

Currently released so far... 51122 / 251,287
Articles
Brazil
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
Sweden
00. Editorial
United States
Latin America
Egypt
Jordan
Yemen
Thailand
Browse latest releases
2010/12/01
2010/12/02
2010/12/03
2010/12/04
2010/12/05
2010/12/06
2010/12/07
2010/12/08
2010/12/09
2010/12/10
2010/12/11
2010/12/12
2010/12/13
2010/12/14
2010/12/15
2010/12/16
2010/12/17
2010/12/18
2010/12/19
2010/12/20
2010/12/21
2010/12/22
2010/12/23
2010/12/24
2010/12/25
2010/12/26
2010/12/27
2010/12/28
2010/12/29
2010/12/30
2011/01/01
2011/01/02
2011/01/04
2011/01/05
2011/01/07
2011/01/09
2011/01/11
2011/01/12
2011/01/13
2011/01/14
2011/01/15
2011/01/16
2011/01/17
2011/01/18
2011/01/19
2011/01/20
2011/01/21
2011/01/22
2011/01/23
2011/01/24
2011/01/25
2011/01/26
2011/01/27
2011/01/28
2011/01/29
2011/01/30
2011/01/31
2011/02/01
2011/02/02
2011/02/03
2011/02/04
2011/02/05
2011/02/06
2011/02/07
2011/02/08
2011/02/09
2011/02/10
2011/02/11
2011/02/12
2011/02/13
2011/02/14
2011/02/15
2011/02/16
2011/02/17
2011/02/18
2011/02/19
2011/02/20
2011/02/21
2011/02/22
2011/02/23
2011/02/24
2011/02/25
2011/02/26
2011/02/27
2011/02/28
2011/03/01
2011/03/02
2011/03/03
2011/03/04
2011/03/05
2011/03/06
2011/03/07
2011/03/08
2011/03/09
2011/03/10
2011/03/11
2011/03/13
2011/03/14
2011/03/15
2011/03/16
2011/03/17
2011/03/18
2011/03/19
2011/03/20
2011/03/21
2011/03/22
2011/03/23
2011/03/24
2011/03/25
2011/03/26
2011/03/27
2011/03/28
2011/03/29
2011/03/30
2011/03/31
2011/04/01
2011/04/02
2011/04/03
2011/04/04
2011/04/05
2011/04/06
2011/04/07
2011/04/08
2011/04/09
2011/04/10
2011/04/11
2011/04/12
2011/04/13
2011/04/14
2011/04/15
2011/04/16
2011/04/17
2011/04/18
2011/04/19
2011/04/20
2011/04/21
2011/04/22
2011/04/23
2011/04/24
2011/04/25
2011/04/26
2011/04/27
2011/04/28
2011/04/29
2011/04/30
2011/05/01
2011/05/02
2011/05/03
2011/05/04
2011/05/05
2011/05/06
2011/05/07
2011/05/08
2011/05/09
2011/05/10
2011/05/11
2011/05/12
2011/05/13
2011/05/14
2011/05/15
2011/05/16
2011/05/17
2011/05/18
2011/05/19
2011/05/20
2011/05/21
2011/05/22
2011/05/23
2011/05/24
2011/05/25
2011/05/26
2011/05/27
2011/05/28
2011/05/29
2011/05/30
2011/05/31
2011/06/01
2011/06/02
2011/06/03
2011/06/04
2011/06/05
2011/06/06
2011/06/07
2011/06/08
2011/06/09
2011/06/10
2011/06/11
2011/06/12
2011/06/13
2011/06/14
2011/06/15
2011/06/16
2011/06/17
2011/06/18
2011/06/19
2011/06/20
2011/06/21
2011/06/22
2011/06/23
2011/06/24
2011/06/25
2011/06/26
2011/06/27
2011/06/28
2011/06/29
2011/06/30
2011/07/01
2011/07/02
2011/07/04
2011/07/05
2011/07/06
2011/07/07
2011/07/08
2011/07/10
2011/07/11
2011/07/12
2011/07/13
2011/07/14
2011/07/15
2011/07/16
2011/07/17
2011/07/18
2011/07/19
2011/07/20
2011/07/21
2011/07/22
2011/07/23
2011/07/25
2011/07/27
2011/07/28
2011/07/29
2011/07/31
2011/08/01
2011/08/02
2011/08/03
2011/08/05
2011/08/06
2011/08/07
2011/08/08
2011/08/09
2011/08/10
2011/08/11
2011/08/12
2011/08/13
2011/08/15
2011/08/16
2011/08/17
2011/08/18
2011/08/19
2011/08/21
2011/08/22
2011/08/23
2011/08/24
Browse by creation date
Browse by origin
Embassy Athens
Embassy Asuncion
Embassy Astana
Embassy Asmara
Embassy Ashgabat
Embassy Apia
Embassy Antananarivo
Embassy Ankara
Embassy Amman
Embassy Algiers
Embassy Addis Ababa
Embassy Accra
Embassy Abuja
Embassy Abu Dhabi
Embassy Abidjan
Consulate Auckland
Consulate Amsterdam
Consulate Alexandria
Consulate Adana
American Institute Taiwan, Taipei
Embasy Bonn
Embassy Bujumbura
Embassy Buenos Aires
Embassy Budapest
Embassy Bucharest
Embassy Brussels
Embassy Bridgetown
Embassy Brazzaville
Embassy Bratislava
Embassy Brasilia
Embassy Bogota
Embassy Bishkek
Embassy Bern
Embassy Berlin
Embassy Belmopan
Embassy Belgrade
Embassy Beirut
Embassy Beijing
Embassy Banjul
Embassy Bangui
Embassy Bangkok
Embassy Bandar Seri Begawan
Embassy Bamako
Embassy Baku
Embassy Baghdad
Consulate Belfast
Consulate Barcelona
Embassy Cotonou
Embassy Copenhagen
Embassy Conakry
Embassy Colombo
Embassy Chisinau
Embassy Caracas
Embassy Canberra
Embassy Cairo
Consulate Curacao
Consulate Ciudad Juarez
Consulate Chiang Mai
Consulate Chennai
Consulate Chengdu
Consulate Casablanca
Consulate Cape Town
Consulate Calgary
Embassy Dushanbe
Embassy Dublin
Embassy Doha
Embassy Djibouti
Embassy Dili
Embassy Dhaka
Embassy Dar Es Salaam
Embassy Damascus
Embassy Dakar
DIR FSINFATC
Consulate Dusseldorf
Consulate Durban
Consulate Dubai
Consulate Dhahran
Embassy Guatemala
Embassy Grenada
Embassy Georgetown
Embassy Gaborone
Consulate Guayaquil
Consulate Guangzhou
Consulate Guadalajara
Embassy Helsinki
Embassy Harare
Embassy Hanoi
Consulate Hong Kong
Consulate Ho Chi Minh City
Consulate Hermosillo
Consulate Hamilton
Consulate Hamburg
Consulate Halifax
Embassy Kyiv
Embassy Kuwait
Embassy Kuala Lumpur
Embassy Kolonia
Embassy Kinshasa
Embassy Kingston
Embassy Kigali
Embassy Khartoum
Embassy Kathmandu
Embassy Kampala
Embassy Kabul
Consulate Krakow
Consulate Kolkata
Consulate Karachi
Embassy Luxembourg
Embassy Lusaka
Embassy Luanda
Embassy London
Embassy Lome
Embassy Ljubljana
Embassy Lisbon
Embassy Lima
Embassy Lilongwe
Embassy Libreville
Embassy La Paz
Consulate Leipzig
Consulate Lahore
Consulate Lagos
Mission USOSCE
Mission USNATO
Mission UNESCO
Mission Geneva
Embassy Muscat
Embassy Moscow
Embassy Montevideo
Embassy Monrovia
Embassy Mogadishu
Embassy Minsk
Embassy Mexico
Embassy Mbabane
Embassy Maseru
Embassy Maputo
Embassy Manila
Embassy Manama
Embassy Managua
Embassy Malabo
Embassy Madrid
Consulate Munich
Consulate Mumbai
Consulate Montreal
Consulate Monterrey
Consulate Milan
Consulate Merida
Consulate Melbourne
Consulate Matamoros
Consulate Marseille
Embassy Nouakchott
Embassy Nicosia
Embassy Niamey
Embassy New Delhi
Embassy Ndjamena
Embassy Nassau
Embassy Nairobi
Consulate Nuevo Laredo
Consulate Naples
Consulate Naha
Consulate Nagoya
Embassy Pristina
Embassy Pretoria
Embassy Praia
Embassy Prague
Embassy Port Of Spain
Embassy Port Moresby
Embassy Port Louis
Embassy Port Au Prince
Embassy Podgorica
Embassy Phnom Penh
Embassy Paris
Embassy Paramaribo
Embassy Panama
Consulate Peshawar
REO Hillah
REO Basrah
Embassy Rome
Embassy Riyadh
Embassy Riga
Embassy Reykjavik
Embassy Rangoon
Embassy Rabat
Consulate Rio De Janeiro
Consulate Recife
Secretary of State
Embassy Suva
Embassy Stockholm
Embassy Sofia
Embassy Skopje
Embassy Singapore
Embassy Seoul
Embassy Sarajevo
Embassy Santo Domingo
Embassy Santiago
Embassy Sanaa
Embassy San Salvador
Embassy San Jose
Consulate Surabaya
Consulate Strasbourg
Consulate St Petersburg
Consulate Shenyang
Consulate Shanghai
Consulate Sapporo
Consulate Sao Paulo
Embassy Tunis
Embassy Tripoli
Embassy Tokyo
Embassy Tirana
Embassy The Hague
Embassy Tel Aviv
Embassy Tehran
Embassy Tegucigalpa
Embassy Tbilisi
Embassy Tashkent
Embassy Tallinn
Consulate Toronto
Consulate Tijuana
Consulate Thessaloniki
USUN New York
USMISSION USTR GENEVA
USEU Brussels
US Office Almaty
US Mission Geneva
US Mission CD Geneva
US Interests Section Havana
US Delegation, Secretary
UNVIE
UN Rome
Embassy Ulaanbaatar
Embassy Vilnius
Embassy Vientiane
Embassy Vienna
Embassy Vatican
Embassy Valletta
Consulate Vladivostok
Consulate Vancouver
Browse by tag
AMGT
ASEC
AEMR
AR
APECO
AU
AORC
ADANA
AJ
AF
AFIN
AMED
AS
AM
ABLD
AFFAIRS
AMB
APER
ACOA
AND
AA
AE
AADP
AID
AO
AL
AG
AORD
ADM
AINF
AINT
ASEAN
AORG
ABT
APEC
AY
ASUP
ARF
AGOA
AVIAN
ATRN
ANET
AGIT
ASECVE
ABUD
AODE
ALOW
ADB
AN
ADPM
ASPA
ARABL
AFSN
AZ
AC
AIAG
AFSI
ASCE
ASIG
ACABQ
ADIP
AFGHANISTAN
AROC
ADCO
ACOTA
ANARCHISTS
AMEDCASCKFLO
AK
ARABBL
ASCH
ANTITERRORISM
AGRICULTURE
AOCR
ARR
ASSEMBLY
AORCYM
AFPK
ACKM
AGMT
AEC
APRC
AIN
AFPREL
ASFC
ASECTH
AFSA
AINR
AOPC
AFAF
AFARI
AX
ASECAF
ASECAFIN
AT
AFZAL
APCS
AGAO
AIT
ARCH
AEMRASECCASCKFLOMARRPRELPINRAMGTJMXL
AMEX
ARM
AQ
ATFN
AMBASSADOR
AORCD
AVIATION
ARAS
AINFCY
ACBAQ
AOPR
AREP
AOIC
ASEX
ASEK
AER
AGR
AMCT
AVERY
APR
AEMRS
AFU
AMG
ATPDEA
ASECKFRDCVISKIRFPHUMSMIGEG
AORL
ACS
AMCHAMS
AECL
AUC
ACAO
BA
BR
BB
BG
BEXP
BY
BRUSSELS
BU
BD
BTIO
BK
BL
BE
BMGT
BO
BM
BX
BN
BWC
BBSR
BTT
BC
BH
BILAT
BUSH
BHUM
BT
BTC
BMENA
BOND
BAIO
BP
BF
BRPA
BURNS
BUT
BBG
BCW
BOEHNER
BOL
BASHAR
BIDEN
BFIN
BZ
BEXPC
BTIU
CPAS
CA
CASC
CS
CBW
CIDA
CO
CODEL
CI
CROS
CU
CH
CWC
CMGT
CVIS
CDG
CTR
CG
CF
CHIEF
CJAN
CBSA
CE
CY
CB
CW
CM
CHR
CD
COE
CV
COUNTER
CT
CN
CPUOS
CTERR
CVR
CVPR
CDC
COUNTRY
CLEARANCE
CONS
COM
CACS
CR
CONTROLS
CAN
CACM
COMMERCE
CAMBODIA
CFIS
COUNTERTERRORISM
CITES
CONDOLEEZZA
CZ
CTBT
CEN
CLINTON
CFED
CARC
CTM
CARICOM
CSW
CICTE
CYPRUS
CBE
CMGMT
CARSON
CWCM
CIVS
COUNTRYCLEARANCE
CENTCOM
CAPC
COPUOS
CKGR
CITEL
CQ
CITT
CIC
CARIB
CVIC
CAFTA
CVISU
CDB
CEDAW
CNC
CJUS
COMMAND
CENTER
COL
CAJC
CONSULAR
CLMT
CBC
CIA
CNARC
CIS
CEUDA
CHINA
CAC
CL
DR
DJ
DEMOCRATIC
DEMARCHE
DOMESTIC
DISENGAGEMENT
DB
DA
DHS
DAO
DCM
DAVID
DO
DEAX
DEFENSE
DEA
DTRO
DPRK
DOC
DTRA
DK
DAC
DOD
DRL
DRC
DCG
DE
DOT
DEPT
DOE
DS
DKEM
ECON
ETTC
EFIS
ETRD
EC
EMIN
EAGR
EAID
EFIN
EUN
ECIN
EG
EWWT
EINV
ENRG
ELAB
EPET
EIND
EN
EAIR
EUMEM
ECPS
ES
EI
ELTN
ET
EZ
EU
ER
EINT
ENGR
ECONOMIC
ENIV
EFTA
ETRN
EMS
EUREM
EPA
ESTH
EEB
EET
ENV
EAG
EXIM
ECTRD
ELNT
ENVIRONMENT
ECA
EAP
EINDIR
ETR
ECONOMY
ETRC
ELECTIONS
EICN
EXPORT
EARG
EGHG
EID
ETRO
EINF
EAIDHO
ECIP
EENV
EURM
EPEC
ERNG
ENERG
EIAD
EXBS
ED
EREL
ELAM
EK
EWT
ENGRD
EDEV
ECE
ENGY
EXIMOPIC
ETRDEC
ECCT
EUR
ENRGPARMOTRASENVKGHGPGOVECONTSPLEAID
EFI
ECOSOC
EXTERNAL
ESCAP
ETCC
EENG
ERA
ENRD
ECLAC
ETRAD
EBRD
ENVR
ECONENRG
ELTNSNAR
ELAP
EPIT
EDUC
EAIDXMXAXBXFFR
EETC
EIVN
EDRC
EGOV
ETRA
EAIDRW
ETRDEINVECINPGOVCS
ESA
ETRDGK
ENVI
ELN
EPRT
EPTED
ERTD
EUM
EAIDS
EFINECONEAIDUNGAGM
EDU
EV
EAIDAF
EDA
EPREL
EINVEFIN
EAGER
ETMIN
EUCOM
ECCP
EIDN
EINVKSCA
ENNP
EFINECONCS
ETC
EAIRASECCASCID
EINN
ETRP
ECONOMICS
ENERGY
EIAR
EINDETRD
ECONEFIN
EURN
ETRDEINVTINTCS
EFIM
ETIO
EATO
EIPR
EINVETC
ETTD
ETDR
EIQ
ECONCS
ENRGIZ
EAIG
ENTG
EUC
ERD
EINVECONSENVCSJA
EEPET
EUNCH
ESENV
ECINECONCS
ETRDECONWTOCS
ECUN
FR
FI
FOREIGN
FARM
FIR
FAO
FK
FARC
FAS
FJ
FREEDOM
FAC
FINANCE
FBI
FTAA
FM
FCS
FAA
FORCE
FDA
FTA
FT
FCSC
FMGT
FINR
FIN
FDIC
FOR
FOI
FO
FMLN
FISO
GM
GERARD
GT
GA
GG
GR
GTIP
GH
GZ
GE
GB
GY
GAZA
GJ
GEORGE
GOI
GCC
GMUS
GI
GLOBAL
GV
GC
GL
GOV
GKGIC
GF
GWI
GIPNC
GUTIERREZ
GTMO
GANGS
GAERC
GUILLERMO
GASPAR
HR
HA
HYMPSK
HO
HK
HUMAN
HU
HN
HHS
HURI
HUD
HUMRIT
HUMANITARIAN
HUMANR
HL
HSTC
HILLARY
HCOPIL
HADLEY
HOURANI
HI
HUM
HEBRON
HUMOR
IZ
IN
IAEA
IS
IMO
ILO
IR
IC
IT
ITU
ID
IV
IMF
IBRD
IWC
ICAO
ICRC
INF
IO
IPR
ISO
IK
ISRAELI
IQ
ICES
IDB
INFLUENZA
IRAQI
ISCON
IGAD
IRAN
ITALY
IRAQ
ICTY
ICTR
ITPGOV
ITALIAN
IQNV
IADB
INTERNAL
INMARSAT
IRDB
ILC
INCB
INRB
ICJ
ISRAEL
INR
IEA
ISPA
ICCAT
IOM
ITRD
IHO
IL
IFAD
ITRA
IDLI
ISCA
INL
INRA
INTELSAT
ISAF
ISPL
IRS
IEF
ITER
INDO
IIP
IND
IEFIN
IACI
IAHRC
INNP
IA
INTERPOL
IFIN
ISSUES
IZPREL
IRAJ
IF
ITPHUM
ITA
IP
IRPE
IDA
ISLAMISTS
ITF
INRO
IBET
IDP
IRC
KMDR
KPAO
KOMC
KNNP
KFLO
KDEM
KSUM
KIPR
KFLU
KE
KCRM
KJUS
KAWC
KZ
KSCA
KDRG
KCOR
KGHG
KPAL
KTIP
KMCA
KCRS
KPKO
KOLY
KRVC
KVPR
KG
KWBG
KTER
KS
KN
KSPR
KWMN
KV
KTFN
KFRD
KU
KSTC
KSTH
KISL
KGIC
KSEP
KFIN
KTEX
KTIA
KUNR
KCMR
KCIP
KMOC
KTDB
KBIO
KBCT
KMPI
KSAF
KACT
KFEM
KPRV
KPWR
KIRC
KCFE
KRIM
KHIV
KHLS
KVIR
KNNNP
KCEM
KLIG
KIRF
KNUP
KSAC
KNUC
KPGOV
KTDD
KIDE
KOMS
KLFU
KNNC
KMFO
KSEO
KJRE
KJUST
KMRS
KSRE
KGIT
KPIR
KPOA
KUWAIT
KIVP
KICC
KSCS
KPOL
KSEAO
KRCM
KSCI
KNAP
KGLB
KICA
KCUL
KPRM
KFSC
KQ
KPOP
KPFO
KPALAOIS
KREC
KBWG
KR
KTTB
KNAR
KCOM
KESS
KINR
KOCI
KWN
KCSY
KREL
KTBT
KFTN
KW
KRFD
KFLOA
KHDP
KNEP
KIND
KHUM
KSKN
KOMO
KDRL
KTFIN
KSOC
KPO
KGIV
KSTCPL
KSI
KPRP
KFPC
KNNB
KNDP
KICCPUR
KFRDCVISCMGTCASCKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KDMR
KFCE
KIMMITT
KMCC
KMNP
KSEC
KOMCSG
KGCC
KRAD
KCRP
KAUST
KWAWC
KCHG
KRDP
KPAS
KTIAPARM
KPAOPREL
KWGB
KIRP
KMIG
KLAB
KSEI
KHSA
KNPP
KPAONZ
KWWW
KGHA
KY
KCRIM
KCRCM
KGCN
KPLS
KIIP
KPAOY
KTRD
KTAO
KJU
KBTS
KWAC
KFIU
KNNO
KPAI
KILS
KPA
KRCS
KWBGSY
KNPPIS
KNNPMNUC
KNPT
KERG
KLTN
KPREL
KTLA
KO
KAWK
KVRP
KAID
KX
KENV
KWCI
KNPR
KCFC
KNEI
KFTFN
KTFM
KCERS
KDEMAF
KMEPI
KEMS
KBTR
KEDU
KIRL
KNNR
KMPT
KPDD
KPIN
KDEV
KFRP
KTBD
KMSG
KWWMN
KWBC
KA
KOM
KWNM
KFRDKIRFCVISCMGTKOCIASECPHUMSMIGEG
KRGY
KNNF
KICR
KIFR
KWMNCS
KPAK
KDDG
KCGC
KID
KNSD
KMPF
KWMM
MARR
MX
MASS
MOPS
MNUC
MCAP
MTCRE
MRCRE
MTRE
MASC
MY
MK
MG
MU
MILI
MO
MZ
MEPP
MCC
MEDIA
MOPPS
MI
MAS
MW
MP
MEPN
MV
MD
MR
MC
MCA
MT
MIL
MARITIME
MOPSGRPARM
MAAR
MOOPS
ML
MA
MN
MNUCPTEREZ
MTCR
MUNC
MPOS
MONUC
MGMT
MURRAY
MACP
MINUSTAH
MCCONNELL
MGT
MNUR
MF
MEPI
MOHAMMAD
MAR
MAPP
MNU
MFA
MTS
MLS
MEETINGS
MERCOSUR
MED
MNVC
MIK
MBM
MILITARY
MAPS
MARAD
MDC
MACEDONIA
MASSMNUC
MUCN
MQADHAFI
MPS
NZ
NATO
NI
NO
NU
NG
NL
NPT
NS
NA
NP
NASA
NSF
NEA
NANCY
NSG
NRR
NATIONAL
NMNUC
NC
NSC
NAS
NARC
NELSON
NATEU
NDP
NIH
NK
NIPP
NR
NERG
NSSP
NE
NTDB
NT
NEGROPONTE
NGO
NATOIRAQ
NAR
NZUS
NCCC
NH
NAFTA
NEW
NRG
NUIN
NOVO
NATOPREL
NV
NICHOLAS
NPA
NSFO
NW
NORAD
NPG
NOAA
OPRC
OPDC
OTRA
OECD
OVIP
OREP
ODC
OIIP
OAS
OSCE
OPIC
OMS
OFDP
OFDA
OEXC
OPCW
OIE
OSCI
OM
OPAD
ODPC
OIC
ODIP
OPPI
ORA
OCEA
OREG
OMIG
OFFICIALS
OSAC
OEXP
OPEC
OFPD
OAU
OCII
OIL
OVIPPRELUNGANU
OSHA
OPCD
OPCR
OF
OFDPQIS
OSIC
OHUM
OTR
OBSP
OGAC
OESC
OVP
ON
OES
OTAR
OCS
PREL
PGOV
PARM
PINR
PHUM
PM
PREF
PTER
PK
PINS
PBIO
PHSA
PE
PBTS
PA
PL
POL
PAK
POV
POLITICS
POLICY
PO
PRELTBIOBA
PKO
PIN
PNAT
PU
PGOVPREL
PALESTINIAN
PTERPGOV
PELOSI
PAS
PP
PTEL
PROP
PRELAF
PRHUM
PRE
PUNE
PIRF
PVOV
PROG
PERSONS
PROV
PKK
PRGOV
PH
PLAB
PDEM
PCI
PRL
PRM
PINSO
PERM
PETR
PPAO
PERL
PBS
PETERS
PRELBR
PCON
POLITICAL
PMIL
POLM
PKPA
PNUM
PLO
PTERM
PJUS
PARMP
PNIR
PHUMKPAL
PG
PREZ
PGIC
PAO
PROTECTION
PRELPK
PGOVENRG
PATTY
PSOC
PARTIES
PGOVEAIDUKNOSWGMHUCANLLHFRSPITNZ
PMIG
PAIGH
PARK
PETER
PHUS
PKPO
PGOVECON
POUS
PMAR
PWBG
PAR
PGOVGM
PHUH
PTE
PY
POLUN
PDOV
PGOVSOCI
PGOVPM
PRELEVU
PGOR
PBTSRU
PHUMA
PHUMR
PPD
PGV
PRAM
PARMS
PINL
PSI
PKPAL
PPA
PTERE
PGOF
PINO
PREO
PHAS
PAC
PRESL
PORG
PS
PGVO
PKFK
PSOE
PEPR
PINT
PRELP
PREFA
PNG
PTBS
PFOR
PGOVLO
PHUMBA
PREK
PHJM
POLINT
PGOVE
PHALANAGE
PARTY
PECON
PEACE
PROCESS
PLN
PEDRO
PF
PGPV
PCUL
PGGV
PSA
PGOVSMIGKCRMKWMNPHUMCVISKFRDCA
PGIV
PHUMPREL
POGOV
PEL
PBT
PAMQ
PINF
PSEPC
POSTS
PAHO
PHUMPGOV
PGOC
PNR
RS
RP
RU
RW
RFE
RCMP
RIGHTSPOLMIL
REFORM
RO
ROW
ROBERT
REACTION
REPORT
REGION
RELATIONS
RAY
ROBERTG
RIGHTS
RM
RATIFICATION
RREL
RBI
RICE
ROOD
REL
RODHAM
RGY
RUEHZO
RELIGIOUS
RELFREE
RUEUN
RELAM
RSP
RF
REO
REGIONAL
RUPREL
RI
REMON
RPEL
RSO
SCUL
SENV
SOCI
SZ
SNAR
SO
SP
SU
SY
SI
SMIG
SYR
SA
SW
SF
SR
SYRIA
SNARM
START
SPECIALIST
SG
SNIG
SCI
SGWI
SE
SIPDIS
SANC
SELAB
SN
SETTLEMENTS
SCIENCE
SENVENV
SENS
SPCE
SPAS
SECURITY
SENC
SOCIETY
SOSI
SENVEAGREAIDTBIOECONSOCIXR
SEN
SPECI
ST
SL
SENVCASCEAIDID
SC
SECRETARY
STR
SNA
SOCIS
SADC
SEP
SK
SHUM
SYAI
SMIL
STEPHEN
SNRV
SKCA
SENSITIVE
SECI
SCUD
SCRM
SGNV
SECTOR
SAARC
SENVSXE
SWMN
STEINBERG
SOPN
SOCR
SCRS
SWE
SARS
SNARIZ
SUDAN
SENVQGR
SAN
SM
SFNV
SSA
SPCVIS
SOFA
SCULKPAOECONTU
SENVKGHG
SHI
SEVN
SH
SNARCS
SNARN
SIPRS
TBIO
TW
TRGY
TSPA
TU
TPHY
TI
TX
TH
TIP
TSPL
TNGD
TZ
TS
TC
TK
TURKEY
TERRORISM
TPSL
TINT
TRSY
TERFIN
TPP
TT
TECHNOLOGY
TE
TAGS
TRAFFICKING
TJ
TN
TO
TD
TP
TREATY
TR
TA
TIO
TECH
TF
TRAD
TNDG
TWI
TPSA
TWL
TAUSCHER
TRBY
TL
TV
THPY
TSPAM
TREL
TRT
TNAR
TFIN
TWCH
THOMMA
THOMAS
TERROR
TRY
TBID
UK
UNESCO
UNSC
UNGA
UN
US
UZ
USEU
UG
UP
UNAUS
UNMIK
USTR
UY
USUN
UNEP
UNDC
UV
UNPUOS
UNSCR
USAID
UNODC
UNRCR
UNHCR
UNDP
UNCRIME
UA
UNHRC
UNRWA
UNO
UNCND
UNCHR
USAU
UNICEF
USPS
UNOMIG
UNESCOSCULPRELPHUMKPALCUIRXFVEKV
UR
UNFICYP
UNCITRAL
UNAMA
UNVIE
USTDA
USNC
UNCSD
USCC
UNEF
UNGAPL
USSC
UNMIC
UNTAC
UNCLASSIFIED
USDA
UNCTAD
USGS
UNFPA
UNSE
USOAS
UE
UAE
UNCHS
UNDESCO
UNC
UNSCS
UKXG
UNGACG
UNHR
UNBRO
UNCHC
UNFCYP
UNIDROIT
WHTI
WIPO
WTRO
WHO
WTO
WMO
WFP
WEET
WS
WE
WA
WHA
WBG
WILLIAM
WI
WSIS
WCL
WEBZ
WZ
WW
WWBG
WMD
WWT
WMN
WWARD
WITH
WTRQ
WCO
WEU
WB
WBEG
Browse by classification
Community resources
courage is contagious
Viewing cable 09NAIROBI1527, UPDATE ON KENYAN PIRACY PROSECUTIONS
If you are new to these pages, please read an introduction on the structure of a cable as well as how to discuss them with others. See also the FAQs
Understanding cables
Every cable message consists of three parts:
- The top box shows each cables unique reference number, when and by whom it originally was sent, and what its initial classification was.
- The middle box contains the header information that is associated with the cable. It includes information about the receiver(s) as well as a general subject.
- The bottom box presents the body of the cable. The opening can contain a more specific subject, references to other cables (browse by origin to find them) or additional comment. This is followed by the main contents of the cable: a summary, a collection of specific topics and a comment section.
Discussing cables
If you find meaningful or important information in a cable, please link directly to its unique reference number. Linking to a specific paragraph in the body of a cable is also possible by copying the appropriate link (to be found at theparagraph symbol). Please mark messages for social networking services like Twitter with the hash tags #cablegate and a hash containing the reference ID e.g. #09NAIROBI1527.
Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
09NAIROBI1527 | 2009-07-16 07:54 | 2011-08-24 01:00 | UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY | Embassy Nairobi |
VZCZCXRO8787
PP RUEHROV
DE RUEHNR #1527/01 1970754
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
P 160754Z JUL 09
FM AMEMBASSY NAIROBI
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 0390
INFO RUCNIAD/IGAD COLLECTIVE PRIORITY
RUEHDR/AMEMBASSY DAR ES SALAAM PRIORITY 6635
RUEHLO/AMEMBASSY LONDON PRIORITY 3276
RUEHMD/AMEMBASSY MADRID PRIORITY 0139
RUEHML/AMEMBASSY MANILA PRIORITY 0140
RUEHFR/AMEMBASSY PARIS PRIORITY 3146
RUEHRO/AMEMBASSY ROME PRIORITY 5512
RUEAWJA/DOJ WASHDC PRIORITY
RUEHBS/USEU BRUSSELS PRIORITY
RHMFIUU/CJTF HOA PRIORITY
RUZEFAA/CDR USAFRICOM STUTTGART GE PRIORITY
RUZEFAA/HQ USAFRICOM STUTTGART GE PRIORITY
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 06 NAIROBI 001527
SENSITIVE
SIPDIS
FOR AF/E, PM, AF/RSA, INL, DOJ/OPDAT FOR SILVERWOOD,
ALEXANDRE, BERMAN, KALASHNIKOVA, DOJ FOR CRIM DAAG SWARTZ
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: PHUM PREL PGOV KJUS KCRM EWWT MOPS SO EU IT
RM, RP, GM, SP, UK, FR, KE
SUBJECT: UPDATE ON KENYAN PIRACY PROSECUTIONS
REF: 2008 NAIROBI 2869
¶1. Summary: There are currently 100 Somali piracy suspects
being held in Kenya, including nine delivered by the Italian
Navy on June 26. The manner of delivery and quality of
evidence, as much as the number of transfers, has dampened
Kenya's enthusiasm for piracy cases. A few cases were
delivered by EU countries (including Italy and France) with
little prior consultation with Kenya and/or with weak
evidence. The large number of deliveries in quick succession
(more than 70 suspects within three months) resulted in these
newer cases receiving less attention from police,
prosecutors, and courts than earlier cases. Consequently, the
informalities and weaknesses of the Kenyan judicial system
became more pronounced. For example, some defendants made
initial court appearances without defense counsel, assigned
prosecutors, or translators. In one recent case, defense
lawyers successfully stalled proceedings when the magistrate
suspended witness testimony (including that of civilian
witnesses flown in from Manila) in order to consider the
defense motion challenging the court's jurisdiction. While
the motion is not expected to succeed, delays of this kind
may make it extremely difficult to ensure the timely
appearance of both civilian and military witnesses in the
future. Care must also be taken to ensure that defendants'
human rights are respected in practice.
¶2. Summary, cont. On May 29, Parliament passed the Merchant
Shipping Act and rewrote the penal code provisions dealing
with piracy. Most of the language repeats provisions of the
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and when it becomes law
it should not significantly change how piracy cases are
prosecuted in Kenya. The international community's
assistance, fact-finding missions, invitations to
conferences, advice, expectations, and scrutiny threaten to
overwhelm this small and antiquated criminal justice system's
ability to absorb it all, particularly at a time when the
government of Kenya (GOK) is focused on its larger political
crises and pressing need for progress on the reform agenda.
End summary.
DEFENSE CHALLENGES DELAY WITNESS TESTIMONY IN U.S., GERMAN
CASES
¶3. On June 30, 11 U.S. Navy and Coast Guard personnel
(accompanied by Navy and Coast Guard JAG officers) and two
Filipino seamen were assembled in Mombasa to testify in the
trial of seven Somalis accused of piracy. The suspects were
captured by the USS Vella Gulf on February 11, 2009 after
they attempted to seize the MV Polaris, a Marshall
Islands-flagged vessel. They were turned over to the Kenyan
authorities on March 8. Trial was scheduled for July 1-2 and
July 7. However, only one U.S. witness testified before the
magistrate suspended proceedings to consider a defense motion
challenging Kenya's jurisdiction. The magistrate is expected
to deny the motion when he rules on July 16. (Note: The High
Court of Kenya has rejected the same jurisdictional challenge
made earlier on appeal by defendants captured by the U.S.
Navy and convicted in 2006. This ruling is generally viewed
as binding on this issue.) However, the case is likely to be
continued until September due to lack of courtroom
availability, so the witnesses were sent home with the hope
that they may be able to return when trial resumes. Logistics
and expenses for the Filipino crewmembers' participation in
the trial were arranged by the Marshall Islands maritime
organization and the private shipping company that employed
them. (Note: A similar motion challenging jurisdiction was
also made during the week of June 29 during the piracy trial
of nine Somalis caught by the German Navy and handed over to
Kenya on March 11, and it also resulted in a delay of that
trial.) Post's Department of Justice Resident Legal Advisor
and Bernadette Mendoza, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the
Embassy of the Philippines in Nairobi, traveled to Mombasa to
meet and assist the witnesses and participated in pretrial
conferences with prosecutors. Ms. Mendoza indicated that her
government remains very concerned about the impact of piracy
NAIROBI 00001527 002 OF 006
on its seafarers, and noted that there are currently 46
Filipino seamen being held hostage for ransom in Somalia, the
largest number from a single country.
OTHER UPCOMING CASES
¶4. There are currently 100 Somali piracy suspects being held
in Kenya, including nine transferred by the Italian Navy on
June 26. The second case of piracy suspects captured by the
U.S. Navy (the USS Gettysburg) is scheduled to be heard on
August 24-25. Other trial dates in August are: August 3-5, 11
suspects, French capture; August 6-7 and 10, 14 suspects,
Spanish capture; August 10-11, 11 suspects, second French
capture; and August 19-20, 8 suspects, resumption of UK
capture case.
KENYAN FRUSTRATION WITH RECENT ITALIAN, FRENCH CASES
¶5. The manner of delivery and quality of evidence in some
recent cases, as much as the number of transfers, has
dampened Kenya's enthusiasm for these cases. For example, a
representative of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
reported that the Italians had initially "arraigned" the
suspects they captured before an Italian magistrate via
ship-to-shore teleconferencing while the suspects were still
at sea. He also said that the Italian government decided
against prosecuting the suspects in Italy, that the Italian
Parliament passed legislation to permit transfer to Kenya,
and that Kenya was pressured to accept the suspects, who were
delivered to Mombasa with accompanying evidentiary documents
in Italian. The Kenyan prosecutors are now seeking approval
from the Attorney General to reject this prosecution. If this
happens, it is unclear what the disposition of the suspects
will be.
¶6. Prosecutors have also faced challenges in a French case
that was initially framed as an assault by piracy suspects on
a French warship. The UNODC representative who has seen the
evidence reports that, although the suspects were apprehended
on the high seas with piracy paraphernalia (e.g. AK47s and
RPGs), there is no evidence that they attacked the French
ship or attempted any acts of piracy. The prosecutors may
attempt to charge the suspects with conspiracy to commit
piracy or similar acts under the penal code, but even these
charges will be difficult to prove under the circumstances.
The French and Italian cases have led the GOK to demand that
all future requests for prosecution be accompanied by a full
evidence package (something the GOK noted the United States
is already providing) so they can determine before transfer
whether or not Kenya will accept the case. Given the
structural and capacity limitations of the Kenyan legal
system, weak cases should not/not be brought to Kenya for
prosecution.
HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUE PROCESS CONCERNS
¶7. The UNODC representative in Mombasa also reported that
some recent cases were not handled well by the Kenyan
authorities. She observed suspects appearing at their initial
hearing without legal representation, and no or inadequate
Somali language translation provided during proceedings.
(Note: Indigent Kenyan defendants do not have a right to
defense counsel, except in cases where the maximum penalty is
death. The maximum penalty for a piracy conviction is life
imprisonment.) She was also concerned by a case where one
suspect was reported to be a juvenile who had confessed and
provided a statement against his fellow suspects. At the time
the case was presented, all the suspects were represented by
one attorney, and the juvenile's confession was reported in
open court. One defense counsel should not represent clients
with potentially conflicting interests, but it is not clear
what measures (if any) will be taken to ensure appointment of
separate counsel for the juvenile. It is also unclear what
accommodation, if any, has been made to separate the juvenile
from his fellow suspects in custody and to house him
separately from adult inmates.
NAIROBI 00001527 003 OF 006
¶8. Adequacy of legal representation for piracy suspects will
continue to be an issue. So far, it appears the suspects'
families or clans had pooled sufficient resources to retain
counsel. However, in cases where suspects do not have
sufficient funds or co-defendants need to be represented by
more than one attorney due to conflicts of interest, Kenya
does not provide state-funded counsel. The EU-funded UNODC
program has funding to provide defense counsel, but UNODC and
the Kenyan Department of Public Prosecutions (DPP) are
reluctant to advertise this. Funding representation for
piracy suspects may require UNODC to develop and administer a
miniature legal aid program, and could have negative effects
on the small legal community in Mombasa without careful
oversight. For example, the lure of large retainers or even
consistent and reliable pay might capture the entire local
defense bar, leaving less representation available for Kenyan
defendants. International attention to piracy cases has
brought foreign defense attorneys to Kenya who are seeking to
get involved, but there is no mechanism permitting foreign
defense attorneys to appear in Kenyan courts unless they are
licensed members of the Kenyan bar.
¶9. The international community must be as vigilant as
possible in ensuring that the fundamental rights of piracy
suspects turned over to Kenya are protected. This task is
made both more difficult and more necessary by Kenya's
informal and often troubled criminal justice system. Thus
far, in the U.S.- and UK-generated cases, the fundamental
rights guaranteed defendants under Kenyan law, which are
largely consistent with international norms, have been
respected. For example, Somali translators have been present
and actively engaged in the proceedings, the suspects were
apprised of the charges against them, they were represented
by defense counsel (who were provided with copies of witness
statements, photographs, and other evidentiary documents and
who actively, if not skillfully, cross-examined witnesses and
made legal challenges), and they were permitted to appeal
their convictions. In the Polaris hearing, the court's
willingness to suspend the proceedings based on the defense
counsel's jurisdictional challenge supports the view that
defendants' legal rights will be taken seriously in these
cases. However, as the number of cases increases, the
challenge of ensuring fair proceedings, legal representation
for defendants, and humane conditions of confinement will
have to be addressed. (Note: An informal report by a visiting
UNODC expert on Mombasa's Shimo la Tewa prison, where the
piracy suspects are detained, was quite complimentary of the
institution. UNODC has earmarked a large portion of their
piracy program funds for upgrading conditions at Shimo la
Tewa.)
PERSONNEL LIMITATIONS
¶10. The small number of prosecutors and judges continues to
be a major limitation on Kenya's capacity to prosecute crime,
including significant numbers of piracy cases. The GOK has
long recognized the problem, and the international community
has continually urged that the number of judges and
prosecutors be increased. However, the GOK has been extremely
slow to appoint new judges and prosecutors. Foreign
prosecutors cannot appear in Kenyan courts, and while the DPP
appreciates advice and assistance, they do not want full-time
or embedded foreign lawyers. (Note: Against the RLA's
recommendation and the DPP's expressed wishes, UNODC placed
an EU-funded lawyer in Mombasa. Initial reports indicate that
her engagement has not been particularly successful or
productive.)
¶12. The DPP has 62 prosecutors who cover the entire country.
Most street crime (except murder) is handled by police
prosecutors, who are not trained lawyers. The DPP has
assigned 12 of the 62 prosecutors to the "Anti-Piracy Unit."
Four members of that unit have prosecuted piracy cases to
date, and two are located in Mombasa. As prosecutors
"assigned" to the Unit are likely to retain their previous
NAIROBI 00001527 004 OF 006
assignments, duties, and caseloads in addition to the piracy
mandate, the designation of the unit will not have a
significant effect on Kenyan capacity to prosecute piracy
cases.
¶13. Given the personnel limitations, the best approach to
helping Kenya is to help the few available staff to work more
efficiently. We recommend ensuring that the cases transferred
are strong and well-organized; providing additional training
for prosecutors on how to prepare and try these cases
efficiently; and providing quick and efficient trial support
(i.e. arranging logistics and funding for foreign witness
appearances at trial). We have also urged that the
international community fund a paralegal or equivalent
position to assist the DPP with intake, file organization,
and liaison activities. Although the EU promised months ago
to support this position, bureaucratic requirements instead
led the EU to fund the embedded British prosecutor in
Mombasa, a move which has not been welcomed by the DPP. UNODC
subsequently agreed to hire a Kenyan to undertake these
administrative/clerical support functions. The UNODC
advertised publicly for a junior assistant to work in the
DPP's Mombasa office. However, since the UN salary for this
position is $48,000 per annum, approximately double the
average prosecutor's salary, both the lead prosecutor in
Mombasa and the senior piracy policy lead at the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs applied for the position. UNODC was forced to
withdraw the job announcement and plans to revise the job
description and salary and re-advertise the position.
TRAINING AND EQUIPMENT SUPPORT
¶14. The U.S. Department of Justice has been providing
training to the DPP since 2005. As of May 2009, all
prosecutors have received training in trial advocacy and most
of them have also attended advanced courses covering a wide
variety of subjects (including, for example, witness
protection, financial crimes, cyber crimes, and terrorist
financing). In July, the RLA will train additional
prosecutors, including 16 new hires, in trial advocacy and
will train 30 magistrates on administrative best practices
including case management and modern trial practice. To date
in 2009, we have conducted two piracy-specific workshops, and
RLA and UNODC plan to hold another piracy training at the end
of July. The participants in these trainings include
prosecutors, police, and maritime security personnel. The RLA
is also exploring offering additional training to judges and
magistrates on piracy and terrorism cases.
¶15. The financial and material resources of the DPP to try
piracy cases are also limited. However, in the last five
months, the DPP has received four laptop computers (two from
Germany and two from EU/UNODC), two printers (Germany and
EU), and two fax/scanner/printer/copiers (United States and
UNODC). The United States also provided the DPP with a
variety of expendable office supplies. USAID previously
equipped all DPP offices throughout Kenya with computers,
printers, and phones as part of a capacity-building
initiative with the DPP. The RLA also developed and delivered
forms and evidence/trial notebooks to help the DPP
standardize the intake, filing, and trial presentation of
these cases. UNODC plans to provide Mombasa police with
digital cameras to record evidence. Assistance to date
notwithstanding, the DPP continues to request that UNODC
supply more equipment, including 22 more laptops. It is
unclear why they need these items. The UNODC representative
stated that prosecutors reported that two of the donated
laptops are "missing after an office move." It also appears
that other donated equipment is not being utilized
effectively or at all.
¶16. UNODC has also agreed to pay travel, lodging, and per
diem expenses for prosecutors traveling between Mombasa and
Nairobi on piracy-related business. In the past, prosecutors
traveled between the two cities as their jobs demanded
largely without reimbursement. However, provision of these
NAIROBI 00001527 005 OF 006
funds (which are significant in relation to prosecutors' low
government salaries) without adequate oversight has had the
undesirable effect of increasing the number of prosecutors
"assigned" to piracy cases as well as the number and length
of trips deemed necessary. UNODC has begun tighter control
over expense payments, but with resulting hostility from
prosecutors who were enjoying the earlier largesse.
¶17. UNODC has also agreed to upgrade two Mombasa courtrooms
by modernizing the air conditioning and electrical systems.
It has also committed to making improvements in the prisons
where most of the piracy suspects are held. We do not know
how much progress has been made in either of those projects.
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND VISITS
¶18. A number of prosecutors have been funded by UNODC to
represent Kenya at international conferences on piracy. The
lead prosecutor missed an important oral argument before the
appellate court because he was attending a piracy conference
in Europe. The ever-increasing number of international
conferences serve as a distraction from the prosecutors' core
job functions. The UNODC representative appreciates the
problem, but commented that he does not control the number of
conferences being held and feels he cannot refuse to
accommodate invitations for Kenya to participate. In the last
six months, Kenya has hosted a number of international
organizations on fact-finding missions (including the UN, EU,
Interpol, and various components of interested Western
governments). Most recently, UNODC hired an EU-funded British
lawyer to conduct a survey of the laws and capacities of
Kenya and other countries in the region. This survey follows
closely after surveys done by the EU and UN several months
earlier. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has
meanwhile expressed its view that it should be the lead
agency on maritime matters. An IMO fact-finding mission led
by Ash Roach will be in Kenya for two weeks at the end of
July. A planned NATO mission was postponed and is expected to
be rescheduled for later this summer.
LEGISLATIVE UPDATE
¶19. To date, all piracy suspects have been charged under
Kenya's independence-era penal code section 69. Although
there were early concerns that the "bare bones" provision
failed to define piracy and was not sufficiently explicit
regarding Kenya's extraterritorial jurisdiction, these
deficiencies have thus far not proven fatal to the
prosecution. Section 69 will be superseded by the newly
enacted Merchant Shipping Act, which was passed by Parliament
on May 29. Following formal "notification of commencement" by
the Ministry of Transportation (date TBD), the Act will
become operable. The provisions of the Act relevant to piracy
track closely with the language in the UN Convention on the
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), with a few omissions. Section 369 of
the Act defines piracy in much the same way as the UNCLOS,
but omits "on the high seas." The remaining portions of the
definition and related provisions support the view that
Kenya's claim of extraterritorial jurisdiction over piracy
cases would still apply, and indeed might be slightly
stronger under the new Act. The definition and jurisdiction
elements are clearer than in the current law, and there is an
added provision on robbery of ships. Overall, it is unlikely
that implementation of the Act will significantly change how
piracy prosecutions will proceed in Kenya.
COMMENT
¶20. The capture and prosecution of Somali pirates can play
only a tiny role in the overall solution to the piracy
problem in the region. Interdictions and prosecutions should
continue, as should efforts to improve the prosecutorial
capacity of regional states. However, even increased and
problem-free prosecutions are likely to do little to deter
pirate activity given the economic and political situation in
Somalia, plentiful and vulnerable merchant shipping, and the
NAIROBI 00001527 006 OF 006
willingness of shipowners and/or their insurers to pay large
ransoms. Further, Kenya's justice system (and those of its
neighbors) can only accommodate a limited number of cases,
and can only absorb and benefit from moderate and sustained
international assistance. In light of these facts, we should
continue to discourage excessive focus on and uncoordinated
efforts at rapidly building prosecutorial capacity in the
region.
ABELL