

Currently released so far... 51122 / 251,287
Articles
Brazil
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
Sweden
00. Editorial
United States
Latin America
Egypt
Jordan
Yemen
Thailand
Browse latest releases
2010/12/01
2010/12/02
2010/12/03
2010/12/04
2010/12/05
2010/12/06
2010/12/07
2010/12/08
2010/12/09
2010/12/10
2010/12/11
2010/12/12
2010/12/13
2010/12/14
2010/12/15
2010/12/16
2010/12/17
2010/12/18
2010/12/19
2010/12/20
2010/12/21
2010/12/22
2010/12/23
2010/12/24
2010/12/25
2010/12/26
2010/12/27
2010/12/28
2010/12/29
2010/12/30
2011/01/01
2011/01/02
2011/01/04
2011/01/05
2011/01/07
2011/01/09
2011/01/11
2011/01/12
2011/01/13
2011/01/14
2011/01/15
2011/01/16
2011/01/17
2011/01/18
2011/01/19
2011/01/20
2011/01/21
2011/01/22
2011/01/23
2011/01/24
2011/01/25
2011/01/26
2011/01/27
2011/01/28
2011/01/29
2011/01/30
2011/01/31
2011/02/01
2011/02/02
2011/02/03
2011/02/04
2011/02/05
2011/02/06
2011/02/07
2011/02/08
2011/02/09
2011/02/10
2011/02/11
2011/02/12
2011/02/13
2011/02/14
2011/02/15
2011/02/16
2011/02/17
2011/02/18
2011/02/19
2011/02/20
2011/02/21
2011/02/22
2011/02/23
2011/02/24
2011/02/25
2011/02/26
2011/02/27
2011/02/28
2011/03/01
2011/03/02
2011/03/03
2011/03/04
2011/03/05
2011/03/06
2011/03/07
2011/03/08
2011/03/09
2011/03/10
2011/03/11
2011/03/13
2011/03/14
2011/03/15
2011/03/16
2011/03/17
2011/03/18
2011/03/19
2011/03/20
2011/03/21
2011/03/22
2011/03/23
2011/03/24
2011/03/25
2011/03/26
2011/03/27
2011/03/28
2011/03/29
2011/03/30
2011/03/31
2011/04/01
2011/04/02
2011/04/03
2011/04/04
2011/04/05
2011/04/06
2011/04/07
2011/04/08
2011/04/09
2011/04/10
2011/04/11
2011/04/12
2011/04/13
2011/04/14
2011/04/15
2011/04/16
2011/04/17
2011/04/18
2011/04/19
2011/04/20
2011/04/21
2011/04/22
2011/04/23
2011/04/24
2011/04/25
2011/04/26
2011/04/27
2011/04/28
2011/04/29
2011/04/30
2011/05/01
2011/05/02
2011/05/03
2011/05/04
2011/05/05
2011/05/06
2011/05/07
2011/05/08
2011/05/09
2011/05/10
2011/05/11
2011/05/12
2011/05/13
2011/05/14
2011/05/15
2011/05/16
2011/05/17
2011/05/18
2011/05/19
2011/05/20
2011/05/21
2011/05/22
2011/05/23
2011/05/24
2011/05/25
2011/05/26
2011/05/27
2011/05/28
2011/05/29
2011/05/30
2011/05/31
2011/06/01
2011/06/02
2011/06/03
2011/06/04
2011/06/05
2011/06/06
2011/06/07
2011/06/08
2011/06/09
2011/06/10
2011/06/11
2011/06/12
2011/06/13
2011/06/14
2011/06/15
2011/06/16
2011/06/17
2011/06/18
2011/06/19
2011/06/20
2011/06/21
2011/06/22
2011/06/23
2011/06/24
2011/06/25
2011/06/26
2011/06/27
2011/06/28
2011/06/29
2011/06/30
2011/07/01
2011/07/02
2011/07/04
2011/07/05
2011/07/06
2011/07/07
2011/07/08
2011/07/10
2011/07/11
2011/07/12
2011/07/13
2011/07/14
2011/07/15
2011/07/16
2011/07/17
2011/07/18
2011/07/19
2011/07/20
2011/07/21
2011/07/22
2011/07/23
2011/07/25
2011/07/27
2011/07/28
2011/07/29
2011/07/31
2011/08/01
2011/08/02
2011/08/03
2011/08/05
2011/08/06
2011/08/07
2011/08/08
2011/08/09
2011/08/10
2011/08/11
2011/08/12
2011/08/13
2011/08/15
2011/08/16
2011/08/17
2011/08/18
2011/08/19
2011/08/21
2011/08/22
2011/08/23
2011/08/24
Browse by creation date
Browse by origin
Embassy Athens
Embassy Asuncion
Embassy Astana
Embassy Asmara
Embassy Ashgabat
Embassy Apia
Embassy Antananarivo
Embassy Ankara
Embassy Amman
Embassy Algiers
Embassy Addis Ababa
Embassy Accra
Embassy Abuja
Embassy Abu Dhabi
Embassy Abidjan
Consulate Auckland
Consulate Amsterdam
Consulate Alexandria
Consulate Adana
American Institute Taiwan, Taipei
Embasy Bonn
Embassy Bujumbura
Embassy Buenos Aires
Embassy Budapest
Embassy Bucharest
Embassy Brussels
Embassy Bridgetown
Embassy Brazzaville
Embassy Bratislava
Embassy Brasilia
Embassy Bogota
Embassy Bishkek
Embassy Bern
Embassy Berlin
Embassy Belmopan
Embassy Belgrade
Embassy Beirut
Embassy Beijing
Embassy Banjul
Embassy Bangui
Embassy Bangkok
Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan
Embassy Bamako
Embassy Baku
Embassy Baghdad
Consulate Belfast
Consulate Barcelona
Embassy Cotonou
Embassy Copenhagen
Embassy Conakry
Embassy Colombo
Embassy Chisinau
Embassy Caracas
Embassy Canberra
Embassy Cairo
Consulate Curacao
Consulate Ciudad Juarez
Consulate Chiang Mai
Consulate Chennai
Consulate Chengdu
Consulate Casablanca
Consulate Cape Town
Consulate Calgary
Embassy Dushanbe
Embassy Dublin
Embassy Doha
Embassy Djibouti
Embassy Dili
Embassy Dhaka
Embassy Dar Es Salaam
Embassy Damascus
Embassy Dakar
DIR FSINFATC
Consulate Dusseldorf
Consulate Durban
Consulate Dubai
Consulate Dhahran
Embassy Guatemala
Embassy Grenada
Embassy Georgetown
Embassy Gaborone
Consulate Guayaquil
Consulate Guangzhou
Consulate Guadalajara
Embassy Helsinki
Embassy Harare
Embassy Hanoi
Consulate Hong Kong
Consulate Ho Chi Minh City
Consulate Hermosillo
Consulate Hamilton
Consulate Hamburg
Consulate Halifax
Embassy Kyiv
Embassy Kuwait
Embassy Kuala Lumpur
Embassy Kolonia
Embassy Kinshasa
Embassy Kingston
Embassy Kigali
Embassy Khartoum
Embassy Kathmandu
Embassy Kampala
Embassy Kabul
Consulate Krakow
Consulate Kolkata
Consulate Karachi
Embassy Luxembourg
Embassy Lusaka
Embassy Luanda
Embassy London
Embassy Lome
Embassy Ljubljana
Embassy Lisbon
Embassy Lima
Embassy Lilongwe
Embassy Libreville
Embassy La Paz
Consulate Leipzig
Consulate Lahore
Consulate Lagos
Mission USOSCE
Mission USNATO
Mission UNESCO
Mission Geneva
Embassy Muscat
Embassy Moscow
Embassy Montevideo
Embassy Monrovia
Embassy Mogadishu
Embassy Minsk
Embassy Mexico
Embassy Mbabane
Embassy Maseru
Embassy Maputo
Embassy Manila
Embassy Manama
Embassy Managua
Embassy Malabo
Embassy Madrid
Consulate Munich
Consulate Mumbai
Consulate Montreal
Consulate Monterrey
Consulate Milan
Consulate Merida
Consulate Melbourne
Consulate Matamoros
Consulate Marseille
Embassy Nouakchott
Embassy Nicosia
Embassy Niamey
Embassy New Delhi
Embassy Ndjamena
Embassy Nassau
Embassy Nairobi
Consulate Nuevo Laredo
Consulate Naples
Consulate Naha
Consulate Nagoya
Embassy Pristina
Embassy Pretoria
Embassy Praia
Embassy Prague
Embassy Port Of Spain
Embassy Port Moresby
Embassy Port Louis
Embassy Port Au Prince
Embassy Podgorica
Embassy Phnom Penh
Embassy Paris
Embassy Paramaribo
Embassy Panama
Consulate Peshawar
REO Hillah
REO Basrah
Embassy Rome
Embassy Riyadh
Embassy Riga
Embassy Reykjavik
Embassy Rangoon
Embassy Rabat
Consulate Rio De Janeiro
Consulate Recife
Secretary of State
Embassy Suva
Embassy Stockholm
Embassy Sofia
Embassy Skopje
Embassy Singapore
Embassy Seoul
Embassy Sarajevo
Embassy Santo Domingo
Embassy Santiago
Embassy Sanaa
Embassy San Salvador
Embassy San Jose
Consulate Surabaya
Consulate Strasbourg
Consulate St Petersburg
Consulate Shenyang
Consulate Shanghai
Consulate Sapporo
Consulate Sao Paulo
Embassy Tunis
Embassy Tripoli
Embassy Tokyo
Embassy Tirana
Embassy The Hague
Embassy Tel Aviv
Embassy Tehran
Embassy Tegucigalpa
Embassy Tbilisi
Embassy Tashkent
Embassy Tallinn
Consulate Toronto
Consulate Tijuana
Consulate Thessaloniki
USUN New York
USMISSION USTR GENEVA
USEU Brussels
US Office Almaty
US Mission Geneva
US Mission CD Geneva
US Interests Section Havana
US Delegation, Secretary
UNVIE
UN Rome
Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Embassy Vilnius
Embassy Vientiane
Embassy Vienna
Embassy Vatican
Embassy Valletta
Consulate Vladivostok
Consulate Vancouver
Browse by tag
AMGT
ASEC
AEMR
AR
APECO
AU
AORC
ADANA
AJ
AF
AFIN
AMED
AS
AM
ABLD
AFFAIRS
AMB
APER
ACOA
AND
AA
AE
AADP
AID
AO
AL
AG
AORD
ADM
AINF
AINT
ASEAN
AORG
ABT
APEC
AY
ASUP
ARF
AGOA
AVIAN
ATRN
ANET
AGIT
ASECVE
ABUD
AODE
ALOW
ADB
AN
ADPM
ASPA
ARABL
AFSN
AZ
AC
AIAG
AFSI
ASCE
ASIG
ACABQ
ADIP
AFGHANISTAN
AROC
ADCO
ACOTA
ANARCHISTS
AMEDCASCKFLO
AK
ARABBL
ASCH
ANTITERRORISM
AGRICULTURE
AOCR
ARR
ASSEMBLY
AORCYM
AFPK
ACKM
AGMT
AEC
APRC
AIN
AFPREL
ASFC
ASECTH
AFSA
AINR
AOPC
AFAF
AFARI
AX
ASECAF
ASECAFIN
AT
AFZAL
APCS
AGAO
AIT
ARCH
AEMRASECCASCKFLOMARRPRELPINRAMGTJMXL
AMEX
ARM
AQ
ATFN
AMBASSADOR
AORCD
AVIATION
ARAS
AINFCY
ACBAQ
AOPR
AREP
AOIC
ASEX
ASEK
AER
AGR
AMCT
AVERY
APR
AEMRS
AFU
AMG
ATPDEA
ASECKFRDCVISKIRFPHUMSMIGEG
AORL
ACS
AMCHAMS
AECL
AUC
ACAO
BA
BR
BB
BG
BEXP
BY
BRUSSELS
BU
BD
BTIO
BK
BL
BE
BMGT
BO
BM
BX
BN
BWC
BBSR
BTT
BC
BH
BILAT
BUSH
BHUM
BT
BTC
BMENA
BOND
BAIO
BP
BF
BRPA
BURNS
BUT
BBG
BCW
BOEHNER
BOL
BASHAR
BIDEN
BFIN
BZ
BEXPC
BTIU
CPAS
CA
CASC
CS
CBW
CIDA
CO
CODEL
CI
CROS
CU
CH
CWC
CMGT
CVIS
CDG
CTR
CG
CF
CHIEF
CJAN
CBSA
CE
CY
CB
CW
CM
CHR
CD
COE
CV
COUNTER
CT
CN
CPUOS
CTERR
CVR
CVPR
CDC
COUNTRY
CLEARANCE
CONS
COM
CACS
CR
CONTROLS
CAN
CACM
COMMERCE
CAMBODIA
CFIS
COUNTERTERRORISM
CITES
CONDOLEEZZA
CZ
CTBT
CEN
CLINTON
CFED
CARC
CTM
CARICOM
CSW
CICTE
CYPRUS
CBE
CMGMT
CARSON
CWCM
CIVS
COUNTRYCLEARANCE
CENTCOM
CAPC
COPUOS
CKGR
CITEL
CQ
CITT
CIC
CARIB
CVIC
CAFTA
CVISU
CDB
CEDAW
CNC
CJUS
COMMAND
CENTER
COL
CAJC
CONSULAR
CLMT
CBC
CIA
CNARC
CIS
CEUDA
CHINA
CAC
CL
DR
DJ
DEMOCRATIC
DEMARCHE
DOMESTIC
DISENGAGEMENT
DB
DA
DHS
DAO
DCM
DAVID
DO
DEAX
DEFENSE
DEA
DTRO
DPRK
DOC
DTRA
DK
DAC
DOD
DRL
DRC
DCG
DE
DOT
DEPT
DOE
DS
DKEM
ECON
ETTC
EFIS
ETRD
EC
EMIN
EAGR
EAID
EFIN
EUN
ECIN
EG
EWWT
EINV
ENRG
ELAB
EPET
EIND
EN
EAIR
EUMEM
ECPS
ES
EI
ELTN
ET
EZ
EU
ER
EINT
ENGR
ECONOMIC
ENIV
EFTA
ETRN
EMS
EUREM
EPA
ESTH
EEB
EET
ENV
EAG
EXIM
ECTRD
ELNT
ENVIRONMENT
ECA
EAP
EINDIR
ETR
ECONOMY
ETRC
ELECTIONS
EICN
EXPORT
EARG
EGHG
EID
ETRO
EINF
EAIDHO
ECIP
EENV
EURM
EPEC
ERNG
ENERG
EIAD
EXBS
ED
EREL
ELAM
EK
EWT
ENGRD
EDEV
ECE
ENGY
EXIMOPIC
ETRDEC
ECCT
EUR
ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID
EFI
ECOSOC
EXTERNAL
ESCAP
ETCC
EENG
ERA
ENRD
ECLAC
ETRAD
EBRD
ENVR
ECONENRG
ELTNSNAR
ELAP
EPIT
EDUC
EAIDXMXAXBXFFR
EETC
EIVN
EDRC
EGOV
ETRA
EAIDRW
ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS
ESA
ETRDGK
ENVI
ELN
EPRT
EPTED
ERTD
EUM
EAIDS
EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM
EDU
EV
EAIDAF
EDA
EPREL
EINVEFIN
EAGER
ETMIN
EUCOM
ECCP
EIDN
EINVKSCA
ENNP
EFINECONCS
ETC
EAIRASECCASCID
EINN
ETRP
ECONOMICS
ENERGY
EIAR
EINDETRD
ECONEFIN
EURN
ETRDEINVTINTCS
EFIM
ETIO
EATO
EIPR
EINVETC
ETTD
ETDR
EIQ
ECONCS
ENRGIZ
EAIG
ENTG
EUC
ERD
EINVECONSENVCSJA
EEPET
EUNCH
ESENV
ECINECONCS
ETRDECONWTOCS
ECUN
FR
FI
FOREIGN
FARM
FIR
FAO
FK
FARC
FAS
FJ
FREEDOM
FAC
FINANCE
FBI
FTAA
FM
FCS
FAA
FORCE
FDA
FTA
FT
FCSC
FMGT
FINR
FIN
FDIC
FOR
FOI
FO
FMLN
FISO
GM
GERARD
GT
GA
GG
GR
GTIP
GH
GZ
GE
GB
GY
GAZA
GJ
GEORGE
GOI
GCC
GMUS
GI
GLOBAL
GV
GC
GL
GOV
GKGIC
GF
GWI
GIPNC
GUTIERREZ
GTMO
GANGS
GAERC
GUILLERMO
GASPAR
HR
HA
HYMPSK
HO
HK
HUMAN
HU
HN
HHS
HURI
HUD
HUMRIT
HUMANITARIAN
HUMANR
HL
HSTC
HILLARY
HCOPIL
HADLEY
HOURANI
HI
HUM
HEBRON
HUMOR
IZ
IN
IAEA
IS
IMO
ILO
IR
IC
IT
ITU
ID
IV
IMF
IBRD
IWC
ICAO
ICRC
INF
IO
IPR
ISO
IK
ISRAELI
IQ
ICES
IDB
INFLUENZA
IRAQI
ISCON
IGAD
IRAN
ITALY
IRAQ
ICTY
ICTR
ITPGOV
ITALIAN
IQNV
IADB
INTERNAL
INMARSAT
IRDB
ILC
INCB
INRB
ICJ
ISRAEL
INR
IEA
ISPA
ICCAT
IOM
ITRD
IHO
IL
IFAD
ITRA
IDLI
ISCA
INL
INRA
INTELSAT
ISAF
ISPL
IRS
IEF
ITER
INDO
IIP
IND
IEFIN
IACI
IAHRC
INNP
IA
INTERPOL
IFIN
ISSUES
IZPREL
IRAJ
IF
ITPHUM
ITA
IP
IRPE
IDA
ISLAMISTS
ITF
INRO
IBET
IDP
IRC
KMDR
KPAO
KOMC
KNNP
KFLO
KDEM
KSUM
KIPR
KFLU
KE
KCRM
KJUS
KAWC
KZ
KSCA
KDRG
KCOR
KGHG
KPAL
KTIP
KMCA
KCRS
KPKO
KOLY
KRVC
KVPR
KG
KWBG
KTER
KS
KN
KSPR
KWMN
KV
KTFN
KFRD
KU
KSTC
KSTH
KISL
KGIC
KSEP
KFIN
KTEX
KTIA
KUNR
KCMR
KCIP
KMOC
KTDB
KBIO
KBCT
KMPI
KSAF
KACT
KFEM
KPRV
KPWR
KIRC
KCFE
KRIM
KHIV
KHLS
KVIR
KNNNP
KCEM
KLIG
KIRF
KNUP
KSAC
KNUC
KPGOV
KTDD
KIDE
KOMS
KLFU
KNNC
KMFO
KSEO
KJRE
KJUST
KMRS
KSRE
KGIT
KPIR
KPOA
KUWAIT
KIVP
KICC
KSCS
KPOL
KSEAO
KRCM
KSCI
KNAP
KGLB
KICA
KCUL
KPRM
KFSC
KQ
KPOP
KPFO
KPALAOIS
KREC
KBWG
KR
KTTB
KNAR
KCOM
KESS
KINR
KOCI
KWN
KCSY
KREL
KTBT
KFTN
KW
KRFD
KFLOA
KHDP
KNEP
KIND
KHUM
KSKN
KOMO
KDRL
KTFIN
KSOC
KPO
KGIV
KSTCPL
KSI
KPRP
KFPC
KNNB
KNDP
KICCPUR
KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KDMR
KFCE
KIMMITT
KMCC
KMNP
KSEC
KOMCSG
KGCC
KRAD
KCRP
KAUST
KWAWC
KCHG
KRDP
KPAS
KTIAPARM
KPAOPREL
KWGB
KIRP
KMIG
KLAB
KSEI
KHSA
KNPP
KPAONZ
KWWW
KGHA
KY
KCRIM
KCRCM
KGCN
KPLS
KIIP
KPAOY
KTRD
KTAO
KJU
KBTS
KWAC
KFIU
KNNO
KPAI
KILS
KPA
KRCS
KWBGSY
KNPPIS
KNNPMNUC
KNPT
KERG
KLTN
KPREL
KTLA
KO
KAWK
KVRP
KAID
KX
KENV
KWCI
KNPR
KCFC
KNEI
KFTFN
KTFM
KCERS
KDEMAF
KMEPI
KEMS
KBTR
KEDU
KIRL
KNNR
KMPT
KPDD
KPIN
KDEV
KFRP
KTBD
KMSG
KWWMN
KWBC
KA
KOM
KWNM
KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KRGY
KNNF
KICR
KIFR
KWMNCS
KPAK
KDDG
KCGC
KID
KNSD
KMPF
KWMM
MARR
MX
MASS
MOPS
MNUC
MCAP
MTCRE
MRCRE
MTRE
MASC
MY
MK
MG
MU
MILI
MO
MZ
MEPP
MCC
MEDIA
MOPPS
MI
MAS
MW
MP
MEPN
MV
MD
MR
MC
MCA
MT
MIL
MARITIME
MOPSGRPARM
MAAR
MOOPS
ML
MA
MN
MNUCPTEREZ
MTCR
MUNC
MPOS
MONUC
MGMT
MURRAY
MACP
MINUSTAH
MCCONNELL
MGT
MNUR
MF
MEPI
MOHAMMAD
MAR
MAPP
MNU
MFA
MTS
MLS
MEETINGS
MERCOSUR
MED
MNVC
MIK
MBM
MILITARY
MAPS
MARAD
MDC
MACEDONIA
MASSMNUC
MUCN
MQADHAFI
MPS
NZ
NATO
NI
NO
NU
NG
NL
NPT
NS
NA
NP
NASA
NSF
NEA
NANCY
NSG
NRR
NATIONAL
NMNUC
NC
NSC
NAS
NARC
NELSON
NATEU
NDP
NIH
NK
NIPP
NR
NERG
NSSP
NE
NTDB
NT
NEGROPONTE
NGO
NATOIRAQ
NAR
NZUS
NCCC
NH
NAFTA
NEW
NRG
NUIN
NOVO
NATOPREL
NV
NICHOLAS
NPA
NSFO
NW
NORAD
NPG
NOAA
OPRC
OPDC
OTRA
OECD
OVIP
OREP
ODC
OIIP
OAS
OSCE
OPIC
OMS
OFDP
OFDA
OEXC
OPCW
OIE
OSCI
OM
OPAD
ODPC
OIC
ODIP
OPPI
ORA
OCEA
OREG
OMIG
OFFICIALS
OSAC
OEXP
OPEC
OFPD
OAU
OCII
OIL
OVIPPRELUNGANU
OSHA
OPCD
OPCR
OF
OFDPQIS
OSIC
OHUM
OTR
OBSP
OGAC
OESC
OVP
ON
OES
OTAR
OCS
PREL
PGOV
PARM
PINR
PHUM
PM
PREF
PTER
PK
PINS
PBIO
PHSA
PE
PBTS
PA
PL
POL
PAK
POV
POLITICS
POLICY
PO
PRELTBIOBA
PKO
PIN
PNAT
PU
PGOVPREL
PALESTINIAN
PTERPGOV
PELOSI
PAS
PP
PTEL
PROP
PRELAF
PRHUM
PRE
PUNE
PIRF
PVOV
PROG
PERSONS
PROV
PKK
PRGOV
PH
PLAB
PDEM
PCI
PRL
PRM
PINSO
PERM
PETR
PPAO
PERL
PBS
PETERS
PRELBR
PCON
POLITICAL
PMIL
POLM
PKPA
PNUM
PLO
PTERM
PJUS
PARMP
PNIR
PHUMKPAL
PG
PREZ
PGIC
PAO
PROTECTION
PRELPK
PGOVENRG
PATTY
PSOC
PARTIES
PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ
PMIG
PAIGH
PARK
PETER
PHUS
PKPO
PGOVECON
POUS
PMAR
PWBG
PAR
PGOVGM
PHUH
PTE
PY
POLUN
PDOV
PGOVSOCI
PGOVPM
PRELEVU
PGOR
PBTSRU
PHUMA
PHUMR
PPD
PGV
PRAM
PARMS
PINL
PSI
PKPAL
PPA
PTERE
PGOF
PINO
PREO
PHAS
PAC
PRESL
PORG
PS
PGVO
PKFK
PSOE
PEPR
PINT
PRELP
PREFA
PNG
PTBS
PFOR
PGOVLO
PHUMBA
PREK
PHJM
POLINT
PGOVE
PHALANAGE
PARTY
PECON
PEACE
PROCESS
PLN
PEDRO
PF
PGPV
PCUL
PGGV
PSA
PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA
PGIV
PHUMPREL
POGOV
PEL
PBT
PAMQ
PINF
PSEPC
POSTS
PAHO
PHUMPGOV
PGOC
PNR
RS
RP
RU
RW
RFE
RCMP
RIGHTSPOLMIL
REFORM
RO
ROW
ROBERT
REACTION
REPORT
REGION
RELATIONS
RAY
ROBERTG
RIGHTS
RM
RATIFICATION
RREL
RBI
RICE
ROOD
REL
RODHAM
RGY
RUEHZO
RELIGIOUS
RELFREE
RUEUN
RELAM
RSP
RF
REO
REGIONAL
RUPREL
RI
REMON
RPEL
RSO
SCUL
SENV
SOCI
SZ
SNAR
SO
SP
SU
SY
SI
SMIG
SYR
SA
SW
SF
SR
SYRIA
SNARM
START
SPECIALIST
SG
SNIG
SCI
SGWI
SE
SIPDIS
SANC
SELAB
SN
SETTLEMENTS
SCIENCE
SENVENV
SENS
SPCE
SPAS
SECURITY
SENC
SOCIETY
SOSI
SENVEAGREAIDTBIOECONSOCIXR
SEN
SPECI
ST
SL
SENVCASCEAIDID
SC
SECRETARY
STR
SNA
SOCIS
SADC
SEP
SK
SHUM
SYAI
SMIL
STEPHEN
SNRV
SKCA
SENSITIVE
SECI
SCUD
SCRM
SGNV
SECTOR
SAARC
SENVSXE
SWMN
STEINBERG
SOPN
SOCR
SCRS
SWE
SARS
SNARIZ
SUDAN
SENVQGR
SAN
SM
SFNV
SSA
SPCVIS
SOFA
SCULKPAOECONTU
SENVKGHG
SHI
SEVN
SH
SNARCS
SNARN
SIPRS
TBIO
TW
TRGY
TSPA
TU
TPHY
TI
TX
TH
TIP
TSPL
TNGD
TZ
TS
TC
TK
TURKEY
TERRORISM
TPSL
TINT
TRSY
TERFIN
TPP
TT
TECHNOLOGY
TE
TAGS
TRAFFICKING
TJ
TN
TO
TD
TP
TREATY
TR
TA
TIO
TECH
TF
TRAD
TNDG
TWI
TPSA
TWL
TAUSCHER
TRBY
TL
TV
THPY
TSPAM
TREL
TRT
TNAR
TFIN
TWCH
THOMMA
THOMAS
TERROR
TRY
TBID
UK
UNESCO
UNSC
UNGA
UN
US
UZ
USEU
UG
UP
UNAUS
UNMIK
USTR
UY
USUN
UNEP
UNDC
UV
UNPUOS
UNSCR
USAID
UNODC
UNRCR
UNHCR
UNDP
UNCRIME
UA
UNHRC
UNRWA
UNO
UNCND
UNCHR
USAU
UNICEF
USPS
UNOMIG
UNESCOSCULPRELPHUMKPALCUIRXFVEKV
UR
UNFICYP
UNCITRAL
UNAMA
UNVIE
USTDA
USNC
UNCSD
USCC
UNEF
UNGAPL
USSC
UNMIC
UNTAC
UNCLASSIFIED
USDA
UNCTAD
USGS
UNFPA
UNSE
USOAS
UE
UAE
UNCHS
UNDESCO
UNC
UNSCS
UKXG
UNGACG
UNHR
UNBRO
UNCHC
UNFCYP
UNIDROIT
WHTI
WIPO
WTRO
WHO
WTO
WMO
WFP
WEET
WS
WE
WA
WHA
WBG
WILLIAM
WI
WSIS
WCL
WEBZ
WZ
WW
WWBG
WMD
WWT
WMN
WWARD
WITH
WTRQ
WCO
WEU
WB
WBEG
Browse by classification
Community resources
courage is contagious
Viewing cable 08PRETORIA2005, South Africa: Minerals and Energy Newsletter "THE ASSAY" -
If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs
Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
- The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
- The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
- The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #08PRETORIA2005.
Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
08PRETORIA2005 | 2008-09-10 08:03 | 2011-08-24 01:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Pretoria |
VZCZCXRO9235
RR RUEHBZ RUEHDU RUEHJO RUEHMR RUEHRN
DE RUEHSA #2005/01 2540803
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 100803Z SEP 08
FM AMEMBASSY PRETORIA
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 5649
INFO RUCPDC/DEPT OF COMMERCE WASHDC
RHEBAAA/DEPT OF ENERGY WASHINGTON DC
RUEHC/DEPT OF LABOR WASHDC
RUEHBJ/AMEMBASSY BEIJING 0846
RUEHBY/AMEMBASSY CANBERRA 0721
RUEHLO/AMEMBASSY LONDON 1594
RUEHMO/AMEMBASSY MOSCOW 0850
RUEHFR/AMEMBASSY PARIS 1432
RUEHOT/AMEMBASSY OTTAWA 0689
RUCNSAD/SOUTHERN AF DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY COLLECTIVE
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 05 PRETORIA 002005
SIPDIS
SENSITIVE
STATE PLEASE PASS USAID
STATE PLEASE PASS USGS
DEPT FOR AF/S, EEB/ESC AND CBA
DOE FOR SPERL AND PERSON
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: EPET ENRG EMIN EINV EIND ETRD ELAB KHIV SF
SUBJECT: South Africa: Minerals and Energy Newsletter "THE ASSAY" -
Issue 9, August 2008
This cable is not for Internet distribution.
¶1. (SBU) Introduction: The purpose of this newsletter, initiated in
January 2004, is to highlight minerals and energy developments in
South Africa. This includes trade and investment as well as supply.
South Africa hosts world-class deposits of gold, diamonds, platinum
group metals, chromium, zinc, titanium, vanadium, iron, manganese,
antimony, vermiculite, zircon, alumino-silicates, fluorspar and
phosphate rock, and is a major exporter of steam coal. South Africa
is also a leading producer and exporter of ferroalloys of chromium,
vanadium, and manganese. The information contained in the
newsletters is based on public sources and does not reflect the
views of the United States Government. End introduction.
--------
HOT NEWS
--------
--------------------------------------
Venezuela - SA Cooperation (for Real?)
--------------------------------------
¶2. (SBU) President Chavez was in South Africa on September 2 and 3
for a first-ever state visit by a Venezuelan president. During the
visit he signed a number of agreements and memoranda of
understanding for energy cooperation in areas of: mining, trade and
upstream oil and gas, exploration and exploitation of offshore
oilfields and the production of heavy oil in Venezuela. As part of
the agreement, South Africa would also gain access to Venezuela's
oil reserves. Venezuela has large oil reserves and developing
commercial relations in this sector could provide alternative
sources of supply for South Africa. South Africa's State-owned oil
company PetroSA reportedly said that it had acquired an
oil-producing asset in Venezuela and has qualified as an operator
for offshore gas exploration in Venezuela. PetroSA has invited its
Venezuelan counterpart Petrsleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA) to
participate as an investor in South Africa's proposed crude oil
refinery at Coega.
¶3. (SBU) Speaking at a joint press briefing with President Thabo
Mbeki in Pretoria, President Chavez urged PetroSA to immediately go
to Venezuela to start working to exploit the resources in the
Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt that he said has the largest oil reserves in
the world. He said it "will be a wonderful day when the first
Venezuelan tanker delivers oil to South Africa". Cost and price
structures have not yet been developed, but Mbeki said the purpose
of the agreement was to cut out intermediaries and have a direct
state-to-state relationship. South African Minerals and Energy
Minister and Venezuelan Energy and Petroleum Minister signed the
agreements. South Africa's Minister visited Venezuela in July and
this paved the way for closer cooperation between the two countries.
Venezuela is also keen to explore South Africa's gas-to-liquids
technology. Editorials question whether potential reliance on
Venezuela's high-sulfur heavy oil would improve South Africa's
energy security.
------
ENERGY
------
---------------------------------------
Pebble Bed Moves Closer to Construction
---------------------------------------
¶4. (SBU) South Africa's Pebble-Bed Modular (nuclear) Reactor (PBMR)
Q4. (SBU) South Africa's Pebble-Bed Modular (nuclear) Reactor (PBMR)
project has moved a step closer to construction of a
commercial-scale power station at Koeberg near Cape Town. The PBMR
company has signed a contract for engineering, procurement, project
and construction management (EPCM) services with the South
African-Canadian joint venture company Murray & Roberts SNC-Lavalin
Nuclear (Pty) Ltd. (MRSLN). The project entails the construction of
the demonstration reactor at Koeberg and a fuel plant at Pelindaba
near Pretoria. Construction is due to begin in 2010 and the plant
is scheduled for completion by 2014. This is some 10 years later
than originally planned due to technical, environmental and funding
hold-ups. Licensing and the environmental impact assessment still
need to be successfully completed. The demonstration plant will
PRETORIA 00002005 002 OF 005
supply about 165 megawatts to South Africa's national grid once in
service. High-temperature, gas-cooled reactors, like the PBMR, are
also a source of process heat that can be used to generate bulk
hydrogen for numerous applications.
-------------------------------------
Eskom Plans to Reprocess Nuclear Fuel
-------------------------------------
¶5. (SBU) South Africa plans to expand its nuclear industry and
diversify its energy mix as it battles crippling power shortages.
The Department of Minerals and Energy's Nuclear Chief Director
Tseliso Maqubela has said that state-owned electricity producer
Eskom is seeking commercial contracts with foreign companies for the
reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. In the medium to long-term the
country would look to establishing a reprocessing facility in South
Africa if it were economically viable, he said. But in the
short-term it made sense to contract out to experienced reprocessors
such as France's Areva and U.S.-based Westinghouse Electric, which
is majority owned by Toshiba of Japan.
¶6. (SBU) Contracts would be managed by Eskom and radioactive waste
would be shipped overseas for reprocessing and returned for re-use
in local reactors. South Africa hosts Africa's largest uranium
reserves, and the recently approved nuclear policy permits the SAG
to regulate uranium exports to secure supplies for Eskom. Eskom
plans to build and commercialize up to 24-30 165 MW PBMR units once
the demonstration plant has been successful commissioned and tested
between 2014 and 2017. Westinghouse Electric, Eskom, and South
Africa's Industrial Development Corporation are investing millions
of dollars to prove the PBMR technology.
------------
FERRO-ALLOYS
------------
---------------------------------------
ArcelorMittal SA to Build Fe-Mn Complex
---------------------------------------
¶7. (SBU) The world's (and South Africa's) biggest steel producer
ArcelorMittal has confirmed its intention to participate in building
a ferro-manganese complex. The project is to comprise the
development of a manganese mine, beneficiation plant and sinter
(pressure and heat used to bond metal particles) complex near
Hotazel in the Northern Cape Province, and a smelter complex in the
Coega Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) in the Eastern Cape
Province. This follows ArcelorMittal's decision to take a 50% share
of exploration firm Kalagadi Manganese. The $432.5m deal will
result in the establishment of the joint venture between Kalahari
Resources (40%), South African state-owned Industrial Development
Corporation (10%) and ArcelorMittal (50%). Manganese is vital to
the production of quality steel
¶8. (SBU) The proposed manganese mine and sinter plant would produce
2.4-million tons of sinter product per year from three million tons
of ore. This would feed into a new 320,000 ton per year
ferro-manganese alloy smelter to be located at Coega, which is
planned to come on-line in 2010. Drilling to date has confirmed the
presence of high-grade manganese ore, sufficient to support a
life-of-mine of more than 20 years. The project is located on the
Qlife-of-mine of more than 20 years. The project is located on the
Kalagadi Manganese Basin, which contains about 80% of the world's
known manganese resources. This greenfield project will facilitate:
ownership in manganese ore and ferro-alloys by previously
disadvantaged communities, create employment opportunities in an
area of high unemployment, and bolster export earnings for South
Africa. ArcelorMittal has indicated its intention to secure its
supplies of raw materials for steel production, such as coal,
manganese and iron ore.
-----------
ENVIRONMENT
-----------
------------------------------------
Plans for Carbon Capture and Storage
PRETORIA 00002005 003 OF 005
------------------------------------
¶9. (SBU) Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the recognized
mitigation measures to lower green-house gas (GHG) emissions. The
potential for CCS in South Africa requires an investigation into
locating and characterizing suitable long-term geological storage
sites for carbon. Large storage reservoirs are generally associated
with sedimentary basins in which oil and gas occur. South Africa
lacks these large natural reservoirs, but small sedimentary basins
hosting gas and oil accumulations occur off South Africa's south and
west coasts and may have some potential for large-scale CO2 storage.
The onshore central basin of the Karroo Group also has substantial
sedimentary formations that may offer CO2 storage opportunities.
¶10. (SBU) The newly established SA National Energy Research
Institute (SANERI) together with a number of industry and government
organizations have appointed the Council for Geoscience (CGS) and
the Petroleum Agency of SA (PASA) to compile a CO2 Geological
Storage Atlas of all potential CO2 storage sites in and around South
Africa. The Atlas is due to be completed by December 2009 and will
report on the methods and storage potential of all onshore and
offshore basins. It will rank basins in terms of risk and
geological settings, present storage options, provide maps showing
the distribution of basins and geological and seismic profiles to
support the findings. It will include an estimated storage
capacity for each basin, the location of the main emission sources,
and CO2 transportation issues. The Atlas will be carried out in
five phases:
-- storage site identification;
-- investigation of potential sites;
-- drilling sites to recover core for testing;
-- modeling sites for CO2 injection and retention;
-- conducting small-scale testing; and
-- developing an integrated strategy for CCS.
--------
PLATINUM
--------
-----------------------------
New Low-cost Platinum Smelter
-----------------------------
¶11. (SBU) Existing platinum group metal (PGM) smelting/refining
technology is relatively old and restrictive with regard to the ore
it can treat. Each complex requires a minimum throughput of about
one million ounces of PGMs per year to be cost-effective and is out
of the reach of many junior producers now coming on stream. Mintek,
the state-owned research organization, and Australian company
Braemore have jointly developed the ConRoast process for the
treatment of PGMs that will also give platinum juniors access to
affordable smelting capacity. The process removes sulfur by
roasting followed by smelting in a direct current (DC) arc furnace.
The environmental benefits are considerable in that nearly all the
sulfur is removed as a continuous stream of SO2, which can be fed to
a sulfuric acid plant or to a CCS process. The technology allows
great flexibility of ore types treated.
¶12. (SBU) Australian mining company Braemore is planning to build a
10-megawatt co-generation ConRoast smelter in Rustenburg, with the
ability to produce 500,000 ounces of PGMs per year. The company
Qability to produce 500,000 ounces of PGMs per year. The company
also plans a 35-megawatt smelter for the high nickel-containing
platreef concentrates from the Bushveld's northern limb. The
ConRoast strengths include: the ability to handle the high-chromium
UG2 reef and other chrome-rich reefs containing platinum, it is a
smaller lower-cost plant with fewer process steps, and it does not
impose limits on the quantities of base metals or sulfur contained
in the concentrate. Braemore has proved the process at differing
scales at Mintek and has achieved a 99% recovery of PGMs from UG2
ore. The technology appears capable of reducing capital and
operation costs by 25% and 40%, respectively. Braemore plans to
commission the UG2 smelter during the first quarter of 2010 and the
Platreef smelter in the last quarter of the same year.
--------
ALUMINUM
PRETORIA 00002005 004 OF 005
--------
--------------------------------------
Coega Smelter in 2012 or 2018 (Maybe?)
--------------------------------------
¶13. (SBU) Power rationing and supply security considerations would
prevent the construction or expansion of aluminum smelters until
2018, said BHP-Billiton's South African CEO Marius Kloppers on
August 18. BHP-B operates and owns the Hillside and Bayside
smelters in Richards Bay and 47% of the Mozal smelter in Maputo,
Mozambique, plants which have been forced to cut production and
expansions because of power restrictions. Kloppers' statement is
relevant because BHP-B is currently bidding to take over mining
company Rio Tinto, which is negotiating a new $3.25 billion, 720,000
ton per year, 1,350 megawatt smelter at Coega in the Eastern Cape
Province with the SAG and Eskom. The uncertainty arose when
state-owned Eskom's CEO stated in July that Eskom could not make any
new connections until 2014, when it is expected that some new
base-load power units will become operational. He said Eskom's
reserve margin would drop to 2% in 2010 and then turn negative
between 2011 and 2013 unless power savings of 5% to 10% were made
nationally.
¶14. (SBU) Negotiations about the construction of an aluminium plant
at the Coega deep-water port and Industrial Development Zone (IDZ)
in the Eastern Cape Province between the SAG and French aluminium
company Pechiney began in 2001. Pechiney was bought out in 2003 by
Canadian aluminium producer ALCAN, which in turn was taken over by
Rio Tinto in 2007 to form the world's biggest aluminum producer Rio
Tinto Alcan. Later in the year BHP-B made a hostile take-over bid
for Rio Tinto, and this is still on-going. Each merger further
delayed the go-ahead for the project. The energy crisis in January,
when Eskom declared "force majeure" on power supply to mines, caused
Rio Tinto to re-think the power-hungry project, and on August 18 it
put the project on hold until 2012. In a joint statement by Eskom
and Rio Tinto on August 19, they said the aluminum smelter would
still go ahead in 2012. (Comment. If construction in fact begins
in 2012, the aluminum plant would be completed and ready to go in
about 2018. End Comment.)
----
GOLD
----
------------------------------------------
Gold Firms Battle Costs and Falling Output
------------------------------------------
¶15. (SBU) New chief executives of Africa's three top gold producers
are seeking ways to cut costs and expand output. AngloGold Ashanti,
Gold Fields, and Harmony Gold (respectively, the world's third,
fourth, and fifth-biggest producers) have benefited from a strong
gold price that has tended to shield them from decreasing output and
costs that are escalating at 25% to 35% annually. Gold hit an
all-time high of $1,030.80 in March, but the global economic
slowdown and strengthening dollar have seen prices tumble to around
the $800 level. Given the current upward inflation spiral and faced
with challenges of government interference, power shortages, deep
hot mines, loss of skills, labor strikes, very hard rock, and
Qhot mines, loss of skills, labor strikes, very hard rock, and
falling productivity, it seems the only way out for South Africa's
gold mining industry is a sustained increase of the gold price
(analysts pose a minimum of $1,200 per ounce) and/or a weakening of
the Rand currency.
¶16. (SBU) Gold analyst Nick Goodwin says that South African gold
company margins are shrinking, shares of the big-three producers
have underperformed their peers in North America and Australia, and
they have failed to fully participate in the gold price rally due to
a stronger rand, high costs, power shortages, and safety shutdowns.
AngloGold is favored by investors compared to its African rivals due
to a wider production base outside South Africa, which contributes
about 40% of its output, as well as the group's relatively lower
costs. Gold Fields has some 80% of its total output from South
Africa, and virtually all Harmony's production (96%) is South Africa
based. To mitigate the South African "effect", all three companies
PRETORIA 00002005 005 OF 005
are looking to increase their overseas footprints. AngloGold has
acquired mines in Brazil and Argentina, Harmony has the
joint-venture Hidden Valley project in Papua New Guinea, and Gold
Fields bought a $550 million Peru mine.
BOST