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Community resources
courage is contagious
Viewing cable 09PHNOMPENH509, RGC HANDLING OF LAND ISSUES CRITICIZED FOLLOWING ANOTHER
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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
09PHNOMPENH509 | 2009-07-22 08:46 | 2011-07-11 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Phnom Penh |
VZCZCXRO3255
RR RUEHCHI RUEHDT RUEHHM RUEHNH
DE RUEHPF #0509/01 2030846
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 220846Z JUL 09
FM AMEMBASSY PHNOM PENH
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC 0970
INFO RUCNASE/ASEAN MEMBER COLLECTIVE
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 PHNOM PENH 000509
SENSITIVE
SIPDIS
STATE FOR EAP/MLS AND DRL
USAID FOR ASIA BUREAU
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: PGOV PHUM ECON KDEM CB
SUBJECT: RGC HANDLING OF LAND ISSUES CRITICIZED FOLLOWING ANOTHER
HIGH-PROFILE EVICTION
REF: A) PHNOM PENH 60, B) PHNOM PENH 285, C) PHNOM PENH 379, D)
PHNOM PENH 62
SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED
¶1. (SBU) SUMMARY. Phnom Penh municipal authorities removed the last
remaining "Group 78" family July 17 from a disputed neighborhood in
the center of the city, after the municipal government persuaded
most of the residents to accept one of its compensation packages
under threat of forced eviction. Despite the quiet ending to the
long-running dispute, the Group 78 case had become a high-profile
litmus test of the Royal Government of Cambodia's (RGC's) ability
and will to enforce the 2001 Land Law and related sub-decrees (Refs
A-C). Prior to the eviction, several diplomatic missions (including
Embassy Phnom Penh) and international organizations issued a joint
statement calling for a moratorium on forced evictions until
processes for ownership dispute resolution, compensation, and
resettlement are in place.
¶2. (SBU) COMMENT. Although the joint donor statement was unable to
prevent Group 78's eviction, it lays down a marker and forms an
important benchmark from which to increase engagement with the RGC
on land issues. END COMMENT AND SUMMARY.
EVICTION PEACEFUL, BUT STILL FORCED
-----------------------------------
¶3. (SBU) Phnom Penh municipal authorities removed the last remaining
"Group 78" family July 17 from a disputed piece of riverfront
property in the center of the city. Unlike the widely criticized
Dey Krahorm eviction, which resulted in brawling and civilian
injuries (Ref D), the Group 78 eviction was relatively peaceful,
although human rights NGOs and donors have noted that this was still
a forced eviction. Since the dispute began in 2006, the Phnom Penh
Municipal Government (PPMG) has reportedly cajoled or pressured
community members into accepting various compensation packages in
exchange for leaving the land to make way for what now appears to be
a bridge construction project.
¶4. (U) By July 2009, approximately 60 families remained at the site.
Community members reported that on July 10, the PPMG offered a
final list of three compensation options, which included: $8,000
cash, or $5,000 and a small plot of empty land outside of the city,
or $1,000 and a small apartment approximately 15 miles from the
center of the city. (NOTE: A March 2009 appraisal of the Group 78
land by the Bonna Realty Group valued it at approximately $1,300 per
square meter, or $15 million for the entire neighborhood. END
NOTE.) The PPMG warned that if the remaining families did not
accept one of the packages by the evening of July 16, bulldozers
would arrive early in the morning on July 17 to tear down their
houses. By July 16, all but six of the families took the $8,000
offer. The PPMG increased its offer to $20,000 per family for these
six families, five of which accepted. Police peacefully removed the
last family on the morning of July 17. According to the PPMG's
final compensation offer, this family would still be entitled to a
plot of land in the resettlement site outside of the city, but the
family's representative stated that he would not accept any
compensation on principle.
GROUP 78 CASE VIEWED AS "A TEST" OF THE LAND LAW
--------------------------------------------- ---
¶5. (SBU) The Group 78 case became a high-profile litmus test of the
RGC's ability and will to enforce the 2001 Land Law and related
sub-decrees (Refs A-C). The community had lived in the area since
the early 1980's and had various forms of documentation to prove
that they had peacefully occupied the land, such as census records,
national identity cards, voter records, and government-certified
purchase agreements. Per the Land Law, individuals can apply for
legal title to private or state private land if they can demonstrate
they have occupied that land for more than five continuous years and
can prove their legal possession began before 2001 (Ref A).
According to human rights groups and the community's lawyers from
local NGO Community Legal Education Center (CLEC), Group 78 was the
"poster child" for legal land possession.
¶6. (U) Group 78 residents applied for land titles in 2004, but Tonle
Bassac commune officials reportedly refused to sign their
applications for submission to the Ministry of Land Management,
Urban Planning, and Construction (MLUPC). The community filed a
complaint to the MLUPC, which directed the Municipal Department of
Land Management, Urban Planning, and Construction to investigate and
resolve the situation. However, no investigation took place. Group
78 residents also filed complaints with the National Cadastral
Commission and the National Authority on Land Dispute Resolution
(Ref A), both of which also failed to investigate the case.
¶7. (U) Beginning in 2006, the PPMG issued a series of eviction
PHNOM PENH 00000509 002 OF 003
notices to the community, each with a different justification. The
publicly available eviction notices included claims that the
community was 1) on state public property, 2) on state private
property owned by a private company, and 3) occupying an area that
the PPMG planned to "beautify". Phnom Penh Governor Kep Chuktema
issued a sixth eviction notice on April 20, which informed residents
that they were living on state land that had been leased to local
developer Suor Srun Enterprises, and that residents had 15 days to
leave the land. The community filed an injunction request arguing
that the eviction notice was illegal, as the legal status of the
land (private, state private, or state public) and their ownership
claim requests remained unresolved. In May the Municipal Court
dismissed the injunction request, and on July 13 the Appeals Court
upheld the decision.
¶8. (U) In addition to pursuing resolution to their dispute through
legal channels, the Group 78 community stood out among other urban
land dispute cases for remaining united and proactively trying to
negotiate with the PPMG. In 2007, the community worked with an
independent architect to design a small apartment building, which
they proposed to the government as an on-site resettlement solution.
This effort responded to the stated urban development need to
beautify the area. The community worked with Bonna Realty to
appraise the land and then tried to offer reduced compensation
prices to the PPMG. Families even held a special Buddhist ceremony
in May to try to protect themselves from forced eviction.
DONORS, CIVIL SOCIETY SPEAK OUT ON LAND ISSUES
--------------------------------------------- -
¶9. (SBU) In a last-ditch effort to prevent eviction, Group 78
families met July 15 with World Bank Country Director Annette Dixon,
who was in Phnom Penh for meetings with senior RGC officials, to
plead for donor intervention. (NOTE: Ms. Dixon met with the
Ambassador on July 17, which will be reported in septel. END NOTE.)
Although donors and diplomatic missions have rarely advocated on
behalf of specific communities, and those interventions have never
successfully swayed the RGC, the World Bank viewed the impending
Group 78 eviction as an opportunity to address publicly the general
issue of forced evictions. Several diplomatic missions (including
Embassy Phnom Penh) and international organizations issued a joint
statement (emailed to EAP/MLS and included below) calling for a
moratorium on forced evictions until fair, transparent processes for
ownership dispute resolution, compensation, and resettlement are in
place.
BUILDING ON THE MOMENTUM OF THE DONOR STATEMENT
--------------------------------------------- --
¶10. (SBU) COMMENT. Although the joint donor statement was unable to
prevent Group 78's eviction, it lays down a marker and forms an
important benchmark from which to increase engagement with the RGC
on land issues. It has been a challenge for donors and civil
society to gain traction with the RGC on land issues, and while the
government response to the public statements about Group 78 has been
fairly limited, it has at least been more civil than the starker
responses to comments about corruption or freedom of expression.
Cambodian People's Party (CPP) lawmaker Cheam Yeap went so far as to
thank development partners for raising their concerns and
acknowledging that the PPMG needed to better develop relocation
sites before attempting to evict communities. Reactions like this
indicate that we, in cooperation with other donors and civil
society, have an opportunity to try to increase constructive
dialogue with the RGC on the social and economic issues that arise
from land disputes in Cambodia. END COMMENT.
¶11. Following is the full donor statement issued on July 16.
BEGIN TEXT OF DONOR STATEMENT
DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS CALL FOR HALT TO EVICTIONS OF CAMBODIA'S URBAN
POOR
July 16, 2009--- Development Partners are calling upon the Royal
Government of Cambodia to stop forced evictions from disputed areas
in Phnom Penh and elsewhere in the country until a fair and
transparent mechanism for resolving land disputes is put in place
and a comprehensive resettlement policy is developed.
Development Partners recognize that land issues are an ongoing
challenge to development in Cambodia and urge the Government to
adopt fair and transparent systems for land titling, including in
urban areas, which recognize and protect the equal rights of all
citizens. Development Partners stand ready to support the
establishment of national policy guidelines which would ensure that
evictions and resettlement follow due legal process and provide just
compensation to affected individuals.
PHNOM PENH 00000509 003 OF 003
The World Bank and a number of Development Partners have been
working closely with the Government on securing land titling in
Cambodia. The Government is commended for issuing more than one
million land titles because this offers the opportunity for improved
growth and poverty reduction.
However, in an environment of escalating urban land values in
Cambodia and speculative land buying and selling, urban dwellers are
under threat of being moved to make way for high value property
development. This has become a major problem in Phnom Penh and other
fast growing cities Q\fQ=QSQb'y2Q2L4xQ`2PtlQeld
putting at risk the livelihoods of, thousands of poor people living
in disputed urban areas. This is a result of policies and practices
that do not reflect good international practice in dispute
resolution and resettlement and do not make effective use of the
procedures and institutions allowed for in Cambodian law.
International experience has established that secure land tenure is
vital in ensuring economic growth and reducing poverty and that
fair, well-implemented resettlement processes are key to an
effective land tenure and titling system and protecting the rights
of all people.
Development Partners reaffirm their commitment to work with the
Government to help address land issues in a just and equitable
manner and to ensure that the rights of poor people are promoted and
protected.
signed by:
Embassy of Australia
Embassy of Bulgaria
Embassy of Germany
Embassy of the United Kingdom
Embassy of the United States of America
Embassy of Denmark / Danida
Swedish International Development Agency (Sida)
Asian Development Bank
Delegation of the European Commission
United Nations
World Bank
END TEXT OF DONOR STATEMENT
RODLEY