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Viewing cable 09KABUL868, SHIA FAMILY LAW DETAILS
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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
09KABUL868 | 2009-04-05 16:16 | 2011-08-24 01:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Kabul |
VZCZCXRO9964
PP RUEHDBU RUEHPW
DE RUEHBUL #0868/01 0951616
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
P 051616Z APR 09
FM AMEMBASSY KABUL
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 8263
INFO RUCNAFG/AFGHANISTAN COLLECTIVE PRIORITY
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 KABUL 000868
SENSITIVE
SIPDIS
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: KDEM PGOV AF PREL PHUM
SUBJECT: SHIA FAMILY LAW DETAILS
REF: A. KABUL 837
¶B. KABUL 845
¶1. (SBU) SUMMARY. The US Embassy has translated some 15
articles of concern in the Shia Family Law signed on March 31
by President Karzai (ref A). See para 4 for that
translation. The basis for such a law is found in Article
131 of the Afghan Constitution. At an April 4 meeting
between the diplomatic community and the Ministry of Justice,
Justice Minister Danesh asked foreign governments to review
official translations before commenting on the legislation
(ref B). Karzai has directed the MoJ to review the
legislation for possible conflicts with the Afghan
Constitution or international protocols on human rights
signed by Afghanistan. SRAP Holbrooke raised this issue with
Karzai today. Details of that conversation will be reported
septel. End Summary.
Current Status of the Law
------------
¶2. (SBU) The law is currently under review by MoJ and not yet
published in the government's official legal gazette (similar
to the US federal register). Opinion is divided over whether
the law takes effect after the president signs the
legislation or whether the act of publication brings the law
into force. The law's final article (253) states "this law
will be implemented after its approval and should be
published in the official gazette." Deputy Justice Minister
Hashimzai told EmbOffs he believes this ambiguous wording
would allow some to argue the law was effective upon the
President's signature, but Karzai could still withdraw the
law up until the time it is published in the official
gazette. Other legal experts have disputed this position or
said the question has not yet been resolved by the country's
judicial system. Several embassies, including the US, have
requested that MoJ delay publication of the law in the
gazette.
¶3. (SBU) There is confusion over which law is the final
version. A USAID-funded parliamentary assistance
organization provided Parliament's final copy to the Embassy,
which includes four changes (such as removing an article
legalizing temporary marriage) made by Parliament's Lower
House before both houses referred the legislation to the
Supreme Court. However, as the legislation's chief
supporter, Ayatollah Muhammad Asif Mohseni has demanded the
original legislation be published without Parliament's
changes in order to respect Shia tradition. Given irregular
legislative procedures in passing the law, it's possible
Mohseni's influence could lead to a reversal of some or all
of Parliament's amendments. In addition, Education Minister
Farooq Wardak, a close advisor to Karzai, told one Canadian
diplomat that Article 122 (marriage of a minor by a father)
was removed from the version signed by Karzai. A
Dari-language copy of the law with Karzai's signature we
obtained from a Palace source, however, includes that article
as well as the changes passed by Parliament. These reports
demonstrate confusing and non-transparent procedures that are
common to Afghanistan's legislative process, and complicates
outsiders', and some insiders', abilities to understand the
overall situation.
Notable Articles of Concern
------------
¶4. (SBU) The following articles and sections of those
articles may violate human rights protections in the Afghan
Constitution and international protocols signed by
Afghanistan, or have raised other human rights concerns among
Afghan civil society groups and the international community.
The below translation was provided by Embassy local staff.
Article 30:
(1) A mentally ill person is a person who lacks a sense of
understanding in all affairs of life.
(2) The possessions of a mentally ill person as defined in
paragraph 1 of this article are considered forfeit in assets
and financial rights.
Article 45:
(1) Guardianship, in accordance to the provisions of this
law, is the power and authority to perform duties for others
in limited circumstances. Such a person is called the
guardian. The person in custody is called the ward.
(2) Guardianship consists of the following two types:
1- General Guardianship: is an authorized judge for the
person who lacks ability or has mental weakness.
2- Specific Guardianship: is the appointment of some specific
persons for specific affairs. There are two types:
Compulsory guardianship: is guardianship by father and
paternal grandfather.
KABUL 00000868 002 OF 003
Appointed guardianship: is a person appointed by the father
or paternal grandfather for the affairs of the ward.
(3) The guardianship by a father or paternal grandfather is
in accordance with the law and has no requirement by the
court to implement them. If the provisions of paragraph 1 of
this article are not there, the Court then appoints a team
for the ward (child). (Embassy comment: Article 45, along
with Article 47, give men superior custodial rights over
women, in violation of the Constitution's Article 22, which
guarantees equal rights.)
Article 47:
(1) Guardianship of children is granted to the father and
paternal grandfather, both of whom are of the same value, and
do not cancel the effect of each other. In case of
disagreement on the question of guardianship by father and
grandfather, the guardianship by grandfather holds prime
importance.
(2) Father and grandfather, in the absence of each other, can
authorize someone to be the guardian of the child. If one of
them remains alive, another guardian cannot be chosen.
Article 99:
(1) The marriage of a mentally ill minor (male or female) may
be decided by a compulsory guardian, authorized guardian, or
court.
(2) A mentally ill minor (male or female) has the right to
reject a marriage that has been arranged by a compulsory or
authorized guardian. (Embassy comment: this article allows a
father/grandfather to compel the marriage of a mentally ill
minor. It is unlikely a mentally ill minor would have the
capacity to exercise the right to reject a marriage given in
Section 2.)
Article 100:
Intercourse with one's wife before puberty is prohibited. If
virginity is lost due to intercourse, the person who has
conducted the intercourse shall be responsible to financially
support the woman for the rest of her life, even if she gets
divorce. (Embassy comment: this article implies marriage to a
post-pubescent minor is acceptable.)
Article 101:
If an underage girl is raped or loses her virginity due to
intercourse, the perpetrator shall pay the equivalent of a
woman. This provision does not apply to an adult woman's
loss of virginity either through rape or legal intercourse.
Article 102:
(1) The marriage of a virgin girl depends upon her and her
compulsory guardian's will. (Embassy comment: this article
requires a guardian's consent to marry. No age limit for
women is imposed on this right of control given to male
guardians.)
Article 122:
(1) If a minor's marriage is arranged by the father or
paternal ancestors, the dowry is paid by the child. However,
if the child is unable to pay then a compulsory guardian
shall pay. If the compulsory guardian dies and he has yet to
pay the dowry, it is then taken from the deceased's assets.
(2) If the father pays for the dowry of a minor female and
that child reaches puberty without sexual intercourse and
divorces, the husband can demand half of the dowry back.
(Embassy comment: this article condones marriage of minors.)
Article 132:
(3) A couple should not commit acts that create hatred and
bitterness in their relationship. The wife is bound to preen
for her husband, as and when he desires.
(4) If the husband is not traveling, he is bound to have
intercourse with his wife once in each four nights. This
requirement is not enforceable if it harms one of the spouses
or if one of them has a sexually transmitted disease. It is
the duty of a woman to defer to her husband's sexual desire.
It is the duty of a husband to not delay intercourse with his
wife for more than four months without his wife's permission.
(5) If a man has more than one wife, it is his duty to give
one night to each of them in the course of four nights,
according to the provision of paragraph 4 of this article.
One wife's right can be bestowed to another if the other
wives and the husband agree.
(6) A husband can provide more than one night to each wife,
on the condition that other wives are not harmed.
(7) A wife is bound to do only the household work at home
that has been assigned to her by her husband, as condition at
the time of wedlock. She is not bound to do anything else.
Article 133:
(1) A husband is responsible for the family's financial
maintenance, unless this right is given to the wife by the
decision of a court due to husband's mental illness.
KABUL 00000868 003 OF 003
(2) If a wife is employed before marriage and the
continuation of the job is conditioned at the time of
wedlock, the husband cannot oppose the wife's employment
after marriage, unless it is opposed to the interest of the
family or of one of the spouses.
(3) A husband can prevent a wife from any unnecessary
activity or those activities for which she is not bound by
Sharia and are not contradictory to customary
responsibilities.
(4) A wife cannot leave her house without her husband's
permission, unless she has an urgent problem. If there is an
urgent problem, she may leave the house without her husband's
permission only to solve the problem. In case of disagreement
the issue shall be resolved by a court.
(5) A wife is the owner of her assets and can possess them in
any form without her husband's permission.
Article 143:
The presence of the following disabilities and illnesses are
pertinent to the cancellation of the marriage contract on
condition that the man was not aware of these elements in
advance:
Qaran: the presence of extra flesh or bone in the woman's
vagina, even if it does not prevent intercourse or pregnancy.
Afza: the combination of urinary and menstruation ducts or
menstruation with excrement.
Other disabilities: having a physical disability, blindness
in both eyes, insanity, leprosy.
(2) If these disabilities, according to the provision of
paragraph 1 of this article, appear after the marriage, the
husband does not have automatic grounds to divorce.
Article 161:
A divorce should be given in front of two righteous men and
both should hear it. If it is known later that one or both
of them were not righteous then the divorce is considered
canceled.
A righteous person obeys the orders of Allah for His fear.
Article 177:
(4) The duties of the wife are deference or willingness to
her husband's sexual enjoyment and not leaving the house in
the absence of urgency or emergency without her husband's
permission. Violation of any of the above is considered a
disobedience to the husband.
Article 190:
(4) A mother can keep custody of a daughter up to 9 years of
age and a son up to 7 years. After the completion of that
age, fathers may take custody of daughters and sons, unless a
court decides otherwise. (Embassy comment: this article, in
violation of Article 22 of the Constitution, gives unequal
rights to men and women by giving the option of sole custody
of children after the listed ages only to men.)
Article 226:
A husband can inherit all inheritance from a wife, but a
woman may inherit only the moveable inheritance and cannot
inherit the exact price of real estate even if the land is
pure or covered with construction, trees, or agriculture.
However, she can inherit value from the construction, trees,
and other fixed assets. The family of the husband can pay
the wife the equivalent value.
RICCIARDONE