PART THREE. THE ETYMOLOGIES. THE ETYMOLOGIES. The mode of my father's linguistic construction, which as is well known was carried on throughout his life and in very close relation to the evolution of the narratives, shows the same unceasing movement as do they: a quality fundamental to the art, in which (as I believe) finality and a system fixed at every point was not its underlying aim. But while his 'language' and his 'literature' were so closely interwoven, to trace the history of the literary process through many texts (even though the trail might be greatly obscured) is of its nature enormously much easier than to trace the astounding complexity of the phonological and grammatical evolution of the Elvish languages. Those languages were conceived, of course, from the very beginning in a deeply 'historical' way: they were embodied in a history, the history of the Elves who spoke them, in which was to be found, as it evolved, a rich terrain for linguistic separation and interaction: 'a language requires a suitable habitation, and a history in which it can develop' (Letters no. 294, p. 375). Every element in the languages, every element in every word, is in principle historically 'explicable' - as are the elements in languages that are not 'invented' - and the successive phases of their intricate evolution were the delight of their creator. 'Invention' was thus altogether distinct from 'artificiality'. In his essay 'A Secret Vice' (The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays, 1983, p. 198) my father wrote of his liking for Esperanto, a liking which, he said, arose 'not least because it is the creation ultimately of one man, not a philologist, and is therefore something like a "human language bereft of the inconveniences due to too many successive cooks" - which is as good a description of the ideal artificial language (in a particular sense) as I can give.' The Elvish languages are, in this sense, very inconvenient indeed, and they image the activities of countless cooks (unconscious, of course, of what they were doing to the ingredients they had come by): in other words, they image language not as 'pure structure', without 'before' and 'after', but as growth, in time. On the other hand, the linguistic histories were nonetheless 'images', invented by an inventor, who was free to change those histories as he was free to change the story of the world in which they took place; and he did so abundantly. The difficulties inherent in the study of the history of any language or group of languages are here therefore compounded: for this history is not a datum of historical fact to be uncovered, but an unstable, shifting view of what the history was. Moreover, the alterations in the history were not confined to features of 'interior' linguistic development: the 'exterior' conception of the languages and their relations underwent change, even profound change; and it is not to be thought that the representation of the languages in letters, in tengwar, should be exempt. It must be added that my father's characteristic method of work - elaborate beginnings collapsing into scrawls; manuscripts overlaid with layer upon layer of emendation - here find their most extreme expression; and also that the philological papers were left in the greatest disorder. Without external dating, the only way to determine sequence (apart from the very general and uncertain guide of changing hand- writing) is in the internal evidence of the changing philology itself; and that, of its nature, does not offer the sort of clues that lead through the maze of the literary texts. The clues it does offer are very much more elusive. It is also unfortunately true that hasty handwriting and ill- formed letters are here far more destructive; and a great deal of my father's late philological writing is, I think, strictly unusable. It will be seen then that the philological component in the evolution of Middle-earth can scarcely be analysed, and most certainly cannot be presented, as can the literary texts. In any case, my father was perhaps more interested in the processes of change than he was in displaying the structure and use of the languages at any given time - though this is no doubt due to some extent to his so often starting again at the beginning with the primordial sounds of the Quendian languages, embarking on a grand design that could not be sustained (it seems indeed that the very attempt to write a definitive account produced immediate dissatisfaction and the desire for new constructions: so the most beautiful manuscripts were soon treated with disdain). The most surprising thing, perhaps, is that he was so little concerned to make comprehensive vocabularies of the Elvish tongues. He never made again anything like the little packed 'dictionary' of the original Gnomish language on which I drew in the appendices to The Book of Lost Tales. It may be that such an undertaking was always postponed to the day, which would never come, when a sufficient finality had been achieved; in the meantime, it was not for him a prime necessity. He did not, after all, 'invent' new words and names arbitrarily: in principle, he devised them from within the historical structure, proceeding from the 'bases' or primitive stems, adding suffix or prefix or forming compounds, deciding (or, as he would have said, 'finding out') when the word came into the language, following through the regular changes of form that it would thus have undergone, and observing the possibilities of formal or semantic influence from other words in the course of its history. Such a word would then exist for him, and he would know it. As the whole system evolved and expanded, the possibilities for word and name became greater and greater. The nearest he ever came to a sustained account of Elvish vocabulary is not in the form of nor intended to serve as a dictionary in the ordinary sense, but is an etymological dictionary of word-relationships: an alphabetically-arranged list of primary stems, or 'bases', with their derivatives (thus following directly in form from the original 'Qenya Lexicon' which I have described in I. 246). It is this work that is given here. My father wrote a good deal on the theory of sundokarme or 'base- structure' (see suo and KAR in the Etymologies), but like everything else it was frequently elaborated and altered, and I do not attempt its presen- tation here. My object in giving the Etymologies * in this book is rather as an indication of the development, and mode of development, of the vocabularies of the Elvish languages at this period than as a first step in the elucidation of the linguistic history; and also because they form an instructive companion to the narrative works of this time. It is a remarkable document, which must be reckoned among the most difficult of all the papers containing unique material which my father left. The inherent difficulties of the text are increased by the very bad condition of the manuscript, which for much of its length is battered, torn, crumpled at the edges, and discoloured (so that much that was very lightly pencilled is now barely visible and extremely hard to decipher). In some sections the maze of forms and cancellations is so dense, and for the most part made so quickly, that one cannot be sure what my father's final intention was: in these parts he was working out potential con- nections and derivations on the spot, by no means setting down already determined histories. There were many routes by which a name might have evolved, and the whole etymological system was like a kaleidoscope, for a decision in one place was likely to set up disturbing ripples in etymological relations among quite distinct groups of words. Moreover, complexity was (as it were) built in, for the very nature of the 'bases' set words on phonetic collision courses from their origin. The work varies a great deal, however, between its sections (which are the groups of base-stems beginning with the same initial letter). The worst parts, both in their physical condition and in the disorganisation of their content, are the central letters of the alphabet, beginning with E. As the text proceeds the amount of subsequent alteration and addition, and resultant confusion, diminishes, and when P and R are reached the etymologies, though rough and hasty, are more orderly. With these groups my father began to use smaller sheets of paper which are much better preserved, and from S to the end the material does not present serious difficulty; while the concluding section (W) is written out very legibly in ink (in this book the last section is Y, but that is not so in the original: see p. 346). These relatively clear and orderly entries are found also in the A-stems, while the B-stems are distinct from all the rest in that they were written out as a very finished and indeed beautiful manuscript. The entries under D are in two forms: very rough material that was partly overwritten more legibly in ink, and then a second, much clearer and more ordered version on the smaller sheets. (* On a covering page to the manuscript is written Etymologies, and also Beleriandic and Noldorin names and words: Etymologies.) I have not been able to reach any certain interpretation of all this, or find an explanation that satisfies all the conditions in detail. On the whole I am inclined to think that the simplest is most likely to be right in essentials. I have little doubt that the dictionary was composed pro- gressively, through the letters of the alphabet in succession; and it may be that the very making of such a dictionary led to greater certainty in the whole etymological system, and greater clarity and assurance in its setting-out, as the work proceeded - but this also led to much change in the earlier parts. Having reached the end of the alphabet, my father then turned back to the beginning, with the intention of putting into better order the sections which had been first made and had suffered the most alteration; but this impulse petered out after the entries under D. If this were so, the original A and B entries were subsequently destroyed or lost; whereas in the case of D both survive (and it is noticeable that the second version of the D-entries differs from the former chiefly in arrangement, rather than in further etymological development). Turning now to the question of date, I give some characteristic examples of the evidence on which I think firm conclusions can be based. The original entry ELED gave the meaning of the stem as 'depart', with a derivative Elda 'departed'. Since this was the interpretation of Eldar in the Lhammas $2 and in QS $23 as those works were originally written, and first appears in them, the original entries under E clearly belong to that time. This interpretation was replaced in both the Lhammas and QS by carefully made emendations changing the meaning to 'Star-folk', and introducing the term Avari, with the meaning 'Departing'. Now the meaning 'Star-folk' appears in a second entry ELED replacing the first (and to all appearance made not long after); while the stem AB, ABAR bore, as first written, the meaning 'depart', and the derivative Avari was defined as 'Elves who left Middle-earth'. Thus the original A-entries and some at least of the alterations under E belong to the phase of the earliest alterations to QS. In QS the meaning of Avari was then changed to 'the Unwilling' (see p. 219), and at the same time the root-meaning of AB, ABAR in the Etymologies was changed to 'refuse, deny' and the interpretation of Avari to 'Elves who never left Middle-earth or began the march.' This change can be dated from the note of 20 November 1937 (given on p. zoo) in which my father said that Avari was to replace Lembi as the name of the Elves who remained in the East, while Lembi were to be 'Ilkorin Teleri', i.e. the Eldar who remained in Beleriand (see QS $$29-30 and p. 219). These changes were incorporated in the typescript of QS, which seems to have been in being by the beginning of February 1938 (p. 200). (The additional entry LEB, LEM shows this development, since Lembi is there translated as 'Elves remaining behind = Telerin Ilkorins'.) In the note dated 3 February 1938 (p. 200) my father said that while Tintalle 'Kindler' could stand as a name of Varda, Tinwerontar 'Queen of Stars' must be changed to Elentari, because 'tinwe' in Qenya only = spark (tinta- to kindle).' In the entry TIN the names Tinwetar and Tinwerontar of Varda were struck from the original material, and in the margin was written: Tintanie, Tintalle Kindler = Varda; Q tinta- to kindle, make to spark'. Original T-entries can therefore be dated before February 1938. Under the stem MEN appears the form harmen 'south', which was not subsequently changed, and again under the (additional) entry KHAR, but in this case the base-stem was afterwards changed to KHYAR and harmen to hyarmen. The insertion of y in this word was one of the alterations required in the note of 20 November 1937. Putting these and a number of other similar evidences together, it seems to me clear that despite their very various appearance the Etymologies were not spread over a long period, but were contemporary with QS; and that some of the additions and corrections can be securely dated to the end of 1937 and the beginning of 1938, the time of the abandonment of QS and the beginning of The Lord of the Rings. How much longer my father kept the work in being with further additions and improvements is another question, but here also I think that an answer can be given sufficient for the purpose. This lies in the observations that there are relatively few names that belong specifically to The Lord of the Rings; that all of them are quite clearly additions to existing entries or introduce additional base-stems; that almost all were put in very hastily, mere memoranda, and not really accommodated to or explained in relation to the base-stems; and that the great majority come from the earlier part of The Lord of the Rings - before the breaking of the fellow- ship. Thus we find, for example, Baranduin (BARAN); the imperative daro! 'stop!' (DAR; this was the sentry's command to the Company of the Ring on the borders of Lothlorien); Hollin added under EREK; the scrawled addition of a base ETER with the imperative edro! 'open!' (the word shouted by Gandalf before the doors of Moria); Celebrimbor (KWAR); Caradras (RAS; replacing in the original draft of the chapter The Ring Goes South the name Taragaer, itself found in the Etymologies under the added base TARAK); Celebrant (RAT); Imladris (RIS). The words caras (KAR) and naith (SNAS), both of them additions, probably argue the existence of Caras Galadon and the Naith of Lothlorien, and the added rhandir 'pilgrim' under RAN, taken with the added mith 'grey' under MITH, shows Mithrandir. Clear cases of names from later in The Lord of the Rings do occur (so Palantir under PAL and TIR, Dolbaran under BARAN), but they are very few. I conclude therefore that while my father did for two or three years more make rather desultory entries in the Etymologies as new names emerged in The lard of the Rings, he gave up even this as the new work proceeded; and that the Etymologies as given here illustrate the develop- ment of the Quenya and Noldorin (later > Sindarin) lexicons at the decisive period reached in this book, and provide in fact a remarkable point of vantage. The Etymologies, then, reflect the linguistic situation in Beleriand envisaged in the lhammas (see especially the third version, Lam- masethen, p. 194), with Noldorin fully preserved as the language of the Exiles, though profoundly changed from its Valinorian form and having complex interrelations in respect of names with 'Beleriandic' (Ilkorin), especially the speech of Doriath. Afterwards my father developed the conception of a kind of amalgamation between Noldorin and the in- digenous speech of Beleriand, though ultimately there emerged the situation described in The Silmarillion (p. 129): the Noldor abandoned their own tongue and adopted that of the Elves of Beleriand (Sindarin). So far-reaching was this reformation that the pre-existent linguistic structures themselves were moved into new historical relations and given new names; but there is no need here to enter that rather baffling territory. The presentation of such a text as this can obviously not be exact: in the most chaotic parts a degree of personal interpretation of what was meant is altogether inevitable. There is in any case a great deal of inconsistency in detail between the different parts of the manuscript- for example, in the use of marks expressing length of vowel, which vary unceasingly between acute accent, macron (long mark), and circumflex. I have only 'standardized' the entries to a very limited extent, and only in so far as I have felt confident that I ran little risk of confusing the original intention. In particular, I have done nothing to bring divergent forms, as between one part of the Etymologies and another, into accord, seeing that the evolution of 'bases' and derivative words is an essential part of the history; and indeed in the most complex parts of the manuscript (initial letters E, G, K) I have attempted to distinguish the different 'layers' of accretion and alteration, though elsewhere I have been very selective in pointing out additions to the original list. I have 'standardized' the entries to the extent of giving the 'bases' always in capitals, and of using the acute accent to signify long vowels in all 'recorded' forms (as opposed to 'hypothetical' antecedent forms), with the circumflex for long vowels in stressed final syllables in Exilic Noldorin and Ilkorin, as is largely done in the original. I use y for j of the original throughout (e.g. KUY, DYEL for KUJ, DJEL), since this is less misleading and was my father's own practice elsewhere (found in fact here and there in the Etymologies); the stems with initial J, becoming Y, are moved forward from their original place before K to the end of the list. I print the back nasal (as in English king) with a Spanish tilde (n), again following my father's frequent practice, though in the Etymologies he used special forms of the letter n. His grammatical abbreviations are retained, as follows: adj. adjective. g.sg. genitive singular. adv. adverb. inf. infinitive. cpd. compound. intr. intransitive. f. feminine. m. masculine. pa.t. past tense. q.v. quod vide, 'which see'. pl. plural. sg. singular. p.p. past participle. tr. transitive. prep. preposition. The sign + means 'poetic or archaic'. The abbreviations used for the different languages are as follows (there is no explanatory list of them accompanying the manuscript): Dan. Danian. Dor. Doriathrin. Eld. Eldarin. EN. Exilic Noldorin (also referred to as 'Exilic', but most often simply as N) Ilk. Ilkorin. L. Lindarin. N. Noldorin. ON. Old Noldorin (i.e. the Korolambe' or Kornoldorin, see the Lhammas $5). Oss. Ossiriandeb (the name in the Lhammas, where however the form Ossiriandic is also found). PQ. Primitive Quendian. T. Telerin. An asterisk prefixed to a form means that it is 'hypothetical', deduced to have existed from later, recorded forms. My own contributions are always enclosed within square brackets. A question mark standing within such brackets indicates doubt as to the correctness of my reading, but in other cases is original. Where I have found words totally illegible or can do no better than a guess (a very small proportion of the whole, in fact) I have usually omitted them silently, and so also with scattered jottings where no meaning is attached to forms, or where no clear connections are given. I have kept my own notes to a minimum, and in particular have very largely eschewed the temptation to discuss the etymologies in relation to earlier and later Elvish forms published elsewhere. On the other hand, while my father inserted many internal references to other stems, I have substantially increased the number (those due to me being enclosed within square brackets), since it is often difficult to find an element when it had been greatly changed from its ultimate 'base'. The Index to the book is further designed to assist in the tracing of name-elements that appear in the Etymologies. A. AB-, ABAR- refuse, deny, * abaro refuser, one who does not go forth: Q Avar (or Avaro), pl. Avari = Elves who never left Middle-earth or began the march; N Afor, pl. Efuir, Efyr (ON aboro). Cf. AWA. [This entry as first written gave the root-meaning as 'go away, depart', translated * abaro as 'departer, one who goes forth', and defined Avri as 'Elves who left Middle-earth' (see p. 344). An additional entry seems to allow for both developments from the root-meaning: 'AB- retreat, move back, refuse'.] AD- entrance, gate, * adno: Q ando gate; N annon, pl. ennyn great gate, Q andon (pl. andondi). AIWE-. (small) bird. Q aiwe, N aew. Cf. Aiwenor 'Birdland' = lower air. [For Awenor(e) see the Ambarkanta and diagrams, IV. 236 etc.] AK-. narrow, confined. * akra: Q arka narrow; N agr, agor. Cf. N Ag- lond, Aglon defile, pass between high walls, also as proper name; cf. lond, lonn path [LOD]. Q aksa narrow path, ravine. AKLA-R-. See KAL. Q alka ray of light; alkar or alkare radiance, brilliance; alkarinqa radiant, glorious. N aglar glory, aglareb glorious. ALAK-. rushing. * alako rush, rushing flight, wild wind: N alag rushing, impetuous; alagos storm of wind. Cf. Anc-alagon dragon- name [NAK]. Related to LAK(2). (* alk-wa swan: Q alqa; T alpa; ON alpha; N alf; Ilk. alch; Dan. ealc. Cf. Alqalonde Swan-road or Swan-haven, city of the Teleri [LOD].) ALAM-. elm-tree. Q alalme, also lalme; N lalf (lelf) or lalven, pl. lelvin; Ilk. lalm, pl. lelmin; Dan. alm. The stem is perhaps LALAM, q.v., but some hold it related to ALA since the elm was held blessed and beloved by the Eldar. [The end of this entry, from 'but some hold it', was an addition. Probably at the same time a stem AL- was added, with derivatives alma 'good fortune', alya 'rich', etc.; but this entry was struck out. The same derivative words are found under GALA.] ALAT- large, great in size. Q alta (...J alat- as in Alataire = Belegoer [AY]. AM(1)- mother. Q anil or amme mother-, Ilk. aman, pl. emuin. (N uses a different word, naneth, hypocoristic [pet-name form] nana [NAN]). AM(2)- up: usually in form amba-. Q prefix am- up; amba adv. up(wards); amban upward slope, hill-side; ambapenda, ampenda uphill (adj.); see PEN. N am up; am-bend, amben uphill; amon hill, pl. emuin, emyn; am-run uprising, sunrise, Orient = Q ambaron (g.sg. ambaronen) or Ambarone. ANA(1)- Cf. NA(1). to, towards. * anta- to present, give: Q anta- give; anna gift; ante (f.), anto (m.) giver. Cf. Yav-anna [YAB]; Aryante [AR(1)]. N anno to give; ant gift. [Added:] Q anta face. ANA(2)- Cf. NA(2). be, exist. [Added:] anwa real, actual, true. ANAD-, ANDA-. * anda long: Q anda; N and, ann. Cf. names Andram long-wall [RAMBA], Andfang, Anfang Longbeard, one of the tribes of Dwarves (pl. Enfeng) [SPANAG]. ANAK-. Cf. NAK bite. Q anca jaw; N anc; cf. Ancalagon [ALAK]. ANAR-. sun; derivative of NAR(1).* anar-: Q Anar sun; EN Anor. ANGA-. iron. Q anga; N ang. Q angaina of iron; N angren, pl. engrin. ANGWA- or ANGU-. snake. Q ango, pl. angwi; N am- in amlug dragon: see LOK. AP-. apsa cooked food, meat. N aes; Ilk. ass. AR(1)-. day. * ari: Q are, pl. ari; N ar- only in names of week-days, as Arvanwe [see LEP]. Cf. name Aryante Day-bringer [ANA'], N Eriant. Q arin morning, arinya morning, early; arie daytime; ara dawn; Arien the Sun-maiden. N aur day, morning; arad daytime, a day (= Q arya twelve hours, day). AR(2)-. Q ara outside, beside; also prefix ar- as in Arvalin (= outside Valinor). In Q this is purely local in sense. So also in Ilkorin, cf. Argad place 'outside the fence', or Argador (in Falathrin dialect Ariad, Ariador) lands outside Doriath (in Ilkorin Eglador), especially applied to West Beleriand, where there was a considerable dwelling of Dark-elves. In N ar- developed a privative sense (as English without), probably by blending with * al, which is only preserved in Alchoron = Q Ilkorin [LA]. Thus arnediad without reckoning, = numberless [NOT]. In this sense Q uses ava-, as avanote (see AWA). Hence Q ar and. AS-AT-. Q asto dust; N ast. ATA-. father. PQ * atu, * atar: Q atar, pl. atari; hypocoristic atto. N adar, pl. edeir, eder; ada. Cf. Iluv-atar. Ilk. adar, pl. edrin; adda. AT(AT)- again, back. Q ata again, ata-, at- back, again, re-; N ad. Cf. TAT, ATTA = two; Q atta two, N tad. N prefix ath- on both sides, across, is probably related; athrad ford, crossing (see RAT). Ilk. adu, ado double; cf. Adurant, a river in Ossiriand which for a distance has divided streams. [Ilk. adu, ado 'double' and the explanation of Adurant was an addition; this shows the conception of the island of Tol-galen (see the commentary on QS $ 114). Other additions made at different times to this entry were Q atwa double, and N eden new, begun again.] AWA- away, forth; out. Q ava outside; Avakuma [KUM] Exterior Void beyond the World; au-, ava- privative prefixes = N ar (see AR(2)), as avanote without number, numberless [NOT]. [Added:] Avalona, cf. lona [LONO]. AY- * ai-lin- pool, lake: Q ailin (g.sg. ailinen); N oel, pl. oelin; cf. Oelinuial Pools of Twilight [LIN(1); YU, KAL]. AYAR-, AIR- sea, only used of the inner seas of Middle-earth. Q ear (earen) and aire (airen); N oear, oer. Cf. Earrame, a Q name = Wings of the Sea, name of Tuor's ship. Belegoer 'great sea', name of Western Ocean between Beleriand and Valinor, Q Alataire (see ALAT). AYAK- sharp, pointed. Q aika sharp, aikale a peak; N oeg sharp, pointed, piercing, oegas (= Q aikasse) mountain peak. Cf. N Oeges engrin Peaks of Iron, oeglir range of mountain peaks. ?Related is Q aiqa steep, cf. Ilk. taig deep (blended with tara, see TA). AYAN- See YAN. * ayan- holy: Q Ainu, f. Aini, holy one, angelic spirit; aina holy; Ainulindale Music of the Ainur, Song of Creation, B. [On the distinctive manuscript of the B-entries see p. 343. The following entries were added in pencil: BAD, BARAN, BARAT, BARATH, BEN, and at the same time certain changes were made to existing entries. In this section I give the original entries as they were written, and note the alterations.] BAD- * bad- judge. Cf. MBAD. Not in Q. N baud (bad-) judgement; badhor, hadron judge. [Pencilled addition.] BAL- * bala: Q Vala Power, God (pl. Valar or Vali = PQ * bal-i formed direct from stem, cf. Valinor); there is no special f. form, where necessary the cpd.Valatari 'Vala-queen' is used, f. of Valatar (g.sg. Valataren) 'Vala-king', applied only to the nine chief Valar: Manwe, Ulmo, Aule, Mandos, Lorien, Tulkas, Osse, Orome, and Melko. The Valatari were Varda, Yavanna, Nienna, Vana, Vaire, Este, Nessa, Uinen. T Bala. ON Bala, and Balano m., Balane f.; EN Balan m. and f., pl. Belein, Belen. In Ilk. torin 'kings' was used, or the cpd. Balthor, Balthorin (* bal'tar-). Q valya having (divine) authority or power; valaina of or belong- ing to the Valar, divine; valasse divinity. Q Valinor, for * balf-ndore, reformed after the simplex nore 'land', also in form Valinore, land of the Gods in the West; ON Balandor (* bala-ndore), EN Balannor. Cf. also ON Balthil one of the names of the White Tree of Valinor, usually named in Q Silpion; EN Belthil, but this was usually applied to the image of the divine tree made in Gondolin, the tree itself being called Galathilion. Related is probably the name Balar of the large island at Sirion's mouth, where the Ilkorins long dwelt who refused to go West with Ulmo; from this is named Beleriand which they colonized from the island in the dark ages. Balar is probably from * balare, and so called because here Osse visited the waiting Teleri. [The explanation of Balar, Beleriand given here is not necessarily at variance with the story told in QS $35 that the Isle of Balar was 'the eastern horn of the Lonely Isle, that broke asunder and remained behind, when Ulmo removed that land again into the West'; but it can scarcely be brought into accord with the story (QS $36) that 'the Teleri dwelt long by the shores of the western sea, awaiting Ulmo's return', and that Osse! nstructed the waiting Teleri 'sitting upon a rock nigh to the margin of the sea.' Moreover, the 'colonization' of Beleriand from Balar seems to take no account of Thingol, and those of his people 'that went not because they tarried searching for Thingol in the woods'. 'and these multiplied and were yet scattered far and wide between Eredlindon and the sea' (Lhammas $6). More must be meant than simply that Elves from Balar removed to the mainland, for this 'colonization' from Balar is here made the very basis of the name Beleriand.] BAN- * bana: Q Vana name of the Vala, wife of Orome, and sister of Varda and Yavanna; ON and T Bana; in ON also called Bana-wende, whence EN Banwend, Banwen (see WEN). * banya: Q vanya beauti- ful; EN bein. Cf. Q vanima fair; Vanimo, pl. Vanimor 'the beautiful', children of the Valar; Uvanimo monster (creature of Melko); EN uan (* ubano) monster; uanui monstrous, hideous. BAR- Original significance probably 'raise'; cf. BARAD, MBAR. Hence uplift, save, rescue(?). * barna: Q varna safe, protected, secure; [struck out: varne protection;] varnasse security. * barya-: Q varya- to protect; EN berio to protect. [The removal of varne 'protection' was due to the emergence of BARAN 'brown' with the derivative Q varne 'brown'.] BARAD- [Added: is blended with BARATH, g-V.] * barada lofty, sublime: [added: ON barada, EN baradh, steep;] Q Varda, chief of the Valatari, spouse of Manwe; T Barada [> Baradis]. [Struck out: ON Bradil, EN Bredil (* b'radil-).] * b'randa lofty, noble, fine: T branda; ON branda, EN brand, brann (whence brannon lord, brennil lady); cf. name Brandir (brand-dir: see DER). BARAN- Q varne (varni-) brown, swart, dark brown. ON barane, EN baran. Cf. river name Baranduin, Branduin. Dolbaran. [Pen- cilled addition. On Dolbaran (probably a further addition) see p. 345.] BARAS- Stem only found in Noldorin: * barasa hot, burning: ON barasa, baraha; EN bara fiery, also eager; frequent in masculine names as Baragund, Barahir [KHER], etc. * b'ras-se heat: ON brasse, white heat, EN brass: whence brassen white-hot. BARAT- N barad tower, fortress. [Pencilled addition.] BARATH- Probably related to BAR and BARAD. * Barathi spouse of Manwe, Queen of Stars: ON Barathi(l); EN Berethil and El-bereth. Q Varda, T Baradis show influence of barada lofty. [Pencilled addition. The application of the name Elbereth to Varda seems to have arisen in the hymn of the Elves to the Goddess in the original second chapter (Three is Company) of The Lord of the Rings, written early in 1938 (where in rough workings for the song the name appears as Elberil). Concomitant with this the Ilkorin names Elbereth (of dif- ferent meaning) and Elboron were removed from the original entries BER and BOR. These were the names of Dior's sons in AB r and 2 (annal 206/306), replaced in AB 2 (note 42) by Eldun and Elrun (which were added also to Q $14); Elrun appears in the Etymologies in an addition to stem RO.] BAT- tread. * bata: ON bata beaten track, pathway; EN bad. * batta- (with medial consonant lengthened in frequentative formation): ON battho- trample, EN batho. ON tre-batie traverse, EN trevedi (pa.t. trevant) [see TER]. Cf. Q vanta- to walk, vanta a walk. BEL- strong. Cf. BAL(?). Stem not found in Q. T belle (physical) strength, belda strong. Ilk. bel (* bele) strength, Beleg the Strong, name of Ilkorin bowman of Doriath. * belek, * beleka, ON beleka mighty, huge, great; EN beleg great (n.b. this word is distinct in form from though related to Ilk. name Beleg); cf. EN Beleg-ol [GAWA] = Q Aule; Belegoer Great Sea [Av], name of sea between Middle-earth and the West; Belegost Great City [os], name of one of the chief places of the Dwarves. T belka 'excessive' is possibly from ON; ON belda strong, belle strength (EN belt strong in body, bellas bodily strength) are possibly from T. Cf. name Belthronding of Beleg's yew- bow: see STAR, DING. BEN- corner (from inside), angle. N bennas angle [NAS]. [Pencilled addition.] BER- valiant. * berya-: Q verya- to dare; verya bold; verie boldness. ON berina bold, brave; bertha- to be bold; EN beren bold, bertho dare; cf. proper name Beren. Ilk. ber valiant man, warrior (*bero); bereth valor; [struck out: cf. Ilk, name El-bereth.] Danian beorn man; this is probably blended with * besno: see BES. [On the removal of El- bereth see BARATH.] BEREK- * bereka: Q verka wild; EN bregol violent, sudden, cf. proper name Bregolas fierceness; breged violence, suddenness; breitho (*b'rekta-) break out suddenly. Cf. Dagor Vregedur [UR] Battle of Sudden Fire (EN bregedur wild-fire). [See MEREK.] BERETH- T bredele beech-tree; Ilk. breth (*b'retha) beech-mast, but the beech was called galbreth [CALAD] in Falasse, and neldor in Doriath (see NEL). The beech-tree was probably originally called *pheren, Q feren or ferne (pl. ferni), ON pheren; but in EN fer pl. ferin was usually replaced by the Ilk. breth mast, whence EN brethil beech-tree; cf. Brethiliand, -ian 'Forest of Brethil' [see PHER). BES- wed. *besno husband: Q verno; ON benno, EN benn man, replacing in ordinary use the old word dir (see DER); hervenn, herven husband (see KHER). Ilk. benn husband; Danian beorn man, blended with *ber(n)o: see BER. *besse wife: Q vesse; ON besse, EN bess woman, replacing old words di, dis (see NI(1), NDIS); herves wife (see KHER). In the f. the shift of sense in ON was assisted probably by blending with *dess young woman, ON dissa. *besu dual, husband and wife, married pair: Q veru. Cf. Q Arveruen third day (of the Valinorian week of 5 days) dedicated to Aule and Yavanna [LEP]. *besta: Q vesta matrimony; vesta- to wed; vestale wedding. BEW- follow, serve. *beuro follower, vassal: ON biuro, bioro, EN bior, beor; cf. proper name Beor. *beuya- follow, serve: ON buiobe to serve, follow, EN buio serve, hold allegiance to. T bum vassal, bua- serve. [On the name Beor see the commentary on QS $ 128.] BIRIT- Stem only found in Ilkorin. *b'ritte: Ilk. brith broken stones, gravel. Cf. river name Brithon (whence is named Brithombar) 'pebbly'. Late Exilic brith gravel is from Ilkorin. BOR- endure. Q voro ever, continually; prefix vor, voro- as in voro- gandele 'harping on one tune', continual repetition; vorima continual, repeated. "boron-: ON boron (pl. boroni) steadfast, trusty man, faithful vassal; EN bor and pl. byr for older berein, beren; Ilk. boron, pl. burnin. Cf. N names given to the 'Faithful Men': Bor, Borthandos, Borlas, Boromir. Borthandos = Borth (see below) [but this element is not further mentioned] + handos (see KHAN). Borlas = Bor + glass joy (see GALAS). Boromir is an old N name of ancient origin also borne by Gnomes: ON Boronmiro, Boromiro: see MIR. [Struck out: Cf. also Ilk. boron in Dor. name El-boron.' On the removal of El-boron see BARATH.] BORON- extension of the above (originally a verbal form of the stem seen in *boron- above). Q voronwa enduring, long-lasting; eoronwie endurance, lasting quality; cf. name Voronwe = ON Bronwega, EN Bronwe [WEG]. ON bronie last, endure, survive; EN bronio endure, brono last, survive; bronadui enduring, lasting. *b'rona: ON bruna that has long endured, old (only used of things, and implies that they are old, but not changed or worn out); EN brun old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use. Brodda -. Name of a man in Hithlum. He was not one of the Elf-friend races, and his name is therefore probably not EN or Ilkorin. BUD- jut out. Cf. MBUD. D. [A very rough pencilled list was for most of its length overwritten in ink, and nearly all these entries appear in a second, pencilled list, the differences between the two being largely a matter of arrangement; see p. 343.] DAB- give way, make room, permit, allow. Q lav- yield, allow, grant. N daf permission. DAL- flat (variant or alteration of LAD). Q lara 'flat' may derive from *dala or *lada. EN dalw flat; dalath flat surface, plane, plain [see TIR], ON dalma (probably = dal + ma hand) palm of hand; EN dalf. Ilk. dol flat, lowlying vale. DAN- Element found in names of the Green-elves, who called them- selves Danas (Q Nanar, N Danath), Cf. Dan, Denethor and other names. See NDAN? DAR- stay, wait, stop, remain. N deri, imperative daro! stop, halt; dartha wait, stay, last, endure. DARAK- *<d'rak: Q raka wolf; EN draug; Dor. drog. DARAM- beat, hew. EN dramb, dram(m) a heavy stroke, a blow (e.g, of axe); dravo to hew (pa.t. drammen, + dramp); drafn hewn log; drambor clenched fist, hence blow with fist (see KWAR); gondrafn, gondram hewn stone. [Cf. the name of Tuor's axe in the Lost Tales: Drambor, Dramborleg; see II. 337.] DAT-, DANT- fall down. EN dad down, cf. dadben downhill (see PEN); dath (*datta) hole, pit, Q latta. Q lanta a fall, lanta- to fall; N dant- to fall, dannen fallen. Cf. Atalante 'the Fallen', and lasselanta 'leaf-fall', Autumn [see TALAT]. DAY- shadow. Q leo (*daio) shade, shadow cast by any object, laime shade; laira shady. EN dae shadow; cf. Daedelos = Shadow of Fear, Dor., Ilk. dair shadow of trees; cf. names Dairon and Nan-dairon. DEM- sad, gloomy. Ilk. dimb sad (cf. Dimbar); dim gloom, sadness (*dimbe); dem sad, gloomy (*dimba). DEN- hole; gap, passage. N din opening, gap, pass in mountains, as in Din-Caradras, Din-Duhir, etc. [On the first list DEN was given the meaning 'hillside, slope', whence Q nende slope, nenda sloping; N dend, denn, sloping, daddenn downhill, amdenn uphill. This entry was struck through and the material transformed and transferred to PEN (whence dadbenn, ambenn). Cf. AM; the A-entries belong to the second phase, later than the first form of the D-entries (see PP 343-4).] DER- Adult male, man (elf, mortal, or of other speaking race). Q ner, pl. neri, with n partly due to NI, NIS woman, partly to strengthened stem ndere bridegroom, ON daer [see NDER]. ON dir, EN + dir surviving chiefly in proper names (as Diriel older Dirghel [GYEL], Haldir, Brandir) and as agental ending (as ceredir doer, maker). Owing to influence of dir (and of strengthened ndisi bride) N goes the opposite way to Q and has di woman (see NDIS). In ordinary use EN has benn (properly = husband) [see BES]. DIL- stop up, fill up hole, etc. EN dil stopper, stopping, stuffing, cf. gasdil stopgap [GAS]; dilio to stop up. [The rather unlikely word gasdil is mentioned because it was the name of a sign used to indicate that g had disappeared; see p. 298, note on Gorgoroth.] DING- Onomatopoeic, var. of TING, TANG, q.v. Ilk. ding, dang, sound; cf. name Bel-thron(d)-ding [BEL, STAR]. DO3, DO- Q lo night, a night; lome Night, night-time, shades of night. ON dogme, dougme, doume; EN daw night-time, gloom; du (associated with NDU) nightfall, late evening - in EN night, dead of night is fuin; Du(w)ath night-shade; dur dark, sombre; cf. Q lona dark. Ilk. daum = N daw. Cf. N durion a Dark-elf = duredel. Q lomelinde nightingale; N dulind, dulin(n). Cf. Del-du-thling [DYEL., SLIG.] DOMO- Possibly related to the preceding (and certainly in some derivatives blended with it); faint, dim. *domi- twilight in Q fell together with do3me from DO3 in lome night. Ilk. dum twilight; Q tindome starry twilight = Ilk. tindum = N tinnu (see TIN). DORON- oak. Q norno; N doron (pl. deren); Dor., Ilk. dorn. Cf. Q lindornea adj. having many oak-trees [LI]. DRING- Noldorin stem = beat, strike. EN dringo to beat. Cf. sword- name Glamdring. [In The Hobbit, Glamdring is rendered 'Foe- hammer', called by the Orcs 'Beater'.] DUB- lie, lie heavy, loom, hang over oppressively (of clouds). Q lumna lying heavy, burdensome, oppressive, ominous; lumna- to lie heavy. N dofn gloomy. DUI- Ilk. duin water, river; cf. Fsgalduin.C f.d uil r iver i nD uilmen. DUL- hide, conceal. N doelio, delio, and doltha conceal, pa.t. $ daul, p.p. dolen hidden, secret. Cf. Gondolind, -inn, -in 'heart of hidden rock' [see in]. Related is *ndulna secret: Q nulla, nulda-, N doll (dolt) obscure. Cf. name Terendul. [See NDUL, and for Terendul see TER.] DUN- dark (of colour). Dor. dunn black; Dan. dunna; N donn swart, swarthy. Cf. Doriath place-name (Nan) Dungorthin = N Nan Don- goroth, or Nann Orothvor Vale of Black Horror [see NGOROTH]. DYEL- feel fear and disgust; abhor. EN delos, deloth (probably < del + gos, goth) abhorrence, detestation, loathing, cf. Dor-deloth Loathly Land; deleb horrible, abominable, loathsome; delw hateful, deadly, fell; cf. Daedhelos Shadow of Abomination, Deldu(w)ath Deadly Nightshade, a name of Taur-na-Fuin, Delduthling, N name of Un- goliante [DAY, DO3]. Q yelma loathing, yelwa loathsome, yelta- to loathe. E. [The entries under E are particularly confused and difficult. A small number of original and clear entries were mostly struck through and the pages covered with faint pencilled notes often hard to interpret.] EK-, EKTE- spear. Q ehte spear, ehtar spearman. N aith spear- point, eg thorn, cf. Egthelion, Ecthelion [STELEG]. [This original entry was retained, with change of EKTE to EKTI, Q ehtar to ehtyar, and the following additions:) [N] ech spear, Q ekko. Cf. Eg-nor. EL- star. Q poetical el star (elen). Dor. el; N only in names, as Elwing. [This original entry received many changes:] EL- star, starry sky. Q poetical elen (ellen or elena) star. Dor el; N only in names, as Elwing, Elbereth. Cf. Fled-Starfolk, that is E1ves. Elrond = starry-dome, sky [ROD]. [Added in margin:] Q Elerina star-crowned = Taniquetil; Elentari Star Queen = Varda; N Elbereth = Varda. [On Elbereth see note to BARATH; on Elerina and Elentari see p. 200.] ELED- go, depart, leave. Q Elda 'departed' Elf; N eledh. Q lesta- to leave, pa.t. lende. [This original entry was replaced by the following, written as carefully and clearly as the first:] ELED- 'Star-folk', Elf Q Elda (Eldamar or Elende = Elvenhome, Eldalie, Eldarin); N Eledh, pl. Elidh, cf. Eledhrim, Eledhwen [Elf-fair >] Elf-maid, Elennor (Eledandore > Eledndor). Dor. Eld, pl. Eldin. Dan. Elda. [The Dor. and Dan. forms were subsequently struck through and the following added:] In Dor. and Dan. transposed > edel- whence Dor. Egla, Eglath (cf. Eglamar, Eglorest); Dan. Edel. Eglador = Doriath in Doriathrin; Ariador = lands outside of Eglador. Cf. Eglor (Elf- river), Ilkorin name of a river in W. Beleriand. [On the earlier and later entries ELED see p. 344. Further faint pencillings show my father doubtful of the derivation of Eldar from a base meaning 'star', and suggesting that, although the name was so interpreted, it wag probably in fact altered from edela eldest - edel, edil being found also in Noldorin. A base EDE-, EDEL- 'precede, come forward' is proposed, with derivative edela (= eleda) 'firstborn', but this is struck out.] EN- element or prefix = over there, yonder. Q en there, look! yonder. Adj. enta that yonder. Entar, Entarda (Enta + harda [3AR]) Thither Lands, Middle-earth, Outer Lands, East. ENED- centre. Q endya, enya middle; ende middle, centre. N enedh. [To this original entry was added:] Endamar Middle-earth. Endor centre of the world. [See NED.] ENEK- six. Q enqe; N eneg. ERE- be alone, deprived. Q er one, alone; erya single, sole; eresse solitude; eressea lonely. N ereb isolated (* ereqa); eriol alone, single. Cf. Tol-eressea, Amon Ereb. Q erume desert, cf. Eruman desert N.E. of Valinor; N eru waste, desert. ERED- * erede seed: Q erde seed, germ; N eredh; Ilk erdh. [See RED.] EREK- thorn. Q erka prickle, spine; erka- to prick; erkasse holly. N ercho to prick; erch a prickle; ereg (and eregdos [TUS]) holly-tree, pl. erig. Cf. Taur-nan-Erig or Eregion = Dor. Forest of Region: Dor. regorn holly-tree (pl. regin, g.pl. region) [see OR-NI]. [Further addition:] Regornion = Hollin. ES- indicate, name. Q esta to name, esse a name. ESE-, ESET- precede. Q esta first; esse beginning; essea [? primary]; Estanesse the Firstborn. [Neither of these two entries were rejected, though they are certainly mutually exclusive, but the second was marked with a query.] ESEK- Ilk. esg sedge, esgar reed-bed. Cf. Esgaroth Reedlake, because of reed-banks in west. ET- forth, out. Q prefix et-, N ed-. Cf. ehtele under KEL. [To this original entry was added:] etsiri: Q etsir mouth of a river, N ethir [SIR]. ette outside; ettele outer lands; ettelen [?foreign]. ETER- Cf. et out. open (come out, of flowers, sun, etc.). edro! open! EY- everlasting. Q aira eternal, aire eternity-, ia (*eya) ever. Cf. lolosse ever-snow, N Uiloss (*Eigolosse). N uir eternity, uireb eternal. [This original entry was struck out, the material reappearing under GEY. Iolosse was probably the form underlying the early emendation to Oiolosse in QS $ 13. Oiolosse arose with the further transformation of this base to OY, q.v.] EZDE- 'rest', name of the wife of Lorien. Q Este; ON Ezde, Eide, Ide; N Idh. See SED. EZGE- rustle, noise of leaves. Q eske; Ilk. esg; cf. Esgalduin. [This, which may be one of the original entries, was struck out. Cf. Esek, and for Esgalduin see SKAL(1).] G. [The entries under G present much the same appearance as those under E: an initial layer of a few clear entries in ink, and a mass of changes and additions put in very roughly afterwards.] GAL- shine; variant of KAL. GALA- thrive (prosper, be in health - be glad). Q 'al in the following forms which are not confused with ala- 'not': alya prosperous, rich, abundant, blessed; alma good fortune, weal, wealth; almie, almare blessedness, 'blessings', good fortune, bliss; almarea blessed. Cf. name Almariel. N galw; cf. names Galadhor, Galdor (later Gallor) - though these may contain GALAD. N galas growth, plant; galo- to grow. Possibly related are GALAD, GALAS. [Almariel is the name of a girl in Numenor in The Lost Road, p. 59.] GALAD- tree. Q alda; N galadh. Cf. Galadloriel (Galagloriel), Galathilvion. [Galadloriel and Galathilion (not as here Galathilvion) appear in very early emendations to QS $16. The form Galagloriel is found in an early draft for the chapter A Knife in the Dark in The Fellowship of the Ring. - This, one of the original entries, was not struck out or altered (apart from Galathilvion > Galathilion), but a new entry for the stem was made:] GALAD- tree. Q alda; N galadh. Cf. names Galadhor, Galdor, etc. Q Aldaron name of Orome. Aldalemnar, see LEP. Dor. gald, cf. galbreth beech [BERETH]. GALAS- joy, be glad. N glas joy; cf. names as Borlas. Q alasse joy, merriment. GAP- N gamp hook, claw; Q ampa hook. GAR- hold, possess. N gar-. [An original entry, struck out; see 3AR. ] GAS- yawn, gape. *gassa: N gas hole, gap; gasdil stopgap [DIL]; Q assa hole, perforation, opening, mouth. [Cf. Ilmen-assa, the Chasm of Ilmen, IV. 240. - This original entry was retained, but the following addition made:] *gasa: ON gasa = Q kuma; EN gaw, Belego the Void. GAT- Q atsa catch, hook, claw; N gad-, gedi catch. GAT(H)- N gath (*gatta) cavern; Doriath 'Land of the Cave' is Noldorin name for Dor. Eglador = Land of the Elves. The Ilkorins called [?themselves] Eglath = Eldar. Rest of Beleriand was called Ariador 'land outside'. N gadr, gador prison, dungeon; gathrod cave. Another name is Garthurian = Fenced Realm = N Ardholen (which was also applied to Gondolin). [Added to this later:] Dor. gad fence; argad 'outside the fence', the exterior, the outside. Cf. Argador, Falathrin Ariador. [See AR(2), CLED, 3AR, LED.] GAWA- or GOWO- think out, devise, contrive. Q auta invent, originate, devise; aule invention, also as proper name of the god Aule, also called Martan: N Gaul usually called Belegol (= great Aule) or Barthan: see TAN, MBAR. N gaud device, contrivance, machine. GAY- Q aira red, copper-coloured, ruddy; N gaer, goer. GAYAS- fear. * gais-: Q aista to dread; ON gaia dread; N gae. *gaisra: ON gaesra, gerrha; N gaer dreadful. GENG-WA- Q engwa sickly. N gemb, gem; cf. ingem 'year-sick' [YEN], suffering from old age (new word coined after meeting with Men). N iaur ancient [YA], ifant 'year-full' [YEN, KWAT] did not connote weakness. [Engwar 'the Sickly' is found in the list of Elvish names for Men in QS $83.] GEY- everlasting. Q ia ever (* geia); iale everlasting; ira eternal; ire eternal [?read 'eternity']; Iolosse Everlasting Snow (*Geigolosse) = Taniquetil. N Guilos, Amon Uilos (guir eternity, guireb eternity [read 'eternal']). N Guir is confounded with Gui = Q Vaiya (*waya) [WAY]. [This note, replacing the rejected entry EY, was in its turn struck out and replaced by OY.] GIL- (cf. GAL., KAL.; SIL., THIL.; GUL., KUL.) shine (white or pale). *gilya: N gil star (pl. giliath). [This original entry was retained, with the addition to gil: 'pl. geil, collective pl. giliath', and the following also added:] gael pale, glimmering; gilgalad starlight; Gilbrennil, Gilthoniel = Varda. Q Ilma starlight (cf. Ilmare), N [?Gilwen] or Gilith; Ilmen region above air where stars are. [On Ilma and Ilmen see the commentary on QS $4.) GIR- quiver, shudder. N giri shudder; girith shuddering, horror. GLAM- N form of LAM, also influenced by NGAL(AM). N glamb, glamm shouting, confused noise; Glamhoth = 'the barbaric host', Orcs [KHOTH]. glambr, glamor echo; glamren echoing; cf. Eredlemrin = Dor. Lominorthin. glavro to babble, glavrol babbling. GLAW(-R)- Q laure gold (properly the light of the Tree Laurelin); N glaur gold. The element glaur reduced in polysyllables to glor, lor appears in many names, as Glorfindel, Glaurfindel, Galadloriel. [This original entry was struck out and replaced by:] GLAWAR- N alteration of LAWAR, g.V. GLIN- sing. Q lin-; N glin-. Q linde song, air, tune; N glinn. Cf. Laurelin. [Original entry, struck out. See LIN(2).] GLINDI- pale blue. N glind, glinn; Q ilin. [Original entry, struck out. Cf. the original meaning of Eredlindon, Blue Mountains, commentary on QS $108, and see LIN(2).] GLING- hang. Q linga; N gling. Cf. Glingal. [Original entry, struck out and replaced by:] GLING- N alteration of LING 'hang', q.v. GLIR- N form of LIR(1) sing. N glir song, poem, lay; glin to sing, recite poem; glar long lay, narrative poem. Q laire poem, lirin I sing. GOLOB- *golba branch: Q olwa; N golf. Cf. Gurtholf [> Gurutholf] [NGUR]. [For the form Gurtholf (earlier Gurtholfin) see p. 406.] GOLOS- Q olosse snow, fallen snow; N gloss snow. Cf. Uilos. N gloss also adj. snow-white. [An original entry, this was retained with alteration of Q olosse to + olos, + olosse and the note: 'poetical only: confused with losse flower, see LOS which is perhaps originally con- nected.' The stem in question in fact appears as LOT(H).] GOND- stone. Q ondo stone (as a material); N gonn a great stone, or rock. [This original entry was retained, but the base was changed to GONOD-, GONDO-, and the following added:] Cf. Condolin (see DUL); Gondobar (old Gondambar), Gonnobar = Stone of the World = Gondolin. Another name of Gondolin Gondost [os], whence Gon- dothrim, Gondothrimbar. [Cf. Gondothlim, Condothlimbar in the Lost Tales (II. 342).] GOR- violence, impetus, haste. Q orme haste, violence., wrath; orna hasty. N gormh, gorf impetus, vigour; gorn impetuous. [Apart from the removal of the form gormh this original entry was retained, with these additions:] Cf. Celegorn [KYELEK]; and cf. Huor, Tuor: Khogore [KHO-N], Tugore [TUG]. GOS-, GOTH- dread. Q osse terror, as name Osse. Cf. Mandos (see MBAD). N has Oeros for Osse (*Goss). Cf. Taur-os [TAWAR]. N gost dread, terror; gosta- fear exceedingly; cf. Gothrog = Dread Demon [RUK]; Gothmog [MBAW]. Gostir 'dread glance', dragon- name [THE]. GU- Prefix gu- no, not, as in Q u- not (with evil connotation); Uvanimor [BAN]. GUL- glow, shine gold or red (cf. GIL); also yul- smoulder [YUL]. N goll red (*gulda). [This original entry was struck out. See KUL.] GWEN- (distinguish WEN(ED)). Q wenya green, yellow-green, fresh; wen greenness, youth, freshness (blended with wende maid). N bein fair, blended with BAN. Ilk. gwen greenness; gwene green; cf. Duilwen [DUI]. GYEL- [< GEL-] Qyello [< ello] call, shout of triumph. N gell joy, triumph; gellui triumphant; gellam jubilation. Cf. Diriel [DER]. Gelion merry singer, surname of Tinfang. [Tinfang Gelion occurs in the Lay of Leithian: III. 174, 181 - 2.] Gelion shorter name of a great river in E. Beleriand; a Gnome interpretation (this would have been *Dilion in Ilkorin); cf. Ilk. gelion = bright, root GAL. [This rather perplexing note seems certain in its reading.] GYER. * gyerna old, worn, decrepit (of things): Q yerna old, worn, yerya to wear (out), get old. N gern worn, old (of things). 3. [The few entries under the initial back spirant 3 were struck out and replaced more legibly.] 3AN- male. Q hanu a male (of Men or Elves), male animal; ON anu, N anw; Dor. ganu. (The feminine is INI.) 3AR- Stems 3AR have, hold, and related GAR, GARAT, GARAD were much blended in Eldarin. From 3AR Come: Q harya- possess; hanna treasure, a treasured thing; harwe treasure, treasury; haryon (heir), prince; haran (pl. harni) king, chieftain (see TA). N ardh realm (but Q arda < GAR); aran king (pl. erain). Dor. garth realm, Gar- thurian (Fenced Realm = Doriath), garon lord, may come from 3AR or GAR. From GAR: Q arda realm - often in names as Elenarda 'Star- kingdom', upper sky; armar pl. goods; aryon heir; arwa adj. (with genitive) in control of, possessing, etc., and as semi-suffix -arwa, as aldarwa, having trees, tree-grown. N garo- (gerin) I hold, have; garn 'own', property. GARAT- Q arta fort, fortress. N garth: cf. Garth(th)oren 'Fenced Fort' = Gondolin - distinguish Ardh-thoren = Garthurian. [This note is the final form of two earlier versions, in which the Qenya words are all derived from 3AR. In one of these versions it is said that N Arthurien is a Noldorinized form of Garthurian, Arthoren a trans- lation; in the other that N Arthurien is 'a half-translation = N Arthoren'; see THUR.] 3ARAM- Dor. garm wolf; N araf. [Struck out. Another version gave also Q harma, Dan. garma.] 3EL- sky. Q helle, ON elle, sky. In Noldorin and Telerin this is confused with EL star. Other derivatives: Q helwa, ON elwa (pale) blue, N elw; cf. name of Elwe King of the Teleri [WEG]; and names as Elulind, Elwing, Elrond. Q helyanwe 'sky-bridge', rainbow, ON elyadme, N eilian(w) [YAT]. Dor. gell sky, gelu sky-blue. [A later note directs that Elwe be transferred to EL star. Elrond, Elwing are also given under EL.] 30- from, away, from among, out of. This element is found in the old partitive in Q -on (3o + plural m). Q ho from; Ilk. go; N o from. In Ilk. go was used for patronymics, as go-Thingol. I. [The single page of entries under I consists only of very rough notes.] I- that (deictic particle) in Q is indeclinable article 'the'. N i- 'the', plural in or i-. intensive prefix where i is base vowel. ITHIL- Moon (THIL, SIL): Q Isil; N Ithil; Dor. Istil. INDIS- = ndis bride; Indis name of the goddess Nessa (see NDIS, NI). [Ithil occurs in The Lost Road (p. 41) as the 'Beleriandic' name of the Moon - i.e. the name in a language (Noldorin) perceived by Alboin Errol to be spoken in Beleriand.] ID- *idi: heart, desire, wish. Q ire desire; irima lovely, desirable. Q indo heart, mood; cf. Indlour, Inglor (Indo-klar or Indo-glaure). N inn, ind inner thought, meaning, heart; idhren pondering, wise, thoughtful; idher (*idre) thoughtfulness. Cf. Idhril; Turin(n) [TUR], Hurin(n) [KHOR]. [The Q word irima occurs in the song in The Lost Road (p. 72): Toi irimar; Irima ye Numenor; cf. also Irimor 'Fair Ones', name of the Lindar in the Genealogies, p. 403. - For the original etymology of Idril, Idhril see II. 343. ] IL- all. Q ilya all, the whole. ILU- universe: Q ilu, iluve: cf. Iluvatar, Ilurambar Walls of the World. Ilumire = Silmaril. ilqa everything. ING- first, foremost. inga first. Element in Elfin and especially Lindarin names. Cf. Ingwe prince of Elves. QL [i.e. Qenya-Lindarin] form is always used (Ingwe): not ngw > mb [i.e. in Noldorin] because the L form persisted and also the composition was felt ing + wege [WEG]. Cf. Ingil. [Elfin at this date is a strange reversion to old usage.] INI- female. See NI: Qenya ni female, woman. Q hanwa male, inya female; hanuvoite, inimeite. N inw after anw [see 3AN]. INK-, INIK-? Q intya- guess, suppose; intya guess, supposition, idea; intyale imagination. N inc guess, idea, notion. IS- Q ista- know (pa.t. sinte); ista knowledge; istima having know- ledge, wise, learned, Istimor = Gnomes [cf. p. 403]. Q istya knowledge; istyar scholar, learned man. N ist lore, knowledge; istui learned; isto to have knowledge. Cf. Isfin (= Istfin) [PHIN]. K. [The numerous entries under K are perhaps the most difficult in the work. A first layer of etymologies written carefully and clearly in ink was overlaid by a mass of rapid notes in pencil that are now in places almost invisible.] KAB- hollow. Q kambe hollow (of hand); N camb, cam hand, cf. Camlost 'Emptyhand' [LUS] (= Dor. Mablost). Erchamui 'One- handed'. [An earlier version of this entry gives also Cambant 'full hand'; see KWAT.] KAL- shine (general word). Variant forms AKLA-, KALAR-, AKLAR-. Q kala light; kalma a light, lamp; kalya illuminate; kalina light (adj.). In N the variant GAL appears: gail (*galya) bright light, glaw radiance (*g'la, cf. Q kala < *k'la). But in longer forms KAL. also in N, as aglar, aglareb, see AKLA-R. Also celeir brilliant (*kalarya); Q kallo noble man, hero (*kalro), N callon (*kalrondo) hero; N poetical claur splendour, glory- often in names in form -glor. gol light ("gala-) in Thingol. [Parts of this original entry were rejected: the etymology of Thingol (see THIN), and the idea that GAL was a Noldorin variant of KAL. It is not clear at this stage how these bases were related. The entry was covered with a maze of new forms, often rejected as soon as written. The following can be discerned:] N calad light (cf. Gilgalad); calen bright-coloured = green. Q kalta- shine; Kalakilya; Kalaqendi, N Kalamor; Kalamando = Manwe [see MBAD]. Ankale 'radiant one', Sun. yukale, yuale twilight, N uial [YU]. KALPA- water-vessel. Q kalpa; N calf. Q kalpa- draw water, scoop out, bale out. [Added entry.] KAN- dare. Q kane valour; N caun, -gon (cf. Turgon, Fingon). Q kanya bold. N cann (*kanda). Eldakan (name) = AElfnop. [Added entry.] KANAT- four. Q kanta-, kan-; N canad. [Added entry.] KAP- leap. [Added:] N cabr, cabor frog. KAR- make, do. Q kar (kard-) deed; N card, carth deed, feat. Cf. KYAR cause. Q karo doer, actor, agent; ohtakaro warrior. [This stem was very roughly rewritten thus:] KAR- make, build, construct. Q kar (kard-) building, house; N car house, also card. Q karin, karne, I make, build. Cf. KYAR- cause, do. Q tyaro doer, actor, agent; ohtatyaro warrior. N caras a city (built above ground). KARAK- sharp fang, spike, tooth. Q karakse jagged hedge of spikes; cf. Helkarakse, N elcharaes [KHEL]. [This entry was retained, with KARAK > KARAK and elcharaes > helcharaes, and the following faintly visible additions made:] Q karka tooth, karkane row of teeth. N carag spike, tooth of rock; carch tooth, fang (Carcharoth). KARAN- red. Q karne (*karani) red; N caran. * k'ranna: N crann ruddy (of face), cf. Cranthir [THE], [.as noun] like Old English rudu, face, blush, the cheeks. [Added entry.] KARKA- crow. Q karko; N carach. [This stem was changed thus:] KORKA- crow. Q korko; N corch. KAS- head. Q kar (has-); N caw top. [Added:] * kas-sa, * kas-ma: Q cassa helmet. KAT- shape. Q kanta shaped, and as quasi-suffix, as in lassekanta leaf-shaped; kanta- to shape; N cant. [The meaning 'outline' was attributed to cant, and the following added:] * katwa: ON katwe shaped, formed, N cadw, -gadu. * katwara shapely: N cadwor, cadwar. N echedi, pa.t. echant (*et-kat) fashion. [Cf. Im Narvi hain echant above the Doors of Moria.] KAY- lie down. Q kaima bed. N caew lair, resting-place; cael (Q kaila) lying in bed, sickness; caeleb bedridden, sick: cf. Q kaimasse, kaimassea. KAYAN-, KAYAR- ten. Q kainen; N caer. [Added entry.] KEL- go, run (especially of water). *et-kele spring, issue of water: Q ehtele, N eithel (from metathesized [i.e. with transposed consonants] form * ektele). Q kelume stream, flow; N celon river, Q kelma channel. Cf. KYEL run out, come to an end; KWEL fade away. [These changes were made: 'N celon river' > 'Ilk. celon river, and as proper name, kelu+n'; 'N celw spring, source' added.] KEM- soil, earth. Q ken (kemen). N coe earth (indeclinable), cef soil, pl. ceif. Q kemina of earth, earthen; [N] cevn. Q kemnaro potter. [Added entry.] KEPER- knob, head, top [changed to 'ridge'. This entry consists of disconnected jottings, all struck out, but concerned with N ceber pl. cebir and Sern Gebir, of which the meaning seems to be 'lone stones'.] KHAG- * khagda pile, mound; Q hahta; N haud mound, grave, tomb (cf. Haud iNdengin). [Added entry.] KHAL(1)- (small) fish. Q hala; cf. Qhalatir'fishwatcher', kingfisher, N heledir. [Added entry. The same origin of halatir is found under TIR; but here KHAL was changed to KHOL and the -a- of the Q forms to -o-, before the entry was struck out with a reference to base SKAL - which (a later addition to the S-stems) is clearly the later formulation.] KHAL(2)- uplift. ON khalla noble, exalted (*khalna); orkhalla superior. N hall exalted, high; orchel [e uncertain] superior, lofty, eminent. [Added entry.] KHAM- sit. Q ham- sit. [The other derivatives are too chaotic and unclear to present.] KHAN- understand, comprehend. Q hanya understand, know about, be skilled in dealing with; hande knowledge, understanding; handa understanding, intelligent; handele intellect; handasse intelligence. EN henio understand; hann, hand intelligent; hannas understanding, intelligence. Cf. Handir, Borthandos. [Added entry.] KHAP- enfold. N hab- clothe; hamp garment; hamnia- clothe; hammad clothing. KHARAS- (cf. KARAK). * khrasse: precipice: N rhass (i-rass, older i-chrass); Dan. hrassa. Cf. Gochressiel [< Gochrass] a sheer mountain-wall. [Added entry. For Gochressiel see QS $147 and commentary.] KHAT- hurl. N hedi, pa.t. hennin, hant; hador or hadron thrower (of spears or darts), cf. Hador; hadlath, haglath a sling (see LATH). [Added entry.] KHAW- (= KAY, q.v.) N haust bed. [This original entry was enlarged thus:] KHAW. rest, lie at ease (=kay, q.v.) N haust bed (*khau-sta, literally 'rest-ing'). In N associated with haud mound (see KHAG) Cf. Q hauta- cease, take a rest, stop. KHAYA- far, distant. Q haira adj. remote, far, [?also] ekkaira, avahaira. haya adv. far off, far away. [Added entry.] KHEL- freeze. Q helle frost; N hell. KHELEK- ice. N heleg ice, helch bitter cold; Q helke ice, helk ice-cold. [The base KHEL and derivatives were struck out, but KHELEK and derivatives retained.] KHEN-D-E- eye. Q hen (hendi); N hent, pl. hinn >hent, hint, or henn, hinn. [N forms changed to hen, hin.) KHER- rule, govern, possess. Q heru master, heri lady; hera chief, principal. ON khero master, khiril lady; N hir, hiril. N herth house- hold, troop under a hir; cf. Bara-chir [BARAS]. Cf. N hervenn husband, hervess wife [BES). Q heren fortune (= governance), and so what is in store for one and what one has in store; herenya fortunate, wealthy, blessed, rich; cf. Herendil = Eadwine. [Added entry. 'Herendil = Eadwine' derives from The Lost Road: Herendil is Audoin/Eadwine/Edwin in Numenor, son of Elendil. On the meaning of Old English ead see ibid. p. 46, and cf. IV. 212.] KHIL- follow. Q hilya- to follow; hildi followers = mortal men (cf. Hildorien), also -hildi as suffix. In N fir was used [PHIR]. Cf. Tarkil (*tara-khil). [Added entry. Cf. Romenildi in QS $151.] KHIM- stick, cleave, adhere. Q himya- to stick to, cleave to, abide by; himba adhering, sticking. N him steadfast, abiding, and as adv. continually. Cf. N hiw sticky, viscous (*khima); hoew custom, habit (*khaime) = Q haime habit. [Added entry.] KHIS-, KHITH- mist, fog. *khithi: Q hise; N hith, cf. Hithlum [LUM]. *khithme: Q hiswe; N hithw fog. *khithwa: Q hiswa grey; N hethw foggy, obscure, vague; Dor. hedu. Cf. Hithliniath or Eilinuial = Dor. Umboth Muilin. [Added entry. For Hithliniath 'pools of mist' (LIN') see QS $111.] KHO-N- heart (physical). Q hon; N hun. Cf. Hundor. Kho-gore, Q Huore, N Huor 'heart-vigour', courage [GOR]. [Added entry.] KHOP- Q hopa haven, harbour, small landlocked bay; hopasse harbourage. N hub; hobas, cf. Alfobas or hobas in Elf = Alqalonde capital of the Teleri. [Added entry; see KOP.] KHOR- set going, put in motion, urge on, etc. Q horta- send flying, speed, urge, hortale speeding, urging; horme urgency (confused with orme rushing [GOR]); hore impulse, horea impulsion. N hur readi- ness for action, vigour, fiery spirit; hortha- urge on, speed; horn driven under compulsion, impelled; hoeno, heno begin suddenly and vigorously. Cf. Hur-ind, Hurin [ID]. [Added entry.l KHOTH- gather. *khotse assembly: N both host, crowd, frequent in people - names as Glamhoth. Cf. host gross (144). Q hosta large number, hosta- to collect. N hud assembly. KHUGAN- Qhuan(hunen) hound; N huan. [This entry was changed to read thus:] KHUG- bark, bay. *khugan: Q huan (hunen) hound; N Huan (dog-name); Q huo dog; N hu. KHYAR- left hand. Q hyarmen south, hyarmenya southern; hyarya left, hyarmaite lefthanded [MA3]. N heir left (hand), hargam left- handed [KAB]; harad south, haradren, harn southern. [Added entry. The -y- in the base-stem was a further addition, and at the same time the Q forms were changed from har- to hyar-; see p. 345.] KHYEL(ES)- glass. Q hyelle (*khyelese); ON khelesa, khelelia; N hele, cf. Helevorn 'black-glass' [MOR], lake-name. Cf. KHELEK. [Added entry. Helevorn is written over an erasure in QS $ 118.] KIL- divide (also SKIL). Q kilya cleft, pass between hills, gorge. [The base SKIL is not found in the Etymologies. To this entry was added:] N cil. Cf. Kalakilya 'Pass of Light', in which Kor was built. N Cilgalad; Cilthoron or Cilthorondor. KIR- Q kirya ship; N ceir. [Added:] cirdan shipbuilder [TAN]. KIRIK- Q kirka sickle; N cerch. Q Valakirka, N Cerch iMbelain [BAL], Sickle of the Gods = Great Bear. N critho reap (*k'rikta). KIRIS- cut. Q kirisse slash, gash; N criss cleft, cut. [Added:] Cristhoron - g.sg. of thor eagle. N crist a cleaver, sword. Cf. RIS. KOP- Q kopa harbour, bay. [This entry was struck out; see KHOP.] KOR- round. *korna: Q korna round, globed; koron (kornen) globe, ball; koromindo cupola, dome. Kor round hill upon which Tuna (Tun) was built. N corn, coron, Cor (koro). [Cor > Caur, and the following added:] [Q] korin circular enclosure [cf. I. 257]; N cerin. N rhin-gorn circle [RIN]. Cf. Ilk. basgorn [sc. bast-gorn 'round bread', loaf: MBAS]. KOT- strive, quarrel. *okta strife: Qohta war. N auth war, battle; cost quarrel (kot-t-), Q kosta- quarrel. [The base was changed to KOTH, and the following added:] Q kotumo enemy, kotya hostile. [N] coth enmity, enemy; cf. Morgoth - but this may also contain GOTH. [See OKTA.] KRAB- press. N cramb, cram cake of compressed flour or meal (often containing honey and milk) used on long journey. [Added entry.] KU- * kukuwa dove; Q Au, kua, ON Au, kua, (= kuua); N cugu. [Added entry. The base-stem is not given but is taken from a later etymological note.] KUB- Q kumbe mound, heap; N cumb, cum. [Added entry.] KU3- bow. > kuw: Q ku bow; N cu arch, crescent; curan the crescent moon, see RAN. [Added:] * ku3na: N cun bowed, bow- shaped, bent; but Ilk. *kogna >coun, caun, Dan. cogn. KUL- gold (metal). Q kulu, N col; Q kuluinn of gold. KULU- gold (substance). Q kulo. [This entry was struck out and the following roughly substituted:] KUL- golden-red. Q + hullo red gold; kulda, kulina flame-coloured, golden-red; kuluina orange; kuluma an orange; N coll red (*kulda). KUM- void. Q kuma the Void; kumna empty; N cun empty. [The Q forms were retained, but the Noldorin altered to read:] ON kuma, N cofn, caun empty, void, but in EN [the Void was] called Gast, Belegast [cf. GAS]. KUNDU- prince. Q kundu; N cunn, especially in names as Felagund, Baragund. [Added entry.] KUR- craft. Q kunrwe craft. N curw, curu; curunir wizard; cf. Curufin [PHIN]. Cf. N crum wile, guile; conc cunning, wily. [Added entry. N crum was rejected; see KURUM.] KURUM- N crum the left hand; crom left; crumui left-handed (*krumbe, -a). [Added entry. Cf. KHYAR.] KUY- come to life, awake. Q kuile life, being alive; kuina alive; kuive (noun) awakening; kuivea (adj.) wakening; kuivie = kuive, cf. Kuivienen. N cuil life; cuin alive; echui(w) awakening (*et-kuiwe), hence Nen-Echui = Q Kuivienen. [The following additions were made:] N cuino to be alive; Dor Firn i guinar Land of the Dead that Live. KWAL- die in pain. Q qalme agony, death; qalin dead; unqale agony, death. [Added entry. See WAN.] KWAM- Q qame sickness; N paw; Ilk. com. [Added entry.] KWAR- clutching hand, fist. Q qar hand (qari); N paur fist. [This stem was not struck out, but a second form of it was put in elsewhere in the list:] KWAR- Q gare fist; ON pore; N paur, -bor, cf. Celebrimbor Silver-fist. KWAT- Q qanta full; ON panta; N pant full, cf. Cambant [KAB]; pathred fullness; pannod or pathro fill. [Added entry.] KWEL- fade, wither. Cf. Narqelion fire-fading, autumn, N lhasbelin [LAS(1)]. *kwelett- corpse: Q qelet, qeletsi. KWEN(ED)- Elf. *kwenede: Q qende Elf; N penedh, pl. penidh; Dan. cwenda. Q Qendelie, N Penedhrim. The word Eledh is usually employed. [Added entry.] KWES- * kwesse: Q qesse feather; Ilk. cwess down; N pesseg pillow (Q qesset). [Added entry.] KWET- (and PET-) say. * kwetta: N peth word. * kwenta tale: N pent, Q qenta; N pennas history. * kwentro narrator: Q qentaro; N pethron; Dor. cwindor. [Added:] Q qetil tongue, language; qentale account, history; lumeqentale history [LU]. N gobennas history, gobennathren historical. Q avaqet- refuse, forbid [AWA]. [For go- prefix see wo.] KWIG- Cf. KU3 * kwinga: Q qinga bow (for shooting); N peng. [Added entry.] KYAB- taste. Q tyavin I taste. KYAR- cause (cf. KAR). Q tyar- cause. KYEL- come to an end. Q tyel- end, cease; tyel (tyelde) end; tyelima final. Cf. TELES. [Added entry.] KYELEK- swift, agile. Q tyelka; N celeg, cf. Celegorn [GOR]. KYELEP- and TELEP- silver. N celeb silver; Q telpe and tyelpe silver; telepsa of silver = telpina, N celebren. Cf. Irilde Taltelepsa = Idhril Gelebrendal. [celebren, Gelebrendal early changed from celebrin, Celebrindal. The entry was rewritten thus:] KYELEP- (and TELEP?) silver. ON kelepe, N celeb, silver; Q telpe and tyelpe silver; telemna, N celefn, celevon = telpina, N celebren. Cf. Irilde Tal- telemna = Idhril Gelebrendal. T telpe; Ilk. telf. Q telpe may be Telerin form (Teleri specially fond of silver, as Lindar of gold), in which case all forms may refer to KYELEP. [For Idril (Idhril) see ID, and cf. Irilde Taltelepta in the Lost Tales, II. 216.] L. [The L-stems consist of lightly pencilled entries, in themselves hard to read, but not much changed subsequently,] LA- no, not. Q la and lala, also lau, laume (= la ume [UGU]), no, no indeed not, on the contrary; also used for asking incredulous ques- tions. As prefix la- > [vocalic] I > Q il, N al, as in Ilkorin, N Alchoron, pl. Elcheryn. Q lala- to deny. [See AR(2).] LAB- lick. Q lamba tongue, N lham(b). Q lavin I lick, also lapsa to lick (frequentative). N lhefi (lhaf). LAD- Cf. DAL, LAT. Q landa wide, N lhand, lhann. N camland palm of hand. Cf. Lhothland, Lhothlann (empty and wide), name of a region [LUS]. LAG- Q lango broad sword; also prow of a ship. N lhang cutlass, sword. LAIK- keen, sharp, acute. Q laike, N lhaeg. Q laike acuteness, keenness of perception. Ilk. laig keen, sharp, fresh, lively (blended with laikwa [see LAYAK]). LAK(1)- swallow; cf. LANK. Q lanko throat. LAK(2)- swift (cf. ALAK). * lakra: Q larka swift, rapid, also alarka; N lhagr, lhegin. LALAM- elm-tree. Q alalme; N lhalwen (lehwin), lhalorn; D lalm. [See ALAM.] LAM- Q lamya to sound; lama ringing sound, echo; lamma a sound; lamina echoing; nallama echo. Dor. lom echo, lomen echoing. Thus Dor. Lomendor, Lominorthin, Noldorinized > Dorlomen, Ered Lomin; pure N Eredlemrin, Dorlamren. See GLAM. LAN- weave. Q lanya weave; lanwa loom; lanat weft; lanne tissue, cloth. LANK- Q lanko throat; N Ihanc. [This stem was first written LANG, with derivatives Q lango (*langwi), N lhang. See LAK(1).] LAP- Q lapse babe; N lhaes, LAS(1)- *lasse leaf: Q lasse, N lhass; Q lasselanta leaf-fall, autumn, N lhasbelin (*lassekwelene), cf. Q Narqelion [KWEL]. Lhasgalen Greenleaf, Gnome name of Laurelin. (Some think this is related to the next and * lasse 'ear' . The Quendian ears were more pointed and leaf. shaped than [?human].) LAS(2)- listen. N lhaw ears (of one person), old dual *lasu - whence singular lhewig. Q lar, lasta- listen; lasta listening, hearing - Lastalaika 'sharp-ears', a name, cf. N Lhathleg. N lhathron hearer, listener, eavesdropper (< * la(n)sro-ndo)., lhathro or lhathrado listen in, eavesdrop. LAT- lie open. Q latin(a) open, free, cleared (of land); cf. Tumbo- latsin. Cf. Tumladen plain of Gondolin. N lhaden, pl. lhedin open, cleared; lhand open space, level; lhant clearing in forest. [Cf. LAD.] LATH- string, thong. Q latta strap; N lhath thong of [?leather]; cf. hadlath, haglath sling (KHAT). LAW- warm. *lauka warm: Q lauka, N lhaug. LAWAR-, N GLAWAR- *laure (light of the golden Tree Laurelin) gold - the metal was properly smalta, see SMAL; Q laure, N glaur, Dor. Oss. laur. Hence N glor-, lor- in names, as Glorfindel [SPIN], Inglor [ID]. Cf. Laurelin, N Galad-loriel; Rathloriel [RAT]. N glawar sunlight, radiance of Laurelin; + Glewellin. [See GLAW(-R). Cf. QS $16: 'Glewellin (which is the same as Laurelin song of gold)'.] LAYAK- *laik-wa: Q laiqa green; N lhoeb fresh - 'green' only in Q Laiqendi Green-elves, N Lhoebenidh or Lhoebelidh. Ilk. laig is blended with laika [LAIK]. LEB-, LEM- stay, stick, adhere, remain, tarry. Q lemba (*lebna) left behind, pl. Lembi Elves remaining behind = Telerin Ilkorins; N lhevon, lhifnir. [See p. 344.] LED- go, fare, travel. Cf. Q lende went, departed (linna go). ON lende fared; etledie go abroad, go into exile; N egledhi or eglehio go into exile, egledhron exile (ON etledro), eglenn exiled (ON etlenna). In N egledhron was often taken as the meaning of Ilk. Eglath = Eldar = Ilkorins [see dr.ED, GAT(H)). LEK- loose, let loose, release. N lhein, lhain free(d); lheitho to release, set free; lheithian release, freeing. Q leuka, lehta loose, slacken. Ilk. legol nimble, active, running free; cf. Legolin, a river-name. [A note on a slip accompanying these etymologies gives: 'Leth- set free (cf. LED); EN leithia to release, leithian release; cf. Lay of Leithian.' I have referred to this note in III. 154, at which time I overlooked the present entry.] LEP-, LEPET finger. Q lepse; N lhebed. Cf. LEP- (LEPEN, LEPEK) five. Q lempe; N lheben. Q lemnar week. The Valian week had five days, dedicated (1) to Manwe: (Ar)Manwen; (2) to Ulmo: (Ar) Ulmon; (3) to Aule and Yavanna: (Ar)Veruen, i.e. of the Spouses [BES]; (4) to Mandos and Lorien: (Ar)Fanturion [SPAN]; (5) to the three younger Gods, Osse, Orome, Tulkas, called Nessaron or Neldion [NETH, NEL]. The 73 weeks were divided into 12 months of 6 weeks. In the middle of the Year there was a separate week, Midyear week or week of the Trees, Endien [YEN] or Aldalemnar, N Enedhim, Galadlevnar. N names: Ar Vanwe; Ar Uiar (Ulmo) [WAY]; Ar Vedhwen (Bedu + ina), or Ar Velegol (Aule [see GAWA]); Ar Fennuir; Ar Nethwelein = of the young Gods, or Ar Neleduir of the three kings. [The dual form 'husband and wife' is given as besu in the entry BES 'wed', not as here bedu; similarly under KHER, NDIS and NI reference is made in the original to BED, not BES. There is however no suggestion of any alteration in the entry BES itself. - For the element Ar see AR(1). In the Quenya names of the days Ae is written above Ar, but Ar is not struck out. - For the 'young Gods' see p. 120.] LI- many. Q lie people; -li pl. suffix, lin- prefix=many, aslintyulussea having many poplars [TYUL], lindornea having many oaks [DORON]. In N the ending -lin 'many' has been blended with rhim > lim, rim. LIB(1)- drip. Q limba a drop., cf. helkelimbe [KHELEK]. LIB(2)- *laibe: Q laive ointment. N shows GLIB-: glaew salve. *libda: Q lipsa; N [lhud >] glud soap. LILT- dance. Q lilta- dance. LIN(1)- pool. Q linya pool-, N lhin., Ilk. line. Cf. Ailin [Av], Taiglin. LIN(2)- (originally GLIN) sing. Q linde air, tune; N lhind, lhinn. Q lindo singer, singing bird: cf. tuilindo swallow, N tuilinn [TUY], Q lomelinde nightingale, N dulinn. Q lindele music. Cf. Laurelin (g.sg. Laurelinden), but this also taken as 'hanging-gold' (g.sg. Laure- lingen): see LING. Lindon, Lhinnon Ilk. name of Ossiriand: 'musical land' (*Lindan-d), because of water and birds; hence Eredlindon, = Mountains of Lindon. [tuilindo ('spring-singer'): cf. I. 269. On the origin of Lindon, Eredlindon see commentary on QS $ 108. - See GLIN.] LIND- fair (especially of voice); in Q blended with slinda (see SLIN). Q linda fair, beautiful, cf. Lindar; N lhend tuneful, sweet; Ilk. lind. LING-, N GLING- hang. Q linga- hang, dangle; N gling. Cf. Glingal [and see LIN(2)]. LINKWI- Q linqe wet. N lhimp; lhimmid moisten (pa.t. lhimmint). LIP- Q limpe (wine), drink of the Valar. [The first appearance of limpe since the Lost Tales, where it was the drink of the Elves; for the old etymology see I. 258.] LIR(1)- sing, trill; in N g-lir- [see GLIR]. Q lirin I chant. LIR(2)- ON lire row, range, N lhir row. Cf. oeglir range of mountain peaks. LIS- honey. Q lis (lissen); N gli, g-lisi. Cf. megli (meglin adj.) bear (*mad-li honey-eater [MAT], kenning for brog, see MOROK). Cf. Meglivorn = Blackbear. LIT- Q litse sand., ON litse > litthe, N lith -, cf. Fauglith [PHAU]. LIW- *linwi fish: Q lingwe; N lhimb, lhim; Dor. liw. LOD. * londe narrow path, strait, pass: N lhonn (cf. Aglon) ., cf. N othlond, othlon paved way (ost city + lond). Q londe road (in sea), entrance to harbour, cf. Alqalonde. LOK- great serpent, dragon. Q loke (-i) dragon; anguloke dragon [ANGWA], ramaloke winged dragon [RAM], uruloke fire-dragon [UR], fealoke spark-dragon [PHAY], lingwiloke fish-dragon, sea-serpent [LIW]. Cf. N lhug, amlug, lhimlug. LOKH- Q lokse hair; N lhaws, lhoch (*lokko) ringlet. LONO- lona island, remote land difficult to reach. Cf. Avalona [AWA] = Tol Eressea = the outer isle. [Added to this is A-val-lon. Avallon first appears in the second version of The Fall of Numenor ($1) as a name of Tol Eressea with the explanation that 'it is hard by Valinor'.] LOS- sleep. Q olor dream, cf. Lorien = N Lhuien. Q lore slumber, lorna asleep. N ol dream, oltha [to dream]. [See OLOS.] LOT(H) flower. Q lote (large single) flower; losse blossom (usually, owing to association with olosse snow, only used of white blossom [see GOLOS]). N lhoth flower; gwaloth blossom, collection of flowers [wo]. Cf. Wingelot, Wingelote Foamflower, N Gwingeloth [WIG]; Nimloth [NIK-W] = Galathilion. LU- Q lume time (cf. lumeqenta history, chronological account, lumeqentale history, lumeqentalea historical); lu a time, occasion. N lhu. [See KWET.] LUG(1)- *lunga heavy: Q lunga; N lhong; Dor. lung; cf. Dor. Mablung [MAP]. LUG(2)- * lugni blue: Q lune; N lhun (Dor. luin pale, Dan. lygn). Cf. Lunoronti Blue Mountains, N Eredluin (also Lhunorodrim, Lhundirien Blue Towers) = Eredlindon Mountains of Lindon (= Ossiriand). [For an occurrence of Lunoronti see p. 32. Luindirien Blue Towers occurs in a footnote added to QS $108 (commentary).] LUK- magic, enchantment. N lhuth spell, charm; Ihutha to enchant; Lhuthien enchantress (Dor. Luithien). Q luke enchantment; luhta enchant. [The etymology of Luthien changed to read thus:] Doriath luth, whence Luthien (Noldorized as Lhuthien): *luktiene. LUM- Q lumbe gloom, shadow; Hisilumbe, N Hithlum [mrs]. In Q the form is usually Hisilome by attraction of lome night [DO3]. N lhum shade, lhumren shady. LUS- N 1host empty, cf. [Mablothren >] Camlost [KAB], Lothlann [LAD]. Q lusta void, empty. LUT- float, swim. Q lunte boat; N lhunt. N lhoda float. M. [The M-entries are faint and difficult to interpret, and some are very confused. My father made a beginning on a new list, writing the etymologies out afresh and clearly, but this petered out after he had treated the stems in MA- and a few others (MBAD, MBER, MEL).] MAD- Q marya pale, fallow, fawn. N meid, maid, hence Maidhros (anglicized Maidros) = pale-glitter [Rus]. MA3- hand. PQ *ma3 (ma3-) hand: Q ma; ON mo (pl. mai) usually replaced by kamba (N camm): see KAB. Hence * ma3iti handy, skilled, Q maite (pl. maisi); ON maite, N moed. * ma3-ta to handle: Eld. * mahta-: Q mahta-, ON mattho-be, N matho stroke, feel, handle; wield (confused with *makta, see MAK). Related is MAG- use, handle, in * magra useful, fit, good (of things): Q mara, N maer, * magna skilled: ON magna, N maen skilled, clever, maenas craft, handicraft, art. [In the original form of this entry the name Maidros (see MAD) was placed under MAG: Maedhros < Maenros.] MAK- sword, or as verb-stem: fight (with sword), cleave. * makla: Q makil sword; N magl, magol. * makta: Q mahta- wield a weapon (blended with ma3-ta, see MA3), fight: hence mahtar warrior = N maethor. N maeth battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few), maetha to fight. Cf. Magladur [cf. DO3?] or Magladhonn = Black-sword (as name). Q Makalaure = Gold-cleaver, name of fifth son of Feanor, N Maglor. [In the original form of this entry the N forms of the noun 'sword' were megil, magol, and the name 'Black-sword' was Megildur (> Magladhur, Maglavorn). If these forms were to replace Mormakil, Mormegil etc. as Turin's name in Nargothrond they never appear in the texts.] MAN- holy spirit (one who has not been born or who has passed through death). Q manu departed spirit; N man. Cf. Q Manwe (also borrowed and used in N [see WEG]). MANAD- doom, final end, fate, fortune (usually = final bliss). Q manar, mande. N manad. Cf. N manathon. In Q this stem is partly blended with MBAD, q.v. and cf. Mandos, Kalamando. MAP- lay hold of with hand, seize. Q mapa- grasp, seize. ON map- seize, take away by force. Ilk. (Dor.) mab hand (*mapa), cf. Mablung [LUG(1)]. Ilk. Ermab(r)in one-handed (of Beren: cf. Mablosgen emptyhanded = N Erchamron, Camlost). [The forms Ermab(r)in and Erchamron are certain.] MASAG- knead, make soft by rubbing, kneading, etc. * mazga: Q maksa pliant, soft; 0N mazga > maiga, N moe, soft. * mazge: Q makse dough, N moeas dough. I1k. maig dough. MAT- eat. Q mat-; N medi. For megli bear see us. MBAD- duress, prison, doom, hell. * mbanda: N band, bann duress, prison; Angband Hell (Iron-prison) (Q Angamanda). Q Mando the Imprisoner or Binder, usually lengthened Mand-os (Mandosse = Dread Imprisoner, N. Bannos [GOS]). Blended with Q with MAN - hence Kalamando Light Mando = Manwe, Morimando Dark Mando = Mandos. MBAD is in turn related to BAD, q.v. MBAKH- exchange. Q manka- trade; makar tradesman; mankale commerce. N banc, banga; bachor pedlar; bach article (for ex- change), ware, thing (*mbakha). MBAL- Q malle street; ambal shaped stone, flag. MBAR- dwell, inhabit. Q a-mbar (ambaron) 'oikoumene', Earth; Endamar, Ambarenya Middle-earth. N ambar, amar Earth; Em- merein, Emerin (Ambarenya) Middle-earth. Martan(o) Earthbuilder = Aule (N Barthan) [TAN]. Gondobar, Findobar [PHIN]. [With the use of the Greek word oikoumene here cf. Letters no. 154, p. 197. - Ambarendya occurs in the Ambarkanta, IV. 241 - 3. - With Martan cf. I. 266, entry Talka Marda. - Findobar was the son of Fingon (p.403).] MBARAT- Q umbar (umbarten) fate, doom; N ammarth. Q marta fey, fated; maranwe destiny; martya- destine. N barad doomed; bartho to doom. Cf. Turamarth, Q Turambar [apparently written thus over Turumbar]. MBAS- knead. Q masta- bake, masta bread. N bast bread; basgorn loaf [KOR]. MBAW- compel, force, subject, oppress. Q mauya- compel; mausta compulsion; maure need. N baug tyrannous, cruel, oppressive; bauglo to oppress; bauglir tyrant, oppressor; bui (*mauy-) (imper- sonal), baur need. Cf. Gothmog (*Gothombauk-) [GOS]. MBER- Q meren (merend-) or merende feast, festival; N bereth. Q merya festive; meryale holiday. N beren festive, gay, joyous. [This stem was first MER, and the N words mereth, meren; but a new stem MER was then introduced and the former MER changed to MBER, the N words becoming bereth, beren. The name Mereth Aderthad was never changed in the texts.] MBIRIL- (compound of MIR and RIL, q.v.) Q miril (mirilli) shining jewel; mirilya- glitter. Ilk. bril glass, crystal; cf. Brilthor glittering torrent. MBOTH- Dor. moth pool, umboth large pool. Cf. Q motto blot, N both puddle, small pool. Cf. Umboth Muilin [MUY] = N Elinuial or Hithliniath. MBUD- project. * mbundu: Q mundo snout, nose, cape; N bund, bunn. Cf. * andambunda long-snouted, Q andamunda elephant, N andabon, annabon [ANAD]. MEL- love (as friend). Q mel-; melin dear, melda beloved, dear; melme love; melisse (f.), melindo (m.) lover; melima loveable, fair, Melimar = Lindar. Irregular vocalism: * malo friend, Q malo. N meleth love; mell dear; mellon friend; meldir friend, f. meldis; melethron, melethril lover. mil love, affection; milui friendly, loving, kind. MEN- Q men place, spot; mena region. Cf. Numen, Romen, Harmen [see KHYAR], Tormen [which is the form in the Ambarkanta, IV. 244- 5, 248 - 9, changed later to Formen (PHOR).] MER- wish, desire, want. Q mere, pa.t. merne. [See MBER.] MEREK- [This entry was struck out, and the stem MBEREK written against it. It was the same as the entry BEREK, q.v., except that the Q form was here merka 'wild' for verka, a N form brerg 'wild, fierce' was given, and bregol was translated 'fierce'.] MET- end. Q mente point, end; N ment point; meth end (*metta); methen end. Q metya- put an end to. MI- inside. Q mi in, within; mir and minna to the inside, into; mitya adj. interior. MIL-IK- Q milme desire, greed; maile lust; mailea lustful; milya- long for; milka greedy; Melko (*Mailiko), N Maeleg (*-ka). N melch greedy; mael lust; maelui lustful. [The stem vowel ae in the N words was changed to oe: Moeleg, etc. The Gnomish name Moeleg of Melko occurs in Q (IV. 79, 164).] MINI- stand alone, stick out. Q mine one; minya first; minda promi- nent, conspicuous; mindo isolated tower. N min one, minei (*miniia) single, distinct, unique; minnas tower, also mindon (*minitaun, cf. tunn [see TUN]). MINK-W- Q minqe eleven. MIR- Q, ON mire; N mir jewel, precious thing, treasure. Cf. Nauglamir (Doriathrin form). Mirion ordinary N name of the Silevril (Silmarilli), pl. Miruin; = N Golo(d)eir or Mir in Geleid, Dor. Goldamir. [The name Borommiro is scribbled in: see BOR.] MIS- go free, stray, wander. Q mirima free; cf. Mirimor = the Teleri. mista- stray about. N mist error, wandering; misto to stray; mistrad straying, error. [In the long note to QS $29 giving names 'in song and tale' of the Kindreds of the Elves a name of the Teleri is 'the Free' (and another 'the Wanderers').] MISK- Q miksa wet; N mesg, mesc. MITH- N mith white fog, wet mist; cf. Mithrim [RINGI]. [Later addition: mith = grey.] MIW- whine. Q maiwe gull, N maew. Q miule whining, mewing. MIZD- *mizde: Q miste fine rain; N midh dew; Dor. mid moisture (adj. med wet, * mizda); Dan. meord fine rain. Cf. Dor. name Dolmed 'Wet-head' [NDOL]. [The stems MISK-, MITH-, MIZD- are evidently related, but it is scarcely possible to see from the changes on the manuscript what my father finally intended.] MO- *mol-: Q mol slave, thrall; N mul. Q mota- labour, toil; N mudo (pa.t. mudas). [Cf. Lhammas $8: mulanoldorin > molanoldorin, language of the Noldor enslaved by Morgoth.] MOR- *mori black: Q more black (N + mor}; mordo shadow, obscurity, stain; more blackness, dark, night; morna gloomy, sombre; morilinde nightingale (Ilk. murulind, myrilind). N maur gloom; moru black. Ilk. mor night. Meglivorn: see LIS, MAT. Morgoth Black Foe [KOT] = Melko. Morimando = Mandos [see MBAD]. Moriqendi Dark Elves = Morimor, N Duveledh or Durion [DO3]. [This entry is extremely confused through changes and afterthought additions, and I have tried to arrange the material more sequentially. It is not clear, however, that all the forms given were intended to stand.] MOROK- *moroko bear: Q morko; N brog; Ilk. broga. [See LIS.] MOY- Q moina familiar, dear; ON muina, N muin dear. [See TOR.] MU- not, no. [See UGU, UMU.] MUY- Q muina hidden, secret; muile secrecy. Dor. muilin secret, veiled; Umboth Muilin veiled pool = N Lhin Uial or Eilinuial. Dor. muil twilight, shadow, vagueness. (Not in N because it became identical with moina [MOY].) N. [There was no new start made on the N-entries, which remain in their extremely difficult original form. The stems with an initial back nasal consonant (followed by the stop g), represented in the manuscript by a special form of the latter n, are here printed NG-.] NA(1)- [Cf. ANA(1)] Q an, ana, na to, towards, prefix ana-. N na with, by, prefix an-. Also used as genitive sign. NA(2)- [Cf. ANA(2)] be. Stem of verb 'to be' in Q. Cf. nat thing, N nad. NAD- Q nanda water-mead, watered plain. N nand, nann wide grassland; nador, nadras pasture. Dor. nand field, valley. Cf. Nandungorthin, Nan Tathren. NAK- [Cf. ANAK] bite. Q nak- bite; N nag-. Q nahta a bite; N naeth biting, gnashing of teeth [see NAY]. N naew (*nakma), Q nangwa jaw. Cf. *an-ka jaw, row of teeth: Q anka, N anc; Anc-alagon 'Biting-Storm', dragon-name [ALAK]. NAN- N nana (hypocoristic) mother; naneth. [See AM(1).] NAR(1)- flame, fire. Q nar and nare flame, cf. Anar Sun-, narwa fiery red. N naur flame; Anar Sun; narw, naru red. Cf. Egnor [EK], etc.; for Feanor see PHAY. Q narqelion 'fire-fading', autumn [KWEL]. [The N form Anar is clear. See ANAR.] NAR(2)- (Q nyar-) tell, relate. Q nyare tale, saga, history, lumenyare [LU]; nyarin I tell. ON narobe he tells a story (pa. t. narne), trenare he recounts, tells to end (inf. trenarie). N + naro tell; treneri (nennar), pa.t. trenor, trener; trenarn account, tale (ON trenarna); narn tale, saga (Q nyarna). [For prefix tre- see TER.] NARAK- tear, rend (tr. and intr.). *naraka rushing, rapid, violent: Q naraka harsh, rending, violent; N narcha- to rend, Q narki. N Narog river-name; Nar(o)gothrond [os] = fortress of Narog; Narogardh = realm of Narog. NAS- point, sharp end. Q nasse thorn, spike; nasta- prick, sting. N nass point, sharp end; angle or corner (cf. BEN); nasta prick, point, stick, thrust. Cf. SNAS, SNAT. NAT- (cf. NUT) lace, weave, tie. Q natse web, net; N nath web; Dor. nass. N nathron weaver, webster; gonathra- entangle, enmesh, gonathras entanglement. [For prefix go- see wo.] NAUK- Q nauko dwarf. N naug. Cf. Nogrod Dwarf-city [cf. ROD?]. Also in diminutive form naugol (naugl-). The name Nauglamir is strictly Doriathric, in which genitive in -a(n) preceded. The true N idiom is mir na Nauglin or Nauglvir > Nauglavir. [N naug was struck out and replaced by: 'N nawag (pl. neweig, neweg); Dor. naugol, whence EN naugl'; but the rest of the entry was allowed to stand. The stem NAWAK was written beside NAUK.] NAY- lament. naeth (nakt-) 'biting' is associated in N with this stem, and gets senses of gnashing teeth in grief: cf. Nirnaeth Arnediad (or Aronoded) [NOT]. Q naire lament, naina- lament. N noer adj. sad, lamentable; nae alas, Q nai. Q, ON noi, nui lament (*naye); Nuinoer, Nuinor, name of Turin's sister. NAYAK- (or perhaps NAYKA-, elaboration of NAK, q.v.) pain. Q naike sharp pain; naikele; naikelea painful. N naeg pain; negro to pain. NDAK- slay. ON ndakie to slay, pa.t. ndanke; ndagno slain (as noun), corpse; ndakro slaughter, battle. N degi to slay; daen corpse; dangen slain, cf. Haudi Ndengin; dagr, dagor battle; dagro to battle, make war. *ndako warrior, soldier: ON ndoko, N daug chiefly used of Orcs, also called Boldog. [Boldog is an Orc-captain in the Lay of Leithian and in Q $10. The meaning here is that Boldog was used beside daug; see NGWAL.] NDAM- hammer, beat. Q namba a hammer, namba- to hammer. Nambarauto hammerer of copper, sixth son of Feanor, N Damrod [RAUTA]. N dam a hammer, damna- to hammer (pa.t. dammint). NDAN- back. (Cf. Danas; N Dan, pl. Dein, Dadrin). Q nan- (prefix) backwards. Dor. don back (noun). Cf. Q na, nan but, on the contrary, on the other hand, a-nanta and yet, but yet. [See DAN, and commentary on Lhammas $7.] NDER- strengthened form of der man (see DER). * ndero bridegroom > Eldarin ndaer, Q ner man (blended with der); ON ndair, N doer bridegroom. Cf. Ender surname of Tulkas (Endero), as Indis (see NDIS) of his wife. NDEW- follow, come behind. Q neuna (*ndeuna) second; * ndeuro follower, successor: Q neuro, cf. Dor. Dior successor (i.e. of Thingol). The stem is confused with NDU 'sink' in N. NDIS- Strengthening (parallel to NDER Of DER) Of NIS 'woman', itself elaborated from INI. NDIS-SE/SA Q nisse beside nis (see NIS, NI) woman. ON ndissa young woman (in N dess was blended with bess, properly 'wife'); *ndise bride > ON ndis, N dis. Intensive form * i-ndise = Q Indis 'bride', name of the goddess Nessa. NDOL- Q nola round head, knoll; N dol (ON ndolo) head. Cf. Q Andolat hill-name, N Dolad. N dolt (pl. dylt) round knob, boss. Cf. Dor. Ndolmed, Dolmed = Wet Head, name of mountain in Eredlindon. NDOR- dwell, stay, rest, abide. Q nore land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live, as Vali-nore (Valinor). The long vowel in Q is due to confusion with nore clan (NO, ONO). N dor (* ndore); dortho- dwell, stay. Cf. Endor = Endamar Middle-earth. Doriath: see GATH. [Under ENED Endor is defined as 'centre of the world'. See IV. 254 - 5.) NDU- (see also NU) go down, sink, set (of Sun, etc). Associated in N with DO3 night, also with NDEW. Q numen west (see MEN), numenya western; nuta set, sink (of Sun or Moon); andune (*ndune) sunset. N dun west, beside annun used as opposite of amrun (see AM); also duven [?southern]. [Scribbled marginal notes give: 'Numenore and Andunie = Land of Great Men (after the Last Battle). NDUR, NUR bow down, obey, serve; num sunset; cf. -dur in name lsildur.' In FN I ($2) Andunie was likewise the name of the land of Numenor, not (as in FN II) of its chief town.] NDUL- See DUL. * ndulla: Q nulla dark, dusky, obscure; N doll, cf. Terendul. NED- See ENED. middle, centre. N enedh core, centre; Q ende. But N nedh- as prefix = mid-. NEI- tear. Q nire, nie tear; cf. nieninqe snowdrop [NIK-W], Nienna. N nir tear, weeping; nirnaeth lamentation [NAY]; nin (*neine) tear, ninim snowdrop (nifredil). Q nite (*neiti-) moist, dewy; N nid damp, wet; tearful. *neiniel-: N niniel tearful. NEL- three. NEL-ED- three: Q nelde; N neledh later neled (after canad four). Prefix nel- tri-. nelthil triangle (neltildi) [TIL]. Doriathrin neldor beech. Cf. Neldoreth name of a forest in Doriath, properly name of Hirilorn the great beech of Thingol with three trunks = neld-orn? [see OR-NI]. The N name is brethel, pl. brethil (cf. Forest of Brethil); see BERETH [where brethil is given as the singular). The proper Dor. name was galdbreth > gal- breth [GALAD]. NEL-EK- tooth. Q nelet, nelki. ON nele, neleki; N nel, neleg. NEN- Q nen (nen-) water; N nen (pl. nin). Q nelle (* nen-le) brook; nende pool; nenda watery, wet. N nend, nenn watery. Cf. Ui-nend, Q Uinen [UY]. NEN-WI- nose. Q nengwe, nengwi; nengwea nasal. N nemb, nem; Dor. niw. NER- Q stem for PQ der- man, derived from influence of ndere and ni, nis: see NI, DER, NDER. NETER- nine. Q nerte; N neder. NETH- young. Q Nessa goddess, also called Indis (bride): see NI, NDIS. nessa young (*neth-ra); nese or nesse youth; nessima youth- ful. N nith youth (*nethe); neth young (nethra); Neth or Dineth = Indis Nessa. NGAL- / NGALAM- talk loud or incoherently. Q nalme clamour; N glamb, glamm (*ngalambe, influenced by lambe [LAB]) barbarous speech; Glamhoth = Orcs. See LAM, GLAM. [The stem was changed subsequently to NGYAL- and Q nalme to yalme.] NGAN-, NGANAD- play (on stringed instrument). Q nande a harp, nandelle little harp; nandele harping; nanda- to harp; nandaro harper. N gandel, gannel a harp; gannado or ganno play a harp; talagant [> talagand] harper (*tyalangando), cf. Talagant [> Talagand] of Gondolin [TYAL]. Ilk. gangel, genglin. [Talagant appears in no literary source, but cf. Salgant in the tale of The Fall of Gondolin, the cowardly but not wholly unattractive lord of the People of the Harp: II. 173, 190 - I, etc.] NGAR(A)M- Dor. garm wolf; N garaf; Q narmo, narmo. NGAW- howl. N gaur werewolf; Q nauro. N gaul, Q naule wolf- howl. N gaw- howl; gawad howling. NGOL- wise, wisdom, be wise. Q nolwe wisdom, secret lore; nole wisdom; nola wise, learned; + ingole deep lore, magic (N + angol). N + golw lore, golwen (*ngolwina) wise, learned in deep arts; goll (*ngolda) wise; gollor magician; gul magic. Dor. ngol, gol wise, magical; (n)golo magic, lore; durgul, mor(n)gul sorcery. NGOLOD- one of the wise folk, Gnome. Q noldo; ON ngolodo, N golodh, pl. goeloeidh, geleidh, and golodhrim; T golodo, Dor. (n)gold; Dan. golda. Q Ingolonde Land of the Gnomes (Beleriand, but before applied to parts of Valinor); N Angolonn or Geleidhien. Golovir (Mir in Geleidh) = Silmaril; Dor. Goldamir; Q Noldomire [MIR]. NGOROTH- horror (cf. GOR; GOS, GOTH). N Gorgoroth deadly fear (*gor-ngoroth), cf. (Fuin) Gorgoroth, later name of Dorthanion, also called Taur-na-Fuin or Taur-na-Delduath. Cf. Dor. name Nan Dungorthin (Dor. ngorthin horrible, dunn black); Dor. ngorth horror = N goroth, Nan Dongoroth or Nann Orothvor [see DUN]. NGUR- ON nguru, ngurtu; N gur Death, also guruth [see WAN]. Q nuru, Nuru (personified) = Mandos; Nurufantur = Mandos Gugannor [SPAN]. Cf. Gurtholv [> Gurutholf] 'Wand of Death', sword-name [GOLOB]. NGWAL- torment. Q ungwale torture; nwalya- to pain, torment; nwalka cruel. N balch cruel; baul torment, cf. Bal- in Balrog or Bolrog [RUK], and Orc-name Boldog = Orc-warrior 'Torment-slayer' (cf. NDAK). NGYO-, NGYON- grandchild, descendant. Q indyo; T endo; ON ango (not in N). Cf. YO, YON. NI(1). woman - related to INI female, counterpart to 3AN male. In Q ni was archaic and poetic and usually replaced by nis pl. nissi or nisse pl. nissi. See NIS, NDIS. In Q, PQ der 'man' became ner (not ler) owing to blending with ndaer 'bridegroom' and to influence of nt, nis (see DER, NDER). In ON ni woman' later > di through influence of dir [see DER]., but di was only rare and poetical ('bride, lady'): it was replaced in sense 'woman' by bess [see BES], and in sense 'bride' by cpd. di-neth {see NETH). Dineth is also N name for the goddess Neth = Q Nessa, and Indis. NI(2)= I. NIB- face, front. N nif (*nibe) front, face. Dor. nef face; nivra- to face, go forward; nivon west, Nivrim West-march, Nivrost West-dales [Ros(2)]. [Nivrim 'West-march' occurs in QS $110, and Nivrost 'West Vale' in QS $106.] NID- lean against. *nidwo bolster, cushion: Q nirwa; ON nidwa, N nedhw. NIK-W- Q niqe snow; ninqe white (*ninkwi); nieninqe 'white tear' = snowdrop [NEI]; ninqita- shine white; ninqita- whiten; ninqisse whiteness. Taniqetil(de) = High White Horn = N Nimdil-dor (*Ninkwitil(de) Tara). N nimp (nim) pale; nifred pallor, fear; nimmid to whiten (pa.t. nimmint); nifredil snowdrop; nimred (nimpred) pallor. NIL-, NDIL- friend. Q nilda friendly, loving; nildo (and nilmo), f. nilde, friend; nilme friendship. In names -nil, -dil = Old English wine, as Elendil (*Eled-nil) = AElfwine; Herendil = Eadwine [see KHER]. NIN-DI- fragile, thin. Q ninde slender; N ninn. NIS- Probably an elaboration of INI, NI; feminine counterpart to DER 'man'. Q nis, nissi (see NI). NO- (cf. ONO) beget. Q nore country, land, race (see NDOR). N nur race; noss (= Q nosse) clan, family, 'house', as Nos Finrod House of Finrod. Q onoro brother, onone sister. ON wanuro, N gwanur [wo]. NOL- smell (intr.). Q, L holme odour. N ul odour (*nole); angol stench. NOROTH- Q norsa a giant. NOT- count, reckon. Q not- reckon, onot- count up; note number. N noedia count; gonod- count up, reckon, sum up; cf. arnoediad, arnediad, beside aronoded, innumerable, countless, endless; gwanod tale, number [see wo]. NOWO- think, form idea, imagine. Q noa and no, pl. nowi, concep- tion; nause imagination (*naupe). N naze, pl. nui, idea; nauth- thought; nautha- conceive. NU- Cf. NDU. Q nun adv. down below, underneath; no prep. under. N no under, with article nui (Dagor nuin Giliath). *nura, or separate stem NUR; Q nura deep; N nur, Cf. Nurqendi = Gnomes; Nuron, N name for Ulmo. NUT- tie, bind. Q nutin I tie; nute bond, knot; nauta bound, obliged. N nud-; nud bond; naud bound. NYAD- gnaw. *nyadro: Q nyano rat; N nar (< nadr). NYEL- ring, sing, give out a sweet sound. Q nyello singer; nyelle bell; T Fallinel (Fallinelli) = Teleri [PHAL]. N nell bell; nella- sound bells; nelladel ringing of bells. Q Solonyeldi = Teleri (see SOL); in Telerin form Soloneldi, O. OKTA- See KOT. Q ohta war. N auth. Ilk. oth. OLOS- dream. Q olor dream, Olofantur (s-f > f) = Lorien. N [olt >] ol (pl. elei); oltha- to dream (*olsa-); Olfannor (= Olo(s)-fantur) [SPAN] = Lorien. [See LOS.] OM- Q oma voice; oman, amandi vowel. ONO- beget (see NO). Q onta- beget, create (pa.t. one, ontane); onna creature; ontaro (ontaro) begetter, parent (f. ontare); ontani parents. N odhron parent (odhril); (*onro) ed-onna beget; un creature. ORO- up; rise; high; etc. (cf. RO). Q ore rising, anarore sunrise; orta- rise, raise. N or prep. above; prefix or- as in orchall, orchel superior, eminent (see KHAL(2)); ON ortie, orie rise, ortobe raise; N ortho raise (orthant); erio rise (+ oronte arose). OROT- height, mountain. Q oron (pl. oronti) mountain; orto mountain-top. ON oro, pl. oroti, beside oroto; N orod (pl. ereid, ered) mountain; orodrim range of mountains (see RIM). DOr. orth, pl. orthin. Cf. Orodreth; Eredwethion, Eredlindon, Eredlemrin, Eredengrin. OR-NI- high tree. Q orne tree, high isolated tree. N, Dor. orn. In Doriath used especially of beech, but as suffix in regorn etc. used of any tree of any size. In N used of any large tree - holly, hawthorn, etc. were classed as toss (tussa) bush [TUS]: thus eregdos = holly [EREK]. N orn has pl. yrn. OROK- *orku goblin: Q orko, pl. orqi. ON orko, pl. orkui; N orch, pl. yrch. Dor. urch, pl. urchin. Dan. urc, pl. yrc. OROM- * Orome: Q Orome; ON Oroume, Araume > Exilic Araw, also called Tauros. See ROM. OS- round, about. N o about, concerning, h before vowel as o Hedhil concerning Elves; os- prefix 'about', as esgeri cut round, amputate (3 sg. osgar). Q osto city, town with wall round. N ost; othrond fortress, city in underground caves = ost-rond (see ROD). Cf. Belegost, Nargothrond. OT- (OTOS, OTOK) seven. Q otso; N odog. Q Otselen Seven Stars, N Edegil, = Great Bear or Valakirka Sickle of the Gods. OY- ever, eternal. Q oi ever; oia (*oiya) everlasting; otale, oire everlasting [?age]; oira eternal. Oiolosse 'Everlasting snow' Taniqetil = ON Uigolosse, N Uilos, Amon Uilos; uir eternity; uireb eternal. Q Oiakumi = Avakuma. [This entry replaced that under GEY, which itself replaced EY.] P. PAD- Q panda enclosure. N in cirban haven; pann courtyard. PAL- wide (open). Q palla wide, expansive; palu-, palya- open wide, spread, expand, extend; N pelio spread. Q palme surface; N palath surface. Q palure surface, bosom, bosom of Earth (= Old English folde), hence Palurien surname of Yavanna. [Later addition:] palang far, distant, wide, to a great extent; palantir a far-seeing stone. PALAP- Q palpa- to beat, batter. N blebi for * plebi; blab flap, beat (wing, etc.) PAN- place, set, fix in place (especially of wood). Q panya- fix, set; N penio. Q pano piece of shaped wood. <pano: plank, fixed board, especially in a floor: ON pano, panui, N pan, pein; panas floor. Q ampano building (especially of wood), wooden hall. PAR. compose, put together. * panna: Q parma book, ON parma, N parf (perf). Q parmalambe book-language = Qenya. ON parthobi arrange, compose. PARAK- Q parka dry; ON parkha, N parch. PAT- (cf. PATH) * panta open: Q panta, obsolete in ON owing to coalescence with qanta full. Q panta- to unfurl, spread out, open. N panno to open, enlarge; pann (*patna) wide. PATH- *pathna: ON pattha, N path; Q pasta smooth. * pathma: ON pathcva, N pathw level space, sward. PEG- mouth. Q pe. PEL- revolve on fixed point. Q pel- go round, revolve, return. *pel- takse: Q peltas, pl. peltaksi pivot; ON pelthaksa, N pelthaes pivot (see TAK). PEL(ES)- ON pele (pl. pelesi, peleki) [Old English] 'tun', fenced field. N pel, pl. peli. Q peler; opele walled house or village, 'town'; N gobel, cf. Tavrobel (village of Turin in the forest of Brethil, and name of village in Tol Eressea) [TAM]; Tindobel = starlit village [TIN]. [On this remarkable reference to Tavrobel see pp. 412 - 13.] PEN-, PENED- Q pende slope, downslope, declivity; ampende upward slope, penda sloping down, inclined. N pend, penn declivity; ambenn uphill; dadbenn downhill, inclined, prone [see AM(2), DAT]. N pendrad or pendrath passage up or down slope, stairway. [See note 'to DEN.] PER- divide in middle, halve. Q perya, perina; N perin, cf. Peringol half-Elf, or Gnome. [Cf. Beringol and Peringiul 'Half-elven', commentary on AB z annal 325; also Pereldar 'Half-eldar', Danas, in QS $28. The puzzling words 'or Gnome' should perhaps be interpreted as if 'half-Elf, or rather half-Gnome (perin + ngol)'.] PERES- affect, disturb, alter. N presto to affect, trouble, disturb; prestannen 'affected', of vowel [i.e. 'mutated'];prestanneth 'affection' of vowels. ON persos it affects, concerns. [This entry is found on a detached slip.] PHAL-, PHALAS- foam. Q falle foam; falma (crested) wave; falmar or falmarin (falmarindi) sea-spirit, nymph; falasse beach; Falanyel, pl. Falanyeldi = Solonel, name of the Teleri, also in Telerin form Fallinel (see NYEL). N falf foam, breaker; faltho (ON phalsobe) to foam; falas (pl. feles) beach, shore, as proper name i Falas west coast (of Beleriand), whence adj. Falathren. The variant SPALAS is seen in espalass foaming [? fall]; T spalasta- to foam, froth. [With falmarin 'sea-spirit' cf. Falmarini, spirits of the foam, in the Lost Tales, I. 66. Falmarindi is used of the Teleri: p. 403.] PHAR- reach, go all the way, suffice. Q farya- suffice (pa.t. farne); fare sufficiency, plenitude, all that is wanted;farea enough, sufficient. EN farn enough; far adv. sufficient, enough, quite. PHAS- Q fasse tangled hair, shaggy lock; fasta- tangle. ON phasta shaggy hair, EN fast (cf. Ulfast [ULUG]). PHAU- gape. Q fauka open-mouthed, thirsty, parched; ON phauka thirsty, N faug thirsty; Dor na Fauglith (thirsty sand, see LIT). PHAY- radiate, send out rays of light. Q faina- emit light; faire radiance; ON phaire. Cf. * Phay-anaro 'radiant sun' > Q Feanaro, ON Phayanor, N Feanour, Feanor. Cf. N foen radiant, white. [See SPAN.] PHELEG- cave. T felga cave; Q felya; ON phelga, N fela, pl. fili; cf. Felagund [KUNDU]. PHEN- Q fenda threshold; ON phenda, N fend, fenn. PHER-, PHEREN- beech. Q feren or ferne (pl. ferni) beech-tree; ferna mast, beechnuts; ferinya beechen. T ferne. ON pheren beech; pherna mast; Exilic fer was usually replaced by brethil (see BERETH). PHEW- feel disgust at, abhor. Q feuya; ON phuiobe, N fuio. PHI- Q fion (fioni, fiondi) [....] Cf. Fionwe son of Manwe [see WEG]. [The meaning of Q fion is unfortunately not certainly legible; the likeliest interpretation would be 'haste', but 'hawk' is a possibility.] PHILIK- small bird. Q filit, pl. filiki; N filig pl., analogical singular fileg or filigod. PHIN- nimbleness, skill. ON phinde skill, phinya skilled; * Phinde- rauto, N Finrod [RAUTA]. Cf. Q Finwe, ON Phinwe, name of chief Gnome (Exilic * Finw, [see WEG]). Find- occurs also in names Findabar (*Phind-ambar), Fingon (*Findekano) [KAN]; phinya or -phini occurs in Fingolfin (= ngolfine 'magic skill'), Isfin [is], Curufin [KUR]; distinguish SPIN in Glorfindel. [On the absence of Finw in Exilic Noldorin see also the passage at the end of the Lhammas $ 11. - The name Findabar appears in the entry MBAR in the form Findobar, as also in the Genealogies, p. 403.] PHIR- Q firin dead (by natural cause), firima mortal; fire mortal man (firi); firya human; Firyanor = Hildorien; ilfirin (for *ilpirin) immortal; faire natural death (as act). N feir, pl. fir mortals; firen human; fern, pl. firn dead (of mortals). Dor firn i guinar Land of the Dead that Live [KUY]. Firiel = mortal maid, later name of Luthien. PHOR- right-hand. Q forya right; formaite righthanded, dexterous [MA3]. formen north, formenya northern [MEN]. N foeir, feir right (hand); forgam righthanded [KAB]; forven north, also forod; forodren northern. Cf. Forodwaith Northmen, Northerland [WEG]; Forodrim. *phoroti: Q forte. N forn right or north. (Cf. KHYAR.) PHUY- Q fuine, huine deep shadow; Fui, Hui Night. ON phuine night, N fuin; cf. Taur na Fuin = Taure Huineva. PIK- ON pika small spot, dot; N peg. ON pikina tiny, N pigen. PILIM- Q pilin (pilindi) arrow. PIS- Q pirya juice, syrup. N peich; pichen juicy. PIW- spit. Q piuta; ON puiobe, N puio. POL-, POLOD- physically strong. Q polda strong, burly. Cf.poldore, adj. Poldorea. POR- *pori: Q pore flour, meal. POTO- animal's foot. ON poto, poti, N pod, pyd. POY- *poika clean, pure: Q poika; N puig clean, tidy, neat. PUS- stop, halt, pause. Q pusta- to stop, put a stop to, and intr. cease, stop; pusta (noun) stop, in punctuation full stop. N post pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite. [An added entry gives PUT-, with Q putta stop (in punctuation), pusta- to stop, punta a stopped consonant; but the entry PUS- was not cancelled or changed.] R. RAB- *raba wild, untamed: Q rava, N rhaw wilderness. [Q rava and N rhaw with wholly different meaning are also derivatives from stem RAMBA, and N rhaw appears in a third sense under RAW.] RAD- back, return. Dor. radhon east (cf. nivon forward = west [NIB]); Radhrim East-march (part of Doriath); Radhrost East-vale, land of Cranthir under Blue Mountains [Ros(2)]. *randa cycle, age (100 Valian Years): Q, ON randa; N anrand. RAG- *ragna: ON ragna crooked, N rhaen. RAK- stretch out, reach. *ranku: Q ranko arm, pl. ranqi; ON ranko, pl. rankui; N rhanc, pl. (archaic) rhengy, usually rhenc, arm. *rakme fathom: Q rangwe; ON ragme, N rhaew. RAM. *rama: Q rama wing, cf. Earrame 'Sea-wing' [Av], name of Tuor's ship. N rhenio (*ramya-) fly, sail, wander (cf. RAN)., rhofal pinion, great wing (of eagle), pl. rhofel (*ramale); rhafn wing (horn), extended point at side, etc. (*ramna). [With rhofal cf. 'wide-winged Lhandroval' in QS (p. 301); for the first element see LAD.] RAMBA- Q ramba wall, cf. Ilurambar; N rhamb, rham, cf. Andram 'Long Walls' [ANAD] in Beleriand. Q rava bank, especially of a river; N rhaw [see RAB, RAW]. RAN- wander, stray. *Rana: Q Rana Moon, N Rhan. Q ranya- to stray, N rhenio (cf. RAM); Q rane straying, wandering, ranen errant; N rhaun, [added later:] N rhandir wanderer, pilgrim. RAS- stick up (intr.). Q rasse horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains); N rhaes, rhasg; cf. Caradras = Redhorn [KARAN]. [This entry was an addition at the end of the list. The N words and the reference to Caradras were scribbled in still later.] RASAT- twelve. [No other forms are given.] RAT- walk. "rata: N rad path, track; rado to make a way, find a way; ath-rado to cross, traverse [AT(AT)]; athrad crossing, ford, cf. Sarn Athrad. *ratta: ON rattha course, river-bed, N rath (cf. Rathloriel) [LAWAR]. ostrad a street. [Added:] rant lode, vein; Celebrant river-name. Ilk. rant flow, course of river. RAUTA- metal. Q, ON rauta; N rhaud, cf. -rod in names Finrod, Angrod, Damrod (see PHIN, ANGA, NDAM). [The original meaning of RAUTA was given as 'copper', changed to 'metal'; cf. Nambarauto (Damrod) 'hammerer of copper' under NDAM.] RAW- *rau: Q ra (pl. ravi) lion; ON ro (pl. rowi), N rhaw (pl. rhui). [Cf. I. 260, entry Measse'. - Distinct N words rhaw appear under RAB and RAMBA.] RAYAK- Q raika crooked, bent, wrong; N rhoeg wrong. RED- (Cf. ERED) scatter, sow. Q rerin I sow, pa.t. rende; N rhedi to sow. ? redda 'sown', sown field, acre. REG- edge, border, margin. Q rena. N rhein, rhain border; edrein. REP- bend, hook. rempa crooked, hooked. RI- Q rima edge, hem, border. Dor. rim (as in Nivrim [NIB], Radhrim [RAD]); N rhif. RIG- Q rie crown (*rige); rina crowned (cf. Tinwerina); ON rige, N rhi crown. Cf. Rhian name of a woman, = 'crown-gift', rig-anna [ANA(1)]; N rhin crowned; rhis queen. [Elerina, which was substituted for Tinwerina in a note dated February 1938 (p. 200), appears in a marginal addition to entry EL.) RIK(H)- jerk, sudden move, flirt. Q rihta- jerk, give quick twist or move, twitch. *rinki: Q rinke flourish, quick shake. N rhitho jerk, twitch, snatch; rhinc twitch, jerk, trick, sudden move. RIL- glitter (cf. SIL., THIL, GIL). Q rilma glittering light; nlya glitter- ing, brilliance. Cf. Silmarille, Silmaril (pl. Silmarilli), N Silevril (*silimarille). RIM- *rimba: Q rimba frequent, numerous; ON rimba, N rhemb, rhem. *rimbe crowd, host; Q, ON rimbe, N rhimb, rhim - often as pl. -rim [see LI]. RIN- Q rinde circle, rinda circular. N rhind, rhinn circle; idrind, idrin year [YEN]; rhinn circular; rhingorn circle [KOR]. RINGI- cold. Q ringe; ON ringe, N rhing; cf. Ringil name of one of the great Lamps (pillared on ice), also of Fingolfin's sword. Q ringe cold pool or lake (in mountains); Dor. ring, N rhimb, rhim, as in Mith-rim. RIP- rush, fly, Ring. Q rimpa rushing, flying; N rhib-, rhimp, rhimmo to flow like a [? torrent]; river-name Rhibdath, Rhimdath 'Rushdown'. [This entry was a hasty scribbled addition at the end of the R-stems.] RIS- slash, rip. ON rista- rend, rip; N risto. Cf. Orchrist sword-name. [This entry was left unchanged, but a second form of it was added later without reference to the first:] RIS. Cf. KIRIS, cut, cleave. *rista-: Q rista- cut; rista a cut, N rhisto, rhest; Ilk. rest, cf. Eglorest, ghyll or ravine made by the river Eglor [see ELED] at its mouth, name of town there. *risse-: N rhis, rhess a ravine, as in Imladris. RO- (form of ORO, q.v.) rise. Q romen (see MEN) east, romenya eastern; rona east; contrast NDU 'down'. ON nina east, N rhun, amrun (cf. dun, annun); + rhufen east. Cf. name El-run. [El-run was an addition. See note to BARATH.] ROD- cave. Q rondo cave; N rhond, rhonn, cf. Nargothrond, othrond (see os). Dor. roth, pl. rodhin, as in Meneg-roth is probably from roda > rodh > roth. Cf. ON rauda hollow, cavernous, N rhaud. ON rostobe to hollow out, excavate, N rosto. In Ilkorin rond = domed roof, hence Elrond (vault of heaven) [EL], name of Earendel's son. ROK- Q rokko horse; N roch horse. ROM- (Cf. OROM and Orome, Araw) loud noise, horn-blast, etc. Q romba horn, trumpet; ON romba, N rhom. Q roma loud sound, trumpet-sound; ON ruma, N + rhu in rhomru sound of horns. ROS'- distil, drip. Q rosse fine rain, dew. N rhoss rain, cf. name Celebros Silver-rain of a waterfall. Silivros = Q Silmerosse, name of Silpion. [Both Silivros and Silmerosse are found in the list of the names of the Trees in QS )16. Celebros is translated 'Silver Rain' in AB 2 annal 299 (previously 'Foam-silver', 'Silver Foam').] ROS(2)- Dor. rost plain, wide land between mountains; cf. Nivrost [NIB], Radhrost [RAD]. ROY'- chase. *ronyo 'chaser', hound of chase: Q ronyo, N rhyn. Q roita- pursue; raime hunt, hunting; N rhui(w). ROY'- (N GROJ-) ruddy, red. Q roina ruddy; N gruin. [This second stem ROY was put in very rapidly at the end of the R-stems and without any reference to the former.] RUD- *runda: Q runda rough piece of wood; ON runda, N grond club; cf. Grond name of Melko's mace, and name Celebrond 'Silver- mace'. RUK- demon. Q rauko demon, malarauko (*ngwalarauko, cf. NGWAL); N rhaug, Balrog. RUN- flat of hand or sole of foot. Q runya slot, footprint; tallune (*talrunya) sole of foot, N telloein, tellen [TAL]. N rhoein, rhein slot, spoor, track, footprint. RUS- flash, glitter of metal. Q russe corruscation, + sword-blade; ON russe polished metal (N + rhoss chiefly found in names as Maedhros [MAD], Findros, Celebros etc., owing to coalescence with ROS(1) ). RUSKA- ON ruska, N rhosc brown. S. S- demonstrative stem. su, so he (cf. -so inflexion of verbs); st*, se she (cf. -se inflexion of verbs). Cf. N ho, hon, hono he; he, hen, bene she; ha, hana it; plurals huin, hin, hein. SAB- Q sava juice; ON soba, N san, {pl. sui). SAG- *sagra: Q sara bitter; N saer. *sagma: Q sangwa poison; N saew. SALAK-(WE) Q salqe grass; Ilk. salch. ON salape herb, green food plant, N salab (pl. seleb) herb. SALAP- lick up. Q salpa- lick up, sup, sip; ON salpha liquid food, soup, broth; N salf broth. SAM- unite, join. samnar diphthongs. [Hasty later addition; see SUD and SUS.] SAR- Q sar, pl. sardi stone (small); sarna of stone; sarne strong place. N sarn stone as a material, or as adj.; cf. Sarnathrad. SAY- know, understand. saira- wise; sairon wizard. SED- rest (cf. EZDE 'rest', Q Este, ON Ezda, wife of Lorien). Q sere rest, repose, peace; senda resting, at peace; serin I rest. N sidh peace. SEL-D- daughter [see YEL]. Q selde. In N iell (poetic sell girl, maid) with i from iondo son [YO]; a change assisted by the loss of s in cpds. and patronymics: cf. Tinnuviel (*tindomiselde, Q Tindomerel), see TIN. [The meaning 'daughter' was later changed to 'child', with Q forms seldo, selda added.] SER- love, be fond of (of liking, friendship). Q suffix-ser friend; sermo friend (f. serme), also seron. Cf. name Elesser (Eledser) = AElfwine. SI- this, here, now. Q si, sin now; sinya new. N sein (pl. sin) new; siniath news, tidings; sinnarn novel tale [NAR(2)]. SIK- Q sikil dagger, knife; N sigil. SIL- variant of THIL; 'shine silver'. These in Q cannot be distinguished normally, but Q Isil Moon, N + Ithil has th. s- appears in *silime 'light of Silpion', + silver, Q silme (cf. Silmerosse, N Silivros), N *silif. *silima silver, shining white (adj.): Q silma, N *silef, cf. Silevril, Q Silmaril (see RIL). In N Belthil (see BAL) s or th may be present. The Q name of the Elder Tree is Silpion (see below). Cf. Dor istel, istil silver light, applied by the Ilkorins to starlight, probably a Q form learned from Melian. For *silif N has silith, by assimilation to or from influence of + Ithil. Related is SILIP whence Q Silpion (N *Silfion, not used). SIR- flow. Q sir-, ON sirya-, N sirio flow. Q, ON sire, N sir river (cf. Sirion); Q siril rivulet. i SIW- excite, egg on, urge. Q siule incitement; ON hyule, N hul cry of encouragement in battle. SKAL(1)- screen, hide (from light). Q halya- veil, conceal, screen from light; halda (*skalna) veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady (opposed to helda stripped bare, see SKEL). ON skhalia-, skhalla; N hall; haltha- to screen. Ilk. esgal screen, hiding, roof of leaves. Dan. sc(i)ella shade, screen. Derivative name Haldir 'hidden hero' [DER] (son of Orodreth); also Ilk. Esgalduin 'River under Veil' (of [?leaves]). [There seems to be a query before the bracketed words at the end of the entry.] SKAL(2)- small fish. Q hala; halatir(no) 'fishwatcher', kingfisher; N heledir. [This stem was a later addition; see KHAL(1), TIR.] SKAR- *skarwe: Q harwe wound; N harw. Cf. Ilk. esgar. *skarna: Q harna wounded; N harn; harno to wound (Q harna-). Root sense: tear, rend; cf. *askara tearing, hastening: N asgar, ascar violent, rushing, impetuous. Ilk. ascar (cf. river-name Askar). SKAT- break asunder. Q hat-, pa.t. hante; terhat- break apart. SKEL- *skelma: Q helma skin, fell. N helf fur, heleth fur, fur-coat. *skelna naked: Q helda; ON skhella, N hell. helta (skelta-) strip. SKWAR- crooked. Q hwarin crooked; hwarma crossbar. Dan. swarn perverse, obstructive, hard to deal with. SKYAP- *skyapat- shore: Q hyapat; ON skhapa, pl. skhapati; N habad shore (pl. hebeid). SLIG- *sligne, *slinge: N thling spider, spider's web, cobweb. Q line cobweb; N thlingril [r uncertain] spider. Q lia fine thread, spider filament (*liga); N thle, Q liante spider. Cf. Ungoliante [UNG], N Deldu-thling [DO3, DYEL.]. SLIN- *slindi fine, delicate. Q linda 'fair' is blended with *linda sweet-sounding [see LIND]. N thlinn, thlind fine, slender; thlein (pl. thlin) = *slinya lean, thin, meagre. SLIW- sickly. *sliwe sickness: Q live, ON sliwe, thliwe, N thliw later fliw. *slaiwa sickly, sick, ill; Q laiwa, ON slaiwa, thlaiwa, N thlaew [> thloew] later flaew. SLUK- swallow. [No forms given.] SLUS-, SRUS- whisper. N thloss (floss) or thross a whisper or rustling sound; Q lusse a whispering sound, lussa- to whisper. SMAG- soil, stain. N maw ("maga) soil, stain, mael (*magla) stain and adj. stained. [N maw and mael changed to hmas and hmael; see note to SMAL.] SMAL- yellow. *smalina: Q, ON malina yellow, N malen (pl. melin). *smalda: Q malda gold (as metal), ON malda, N malt; N malthen (analogical for mallen) of gold. Cf. Melthinorn, older Mellinorn. *smalu pollen, yellow powder: Q malo, ON malo (pl. malui), N mal, pl. meil or mely. *smahva fallow, pale: Q malwa, N malw. *asmale, *asmalinde yellow bird, 'yellow hammer': Q ammale, ambale; ON ammale, ammalinde, N em(m)elin, emlin. [I give this entry as it was before it became confused by later changes in the phonology of initial sm- (ON retained sm-, and the N words have (h)m-); these were not carried through consistently. - Melthinorn 'tree of gold' is found in the list of names of the Trees in QS $ 16.] SNAR- tie. Q narda knot; N nard. SNAS-, SNAT- ? Q nasta spear-head, point, gore, triangle (cf. NAS); Dan. snaes. N naith (natsai pl.? ) gore. [Cf. the Naith of Loth1orien. The question-mark is followed by a drawing of an arrow-head.] SNEW- entangle. Q neuma snare; ON numa, N nu noose, snare. [The N forms were changed to sniuma and snyma; hniof (pl. hnyf) and hnuif. See note to SMAL.] SNUR- twist. N norn twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted; nord cord. SOL- Q solor (*solos) surf, cf. Solonel, pl. Soloneldi = Teleri. This is a Telerin form, cf. Fallinel, and cf. pure Q Solonyeldi [see NYEL]. SPAL-, SPALAS- variants of PHAL, PHALAS, q.v. SPAN- white. Q fanya, fana cloud. N fein white, faun cloud (*spana); T spania; Dan. spenna. Cf. Fanyamar upper air; Span- turo 'lord of cloud', Q Fantur surname of Mandos (Nurufantur, N Gurfannor 'lord of Death-cloud') and of his brother Lorien (Olofantur, N Olfannor 'lord of Dream-cloud'); N pl. i-Fennyr or Fennir = Lorien and Mandos [see NGUR, or.os]. (Confused in N with PHAY, q.v.) [The beginning of this entry was first written 'fanya cloud'; 'cloud' was struck through, and fana added, with meanings 'white' and 'cloud', but it is not clear how they are to be applied. - For Fanyamar see the Ambarkanta, IV. 236 etc. - 1 do not think that this association of the Fanturi with 'cloud' is found anywhere else.] SPANAG- *spanga: Q fanga; T spanga; ON sphanga beard; N fang, cf. An(d)fang [ANAD] Longbeard, one of the tribes of Dwarves (pl. Enfeng). Cf. Tinfang 'Starbeard', name of an Elvish piper; Ulfang [ULUG]. SPAR- hunt, pursue. ON (s)pharobe hunt, (s)pharasse hunt(ing); EN faras hunting (cf. Taur-na-Faras); feredir hunter (pl. faradrim); faro to hunt. Elfaron 'star-hunter', Moon. [With Taur-na-Faras (the Hills of the Hunters or Hunters' Wold) cf. Taur-na-Faroth in QS $ 112, and with the name 'Star-hunter' of the Moon cf. QS $76.] SPAY- despise, contemn. Q faika contemptible, mean. N foeg mean, poor, bad. SPIN- *spinde tress, braid of hair: Q finde, ON sphinde lock of hair; sphindele (braided) hair; N findel, finnel, cf. Glorfindel. Cf. spine larch, Q fine. SRIP- scratch. N thribi to scratch. STAB- *stabne, *stambe: Q sambe room, chamber; samna wooden post. ON stabne, sthamne; N thafn post, wooden pillar; tham, thamb hall. Q kaimasan, pl. kaimasambi bedchamber [KAY]. N thambas, thamas great hall. *stabno, *stabro carpenter, wright, builder: Q samno; ON sthabro(ndo), N thavron; Ilk. thavon. STAG. press, compress. *stanga: Q sanga crowd, throng, press, N thang compulsion, duress, need, oppression; cf. Thangorodrim (the mountains of duress). Cf. sangahyando 'throng-cleaver' (sword- name), N *havathang, dissimilated to havathang, hadafang [see SYAD]. STAK- split, insert. *stanka, *stakna: Q sanka cleft, split; ON sthanka, N thanc, cf. LHamthanc 'forked tongue', serpent-name [LAB]. ON nestak- insert, stick in, EN nestegi, pa.t. nestanc. STAL- steep. Ilk. thall (*stalre) steep, falling steeply (of river) -, thalos torrent (also a proper name) [the river Thalos in Ossiriand]. STALAG- *stalga stalwart, steady, firm: T stalga; ON sthalga, N thala, cf. thalion (*stalgondo) hero, dauntless man (pl. thelyn), especially as surname of Hurin Thalion. STAN- fix, decide. Cf. Q sanda firm, true, abiding; N thenid, thenin. Q sanye rule, law; sanya regular, law-abiding, normal. STAR- stiff. Q sara stiff dry grass, bent; N thar stiff grass; tharas hassock, footstool; gwa-star hummock [wo]. ON stharna sapless, stiff, rigid, withered; N tharn; not in Q since it would coalesce with *sarna of stone [SAR]. STARAN- Cf. Ilk. thron stiff, hard (*starana); cf. thron-ding in Balthronding name of Beleg's bow. [Under stems BEL and DING the name is written Bel-.] STELEG- N thela point (of spear); egthel, ecthel, cf. Ecthelion (see EK). [An illegible word after ecthel may read 'same', i.e. the same meaning as thela.] STINTA- short. Q sinta; ON sthinta, N thent. N thinnas 'shortness', name of mark indicating short quality of vowel. SUD- base, ground. sundo base, root, root-word. [A hasty later addition.] SULUK- Q sulka; ON sulkha, N solch root (especially as edible). SUK- drink. Q sukin I drink. N sogo, 3 sg. sog, pa.t. sunc, asogant (sogennen); N suth draught, Q suhto; N sautha- drain. *sukma drinking-vessel; Q sungwa; Ilk. saum. Variant SUG- in *suglu: Q sulo goblet, N sul. SUS- hiss. surya spirant consonant. [Later addition with SUD and SAM.] SWAD- *swanda: Q hwan (hwandi) sponge, fungus; N chwand, chwann, hwand. SWES- noise of blowing or breathing. *swesta-: Q hwesta- to puff; hwesta breath, breeze, puff of air: ON hwesta, N chwest puff, breath, breeze. SWIN- whirl, eddy. Q hwinya- to swirl, eddy, gyrate; hwinde eddy, whirlpool. N chwinio twirl, whirl, eddy; chwind, chwinn adj.; chwin giddiness, faintness; chwiniol whirling, giddy, fantastic. SYAD. shear through, cleave. Q hyarin I cleave. *syadno, *syando 'cleaver', sword; cf. *stangasyando = Q sangahyando 'throng- cleaver' (sword-name) (see STAG). In N lost owing to coalescence with KHAD [a stem not given in the Etymologies], except in + had [....] (*syada), cf. hadafang (for hadathang) = Q sangahyando; hasto hack through, from hast axe-stroke (*syad-ta). Cf. Q hyatse cleft, gash (*syadse > syatse), and N hathel (*syatsela) broadsword- blade, or axe-blade. [The illegible word would most naturally be interpreted as 'throng', but this obviously cannot be the case (or cannot have been intended.).] SYAL- *syalma: Q hyalma shell, conch, horn of Ulmo. N half seashell. T. TA - demonstrative stem 'that'. Q ta that, it; tana that (anaphoric); tar thither (*tad), ON to. TA-, TA3- high, lofty; noble. *tara lofty: Q tara, ON tara absorbed in N by taur from PQ *taura (see TAWAR, TUR). N poetic only or in ancient titles taur; often found in names, as Tor-, -dor, The latter was blended with taro king and turo master: cf. Fannor [SPAN]. *taro king: only used of the legitimate kings of the whole tribes, as Ingwe of the Lindar, Finwe of the Noldor (and later Fingolfin and Fingon of all the exiled Gnomes). The word used of a lord or king of a specified region was aran (ar), Q haran [see 3AR]. Thus Fingolfin taur egledhriur 'King of the Exiles' [see LED], but Fingolfin aran Chithlum 'King of Hithlum'. Q tar (pl. tari). N + taur, Ilk. tor, only used of Thingol: Tor Thingol = King Thingol. <tan queen, wife of a *taro: Q tari, but especially used in Q of Varda (Tinwetari Queen of Stars) - but in cpds. and titles the sexless cpd. form -tar was used: Tinwetar, Tinwerontar Queen of Stars = Varda; Sorontar King of Eagles (name of a great eagle). The word survived in Ilk. only in form toril = Melian. In N rhien, rhin was used - 'crowned lady'. see RIG. Base stem TA appears in Q Taniqetil (see NIK-W, TIL), where N substitutes following adj.: Nimdil-dor. But the Q form is possibly reduction of tan-nig with adjectival tana < *ta3na. The latter is suggested by N taen height, summit of high mountain, especially in Taen-Nimdil, Manwe's hall. Cf. also tarqendi = Lindar, 'High-elves', tarqesta = Lindarin, or Qenya 'high-speech'. [On Tinwetar, Tinwe- rontar see TIN and note.] TAK- fix, make fast. Q take he fastens, pa.t. tanke; tanka firm, fixed, sure. N taetho fasten, tie; tanc firm; tangado to make firm, confirm, establish. Ilk. taga he fixes, constructs, makes; tach firm, stiff, solid, *tankla pin, brooch: Q tankil; Ilk. tangol; N tachl, tachol. *takse nail: Q takse; N taes; Ilk. tass pin. Cf. Q peltas (peltaksi) pivot, N pelthaes [PEL]. *takma 'thing for fixing': Q tangwa hasp, clasp; N taew holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple; Ilk. taum. *atakwe construc- tion, building: Q ataqe; N adab building, house (pl. edeb). TAL- foot. Q tal (g.sg. talen); N tal, pl. teil; Ilk. tal, pl. tel. Related is TALAM floor, base, ground: Q talan (talami) floor, ground; talma base, foundation, root (cf. Martalmar). N talaf ground, floor, pl. teleif; Ilk. talum, pl. telmin. tal- is often used for 'end, lower end': so Rhamdal 'Wall's-end', name of a place in East Beleriand [RAMBA]. - Q tallune (*talrunya) sole of foot; N tellein, tellen (see RUN). [For Martalmar (also Talmar Ambaren) see the Ambarkanta, IV. 241 - 5.] TALAT- to slope, lean, tip. Q talta- to slope; talta adj. sloping, tilted, leaning; talta an incline. N talad an incline, slope. atland sloping, tilted; atlant oblique, slanting; atlanno to slope, slant. [The entry was first written thus. A first addition to it was 'Cf. Atalante (see LANT).' Subsequently the reference to LANT was changed to DAT (under which stem (DAT, DANT) are given Q lanta a fall, lanta- to fall, and Atalante the Fallen); but either at the same time or later this addition was made: 'Atalante (a-prefix = complete) downfall, overthrow, especially as name of the land of Numenor.' Cf. the statement on this subject in my father's letter of July 1964, cited on p. 8 (footnote). - Other additions to this entry extended the meaning of Q talta- ('slope, slip, slide down') and added Q atalta 'collapse, fall in' and N talt 'slipping, falling, insecure.'] TAM- (cf. NDAM) knock. *tamro 'woodpecker' (= knocker): Q tambaro; N tafr (= tavr), tavor, cf. Tavr-obel [PEL(ES)]. N tamno to knock (*tamba); Q tamin I tap, pa.t. tamne; tamba- to knock, keep on knocking. TAN- make, fashion. *tano: Q tano craftsman, smith; Martano or Martan, surname of Aule (Earth-smith), N Barthan [MBAR]. Q tanwe craft, thing made, device, construction. Q kentano potter; N cennan. [Certhan >] C(e)irdan shipbuilder. Tintanie star-maker = Varda (Elbereth); N Gilthonieth or Gilthoniel. [The latter part of this entry, from Q kentano, was an addition. Under KEM a Q word kemnaro 'potter' is given. The form Gilthonieth appears in the first draft of the hymn to Elbereth in the original second chapter (Three is Company) of The Lord of the Rings.] TAP- stop. Q tape he stops, blocks (pa.t. tampe); tampa stopper. TARAG- *targa tough, stiff; Q tarya; ON targa, N tara, tar-; Ilk. targ. N tarlanc stiff-necked, obstinate; tarias [s uncertain] stiffness, toughness, difficulty. [There must be a connection between tarlanc 'stiff-necked' (LANK) and Tarlang's Neck (The Return of the King V.2), concerning which my father noted (Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings, published in Lobdell, A Tolkien Compass, p. 193) that it was originally the name of a long ridge of rock but was later taken as a personal name.] j TARAK- horn (of animals). Q tarka horn; N tarag horn, also used of steep mountain path, cf. Tarag(g)aer = Ruddihorn [GAY]. [This entry was additional to the main list. On Taragaer see p. 345.] TARAS- ON tarsa trouble, N tars, tass labour, task. trasta- to harass, trouble. TATA- (cf. ATA, ATTA). N tad two, tadol double. Q tatya- to double, repeat; tanta double. [An earlier entry, struck out, was as follows: 'TAT- oldest form AT(AT)? two. Q atta again, atta- back again, re-'. See AT(AT).) TATHAR- *tathar, *tathare, *tathre willow-tree: Q tasar, tasare; N tathor (= *tathre), adj. tathren of willow; cf. Nan-tathren. TAWAR- wood, forest. *taure great wood, forest: Q taure; N taur; Ilk. taur. N Tauros 'Forest-Dread' [GOS], usual N by-name of Orome (N Araw). *tawar wood (material): Q tavar wood, taurina of wood; N tawar often used = taur; tawaren wooden (pl. tewerin). Ilk. taur wood (place and material). *tawaro/e dryad, spirit of woods: Q tavaro or tavaron, f. tavaril [cf. the old name Tavari, I. 66, 267.] Note: N adj. taur mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, is blend of *tara (= Q tara lofty), *taura masterful, mighty (TUR). It affected the sense of taur forest (only used of huge forests). TAY- extend, make long(er). Q taina lengthened, extended; taita to prolong; taile lengthening, extension. N taen long (and thin). TE3- line, direction. Q tie path, course, line, direction, way (*te3e), N te line, way. Q tera, N tir straight, right. [This stem was changed to TEN, and the ulterior form of Q tera, N tir given as *tenra. There is also a very rough additional entry TEN (see below).] TEK- make a mark, write or draw (signs or letters). Q teke writes; tehta a mark (in writing), sign, diacritic - as andatehta 'long-mark'. *tekla: Q tekil pen. *tekme letter, symbol: Q tengwa letter, tengwanda alphabet; tengwe writing, tengwesta grammar. N teitho write; teith mark (as andeith, ON andatektha); tiw letter (*tekme); tegl, tegol pen. Q tenkele writing system, spelling; tekko stroke of pen or brush (') when not used as long mark. TEL-, TELU- *telma, -e hood, covering. Q telme (cf. telmello tel- manna from hood to base [sic], from crown to foot, top to bottom); telta- to canopy, overshadow, screen; telume dome, (especially) dome of heaven. Cf. Telumehtar 'warrior of the sky', name of Orion. N telu dome, high roof; daedelu canopy (see DAY); ortheli roof, screen above, orthelian canopy. [Telumehtar reappears from the Lost Tales (Telimektar, Telumektar).] TELEK- stalk, stem, leg. Q telko leg, analogical pl. telqi; N telch (pl. tilch) stem. TELEP- silver; see KYELEP. TELES- elf, sea-elf, third tribe of the Eldar. Q Teler, pl. Teleri; Telerin Telerian; general pl. Telelli, Telellie 'Teler-folk'. Originally the sense was 'hindmost, tarrier'; cf. Q tella hindmost, last, telle rear (*telesa); N tele end, rear, hindmost part (pl. telei); adel behind, in rear (of). Some forms show blending with KYEL, q.v. [On the meaning of Teleri see the Lhammas $2 and QS $27.] TEN- N ti line, row (< *tene); tar (*tenra) straight. Q terna row, series, line; tea straight line, road. [See stem TE3 (changed to TEN), where the derivative words are different formations.] TER-, TERES- pierce. *terewa piercing, keen: Q tereva fine, acute; N trim fine, slender; Ilk. trew. Cf. Q tere, ter through; N tri through, and as prefix tre-, tri; ON tre unstressed prefix, see BAT, NAR; prep. tri. *teren(e): Q teren (terene) slender; Terendul, name ('slender- dark') [DUL, NDUL]. [The name Terendul occurs in The Lost Road (p. 59).] THAR- across, beyond. Thar-gelion; Thar-bad [?Crossway]. [Scribbled additional entry.] THE- look (see or seem). N thir (*there) look, face, expression, countenance; cf, Cranthir Ruddy-face [KARAN], Gostir older Gorsthir 'dread-glance', dragon-name [GOS]. N thio to seem, thia it appears. THEL-, THELES- sister (cf. tor, toron- brother [TOR]). ON wathel sister, associate, N gwathel, pl. gwethil. N thel, thelei sister, also muinthel, pl. muinthil [see MOY]. Q seler, pl. selli sister; ON thele, thelehi (thelesi); Q oselle [see wo] sister, associate. Usually used of blood-kin in Q was onone, see NO, ONO; cf. ON wanure kinswoman, N gwanur kinsman or kinswoman [wo]. THIL- (variant of SIL, q.v.) N Ithil poetic name of the Moon (Rhan) = Q Isil 'the Sheen'; thilio to glister. Cf. Belthil, Galathilion, names of the Elder of the Two Trees - but these may contain the variant SIL.. THIN- (cf. TIN). *thindi pallid, grey, wan: Q sinde grey. Sindo name of Elwe's brother, in Telerian form Findo, Ilk. Thind, later in Doriath called Thingol (i.e. Thind + gol wise, see NGOL) or Torthingol [TA] King Thingol, also with title Tor Tinduma 'King of Twilight' [TIN], N Aran Dinnu. N thind, thinn grey, pale; Ilk. thind. Q sinye evening (N + thin); N thinna. Q sinta- fade (sintane), ON thintha. THON- Ilk. thon pine-tree. N thaun pl. thuin is probably an early loan-word, with Ilk. o treated as ON o ( a. Ilk. Dor-thonion 'Land of Pines', name of mountainous forest N. of Doriath and afterwards becoming Taur-na-Fuin, a punning alteration of Dor-na-Thuin (Noldorin translation of Ilk. Dor-thonion). THOR-, THORON- Q soron (and sorne), pl. sorni eagle; N thor and thoron, pl. therein - thoron is properly old gen. sg. = ON thoronen, Q sernen, appearing in names as Cil-thoron, or Cil-thorondor [KIL]. Ilk. thorn, pl. thurin. Q Sorontar (name of) King of Eagles, N Thorondor, Ilk. Thorntor = Torthurnion. [Added:] Cf. name Elthor(o)n = eagle of sky. [The following was added in hastily above the entry THOR, THORON: 'THOR- = come swooping down; cf. Brilthor. Adj. thor swooping, leaping down; thorod torrent.' I take this to be an indication of the root-sense of THOR eagle.] THU- puff, blow. Q suya- breathe; sule breath. Cf. Sulimo surname of Manwe (wind-god). N thuio breathe; thul breath. THUR- surround, fence, ward, hedge in, secrete. Ilk. thuren guarded, hidden. Cf. Ilk. Garthurian Hidden Realm (= Doriath), sc. gard- thurian; Noldorinized as Arthurien, more completely as Ar(d)- thoren: thoren (*thaurena) pp. of thoro- fence [see 3AR]. Thurin- gwethil (woman of) secret shadow, Doriathren name (N Dolwethil) assumed by Tinuviel as a bat-shaped fay [WATH]. [Cf. the Lay of Leithian line 3954, where a marginal note explains Thuringwethil as 'she of hidden shadow' (III. 297, 304). The present entry retains the story of the Lay: it was Luthien who called herself by this name before Morgoth (see III. 306).] THUS- (related to THU?) *thausa: Q saura foul, evil-smelling, putrid. N than: corrupt, rotten; thu stench, as proper name Thu chief servant of Morgoth, also called Mor-thu, Q Sauro or Sauron or Suro = Thu. [In the original draft for the chapter A Knife in the Dark in The Lord of the Rings Frodo (but not there called Frodo) cries Elbereth! Gilthoniel! Gurth i Morthu!] TIK- (cf. PIK) Q tikse dot, tiny mark, point; amatikse, nuntikse [indicated in the manuscript to mean dots or points placed above (amatikse) or below (nuntikse) the line of writing. Added entry.] TIL- point, horn. Q tilde point, horn; cf. Ta-niqe-til (g.sg. tilden); N tild, till horn. Q Tilion 'the Horned', name of the man in the Moon; N Tilion. Q neltil (neltildi), N nelthil triangle (see NEL). [Cf. QS $75: marginal note by AElfwine to the name Tilion: 'hyrned' (Old English, horned'). It is strange that Tilion is here the man in the Moon: in QS (as in Q, IV. 97) he was 'a young hunter of the company of Orome'. Is the implication that in later ages the myth of Tilion became the story of the Man in the Moon? (see I. 202).] TIN- (variant of (?) and in any case affected by THIN, q.v.) sparkle, emit slender (silver, pale) beams. Q tine it glints, tintina it sparkles; *tinme sparkle, glint: Q tinwe sparkle (star), [struck out: cf. Tin- wetar, Tinwerontar star-queen, title of Varda;] tin-dome starlit dusk (see DOMO); tingilya, tingilinde a twinkling star (see GIL). N tinno to glint; tinw spark, small star; tint spark; gildin silver spark (see GIL.); *tindumh, tindu, tinnu dusk, twilight, early night (with- out moon). Cf. Aran Dinnu King of Twilight, name given by Gnomes to Thingol, called by Ilkorins Tor Tinduma. Ilk. tim spark, star; tingla- sparkle; tindum starlight, twilight. Q tinda glinting, silver; tinde a glint. N Tindumhiell, Tinnuviel, Tinuviel = 'daughter of twilight', a kenning of the nightingale, Q Tindomerel (see SEL-D: *Tin- domiselde), name given by Beren to Luthien daughter of Thingol. N ordinary name of nightingale is dulind, dulin [DO3, LIN(2)]; Q lomelinde; Ilk. mur(i)lind, myr(i)lind (see MOR). N moerilind, merilin was Noldorinized from Ilk. murilind, since mori did not = 'night' in N. The 'twilight' sense was largely due to THIN, q.v. [Against this entry is written in the margin: 'Tintanie, Tintalle Kindler = Varda; Q tinta- to kindle, make to spark': see pp. 344 - 5. Other marginal notes are: 'cf. Timbredil', which thus reappears from Q, IV. 82 (see BARATH); 'Tindubel twilit city' (see PEL(ES).] TING-, TANG- onomatopoeic (cf. DING. Q tinge, tango, twang; tinga-; N tang bowstring. TINKO- metal. Q tinko; N tinc. TIR- watch, guard. Q tirin I watch, pa.t. time; N tiri or tirio, pa.t. tiriant. Q tirion watch-tower, tower. N tirith watch, guard; cf. Minnas-tirith [MINI]. Cf. Q halatir (-tirnen), PQ *khalatirno 'fish-watcher', N heledirn = kingfisher; Dalath Dirnen 'Guarded Plain'; Palantir 'Far-seer'. [For the etymology of 'kingfisher' see KHAL(1), SEAL(2). - Palantir was a later addition, as also under PAL.] TIT- Q titta little, tiny; N tithen (pl. tithin). TIW- fat, thick. *tiuka: Q tiuka thick, fat; ON tuka, N tug; Ilk. tiog. *tiuko thigh: Q tiuko. Q tiuya- swell, grow fat; ON tuio-, N tuio to swell (associated with TUY). TOL(1)-OTH/OT eight. Q tolto; N toloth. TOL(2)-tollo island: Q tol, pl. tolle; N toll, pl. tyll; cf. Tol-eressea, N Toll-ereb. TOP- cover, roof. "top-: Q topa roof; topa- to roof; tope covers (pa.t. tompe). N tobo cover, roof over; tobas roofing. TOR- brother (cf. THEL- sister). ON wator brother (wa = together), especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates; N gwador (gwedeir). ON toron brother, pl. toroni. N + tor, terein; usually used was the cpd. muindor with analogical pl. muindyr (see MOY, moina). Q toron, torni brother; otorno sworn brother, associate [wo]; otornasse brotherhood; but usually of the blood- kinship was used onoro (*wa-noro = of one kin, see wo, NO) = ON wanuro, N gwanur kinsman. TOW- Q to wool; toa of wool, woollen; N taw. TUB- *tumbu deep valley, under or among hills: Q tumbo, N tum. Cf. Tumladen 'the level vale' [LAT], the vale of Gondolin. *tubna deep: Q tumna lowlying, deep, low; N tofn; Ilk. tovon. *Utubnu name of Melko's vaults in the North: Q Utumno; N Udun; Ilk. Uduvon; Dan. Utum. TUG- *tugu: Q tuo; ON tugo, N tu; Ilk. tugh, tu; muscle, sinew; vigour, physical strength. Cf. name Tuor (older tughor = tu-gor 'strength-vigour', see GOR). *tunga: Q tunga taut, tight (of strings, resonant); N tong; Ilk. tung. ] TUK- draw, bring. Q tukin I draw; N tegi (3 sg. tog) to lead, bring; Ilk. toga he brings. TUL- come, approach, move towards (point of speaker). Q tulin I come; N teli to come, tol he comes. *tulta make come: Q tulta- send for, fetch, summon; N toltho fetch; Ilk. tolda he fetches. TULUK- Q tulka firm, strong, immoveable, steadfast; cf. Tulkas (Tulkatho, Tulkassen). tulko (*tulku) support, prop. EN tolog stalwart, trusty. tulu (*tulukme, ON tulugme) support, prop. Tulkas was also called Ender (see NDER), EN Enner. TUMPU- hump. Q tumpo; N tump. TUN- *tundu: Q tundo; N tund, tunn hill, mound. *tunda: Q tunda tall; N tond, tonn; Ilk. tund. *Tuna: Q Tun, Tuna Elf-city in Valinor; ON Tuna, N Tun. Cf. N mindon isolated hill (*minitunda), especially a hill with a watch-tower. [Under MINI N mindon is derived from *minitaun. - I cannot explain why Tun appears here as a Q form: see QS $39, and commentary on $$39, 45.] TUP- *tupse: Q tupse thatch; N taus; Ilk. tuss. TUR- power, control, mastery, victory. *ture mastery, victory: Q ture; N tur. Cf. name Turambar, N Turamarth 'Master of Fate', name taken in pride by Turin (Q Turindo) - which contains the same element tur victory, + indo mood (see m). *turo and in cpds. turo, tur, master, victor, lord: cf. Q Fantur, N Fannor. Q turin I wield, control, govern, pa.t. turne; N ortheri, 3 sg. orthor (*ortur-) master, conquer; tortho to wield, control. *taura: Q taura mighty; N taur vast, mighty, overwhelming, awful - also high, sublime (see TAWAR). [Added:] Turkil, cf. Tarkil = Numenorean [KHIL]. TURUM- *turuma: Q turma shield; *turumbe: T trumbe shield; Ilk. trumb, trum. TUS- *tussa: Q tussa bush, N toss low-growing tree (as maple, hawthorn, blackthorn, holly, etc.): e.g. eregdos = holly-tree. See EREK, OR-NI. TUY- spring, sprout (cf. TIW grow fat, swell?). Q tuia sprouts, springs; N tuio. *tuile: Q tuile spring-time; also used = dayspring, early morn = artuile [AR(1)]. Cf. tuilindo (for *tuilelindo 'spring- singer') swallow, N tuilind, tuilin [LIN(2)]. *tuima: Q tuima a sprout, bud; N tuiw, tui. TYAL- play. Q tyalie sport, play, game; tyalin I play. N telio, teilio (*tyalia-) to play. Cf. tyalangando = harp-player (Q tyalangan): N Talagand, one of the chiefs of Gondolin (see NGAN). N te(i)lien sport, play. TYUL- stand up (straight). *tyulma mast: Q tyulma. *tyulusse poplar-tree: Q tyulusse, N tulus (pl. tylys) [see u]. U. UB- abound. Q uvea abundant, in very great number, very large; uve abundance, great quantity. N ofr (ovr), ovor abundant (*ubra), ovras crowd, heap, etc.; ovro to abound. UGU- and UMU- negative stems: Q uin and umin I do not, am not; pa.t. ume. Q prefix u (< ugu, or gu) not, un-, in- (usually with bad sense), as vanimor fair folk = (men and) elves, uvanimor monsters. Cf. GU, MU. [Under BAN the Vanimor are the Children of the Valar; see pp. 403 - 4. - This entry was first written, like all others in this part of the manuscript, in pencil, but then overwritten in ink; it was struck out, in pencil, but this may have been done before it was overwritten. Apparently later pencilled additions are: [Q] umea evil, [N] um bad, evil.] ULU- pour, flow. Q ulya- pour (intr. pa.t. ulle, tr. ulyane); ulunde flood; ulea pouring, flooding, flowing. *Ulumo name of the Vala of all waters: Q Ulmo; N Ulu, usually called Guiar (see WAY). N oeil, eil it is raining (*ulya); *ulda torrent, mountain-stream, EN old, oll. ULUG- T ulga, Ilk. olg hideous, horrible; *ulgundo monster, de- formed and hideous creature: Q ulundo; T ulgundo, Ilk. ulgund, ulgon, ulion; N ulund, ulun. Also ULGU: cf. Ul- in Ulfang, Uldor, Ulfast, Ulwarth, names of Swartmen. [These names of the Easterlings were of course given to them by the Elves (as is specifically stated of those with the element BOR); but cf. the Lhammas $ 10, where this is not so.] UNG- *ungwe: Q ungwe gloom; ungo cloud, dark shadow. Cf. Ungweliante, Ungoliante the Spider, ally of Morgoth (cf. SLIG). Ilk. ungol darkness, ungor black, dark, gloomy. In N not used except in name Ungoliant, which is really taken from Q. The name of the Spider in N is Delduthling (see DYEL, DO3). UNU- (cf. NU, NDU). undu a parallel form in Q made to equal ama, amba up [AM ]: down, under, beneath. UNUK- Q unqe hollow; unka- hollow out; unqa adj. hollow. UR- be hot. Q ur fire, N ur. Q Urin f. (g.sg. Urinden) name of the Sun. Q uruite, uruva fiery. Cf. Dagor Vreged-ur Battle of Sudden Fire [BEREK]. Q urya- blaze. [This entry was struck through, and beside it the following written very roughly:] UR- wide, large, great. Urion. Q ura large; N ur wide. USUK- *us(u)k-we: Q usqe reek; N osp; Ilk. usc smoke. UY- Q uile long trailing plant, especially seaweed; earuile seaweed [AY]; Uinen (Uinenden) wife of Osse, ON Uinenda, EN Uinend, Uinen (cf. NEN); [N] uil seaweed, oeruil. W. [The stems in W- form the concluding entries in the manuscript, and unlike those that precede were carefully written in ink, with some pencilled changes and additions.] WA-, WAWA-, WAIWA- blow. Q vaiwa, waiwa wind; N gwaew; Ilk. gwau. WA3. stain, soil. *wa3ra: Q vara soiled, dirty; N gwaur (ON wora); Ilk. gor. *wahta- to soil, stain: Q vahta; N gwatho (ON wattobe); Ilk. goda-. *wahte a stain: ON watte, N gwath coalescing with *wath, q.v. [WATH]; Ilk. god dirtiness, filth. *wahse: Q vakse stain; ON wasse, N gwass. Cf. Iarwath 'Blood-stain' [YAR], surname of Turin. WAN- depart, go away, disappear, vanish. Q vanya- go, depart, disappear, pa.t. vanne; vanwa gone, departed, vanished, lost, past; vanwie the past, past time. This stem in N replaced KWAL in application to death (of elves by fading, or weariness): thus gwanw (*wanwe) death; gwanath death; gwann (*wanna) departed, dead. Note: gwanw, gwanath are the 'act of dying', not 'death, Death' as a state or abstract: that is guru (see NGUR). N gwanno (wanta-) depart, die. [The stem WAN was changed in pencil to VAN.] WA-N- goose: Q van, wan (pl. vani) goose; N gwaun, pl. guin. WAR- give way, yield, not endure, let down, betray. ON warie betray, cheat; awarta forsake, abandon. EN gwerio betray; gwarth betrayer; awartha forsake; awarth abandonment. Cf. Ulwarth. [This entry was an addition in pencil. On Ulwarth see ULUG and note.] WATH- shade. ON watha, N gwath; Ilk. gwath. Cf. Ilk. Urthin (> N Eredwethion). [This entry was an addition in pencil. Above Urthin was written Gwethion.] WAY- enfold. *waya envelope, especially of the Outer Sea or Air enfolding the world within the Ilurambar or world-walls: Q w- vaia, w- vaiya; ON *woia, uia, N ui. *Vayaro name of Ulmo, lord of Vaiya: Q Vaiaro, N Uiar the usual N name of Ulmo. [The stem WAY was changed in pencil to VAY. Under ULU it is said that Ulmo was usually called Guiar in N.] WED- bind. *weda: ON weda bond, N gwed; Ilk. gwed. N gwedi, pa.t. gwend, gwenn later gwedant, bind. N angwed 'iron-bond', chain. *waede bond, troth, compact, oath: Q vere; ON waide, N gwaed. *wed-ta: Q vesta- swear (to do something), contract, make a compact; vesta contract; vestale oath. N gwest oath; gwesto to swear; gowest contract, compact, treaty, Q ovesta [wo]. [The Q words derived from *wed-ta were struck out in pencil, with the note that they 'all fell with derivatives of BES'. These same words, with different meaning, are found under BES: vesta matrimony, vesta- to wed; vestale wedding. The reference in the original here is to BES (not as previously to BED: see note to LEP).] WEG- (manly) vigour. Q vie manhood, vigour (*we3e); vea adult, manly, vigorous; veaner (adult) man [NER]; veasse vigour. veo (*wego) man. The latter in compound form *-wego is frequent in masculine names, taking Q form -we (< weg). This can be distin- guished from -we (-we abstract suffix) by remaining -we in N, from ON -mega. The abstract suffix occurs in the names Manwe, Fionwe, Elwe, Ingwe, Finwe. These names do not occur in Exilic forms "Manw, *Fionw, *Elw, *Finw - since Finwe for instance remained in Valinor [see PHIN]. These names were used even by Gnomes in Qenya form, assisted by the resemblance to -we in other names, as Bronwe, ON Bronwega (see BORON). In N otherwise this stem only survives in gweth manhood, also used = man-power, troop of able- bodied men, host, regiment (cf. Forodweith Northmen). *weg-te [This entry, the last under W as the manuscript was originally written, was left unfinished. - Under PHOR the form is equally clearly Forodwaith.] WEN-, WENED- maiden. Q wende, vende; N gwend, gwenn. Often found in feminine names, as Morwen, Eledwen: since the latter show no -d even in archaic spelling, they probably contain a form wen-: cf. Ilk. gwen girl; Q wene, vene and venesse virginity; N gweneth virginity. [Added:] Some names, especially those of men, may contain gwend bond, friendship: see WED. [The N noun gwend is not given under WED. - Against this entry is written: 'Transfer to GWEN'. - In the narrative texts (QS $ 129, AB 2 annal 245) the name Eledhwen was interpreted as 'Elfsheen' - and this survived much later in the Grey Annals; on the other hand under ELED the translation was changed from 'Elf-fair' to 'Elf-maid'.] WEY- wind, weave. Q, owing to change wei > wai, confused this with WAY; but cf. Vaire (*weire) 'Weaver', name of the doom-goddess, wife of Mandos: N Gwir. N gwi net, web. [The stem WEY was changed in pencil to VEY.] WIG- *winge: Q winge foam, crest of wave, crest. Cf. wingil nymph; Wingelot, Wingelote 'foam-flower', Earendel's boat (N Gwingloth) [LOT(H)]. N, Ilk. gwing spindrift, flying spray. [This entry was an addition in pencil. - With wingil cf. the old name Wingildi, I. 66, 273.] WIL- fly, float in air. *wilwa air, lower air, distinct from the 'upper' of the stars, or the 'outer' (see WAY): Q wilwa > vilwa; N gwelw air (as substance); gwelwen = Q vilwa; Ilk. gwelu, gwelo. Q vilin I fly, pa.t. ville. N gwilith 'air' as a region = Q vilwa; cf. gilith = Q ilmen (see GIL). Q wilwarin (pl. wilwarindi) butterfly; T vilverin; N gwilwileth; Ilk. gwilwering. [The name Wilwa of the lower air is found also in the preparatory outline for The Fall of Numenor (p. 12), whereas Wilwa in the Ambarkanta was changed throughout to Vista, and so also on the accompanying world-diagrams (IV. 240-7). By sub- sequent pencilled changes the forms *wilwa, Q wilwa were changed to *wilma, Q wilma; Q wilwa > vilwa was struck out; and Q vilin was changed to wilin. A new stem WIS with derivative Q vista (see below) was introduced, either at the same time or later, but the stem WIL. was allowed to stand.] WIN-, WIND- *windi blue-grey, pale blue or grey: Q vinde, N gwind, gwinn. *winya: Q winya, vinya evening; N gwein, pl. gwin; Ilk. gwini, gwine. *winta- fade: Q vinta-, pa.t. vinte, vintane; ON wintha it fades, advesperascit ['evening approaches'], N gwinna. [This entry was struck out, and 'see THIN written against it. The following pencilled addition may have been made either before or after the original entry was rejected, since it is not itself struck through:] *windia pale blue: Q win(d)ya, vinya; N gwind. WIS- Q vista air as substance. [See note to WIL..] WO- together. The form wo would if stressed > wa in Eldarin. In Q the form wo, and the unstressed wo, combined to produce prefix o- 'together': as in o-torno (see TOR), o-selle (see THEL), and many other words, e.g. ovesta (see WED). In N we have gwa- when stressed, as in gwuanur (= Q onoro) [TOR], gwuastar (see STAR), and frequently, but only in old cpds. The living form was go-, developed from gwa- in unstressed positions - originally mainly in verbs, but thence spreading to verbal derivatives as in gowest (see WED). In many words this had become a fixed element. Thus not- count, nut- tie coalesced in Exilic * nod-; but 'count' was always expressed by gonod- unless some other prefix was added, as in arnediad [AR(2)]. In Ilk. owing to coalescence of gwo, 30 (in go) this prefix was lost [see 36]. Y. [As already mentioned (p. 346) I have changed the representation of the 'semi-vowel' j to y, and therefore give these stems here, at the end of the alphabet. The section belongs however among the entirely 'unrecon- structed' parts of the work, and consists, like the I-stems, only of very rough and difficult notes.] YA- there, over there; of time, ago, whereas en yonder [EN] of time points to the future. Q yana that (the former); ya formerly, ago: yenya last year [YEN]; yara ancient, belonging to or descending from former times; yare former days; yalume former times [LU]; yasse, yalumesse, yaresse once upon a time; yarea, yalumea olden. N iaur ancient, old(er); io (ia?) ago. 'Old' (in mortal sense, decrepit) is ingem of persons, yearsick', old' (decrepit, worn) of things is gem [GENG- WA]. See GYER. YAB- fruit. Q yave fruit; N iau corn. Yavanna Fruit-giver (cf. ANA(1)), N Ivann. YAG- yawn, gape. *yagu- gulf: N ia, chiefly in place-names like Moria = Black Gulf. *yagwe: Q yawe ravine, cleft, gulf; N iau. Q yanga- to yawn. YAK- *yakta-: Q yat (yaht-) neck; N iaeth. Q yatta narrow neck, isthmus. YAN- Cf. AYAN. Q yana holy place, fane, sanctuary; N iaun. YAR- blood. Q yar (yaren); N iar; Iarwath Blood-stained (see WA3), surname of Turin. Ilk. or blood; arn red; cf. Aros (= N iaros) name of river with reddish water. YAT- join. *yanta yoke, beside *yatma: Q yanta yoke; yanwe bridge, joining, isthmus. N iant yoke; ianw bridge (eilianw 'sky- bridge', rainbow, see 3EL). YAY- mock. Q yaiwe, ON yaiwe, mocking, scorn; N iaew. YEL- daughter. Q yelde; N iell, -iel. [This entry was removed with the change of etymology of N iell: see SEL-D and YO, YON. A new formulation of the stem YEL was introduced, but was in turn rejected. This gave:] YEL- friend: Q yelda friendly, dear as friend; yelme; -iel in names = [Old English] -wine (distinguish N -iel derived from selda). YEN- year. Q yen (yen-); linyewa,a old, having many years [LI]. Last day of year = qantien, N penninar [KWAT]; first year, first day minyen [MINI]. Endien Midyear [ENED] was a week outside the months, between the sixth and seventh months, [?dedicated] to the Trees: [also called] Aldalemnar, see LEP. N in year; inias annals; idrin year (= ien-rinde, see RIN); edinar (at-yen-ar) anniversary day., ennin = Valian Year., ingem year-sick' = old (mortally) [GENG- WA]; ifant aged, long-lived (= yen-panta > impanta > in-fant) [KWAT]. [The word Inias 'Annals' occurs in the title-pages given on p. 202.] YES- desire. Q yesta desire; N iest wish. YO, YON- son. Q yondo, -ion; N ionn, -ion. [The following was added when the entry YEL had been removed:] feminine yen, yend = daughter; Q yende, yen. YU- two, both. N ui- twi-, as uial twilight [KAL]. Q yuyo both. YUK- employ, use. N iuith use, iuitho [?enjoy]. YUL- smoulder. Q yula ember, smouldering wood; yulme red [?heat], smouldering heat; yulma brand. ON iolf brand; iul embers. YUR- run. ON yurine I run, yura course; N ior course.