

Currently released so far... 51122 / 251,287
Articles
Brazil
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
Sweden
00. Editorial
United States
Latin America
Egypt
Jordan
Yemen
Thailand
Browse latest releases
2010/12/01
2010/12/02
2010/12/03
2010/12/04
2010/12/05
2010/12/06
2010/12/07
2010/12/08
2010/12/09
2010/12/10
2010/12/11
2010/12/12
2010/12/13
2010/12/14
2010/12/15
2010/12/16
2010/12/17
2010/12/18
2010/12/19
2010/12/20
2010/12/21
2010/12/22
2010/12/23
2010/12/24
2010/12/25
2010/12/26
2010/12/27
2010/12/28
2010/12/29
2010/12/30
2011/01/01
2011/01/02
2011/01/04
2011/01/05
2011/01/07
2011/01/09
2011/01/11
2011/01/12
2011/01/13
2011/01/14
2011/01/15
2011/01/16
2011/01/17
2011/01/18
2011/01/19
2011/01/20
2011/01/21
2011/01/22
2011/01/23
2011/01/24
2011/01/25
2011/01/26
2011/01/27
2011/01/28
2011/01/29
2011/01/30
2011/01/31
2011/02/01
2011/02/02
2011/02/03
2011/02/04
2011/02/05
2011/02/06
2011/02/07
2011/02/08
2011/02/09
2011/02/10
2011/02/11
2011/02/12
2011/02/13
2011/02/14
2011/02/15
2011/02/16
2011/02/17
2011/02/18
2011/02/19
2011/02/20
2011/02/21
2011/02/22
2011/02/23
2011/02/24
2011/02/25
2011/02/26
2011/02/27
2011/02/28
2011/03/01
2011/03/02
2011/03/03
2011/03/04
2011/03/05
2011/03/06
2011/03/07
2011/03/08
2011/03/09
2011/03/10
2011/03/11
2011/03/13
2011/03/14
2011/03/15
2011/03/16
2011/03/17
2011/03/18
2011/03/19
2011/03/20
2011/03/21
2011/03/22
2011/03/23
2011/03/24
2011/03/25
2011/03/26
2011/03/27
2011/03/28
2011/03/29
2011/03/30
2011/03/31
2011/04/01
2011/04/02
2011/04/03
2011/04/04
2011/04/05
2011/04/06
2011/04/07
2011/04/08
2011/04/09
2011/04/10
2011/04/11
2011/04/12
2011/04/13
2011/04/14
2011/04/15
2011/04/16
2011/04/17
2011/04/18
2011/04/19
2011/04/20
2011/04/21
2011/04/22
2011/04/23
2011/04/24
2011/04/25
2011/04/26
2011/04/27
2011/04/28
2011/04/29
2011/04/30
2011/05/01
2011/05/02
2011/05/03
2011/05/04
2011/05/05
2011/05/06
2011/05/07
2011/05/08
2011/05/09
2011/05/10
2011/05/11
2011/05/12
2011/05/13
2011/05/14
2011/05/15
2011/05/16
2011/05/17
2011/05/18
2011/05/19
2011/05/20
2011/05/21
2011/05/22
2011/05/23
2011/05/24
2011/05/25
2011/05/26
2011/05/27
2011/05/28
2011/05/29
2011/05/30
2011/05/31
2011/06/01
2011/06/02
2011/06/03
2011/06/04
2011/06/05
2011/06/06
2011/06/07
2011/06/08
2011/06/09
2011/06/10
2011/06/11
2011/06/12
2011/06/13
2011/06/14
2011/06/15
2011/06/16
2011/06/17
2011/06/18
2011/06/19
2011/06/20
2011/06/21
2011/06/22
2011/06/23
2011/06/24
2011/06/25
2011/06/26
2011/06/27
2011/06/28
2011/06/29
2011/06/30
2011/07/01
2011/07/02
2011/07/04
2011/07/05
2011/07/06
2011/07/07
2011/07/08
2011/07/10
2011/07/11
2011/07/12
2011/07/13
2011/07/14
2011/07/15
2011/07/16
2011/07/17
2011/07/18
2011/07/19
2011/07/20
2011/07/21
2011/07/22
2011/07/23
2011/07/25
2011/07/27
2011/07/28
2011/07/29
2011/07/31
2011/08/01
2011/08/02
2011/08/03
2011/08/05
2011/08/06
2011/08/07
2011/08/08
2011/08/09
2011/08/10
2011/08/11
2011/08/12
2011/08/13
2011/08/15
2011/08/16
2011/08/17
2011/08/18
2011/08/19
2011/08/21
2011/08/22
2011/08/23
2011/08/24
Browse by creation date
Browse by origin
Embassy Athens
Embassy Asuncion
Embassy Astana
Embassy Asmara
Embassy Ashgabat
Embassy Apia
Embassy Antananarivo
Embassy Ankara
Embassy Amman
Embassy Algiers
Embassy Addis Ababa
Embassy Accra
Embassy Abuja
Embassy Abu Dhabi
Embassy Abidjan
Consulate Auckland
Consulate Amsterdam
Consulate Alexandria
Consulate Adana
American Institute Taiwan, Taipei
Embasy Bonn
Embassy Bujumbura
Embassy Buenos Aires
Embassy Budapest
Embassy Bucharest
Embassy Brussels
Embassy Bridgetown
Embassy Brazzaville
Embassy Bratislava
Embassy Brasilia
Embassy Bogota
Embassy Bishkek
Embassy Bern
Embassy Berlin
Embassy Belmopan
Embassy Belgrade
Embassy Beirut
Embassy Beijing
Embassy Banjul
Embassy Bangui
Embassy Bangkok
Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan
Embassy Bamako
Embassy Baku
Embassy Baghdad
Consulate Belfast
Consulate Barcelona
Embassy Cotonou
Embassy Copenhagen
Embassy Conakry
Embassy Colombo
Embassy Chisinau
Embassy Caracas
Embassy Canberra
Embassy Cairo
Consulate Curacao
Consulate Ciudad Juarez
Consulate Chiang Mai
Consulate Chennai
Consulate Chengdu
Consulate Casablanca
Consulate Cape Town
Consulate Calgary
Embassy Dushanbe
Embassy Dublin
Embassy Doha
Embassy Djibouti
Embassy Dili
Embassy Dhaka
Embassy Dar Es Salaam
Embassy Damascus
Embassy Dakar
DIR FSINFATC
Consulate Dusseldorf
Consulate Durban
Consulate Dubai
Consulate Dhahran
Embassy Guatemala
Embassy Grenada
Embassy Georgetown
Embassy Gaborone
Consulate Guayaquil
Consulate Guangzhou
Consulate Guadalajara
Embassy Helsinki
Embassy Harare
Embassy Hanoi
Consulate Hong Kong
Consulate Ho Chi Minh City
Consulate Hermosillo
Consulate Hamilton
Consulate Hamburg
Consulate Halifax
Embassy Kyiv
Embassy Kuwait
Embassy Kuala Lumpur
Embassy Kolonia
Embassy Kinshasa
Embassy Kingston
Embassy Kigali
Embassy Khartoum
Embassy Kathmandu
Embassy Kampala
Embassy Kabul
Consulate Krakow
Consulate Kolkata
Consulate Karachi
Embassy Luxembourg
Embassy Lusaka
Embassy Luanda
Embassy London
Embassy Lome
Embassy Ljubljana
Embassy Lisbon
Embassy Lima
Embassy Lilongwe
Embassy Libreville
Embassy La Paz
Consulate Leipzig
Consulate Lahore
Consulate Lagos
Mission USOSCE
Mission USNATO
Mission UNESCO
Mission Geneva
Embassy Muscat
Embassy Moscow
Embassy Montevideo
Embassy Monrovia
Embassy Mogadishu
Embassy Minsk
Embassy Mexico
Embassy Mbabane
Embassy Maseru
Embassy Maputo
Embassy Manila
Embassy Manama
Embassy Managua
Embassy Malabo
Embassy Madrid
Consulate Munich
Consulate Mumbai
Consulate Montreal
Consulate Monterrey
Consulate Milan
Consulate Merida
Consulate Melbourne
Consulate Matamoros
Consulate Marseille
Embassy Nouakchott
Embassy Nicosia
Embassy Niamey
Embassy New Delhi
Embassy Ndjamena
Embassy Nassau
Embassy Nairobi
Consulate Nuevo Laredo
Consulate Naples
Consulate Naha
Consulate Nagoya
Embassy Pristina
Embassy Pretoria
Embassy Praia
Embassy Prague
Embassy Port Of Spain
Embassy Port Moresby
Embassy Port Louis
Embassy Port Au Prince
Embassy Podgorica
Embassy Phnom Penh
Embassy Paris
Embassy Paramaribo
Embassy Panama
Consulate Peshawar
REO Hillah
REO Basrah
Embassy Rome
Embassy Riyadh
Embassy Riga
Embassy Reykjavik
Embassy Rangoon
Embassy Rabat
Consulate Rio De Janeiro
Consulate Recife
Secretary of State
Embassy Suva
Embassy Stockholm
Embassy Sofia
Embassy Skopje
Embassy Singapore
Embassy Seoul
Embassy Sarajevo
Embassy Santo Domingo
Embassy Santiago
Embassy Sanaa
Embassy San Salvador
Embassy San Jose
Consulate Surabaya
Consulate Strasbourg
Consulate St Petersburg
Consulate Shenyang
Consulate Shanghai
Consulate Sapporo
Consulate Sao Paulo
Embassy Tunis
Embassy Tripoli
Embassy Tokyo
Embassy Tirana
Embassy The Hague
Embassy Tel Aviv
Embassy Tehran
Embassy Tegucigalpa
Embassy Tbilisi
Embassy Tashkent
Embassy Tallinn
Consulate Toronto
Consulate Tijuana
Consulate Thessaloniki
USUN New York
USMISSION USTR GENEVA
USEU Brussels
US Office Almaty
US Mission Geneva
US Mission CD Geneva
US Interests Section Havana
US Delegation, Secretary
UNVIE
UN Rome
Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Embassy Vilnius
Embassy Vientiane
Embassy Vienna
Embassy Vatican
Embassy Valletta
Consulate Vladivostok
Consulate Vancouver
Browse by tag
AMGT
ASEC
AEMR
AR
APECO
AU
AORC
ADANA
AJ
AF
AFIN
AMED
AS
AM
ABLD
AFFAIRS
AMB
APER
ACOA
AND
AA
AE
AADP
AID
AO
AL
AG
AORD
ADM
AINF
AINT
ASEAN
AORG
ABT
APEC
AY
ASUP
ARF
AGOA
AVIAN
ATRN
ANET
AGIT
ASECVE
ABUD
AODE
ALOW
ADB
AN
ADPM
ASPA
ARABL
AFSN
AZ
AC
AIAG
AFSI
ASCE
ASIG
ACABQ
ADIP
AFGHANISTAN
AROC
ADCO
ACOTA
ANARCHISTS
AMEDCASCKFLO
AK
ARABBL
ASCH
ANTITERRORISM
AGRICULTURE
AOCR
ARR
ASSEMBLY
AORCYM
AFPK
ACKM
AGMT
AEC
APRC
AIN
AFPREL
ASFC
ASECTH
AFSA
AINR
AOPC
AFAF
AFARI
AX
ASECAF
ASECAFIN
AT
AFZAL
APCS
AGAO
AIT
ARCH
AEMRASECCASCKFLOMARRPRELPINRAMGTJMXL
AMEX
ARM
AQ
ATFN
AMBASSADOR
AORCD
AVIATION
ARAS
AINFCY
ACBAQ
AOPR
AREP
AOIC
ASEX
ASEK
AER
AGR
AMCT
AVERY
APR
AEMRS
AFU
AMG
ATPDEA
ASECKFRDCVISKIRFPHUMSMIGEG
AORL
ACS
AMCHAMS
AECL
AUC
ACAO
BA
BR
BB
BG
BEXP
BY
BRUSSELS
BU
BD
BTIO
BK
BL
BE
BMGT
BO
BM
BX
BN
BWC
BBSR
BTT
BC
BH
BILAT
BUSH
BHUM
BT
BTC
BMENA
BOND
BAIO
BP
BF
BRPA
BURNS
BUT
BBG
BCW
BOEHNER
BOL
BASHAR
BIDEN
BFIN
BZ
BEXPC
BTIU
CPAS
CA
CASC
CS
CBW
CIDA
CO
CODEL
CI
CROS
CU
CH
CWC
CMGT
CVIS
CDG
CTR
CG
CF
CHIEF
CJAN
CBSA
CE
CY
CB
CW
CM
CHR
CD
COE
CV
COUNTER
CT
CN
CPUOS
CTERR
CVR
CVPR
CDC
COUNTRY
CLEARANCE
CONS
COM
CACS
CR
CONTROLS
CAN
CACM
COMMERCE
CAMBODIA
CFIS
COUNTERTERRORISM
CITES
CONDOLEEZZA
CZ
CTBT
CEN
CLINTON
CFED
CARC
CTM
CARICOM
CSW
CICTE
CYPRUS
CBE
CMGMT
CARSON
CWCM
CIVS
COUNTRYCLEARANCE
CENTCOM
CAPC
COPUOS
CKGR
CITEL
CQ
CITT
CIC
CARIB
CVIC
CAFTA
CVISU
CDB
CEDAW
CNC
CJUS
COMMAND
CENTER
COL
CAJC
CONSULAR
CLMT
CBC
CIA
CNARC
CIS
CEUDA
CHINA
CAC
CL
DR
DJ
DEMOCRATIC
DEMARCHE
DOMESTIC
DISENGAGEMENT
DB
DA
DHS
DAO
DCM
DAVID
DO
DEAX
DEFENSE
DEA
DTRO
DPRK
DOC
DTRA
DK
DAC
DOD
DRL
DRC
DCG
DE
DOT
DEPT
DOE
DS
DKEM
ECON
ETTC
EFIS
ETRD
EC
EMIN
EAGR
EAID
EFIN
EUN
ECIN
EG
EWWT
EINV
ENRG
ELAB
EPET
EIND
EN
EAIR
EUMEM
ECPS
ES
EI
ELTN
ET
EZ
EU
ER
EINT
ENGR
ECONOMIC
ENIV
EFTA
ETRN
EMS
EUREM
EPA
ESTH
EEB
EET
ENV
EAG
EXIM
ECTRD
ELNT
ENVIRONMENT
ECA
EAP
EINDIR
ETR
ECONOMY
ETRC
ELECTIONS
EICN
EXPORT
EARG
EGHG
EID
ETRO
EINF
EAIDHO
ECIP
EENV
EURM
EPEC
ERNG
ENERG
EIAD
EXBS
ED
EREL
ELAM
EK
EWT
ENGRD
EDEV
ECE
ENGY
EXIMOPIC
ETRDEC
ECCT
EUR
ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID
EFI
ECOSOC
EXTERNAL
ESCAP
ETCC
EENG
ERA
ENRD
ECLAC
ETRAD
EBRD
ENVR
ECONENRG
ELTNSNAR
ELAP
EPIT
EDUC
EAIDXMXAXBXFFR
EETC
EIVN
EDRC
EGOV
ETRA
EAIDRW
ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS
ESA
ETRDGK
ENVI
ELN
EPRT
EPTED
ERTD
EUM
EAIDS
EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM
EDU
EV
EAIDAF
EDA
EPREL
EINVEFIN
EAGER
ETMIN
EUCOM
ECCP
EIDN
EINVKSCA
ENNP
EFINECONCS
ETC
EAIRASECCASCID
EINN
ETRP
ECONOMICS
ENERGY
EIAR
EINDETRD
ECONEFIN
EURN
ETRDEINVTINTCS
EFIM
ETIO
EATO
EIPR
EINVETC
ETTD
ETDR
EIQ
ECONCS
ENRGIZ
EAIG
ENTG
EUC
ERD
EINVECONSENVCSJA
EEPET
EUNCH
ESENV
ECINECONCS
ETRDECONWTOCS
ECUN
FR
FI
FOREIGN
FARM
FIR
FAO
FK
FARC
FAS
FJ
FREEDOM
FAC
FINANCE
FBI
FTAA
FM
FCS
FAA
FORCE
FDA
FTA
FT
FCSC
FMGT
FINR
FIN
FDIC
FOR
FOI
FO
FMLN
FISO
GM
GERARD
GT
GA
GG
GR
GTIP
GH
GZ
GE
GB
GY
GAZA
GJ
GEORGE
GOI
GCC
GMUS
GI
GLOBAL
GV
GC
GL
GOV
GKGIC
GF
GWI
GIPNC
GUTIERREZ
GTMO
GANGS
GAERC
GUILLERMO
GASPAR
HR
HA
HYMPSK
HO
HK
HUMAN
HU
HN
HHS
HURI
HUD
HUMRIT
HUMANITARIAN
HUMANR
HL
HSTC
HILLARY
HCOPIL
HADLEY
HOURANI
HI
HUM
HEBRON
HUMOR
IZ
IN
IAEA
IS
IMO
ILO
IR
IC
IT
ITU
ID
IV
IMF
IBRD
IWC
ICAO
ICRC
INF
IO
IPR
ISO
IK
ISRAELI
IQ
ICES
IDB
INFLUENZA
IRAQI
ISCON
IGAD
IRAN
ITALY
IRAQ
ICTY
ICTR
ITPGOV
ITALIAN
IQNV
IADB
INTERNAL
INMARSAT
IRDB
ILC
INCB
INRB
ICJ
ISRAEL
INR
IEA
ISPA
ICCAT
IOM
ITRD
IHO
IL
IFAD
ITRA
IDLI
ISCA
INL
INRA
INTELSAT
ISAF
ISPL
IRS
IEF
ITER
INDO
IIP
IND
IEFIN
IACI
IAHRC
INNP
IA
INTERPOL
IFIN
ISSUES
IZPREL
IRAJ
IF
ITPHUM
ITA
IP
IRPE
IDA
ISLAMISTS
ITF
INRO
IBET
IDP
IRC
KMDR
KPAO
KOMC
KNNP
KFLO
KDEM
KSUM
KIPR
KFLU
KE
KCRM
KJUS
KAWC
KZ
KSCA
KDRG
KCOR
KGHG
KPAL
KTIP
KMCA
KCRS
KPKO
KOLY
KRVC
KVPR
KG
KWBG
KTER
KS
KN
KSPR
KWMN
KV
KTFN
KFRD
KU
KSTC
KSTH
KISL
KGIC
KSEP
KFIN
KTEX
KTIA
KUNR
KCMR
KCIP
KMOC
KTDB
KBIO
KBCT
KMPI
KSAF
KACT
KFEM
KPRV
KPWR
KIRC
KCFE
KRIM
KHIV
KHLS
KVIR
KNNNP
KCEM
KLIG
KIRF
KNUP
KSAC
KNUC
KPGOV
KTDD
KIDE
KOMS
KLFU
KNNC
KMFO
KSEO
KJRE
KJUST
KMRS
KSRE
KGIT
KPIR
KPOA
KUWAIT
KIVP
KICC
KSCS
KPOL
KSEAO
KRCM
KSCI
KNAP
KGLB
KICA
KCUL
KPRM
KFSC
KQ
KPOP
KPFO
KPALAOIS
KREC
KBWG
KR
KTTB
KNAR
KCOM
KESS
KINR
KOCI
KWN
KCSY
KREL
KTBT
KFTN
KW
KRFD
KFLOA
KHDP
KNEP
KIND
KHUM
KSKN
KOMO
KDRL
KTFIN
KSOC
KPO
KGIV
KSTCPL
KSI
KPRP
KFPC
KNNB
KNDP
KICCPUR
KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KDMR
KFCE
KIMMITT
KMCC
KMNP
KSEC
KOMCSG
KGCC
KRAD
KCRP
KAUST
KWAWC
KCHG
KRDP
KPAS
KTIAPARM
KPAOPREL
KWGB
KIRP
KMIG
KLAB
KSEI
KHSA
KNPP
KPAONZ
KWWW
KGHA
KY
KCRIM
KCRCM
KGCN
KPLS
KIIP
KPAOY
KTRD
KTAO
KJU
KBTS
KWAC
KFIU
KNNO
KPAI
KILS
KPA
KRCS
KWBGSY
KNPPIS
KNNPMNUC
KNPT
KERG
KLTN
KPREL
KTLA
KO
KAWK
KVRP
KAID
KX
KENV
KWCI
KNPR
KCFC
KNEI
KFTFN
KTFM
KCERS
KDEMAF
KMEPI
KEMS
KBTR
KEDU
KIRL
KNNR
KMPT
KPDD
KPIN
KDEV
KFRP
KTBD
KMSG
KWWMN
KWBC
KA
KOM
KWNM
KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KRGY
KNNF
KICR
KIFR
KWMNCS
KPAK
KDDG
KCGC
KID
KNSD
KMPF
KWMM
MARR
MX
MASS
MOPS
MNUC
MCAP
MTCRE
MRCRE
MTRE
MASC
MY
MK
MG
MU
MILI
MO
MZ
MEPP
MCC
MEDIA
MOPPS
MI
MAS
MW
MP
MEPN
MV
MD
MR
MC
MCA
MT
MIL
MARITIME
MOPSGRPARM
MAAR
MOOPS
ML
MA
MN
MNUCPTEREZ
MTCR
MUNC
MPOS
MONUC
MGMT
MURRAY
MACP
MINUSTAH
MCCONNELL
MGT
MNUR
MF
MEPI
MOHAMMAD
MAR
MAPP
MNU
MFA
MTS
MLS
MEETINGS
MERCOSUR
MED
MNVC
MIK
MBM
MILITARY
MAPS
MARAD
MDC
MACEDONIA
MASSMNUC
MUCN
MQADHAFI
MPS
NZ
NATO
NI
NO
NU
NG
NL
NPT
NS
NA
NP
NASA
NSF
NEA
NANCY
NSG
NRR
NATIONAL
NMNUC
NC
NSC
NAS
NARC
NELSON
NATEU
NDP
NIH
NK
NIPP
NR
NERG
NSSP
NE
NTDB
NT
NEGROPONTE
NGO
NATOIRAQ
NAR
NZUS
NCCC
NH
NAFTA
NEW
NRG
NUIN
NOVO
NATOPREL
NV
NICHOLAS
NPA
NSFO
NW
NORAD
NPG
NOAA
OPRC
OPDC
OTRA
OECD
OVIP
OREP
ODC
OIIP
OAS
OSCE
OPIC
OMS
OFDP
OFDA
OEXC
OPCW
OIE
OSCI
OM
OPAD
ODPC
OIC
ODIP
OPPI
ORA
OCEA
OREG
OMIG
OFFICIALS
OSAC
OEXP
OPEC
OFPD
OAU
OCII
OIL
OVIPPRELUNGANU
OSHA
OPCD
OPCR
OF
OFDPQIS
OSIC
OHUM
OTR
OBSP
OGAC
OESC
OVP
ON
OES
OTAR
OCS
PREL
PGOV
PARM
PINR
PHUM
PM
PREF
PTER
PK
PINS
PBIO
PHSA
PE
PBTS
PA
PL
POL
PAK
POV
POLITICS
POLICY
PO
PRELTBIOBA
PKO
PIN
PNAT
PU
PGOVPREL
PALESTINIAN
PTERPGOV
PELOSI
PAS
PP
PTEL
PROP
PRELAF
PRHUM
PRE
PUNE
PIRF
PVOV
PROG
PERSONS
PROV
PKK
PRGOV
PH
PLAB
PDEM
PCI
PRL
PRM
PINSO
PERM
PETR
PPAO
PERL
PBS
PETERS
PRELBR
PCON
POLITICAL
PMIL
POLM
PKPA
PNUM
PLO
PTERM
PJUS
PARMP
PNIR
PHUMKPAL
PG
PREZ
PGIC
PAO
PROTECTION
PRELPK
PGOVENRG
PATTY
PSOC
PARTIES
PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ
PMIG
PAIGH
PARK
PETER
PHUS
PKPO
PGOVECON
POUS
PMAR
PWBG
PAR
PGOVGM
PHUH
PTE
PY
POLUN
PDOV
PGOVSOCI
PGOVPM
PRELEVU
PGOR
PBTSRU
PHUMA
PHUMR
PPD
PGV
PRAM
PARMS
PINL
PSI
PKPAL
PPA
PTERE
PGOF
PINO
PREO
PHAS
PAC
PRESL
PORG
PS
PGVO
PKFK
PSOE
PEPR
PINT
PRELP
PREFA
PNG
PTBS
PFOR
PGOVLO
PHUMBA
PREK
PHJM
POLINT
PGOVE
PHALANAGE
PARTY
PECON
PEACE
PROCESS
PLN
PEDRO
PF
PGPV
PCUL
PGGV
PSA
PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA
PGIV
PHUMPREL
POGOV
PEL
PBT
PAMQ
PINF
PSEPC
POSTS
PAHO
PHUMPGOV
PGOC
PNR
RS
RP
RU
RW
RFE
RCMP
RIGHTSPOLMIL
REFORM
RO
ROW
ROBERT
REACTION
REPORT
REGION
RELATIONS
RAY
ROBERTG
RIGHTS
RM
RATIFICATION
RREL
RBI
RICE
ROOD
REL
RODHAM
RGY
RUEHZO
RELIGIOUS
RELFREE
RUEUN
RELAM
RSP
RF
REO
REGIONAL
RUPREL
RI
REMON
RPEL
RSO
SCUL
SENV
SOCI
SZ
SNAR
SO
SP
SU
SY
SI
SMIG
SYR
SA
SW
SF
SR
SYRIA
SNARM
START
SPECIALIST
SG
SNIG
SCI
SGWI
SE
SIPDIS
SANC
SELAB
SN
SETTLEMENTS
SCIENCE
SENVENV
SENS
SPCE
SPAS
SECURITY
SENC
SOCIETY
SOSI
SENVEAGREAIDTBIOECONSOCIXR
SEN
SPECI
ST
SL
SENVCASCEAIDID
SC
SECRETARY
STR
SNA
SOCIS
SADC
SEP
SK
SHUM
SYAI
SMIL
STEPHEN
SNRV
SKCA
SENSITIVE
SECI
SCUD
SCRM
SGNV
SECTOR
SAARC
SENVSXE
SWMN
STEINBERG
SOPN
SOCR
SCRS
SWE
SARS
SNARIZ
SUDAN
SENVQGR
SAN
SM
SFNV
SSA
SPCVIS
SOFA
SCULKPAOECONTU
SENVKGHG
SHI
SEVN
SH
SNARCS
SNARN
SIPRS
TBIO
TW
TRGY
TSPA
TU
TPHY
TI
TX
TH
TIP
TSPL
TNGD
TZ
TS
TC
TK
TURKEY
TERRORISM
TPSL
TINT
TRSY
TERFIN
TPP
TT
TECHNOLOGY
TE
TAGS
TRAFFICKING
TJ
TN
TO
TD
TP
TREATY
TR
TA
TIO
TECH
TF
TRAD
TNDG
TWI
TPSA
TWL
TAUSCHER
TRBY
TL
TV
THPY
TSPAM
TREL
TRT
TNAR
TFIN
TWCH
THOMMA
THOMAS
TERROR
TRY
TBID
UK
UNESCO
UNSC
UNGA
UN
US
UZ
USEU
UG
UP
UNAUS
UNMIK
USTR
UY
USUN
UNEP
UNDC
UV
UNPUOS
UNSCR
USAID
UNODC
UNRCR
UNHCR
UNDP
UNCRIME
UA
UNHRC
UNRWA
UNO
UNCND
UNCHR
USAU
UNICEF
USPS
UNOMIG
UNESCOSCULPRELPHUMKPALCUIRXFVEKV
UR
UNFICYP
UNCITRAL
UNAMA
UNVIE
USTDA
USNC
UNCSD
USCC
UNEF
UNGAPL
USSC
UNMIC
UNTAC
UNCLASSIFIED
USDA
UNCTAD
USGS
UNFPA
UNSE
USOAS
UE
UAE
UNCHS
UNDESCO
UNC
UNSCS
UKXG
UNGACG
UNHR
UNBRO
UNCHC
UNFCYP
UNIDROIT
WHTI
WIPO
WTRO
WHO
WTO
WMO
WFP
WEET
WS
WE
WA
WHA
WBG
WILLIAM
WI
WSIS
WCL
WEBZ
WZ
WW
WWBG
WMD
WWT
WMN
WWARD
WITH
WTRQ
WCO
WEU
WB
WBEG
Browse by classification
Community resources
courage is contagious
Viewing cable 07KIGALI42, Rwanda 2007 Investment Climate Statement
If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs
Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
- The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
- The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
- The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #07KIGALI42.
Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
07KIGALI42 | 2007-01-18 15:35 | 2011-08-24 00:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Kigali |
VZCZCXYZ0000
RR RUEHWEB
DE RUEHLGB #0042/01 0181535
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
R 181535Z JAN 07
FM AMEMBASSY KIGALI
TO SECSTATE WASHDC 3650
UNCLAS KIGALI 000042
SIPDIS
DEPARTMENT FOR AF/C
DEPT OF COMMERCE WASHDC
TREASURY FOR DO/JWALLACE, USDOC FOR ITA/SMATHEWS, USTR FOR DWEINER,
OPIC FOR RO'SULLIVAN
SIPDIS
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: EINV BFIN ETRD ELAB KTDB PGOV RW
SUBJECT: Rwanda 2007 Investment Climate Statement
REF: 05 STATE 178303
¶1. In response to reftel, the following is the 2007 Investment
Climate Statement for Rwanda:
OPENNESS TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT
------------------------------
The GOR is making progress economically as it recognizes that the
private sector is an essential engine of development. The government
is extremely welcoming of foreign investment in policy and in
practice.
In March 2006, the government enacted an updated investment law to
facilitate investors to obtain necessary licenses, visas, work
permits, and tax incentives. The law provides permanent residence,
citizenship, and access to land for investors who invest USD 500,000
in Rwanda. This law also fixed the minimum initial capital
investment requirement for foreign investors at USD 250,000.
In 2006, foreign companies successfully opened operations, merged
with local companies, and participated in privatization programs. No
statutory limits on foreign ownership or control exist, and there is
no official economic or industrial strategy that has discriminatory
effects on foreign investors. In fact, there isn't a single
statutory restriction of investment in any sector in Rwanda.
Nonetheless, the legal infrastructure is still in the developing
stages. For example, the judicial system has difficulty upholding
the sanctity of contracts because there are no commercial courts.
The law establishing commercial courts was approved by Ministerial
council December 13, 2006. There is currently no specialized
commercial court in Rwanda. The government is working to develop the
necessary investment infrastructure; however, much remains to be
done.
A business law reform commission is in place to draft major business
laws including intellectual property protection, contract law,
bankruptcy regulations and arbitration law.
There is no mandatory screening of foreign investment but the Rwanda
Investment and Export Promotion Agency (RIEPA) does evaluate
business plans with the objective of recording incoming foreign
investments, allocating investment incentives to qualified foreign
investors, and determining the commitment of investors. The
evaluation is not mandatory for those who do not need tax incentives
or an investment certificate. This practice does not limit
competition or protect domestic interests.
In fact, the government through tax incentives and outreach has
proven to be extremely welcoming and encouraging of foreign
investment. The only difference in treatment between foreign company
and a domestic one is the initial capital requirement for official
registration - $250k for foreign investors, $100k for domestic
investors. This has not proven to be a barrier because foreign
investors who are not interested in an investment certificate and
tax incentives can start businesses irrespective of the initial
capital requirement.
Foreign investors can acquire real estate but there is a general
limit on land where both Local and foreign investors are not allowed
to own land. Land is owned by the government, but both foreign and
local investors acquire land through lease-hold agreements that
extend from 50 to 99 years. They are given property titles which are
binding as collateral by commercial banks.
The government of Rwanda established the Privatization Secretariat
and the National Tender Board to ensure transparency and foreign
companies have participated equally and successfully.
In 2005, the law establishing the Rwanda Investment Promotion Agency
was expanded to include export promotion. A one stop shop center for
investors became fully operational in the same year of 2005.
Licenses, approvals, work permits and tax advisory are granted in
the one shop center. No discrimination has been reported against
foreign investors who pass through the Rwanda Investment and Export
Promotion Agency. Investors who do not pass through RIEPA, however,
are likely to have clearing agents who demand petty bribes to
facilitate quick service. Legally, foreign firms are treated
equally with the regards to taxes, access to lisences, approvals,
and procurement.
No laws exist specifically authorizing private firms to adopt
articles of incorporation or association which limit or prohibit
foreign investment, participation, or control. No such practices
have been reported either.
RIEPA organized two investment conferences in attempts to attract
foreign investment. On many occasions RIEPA directors and local
businesses joined the President of Rwanda in tours around the world
to attract foreign investors. Conferences to encourage investors
were held in the US, China, India, Mauritius and South Africa. RIEPA
assists potential investors in securing all required approvals,
certificates, land for their projects, work permits and obtaining
tax incentives.
In 2006, Rwanda Investment Promotion Agency registered 69 investment
projects worth $245.5millions, foreign direct investments accounted
for 49%. By comparison, only 40 investment projects were registered
in 2005.
CONVERSION AND TRANSFER POLICIES
--------------------------------
There is no difficulty in obtaining foreign exchange, or
transferring funds associated with an investment into a freely
usable currency and at a legal market clearing rate. In 1995 the
government of Rwanda established a market-determined exchange rate
system under which all lending and deposit interest rates were
liberalized. The Central Bank holds weekly foreign exchange auctions
freely accessed by commercial banks and foreign exchange bureaus.
Investors can remit payments only through authorized commercial
banks, not through any parallel markets. There is no limit on the
inflow or outflow of funds, but justification for high value
transfers is required by the central bank to facilitate the
oversight of potential money laundering.
There is no limitation on the inflow of funds for remittances but
there some restrictions on the outflow of export earnings. Export
earnings must be repatriated within three months after the goods
cross the border unless the exporter makes arrangements to have more
time. Tea proceeds must be deposited after the auction in Mombasa.
Repatriated export earnings deposited in commercial banks must match
the exact declaration the exporter used on crossing the border.
Justifications are required to transfer more than USD 50,000 per
year from Rwandan commercial banks. Rwandan working overseas can
make remittances to their home country.
It takes three days to transfer money using SWIFT financial services
and investors are allowed to use many other financial services such
as Western Union and MoneyGram, which may be faster.
The Rwandan Franc (RwF) is convertible for essentially all business
transactions since March 6, 1995. Rwanda has a liberal monetary
system and complies with IMF Article VIII and all Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) convertibility
requirements. The Rwandan Franc exchange rate is set against a batch
of currencies, including the Euro, the Pound Sterling, and the USD.
EXPROPRIATION AND COMPENSATION
------------------------------
The Government of Rwanda is authorized to expropriate property if
"in the public interest" and "for qualified private investments."
Under the recently released Rwandan land tenure law compensation is
negotiated directly between the buyer and the seller.
Expropriatory actions have been common in the capital because Kigali
is undergoing major development, although it does not appear to be
done in a discriminatory fashion. No industrial plant has been
expropriated thus far, as expropriation has been limited to
residential and small farming plots. Expropriated citizens often
complain of late and unfair compensation when the government is
responsible for payments. This will continue to be an issue until
the expropriation law and commercial courts are finalized and
implemented.
There are no laws that force local ownership, but the government has
decreed that owners risk losing land that they let lie fallow.
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
------------------
The government of Rwanda established an arbitration center in 1998
as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism but it has not lived
up to expectations according to businesses that have utilized it.
Rwanda is a member of the International Center for the Settlement of
Investment Disputes (ICSID) and African Trade Insurance Agency
(ATI), which are supported by the World Bank and Lloyds of London.
ATI covers risks against restrictions on import and export
activities, inconvertibility, expropriation, war, and civil
disturbances.
Rwanda currently has no specialized commercial court but the
government approved the creation of commercial courts on December
13, 2006. Meanwhile the recent justice system reform should reduce
the bulk of cases reaching supreme courts and should pave way for
commercial cases.
Until commercial courts and contractual laws are enacted and operate
appropriately, there will be no effective means for enforcing
property and contractual rights. The law governing commercial
establishments, the investment law, the law on privatization and
public investment, the land law and the law on protection and
conservation of the environment are main laws governing investments
in Rwanda. A law on public procurement, a law on privately financed
infrastructure projects and a law on insurance and mining are still
lacking.
Judgments of foreign courts and governing law clauses in agreements
are accepted and enforced by local courts according to the above
stipulation. There have been few private investment disputes in
Rwanda, and the government has never been involved as a complainant
or respondent in World Trade Organization dispute settlement.
A US investor is currently involved in a commercial dispute that was
not resolved through arbitration. Restructuring of the court system
has created continuous delays and frustration for the investor.
Rwanda signed and ratified the Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA) convention on October 27, 1989. MIGA issues guarantees
against non-commercial risks to enterprises that invest in member
countries.
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND INCENTIVES
---------------------------------------
The Government maintains measures that are alleged to violate the
WTO's TRIMs text where custom valuation on imported used goods does
not respect transaction invoices and parallel imports of goods where
patents and original trade marks are not registered and recognized.
However, as a least developed country Rwanda has up to 2013 to abide
by specific WTO's Trade Related and Investment measures.
Performance requirements are not imposed as a condition for
establishing, maintaining, or expanding investment. They are mostly
imposed as a condition to access tax and investment incentives.
Investors who demonstrate capacity to add more value, technology
transfer, and invest in priority sectors enjoy more tax and
investment incentives which include VAT exemptions on all imported
raw materials, 100% write-off on research and development costs, 5%
to 7% reduction in corporate income tax if the company exports
products and services valued from USD 3 to USD 5 million, duty
exemption on equipment and a favorable accelerated rate of
depreciation of 50% in the first year.
Although there are no legal obligations regarding these matters,
foreign investors are encouraged to transfer technology and
expertise to local staff in the development of human resources. Work
permits are granted to foreign expatriates as long as they are key
personnel and fall into categories of skilled labor where Rwandans
are not available.
RIEPA was established in 1998 to encourage investment and has been
relatively successful in developing important incentives and
publicizing investment opportunities. Registered investors obtain
certificates that bring benefits, including exemption from
value-added tax and duties when importing machinery, equipment, and
raw materials. RIEPA also assists with the issuance of expatriate
work permits, securing all the required government permits, and
assisting with land acquisition if required. Grants and special
access to credit is provided to investors promoting rural areas.
There no import quotas for investors.
There is no legal requirement that investors purchase from local
sources or export a certain percentage of output. In order to
benefit from incentives of the free export zone, a certain
percentage of the finished product must be exported. There is no
condition regarding access to foreign exchange in relation to
exports.
More tax incentives are given to investors who create significant
export-oriented growth, since export enterprises in Rwanda may
qualify for the benefits of the Free Export Economic Processing Zone
(FEEPZ). Determination is made upon request and is based on several
factors: exports must total at least 80% of production or exports
total at least 10% if manufacturing under bond; the entity must be
engaged in the export of services; and capital investment is at
least USD $100,000 (local investors and COMESA members) or USD
$250,000 (foreign and non COMESA investors). The Rwandan investment
code is currently under review to determine precise duration for
exemption from taxes and to provide more incentives for investors.
There is no requirement for physical presence at the FEEPZ. Any
exporter who fulfills conditions can legally access the free export
processing zone incentives without being physically present in the
actual zone. The investment law released in March 2006 is intended
to assist investors in obtaining the necessary licenses and provides
more incentives.
There is no legal obligation that nationals own shares in foreign
investments or that shares of foreign equity be reduced over time.
Technology transfer can only be imparted to local employees. There
is no condition that technology be transferred on certain terms.
Procurements are at the sole discretion of the investor but specific
procurement requests can only be approved in case there is need for
tax exemption. The Government imposes conditions on permission to
invest only in the free export zone. This mainly concerns a specific
geographical area located in Kigali and export requirement, special
authorization can be provided to invest in other geographical areas
if conditions for the Free Economic Zone are met. Permission to
invest in the FEZ does not concern specific percentage of local
content whether in goods or services or local equity.
The government is not involved in assessing the type and source of
raw materials as a pre requisite for performance but the National
Bureau of Standard determines quality standards. Investors are not
required to disclose proprietary information to government
authorities.
U.S. and other foreign firms are allowed to participate in
government/authority financed and/or subsidized research and
development programs on a national treatment basis. In fact foreign
firms are given special priority in research projects because
Rwandan professionals are not well developed in research issues, and
foreigners are considered experts.
There are no onerous visa residence or work permit requirements that
inhibit foreign investors' mobility. U.S. nationals are not
required to have visas for the first 90 days of their stay in
Rwanda. Other foreign nationals have their visa processed timely as
well. Rwanda Investment and Export Promotion Agency facilitates
potential investors to obtain visa and work permits.
Rwanda, in fact, has no discriminatory practices affecting foreign
investors.
RIGHT TO PRIVATE OWNERSHIP AND ESTABLISHMENT
--------------------------------------------
Local and foreign investors have the right to own and establish
business enterprises in all forms of remunerative activity. Private
ownership is preserved in the constitution of Rwanda. The
constitution stipulates that every person has the right to private
ownership of other types of property, whether personal or in
association with others. It cannot be violated except in the public
interest, and with procedures that are determined by law, and is
subject to fair compensation.
Private entities are also allowed to acquire and to dispose of
interests in business enterprises. Foreign nationals may hold shares
in locally incorporated companies.
Competing with public enterprises is not a serious concern for the
private sector, as the government has divested and continues to
divest in public enterprises that would compete with the private
sector.
PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS
-----------------------------
The legal system protects and facilitates acquisition and
disposition of all property rights. Investors involved in extensive
agriculture have land titles and investors are able to secure
property titles, if needed. The recently passed land law stipulates
modalities of property registration, but no registries have been
established yet. Land titles may be held even without any
developments on land and they can be donated or sold.
There is adherence to key international agreements on intellectual
property rights and adequate protection of intellectual property
rights but as a least developed country, Rwanda has up to 2013 to
abide by specific TRIP's arrangements. As a member of COMESA,
Rwanda is automatically a member of ARIPO, the African Regional
Intellectual Property Organization. It is also a member of WIPO, the
World Intellectual Property Organization, and is currently working
towards conformity of its legislation to WTO trade-related aspects
of intellectual property. The Ministry of Commerce (MINICOM), the
Rwandan Revenue Authority (RRA), and the Rwandan Bureau of Standards
(RBS) work together to address issues involving counterfeit products
on the Rwandan market. In fact, Rwanda has received much recognition
and appreciation from an American firm for destroying contraband
shoe polish that had entered the country illegally. Through the
Rwanda Bureau of Standards and the Rwanda Revenue Authority, Rwanda
has earned accolades for its protection of intellectual property
rights, but many goods make it to market, nonetheless, that violate
patents, especially pharmaceutical drugs.
Rwanda has not yet ratified WIPO internet treaties, but steps to
implement and enforce the WTO TRIPS agreements have taken place.
Intellectual property bills covering patents, trademarks and
copyrights have been adopted and will soon be sent to parliament.
Registration service agency due to be established will further
improve intellectual property rights.
TRANSPARENCY OF THE REGULATORY SYSTEM
-------------------------------------
The government uses transparent policies and effective laws to
foster clear rules of the game, all seemingly consistent with
international norms. Institutions such as the Rwanda Revenue
Authority, the Ombudsman's office, the Bureau of Standards, the
Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency, the National Tender Board, the
Privatization Secretariat, and the Environment Protection Agency all
have clear rules and procedures.
Drafts of some laws including the constitution and the land law were
passed though civil society representatives for comments, but there
is not a formalized mechanism to publish draft laws for public
comment. Nonetheless, there is no government effort to restrict
foreign participation in industry standards-setting consortia or
organizations.
Some investors complain that the strict enforcement of tax, labor,
and environmental laws impede investment, but the transparency and
lack of corruption in the regulatory framework is actually a boon to
the investment climate for legitimate businesses.
Bureaucratic procedures including those for licenses and permits are
not sufficiently streamlined. A draft law establishing a Rwanda
Registration Service Agency is currently in parliament. The law is
intended to steam line procedures for obtaining trade permits and
licenses which are currently exist as unnecessary red tape.
Rwanda established an ombudsman's office in 2004 that monitors
transparency and compliance to regulation in all governmental
sectors. The Rwanda Utility Regulation Agency, the Auditor General's
Office, the Anticorruption Division in the Revenue Authority, the
National Bureau of Standards, and the National Tender Board are all
in place to enforce regulations as well. Moreover, the press has
openly exposed instances of bad debts and malfeasance this year
involving private citizens and GOR leaders. This has led to some
resignations within the GOR and Rwanda continues fighting
corruption.
There are no informal regulatory processes managed by
nongovernmental organizations. Legal, regulatory and accounting
systems are transparent and consistent with international norms but
their results do not display required effects because they lack
autonomy in certain circumstances.
A key component of the GOR's regulatory system is the Auditor
General's Office, established in 1999 to continuously audit
government adherence to fiscal controls. The office managed to make
substantial progress in making government finances more transparent
according to IMF officials. The Auditor General' report for 2006
cited many accounting irregularities. The report issued to
Parliament in October 2006 will be used to examine official conduct
of government business; the executive has encouraged the parliament
to take action.
There are no private sector or government authority efforts to
restrict foreign participation in industry standards-setting
consortia or organization. Consumer protection and producers
associations exist and run independently. Through the Rwanda Private
Sector Federation, the business community has been involved in the
formation of most if not all of the economic policy and regulatory
framework of the country.
EFFICIENT CAPITAL MARKETS AND PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT
--------------------------------------------- -----
Access to affordable credit is a serious challenge in Rwanda, as
interest rates are relatively high. Nonetheless credit is allocated
on market terms and foreign investors are able to get credit on the
local market if they have collaterals and bankable projects.
The private sector has limited access to credit instruments because
most Rwandan banks are still conservative and trade in limited
commercial products. A variety of credit instruments were introduced
with the privatization of the commercial banks. Leasing was
introduced in 2006 but is limited to two commercial banks and
mortgages are being introduced in a single bank. Credit cards are
still lacking but debit cards have been introduced.
Rwanda does not have a stock exchange. The central bank encourages
and facilitates investments through the sale of treasury bills and
bonds, but capital markets and the associated regulatory systems do
not exist.
A 2006 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
publication reported that the ratio of non-performing loans to total
loans is 24%.
Since 2001, the total capital requirement for commercial bank has
been RF 1.5billion (USD 3 million) and RF 3 billion for investments
banks.
Since there is no public stock exchange, corporations trade shares
among themselves. No hostile takeovers have occurred involving
foreign investors, and both the Central Bank and the Rwandan
government have been very active in seeking foreign investors for
the banking sector. Likewise, private firms have not engaged in
arrangements to restrict foreign investment.
Plans are underway to develop capital markets. Ministry of Finance
officials are studying the preconditions for such a step and the
creation of a regulatory authority. An effective regulatory system
is monitored by the Central Bank, which is given high marks by the
IMF.
POLITICAL VIOLENCE
------------------
Rwanda remains a stable country with little violence. A strong
police and military provide an umbrella of security that continues
to minimize criminal activity and political disturbances. There have
been no incidents involving politically motivated damage to projects
or installations since the 1994 war.
Elections in 2003 were peaceful, although significant voting
irregularities were documented. Rwanda no longer faces insurgent
activity from rebel groups operating in the Democratic Republic of
Congo. Rwanda acts in concert with its neighbors to fight crime and
terrorism, and the GOR actively cooperates in efforts to identify
and freeze the assets of known terrorist individuals or
organizations.
CORRUPTION
----------
The GOR senior leadership maintains a consistent policy and law of
combating corruption within Rwandan society. Although less corrupt
than many other African governments, the GOR, despite its firm hold
on public policy, is confronted with periodic allegations of
misconduct or persons using their office for personal gain. In
general, such incidents do not go unpunished when proved and
enforcement is equal for both foreign and local investors. When
corruption involves high-ranking officials, they are dismissed or
prosecuted. Senior government officials appear to take pride in
Rwanda's reputation as being tough on corruption, and the National
Assembly takes an active role in investigating public officials
accused of corruption and, in concert with the recently established
Ombudsman Office, has exposed corrupt public officials, several of
whom have been forced to resign.
Rwanda has signed and ratified the UN Anticorruption Convention. It
is a signatory of the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery. It is
also a signatory of the African Union Anticorruption Convention.
Giving and accepting a bribe is a criminal act penalized by law, and
penalties depend on circumstances surrounding the specific cases.
As a result, U.S firms have not identified corruption as obstacle
for investment.
Corruption if generally very low but the 2006 Auditor General report
highlighted irregularities in government procurement. Businessmen
report occurances of petty corruption in the customs clearing
process, but there is almost no reported corruption in transfers,
dispute settlement, regulatory system, taxation and performance
requirement.
A local company cannot deduct a bribe to a foreign official from
taxes. In fact, a bribe by a local company to a foreign official is
a crime in Rwanda.
Institutions including the Ombudsman office, the Anti-Corruption
Unit in the Rwanda Revenue Authority, the Auditor General's Office
identify corruption cases, but the police and national prosecutor's
office prosecute the actual acts. The National Tender Board and
Rwanda Revenue Authority were also established to combat
corruption.
Transparency International or other regional non governmental
organizations do not operate in Rwanda, yet periodically issue
reports on Rwanda.
BILATERAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS AND AGOA
----------------------------------------
Rwanda is eligible for trade preferences under the African Growth
and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which the United States enacted to
extend duty-free and quota-free access to the U.S. market for nearly
all textile and handicraft goods produced in eligible beneficiary
countries. A Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) was
signed between the U.S. and Rwanda in 2006, and initial discussions
have begun to lay the groundwork for a Bilateral Investment Treaty.
OPIC AND OTHER INVESTMENT INSURANCE PROGRAMS
--------------------------------------------
The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) has had a single
investment guarantee in Rwanda: Sorwathe, an American-owned tea
factory received an additional loan guarantee from OPIC in spring
¶2004.
The exchange rate regime is stable in the event an inconvertibility
claim arises. OPIC currently has no loan program in Rwanda but
given the enduring stability in the country and pending investment
climate changes, OPIC officials have expressed strong interest in
expanding OPIC involvement in Rwanda. OPIC is expected to expand its
program for Rwanda working with the Rwanda Housing Bank.
The Export-Import Bank (EXIM) continues its program to insure
short-term export credit transactions involving various payment
terms, including open accounts that cover exports to the U.S. of
consumer goods, services, commodities, and certain capital goods.
Rwanda is a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
(MIGA) and the African Trade Insurance Agency (ATI).
LABOR
-----
General labor is availability and improving, but there is a shortage
of skilled labor, including accountants, lawyers and technicians.
Higher institutes of technology, many private universities, and
vocational institutes are improving and producing more and more
qualified graduates each year. A new labor code that respond to
investor's demand of eliminating labor rigidities in under review.
Rwanda attempts to adhere to ILO convention protecting worker rights
at same time balancing to minimize complaints from investors.
Policies to protect workers in special labor conditions exist, but
enforcement remains questionable. On-the-job training and
technology transfer to local employees is encouraged but not
obligatory.
The national labor code was revised in 2000 to eliminate gender
discrimination, restrictions on the mobility of labor, and wage
controls. Laws relating to insurance are being prepared. Companies
will find skills deficits in many sectors when hiring in Rwanda, but
these deficits will continue to shrink as literacy rates increase
and more qualified people graduate from Rwandan institutions of
higher learning. The general population's literacy rate continues to
improve each year since the 1994 Genocide and war. Before 1994 the
rate was 64%; for 2003 the rate was 52%, 2006 rate is not available.
More than 1,000 students each year for the past three years have
completed training at the Kigali Institute of Technology (KIST) and
the National University of Rwanda (NUR). These students are fluent
in French, English, or both. Several hundred Rwandan students
complete their studies abroad each year and return to work in the
country. It is also possible to find qualified labor from South
Africa or from neighboring countries such as Congo, Uganda, and
Kenya. Movement of this skilled labor force will be further
facilitated by entry into the EAC.
FOREIGN TRADE ZONES/FREE PORTS
------------------------------
Rwanda is a member of several sub-regional economic organizations,
such as the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC),
the Economic Community of the Great Lakes (CEPGL), and the Common
Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and since 2006 the
East African Community (EAC). Member countries in COMESA have a
free trade agreement. Goods originating from COMESA countries that
fill condition of rules of origin qualify for duty free status.
Value addition on imported raw materials must be 35% to qualify for
rules of origin of COMESA member states. Rwanda plans to establish
a free trade zone in the near future.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT STATISTICS
------------------------------------
Foreign direct investment statistics from 2001 to 2004 as provided
by UNCTAD are as follows. In 2001 FDI was USD 3.8 million and 2.3
in $ per $1000 of GDP, 2002 it was USD 7.4 millions and 4.5 in $ per
$1000 of GDP, In 2003 FDI was USD 4.7 millions and 3.0 in $ per
$1000 of GDP, In 2004, FDI was USD 10.9 and 5.9 in $ per $1000 of
GDP. FDI Statistics for 2005 and 2006 are not yet released.
ARIETTI