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Viewing cable 09DJIBOUTI569, FRAUD SUMMARY - DJIBOUTI
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Reference ID | Created | Released | Classification | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|
09DJIBOUTI569 | 2009-05-28 11:56 | 2011-08-24 01:00 | UNCLASSIFIED | Embassy Djibouti |
VZCZCXRO4756
PP RUEHDE RUEHROV RUEHTRO
DE RUEHDJ #0569/01 1481155
ZNR UUUUU ZZH
P R 281156Z MAY 09
FM AMEMBASSY DJIBOUTI
TO RUEHC/SECSTATE WASHDC PRIORITY 0442
INFO IGAD COLLECTIVE
SOMALIA COLLECTIVE
RUEHDJ/AMEMBASSY DJIBOUTI
RUEHPNH/NVC PORTSMOUTH NH
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 05 DJIBOUTI 000569
SIPDIS
DEPARTMENT FOR KCC WILLIAMSBURG KY
DEPARTMENT FOR CA/FPP
E.O. 12958: N/A
TAGS: KFRD CVIS CPAS CMGT ASEC DJ ET ER SO XA
SUBJECT: FRAUD SUMMARY - DJIBOUTI
REF: STATE 74840; 08 DJIBOUTI 687
¶1. Country Conditions: The Republic of Djibouti is a developing and
stable African country in the Horn of Africa. Although exact
statistics are unavailable, unemployment is estimated in excess of 50
percent of the working-age population. Over two-thirds of the
country's estimated 650,000 residents live in the capital, also
called Djibouti. Djibouti attracts numerous economic migrants and
refugees from neighboring Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.
¶2. The level of consular fraud in Djibouti continues to be low, but
increasing.
---------
NIV FRAUD
---------
¶3. NIV fraud has become increasingly sophisticated. Lying continues
to be a method; document fraud has evolved as the interest to travel
to the U.S. has become ever more popular with the increasing American
presence in Djibouti.
¶4. In the past, the suspension of all visa operations at Embassy
Asmara had shifted the bulk of Eritrean visa applicants to Djibouti.
However, in February, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed Post
that the Djiboutian Embassy in Sudan will no longer issue visas to
Eritreans. This decision hinders Eritreans from traveling to
Djibouti to apply for U.S. visas, and has therefore reduced the NIV
workload that had shifted to Post from Embassy Eritrea in 2007 and
¶2008.
¶5. Tourism: Young applicants ages 22-35 -- including couples going on
their 'honeymoon', wanting to visit family, or planning to visit the
U.S. for tourism -- produce fraudulent documents to prove ties to
Djibouti. False documents are computer-generated to show stable
employment and sufficient finances to support self and family.
Fraudulent bank statements are also included in the package with an
official stamp and signature. Spot checks by Post's consular fraud
prevention unit (FPU) have helped identify such fraud; recurring
transaction numbers and incorrect balances can be fraud indicators.
Applicants also commonly obtain a new passport as an attempt to
conceal prior travel to what are considered as possibly 'undesirable'
locations (i.e., to other predominantly Muslim countries).
¶6. Post has recognized a new fraud trend involving middle-class
Djiboutians with stable ties to Djibouti. They visit the U.S. with
valid B1/B2 tourist visas, but once they arrive in the U.S., they
throw away their Djiboutian passports and attempt to cross the
Canadian border with a Somali passport in order to request asylum
posing as Somali refugees (Somali passports are easily purchased on
the black market in both Djibouti and Somalia). Or, they simply
arrive at the Canadian border with no documents, believing that if
they are stateless, then Canada would have no option but to accept
their asylum claim. Customs and Border Protection reports all cases
of these failed attempts to Post. Discussion of this topic with
Djiboutians, including one who failed at his attempt to claim asylum
in Canada, suggest that Canada's generous welfare provisions, as well
as common language and family ties, make Canada a more appealing
destination than the United States for Djiboutians. However, as it
is difficult to obtain a visa to enter Canada, transit via the U.S.
is becoming more common. Many Djiboutian NIV applicants also have
family members in Canada, who can provide them with instructions on
how to claim asylum in Canada.
¶7. Students: The few Djiboutian student visa applicants received are
typically children of government ministers or of other government
officials. These applicants are legitimate. Other student
applicants are those attending English language programs for three to
four months. According to the 2008 validation study, these visa
applicants have returned to Djibouti.
¶8. Post conducted a validation study in April 2009 on 2008 Djiboutian
NIV applicants, which confirmed the return of approximately 60 per
cent of the applicants, a 5 per cent decrease from the 2007
validation study. The study also showed that more than half of the
Eritrean student visa applicants overstayed or changed their visa
status.
¶9. However, Post believes that future validation studies will
continue to show a lower return rate for both Eritrean F1 and
Djiboutian B1/B2 applicants. The Ministry of Finance's Director of
Economy concurred with Post's observation that an increasing number
of lower middle-class B1/B2 applicants do not find the Djiboutian job
market attractive, and therefore tend to falsify supporting documents
DJIBOUTI 00000569 002 OF 005
(i.e., employment letters or bank statements) in hopes of appearing
stable to qualify for a U.S. non-immigrant visa.
¶10. Djibouti possesses porous borders, and Post continues to be
concerned about possible terrorists entering the country seeking to
travel to the U.S. Post continues to be diligent in processing SAOs
to curb the possibility of issuing a visa to a wanted terrorist. In
addition, we work with the regional LEGATT
team for additional spot checks.
¶11. To deter duplication of Djiboutian passports, the Government of
Djibouti (GoDJ) has worked diligently at creating a new
machine-readable passport. The GoDJ began distributing the new
passports in May 2009. Post has not received information regarding
the security features of the passports. The old Djiboutian passports
are still valid, but are no longer produced. Both the new and old
passports hold a 5-year validity.
¶12. In 2008, Djibouti-American contacts and French authorities
informed Post that Djiboutian passports had been purchased by
Somalis. Djiboutian authorities neither denied nor confirmed this
claim. If true, these passports would still be in circulation and
would be valid for at least the next 4-5 years.
¶13. Some of the visa recipients from Djibouti who attempted to claim
asylum in Canada as Somalis, reported to the Customs and Border
Protection Officer that they were actually Somalis, but had purchased
their passports in Djibouti. Post has been unable to confirm this
claim, but that various sources have reported similar information.
--------
IV FRAUD
--------
¶14. Most Djiboutian IV applicants are bona fide. However, the
majority of immigrant petitions received in Djibouti are family
reunification petitions for Somali citizens. Post has a high rate of
fraud in this area since there is no competent civil authority in
Somalia. All civil documents from Somalia can be easily purchased
and falsified.
¶15. The applicants typically have little to no evidence of a
relationship to the petitioner. Photos are almost never produced.
When photos do exist, they are clearly staged. (Note: Staged does
not necessarily mean fraud. Staged can also mean photographs by a
paid studio portrait with fake backdrop.) Additionally, the majority
of applicants are illiterate, and so there are no letters exchanged
between petitioner and applicant. Phone calls are expensive and
usually are made through prepaid cards, which leave no usable
records. Money transfer receipts are often offered as proof of
relationship. However, they tend to be handwritten on scraps of torn
notebook paper, and often do not indicate the name of either
petitioner or applicant, but rather use the name of a neighbor,
relative, etc., in a position to send or collect the money.
¶16. In addition to fraudulent marriages, an egregious number of
unrelated and overage children are added to petitions. Children are
often stated to be significantly younger than they are. To ensure
that all the children in a family will be younger than 21 at the time
of petitioning, some or all of their ages may be significantly
regressed. On many occasions, the panel physician has informed the
ConOff that children are either suspected to be over 21, or are
unrelated applicants.
¶17. With the establishment and the expansion of Camp Lemonier in
Djibouti -- headquarters for approximately 2,200 U.S. military forces
-- Post has seen an increase in K1 visas. Some beneficiaries are
female prostitutes working in local bars. Rudimentary English skills
make them unable to answer simple questions about their fiances.
--------
DV FRAUD
--------
¶18. Post began processing Diversity Visas (DVs) in 2007. Most of the
winners are Somalis, who present the same documents and at times have
the same sponsor. This is a concern for Post, considering the lack
of competent government authorities to issue police records, civil
documents, school records, etc. in Somalia. It is therefore very
difficult for Post to verify the compliance of Somali DV applicants.
----------------------
ACS AND PASSPORT FRAUD
----------------------
¶19. The same factors that influence IV fraud also affect passport and
DJIBOUTI 00000569 003 OF 005
citizenship fraud. Post is sometimes forced to rely on voluntary DNA
testing to adjudicate CRBA cases for children born in Somalia.
¶20. Another problematic and questionable factor is the ability of
parentsto transfer citizenship to their child. Some parents have
lived out of the United States for so long it is difficult for them
to prove at least 3 years physical presence in the United States.
¶21. Due to the high number of U.S. military servicemen in Djibouti,
Post continues to receive an increasing number of CRBA cases from
them and their Djiboutian or Ethiopian girlfriends. To protect the
servicemen from prostitutes who may target them, and to prevent
citizenship fraud, Post suggests DNA exams from the serviceman and
the alleged child to prove relationship.
¶22. Post continues to experience an increasing number of cases where
Somali-Americans have lost their passports during their visit to
Somalia. Post believes there is a possibility that Somali-Americans
return to Somalia upon receiving nationality, and give their
passports to family members (such as their brother, sister or cousin)
who have similar physical features to the AmCit. The family member
then travels to the U.S. with the passport. Once the family member
arrives in the U.S., the AmCit reports his or her passport lost or
stolen. Since Post now has access to the DSH, we use this tool to
track the entry and exits of AmCits who report their passports lost
or stolen. We also have the regional LEGATT office at Embassy Sanaa
conduct namechecks.
¶23. Post has experienced an increasing number of repatriation claims
from Somali-Americans. An applicant typically arrives at the Embassy
after having visited friends or family in Somaliland or Somalia for
several months (even years). Having overstayed the return ticket
validity, he or she then requests financial assistance. Another
scenario is that the AmCit either claims to have become ill or to
have run out of money and needs to return to the U.S. As a result,
numersou Somali-Americans have arrived at the consular window in
Djibouti requesting a free plane ticket to return to the U.S., but
are reluctant to provide contact persons for financial support. When
the ConOff calls the AmCit's contacts to request financial support
for the AmCit, in many cases the individuals respond as if the plane
ticket should be free. In each case, Post corresponds with
CA/OCS/ACS before approving repatriation loans for Somali-Americans.
¶24. Many new Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs) visiting their
countries of origin for vacation also report their travel documents
or green cards lost. Post relies on authority from the DHS Regional
Office to provide a travel letter.
--------------
ADOPTION FRAUD
--------------
¶25. Foreign adoption is extremely difficult in Djibouti. By law,
only non-Djiboutian children (e.g., a baby born to an Ethiopian
mother and unknown father) are eligible for foreign adoption. The
difficulty in completing an adoption here deters all but the most
determined would-be parents. It is not unusual for the process to
take up to a year to complete. We therefore believe adoption fraud
is negligible.
----
DNA
----
¶26. Post has frequently found that the only usable evidence of
relationship is DNA. We have found a decreasing number of cases with
negative DNA results. However, approximately 40 per cent of cases
where we suggest DNA testing never follow through with such testing.
We believe that word is spreading that DNA cannot be 'fooled', and
abandoned cases know that they will be caught if they attempt to do
DNA testing. Many of the negative DNA tests come back close, but do
not meet the required threshold for proof. We suspect identify fraud
in these cases; for example, an aunt or a sister claiming to be the
mother.
¶27. Post also finds a significant number of legitimate families will
slip-in additional children. Where more than one child is DNA
tested, one may come back legitimate while another returns as no
relation.
¶28. Marriages where no children are available to DNA test are
particularly difficult to prove. Often, there is no relationship
between the two spouses, because the marriage was arranged and the
spouses knew each other for only a matter of days. While the vast
majority of the marriage arrangements involved payment to the AmCit
DJIBOUTI 00000569 004 OF 005
or LPR, the applicants still appear to take the arrangement
seriously, and consider it to be a valid marriage.
-------------
V92s and V93s
-------------
¶29. All the issues detailed in IVs above apply to Visas 92s (V92s)
and Visas 93s (V93s). However, we find a significantly higher
percentage of relationship fraud in V92s and V93s. For V93s, in
cases of spouses without children, the vast majority were married
well after the I-590 was approved, usually only weeks or in some
cases just hours prior to departure for the U.S. During the
interview, they frequently claim that they were living together as
spouses for several months prior to the filing the I-590, but only
decided to marry when departure was imminent. Post believes that
many unmarried refugees accept the highest financial bidder for a
spouse after they receive their travel date.
---------------
ALIEN SMUGGLING
---------------
¶30. While Post has not identified any alien smuggling trends, it
cannot discount the possibility of alien smuggling in IV cases,
particularly when Post must rely on DNA testing to determine
relationship. Djibouti is a transit country for economic and
political migrants from Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia heading to the
Middle East. In a desperate attempt to reach their destination, the
migrants become targets for traffickers and smugglers.
-------------------------------
DS CRIMINAL FRAUD INVESTIGATION
-------------------------------
¶31. The RSO and ARSO support the Consular Section fraud
investigations. They also provide information regarding possible
visa fraud we may encounter due to the evolving dynamics of
Djibouti's economy. One of the three FSNs in the Consular Section is
dedicated to fraud investigation, but has not taken any formal fraud
detection training. The RSO FSN Investigator (FSNI), who assists the
Consular Section with fraud investigations, is an experienced
investigator who has received field investigation training. This
partnership between the RSO and Consular Section has strengthened
Post's fraud prevention. All investigations results are reported in
writing.
------------------------------------------
HOST COUNTRY CRIMINAL FRAUD INVESTIGATIONS
------------------------------------------
¶32. Citizenship is not automatically conferred to anyone by birth in
Djibouti; to inherit citizenship, at least one parent must be a
documented Djiboutian. The Government issues birth certificates for
non-Djiboutians; however, the document clearly states "Servie A
L'occasion De La Naissance," meaning "Only for the Occasion of the
Birth". Most Djiboutians are documented, and those documents are
well organized and maintained by the government. Upon gaining
independence from France in 1977, Djibouti launched a campaign to
document its citizens.
--------------------------------------------
COOPERATION WITH HOST GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES
--------------------------------------------
¶33. The host government cooperates with Post and is willing to assist
us with combating visa fraud. There is robust cooperation between
host country security services and the USG.
---------------------------
AREAS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN
---------------------------
¶34. As detailed above, a key concern is insufficient ability to
authenticate documents presented by the many Somali applicants who
appear at Embassy Djibouti. As a result, it is difficult to
establish with satisfaction the bona fides of Somali travelers, many
of whose applications are thus denied, in the absence of guidance to
the contrary from the Department.
¶35. Long delays in responding to requests for Security Advisory
Opinions (SAOs) are another concern. Djibouti's predominantly Muslim
and ethnic Somali society means a large number of applicants must
wait for further administrative processing. Lack of specific date or
place of birth information for many CLASS hits has required Post to
DJIBOUTI 00000569 005 OF 005
submit numerous SAO requests--the vast majority of which are cleared,
albeit weeks later (if not longer).
¶36. ConOff works closely with the French and other Consulates to
share and receive information on fraud trends in Djibouti. In order
to combat fraud from applicants from Eritrea, Yemen and Somalia, Post
also works closely with regional posts to verify documents.
----------------
PERSONNEL ISSUES
----------------
¶37. Post has only one ConOff (Civil Service on excursion) and a
back-up ConOff (untenured JO). ConOff has taken PC541 (Fraud
Prevention for Consular Managers) at FSI and acts as the Fraud
Prevention Manager. The Senior FSN in Post's Consular Section serves
as the Fraud and ACS assistant. No formal fraud detection training
has been provided. Post had nominated the Senior FSN for past LES
Fraud Prevention Workshop training, but she had not been accepted by
FSI. Current ConOff will leave post in August 2009, to be replaced
by a first-tour officer.
SWAN