food. A chain smoker, she
also inhaled 40R worth of cigarettes.
¶7. Rosangela, 20, has worked at a clothing store for the
past five months with a salary (no commission) of 350R per
month, and studies at a private college. She lives with
her family of eight and contributes 150R per month for
general household living expenses, 50R for household goods,
and 10R for the monthly phone bill. She always walks to
work, but occasionally takes the city bus to other locales
(1.60R flat fare), and spent roughly 10R for that purpose.
She has an educational loan with 70R monthly payments, and
spends 20R per month on fast food. In an act of discipline
for someone of this age working in a clothing store, she
only purchased 35R of clothes. The balance of her income
was used to purchase a small gift.
¶8. According to a 2002 study conducted by SEBRAE, the
Brazilian support organization for small business, in
Brazil's eight major metropolitan areas, including
Brasilia, there are 1.4 million informal workers with an
average income of 903 Reals per month. Three of the four
people that Econoff surveyed earning a living on Brasilia's
informal economy earned less than that average. Formal-
economy workers earn substantially more: according to the
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
their average income is 1,789 R per month. Residents of
Brasilia -- a privileged government town which unlike Rio,
Sao Paulo, and virtually all other Brazilian urban centers
does not contain sprawling low-income zones or slums; the
latters' equivalent are instead located in separate
'satellite cities' up to an hour away -- enjoy an average
income of 3,241 R, according to the same IBGE tables.
¶9. COMMENT. This (admittedly unscientific) survey
contained zero that would attest to any improvement in the
lives of Brazil's marginal classes under Lula's government
or for that matter in the later years of Cardoso's since
¶1998. None of these five people reported any income
increase in the last five years, and the only person with a
business reported declining profits over the last years.
No one reported that they saved any portion of their
remuneration, nor make rental or house payments. Indeed,
the main device for these persons of humble station to get
by seems to be their ability to economize on habitation
costs. With the exception of Rosangela, those surveyed
either live in the satellite cities in hand-built shacks,
or live with others who have erected these make-shift
structures. The extended family is alive and well in
Brasilia, partially propagated by economic necessity, as
family members pool their money for day-to-day survival.
HRINAK