Grantville Gazette
   Volume Six
This is a work of fiction. All the characters and events portrayed in this book are
fictional, and any resemblance to real people or incidents is purely coincidental.

Copyright © 2006 by Eric Flint

All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof
in any form.

A Baen Books Original

Baen Publishing Enterprises
P.O. Box 1403
Riverdale, NY 10471
www.baen.com

DOI: 10.1125/0016

First electronic printing, March 2006

Production by WebWrights, Newport, TN
                         EDITOR'S PREFACE
    Volume 6 of the Gazette is coming out three months later than we'd projected. There are three
reasons for that, which are closely connected. The first reason is that our copy editor fell behind,
for various reasons including some health problems. The second reason is that she's also one of
the copy editors for Baen Books, with many other assignment. And the final reason is that the
launch of the new online magazine, Jim Baen's UNIVERSE, further complicated the situation
because the Gazette's copy editor is now also one of JBU's copy editors.
    To put it another way, the Gazette was the runt of the litter.
    On the bright side, the long delay due to production problems also means that the editorial
staff of the magazine is way ahead of the game. We've pretty much got the next volume already
put together, and most of the one that comes thereafter. From a purely editorial standpoint,
therefore, we could publish Volume 7 very quickly, and Volume 8 soon thereafter.
    However...
    We'd likely run into the same bottleneck and logjam with the process of copy-editing and
proof-reading. The tie-up with Volume 6 was not the first time that's happened, and it's very
likely to happen again. Being the runt of the litter is never any fun, and, alas, the runt is what the
magazine shall remain.
    Facts are stubborn things, and it's just a fact that while the paper editions of the Gazette
generate a significant income for Baen Books, this electronic magazine does not. Yes, yes,
granted—it's the root source. But publishers are no different from you or me or anyone else,
when they are faced with that nastiest of all nasty eight-letter words:
    Cash flow.
    Okay, it's two words. But, as everyone knows, they roll right into each other, like a mudslide
approaching a town of people who have their budgets neatly in order. Abstractly.
    In a pinch—and there's always a pinch in publishing—the work of copy-editing the electronic
edition of the Gazette keeps getting pushed aside in favor of other, more financial pressing
projects. So it has been, and so it will continue to be.
    There's only one way to solve this problem, and that is to boldly go where...
    Well, actually, where Baen Books has been going for years now. Henceforth—beginning with
Volume 7, not this one—we are going to start publishing the electronic edition of the Gazette the
same way Baen publishes e-books through Webscriptions. Using the same basic approach, at
least.
     We'll simply put up the volume for sale as soon as the editorial staff has it ready—except
we'll put it up all at once, not serialized across three months the way Webscriptions does. But,
like Webscriptions, we will produce the final copy-edited version after the volume goes up for
sale.
     How soon thereafter? I don't know. Unlike Webscriptions, we can't guarantee that we'll have
it ready within three months. But it shouldn't generally be much longer than that—and, as with
Webscriptions, anyone who has paid for the magazine will automatically get the later, copy-
edited version free of charge.
     Mind you, the text will have been proof-read, at least once, before we put it up for sale. We're
not going to be putting up raw text. But "proofing it once" is not the same thing as the normal,
time-consuming, and very laborious process of copy-editing, querying authors, and two rounds of
proof-reading that is standard practice in commercial publishing for paper books.
     But that's really the key: paper books. Publishers have to put the time and money into copy-
editing and extensive proof-reading before they produce a paper edition, for the good and simple
and obvious reason that once tens of thousands of printed and bound volumes have appeared on
the shelves of bookstores, it is effectively impossible to call them back.
     That is not true, however, with an electronic edition. Molecules are not electrons—and
electrons respond just fine to a recall notice. With electronic publishing, the difference between
"in production" and "in print" is a continuum, it's not the Chinese Wall that it is in paper
publishing. It is perfectly possible to keep making corrections in a text after it's been made
available for public sale. With the proviso, of course, that you have to make sure your customers
are informed of that.
     You are hereby informed—and we will repeat the information regularly.
     If any reader spots a typo or what they think is an error, and has the desire to do so, you can
inform us in any one of three ways:

         1) Send an email to Paula Goodlett, at: paula@1632.org
         2) Post a notice to that effect in the 1632 Tech Manual conference in Baen's Bar.
         3) Post a notice to that effect in the 1632 section of the discussion area in my own
         web site: http://www.ericflint.net/forum/
    On a periodic basis, we will incorporate the corrections. (Assuming the reader is right,
anyway. Not all "errors" are actually errors.) And, of course, we will replace the existing edition
with the copy-edited edition when that finally becomes available.
    Granted, it's not an ideal solution. But it seems a far better one to us than continuing to have
the magazine delayed for long stretches of time by purely production problems.
                                                   ***
    One final note. In terms of the editorial work, this volume 6 is a transitional volume. Paula
Goodlett and I co-edited it, essentially. Beginning with Volume 7, however, Paula has become
for all practical purposes the editor of the magazine, not me. I say "has become" rather than "will
become" because the transition has already happened. When I said toward the beginning of this
preface that "we've pretty much got the next volume already put together," I could just as
easily—and considerably more accurately—have said that Paula has pretty much got the next
volume put together.
    Henceforth, starting with Volume 7, she will select the stories, she will edit them, she will
make all final decisions regarding the magazine except whatever few decisions might need my
overall input. My own position with the magazine will no longer be "editor" in any real sense of
the term. I will simply be what amounts to the publisher. Yes, I retain final control over the
magazine and, yes, I'm the one who writes the checks. But, like any sensible publisher, I will
leave the regular operation of the magazine in the editor's hands. If I didn't have confidence in
Paula, I wouldn't have asked her to do the work in the first place.
    Mind you, that reality might not be reflected in the official titles in the masthead. I don't want
to use the term "publisher" officially, because it's a complicated situation, in that the magazine is
distributed through Baen Books even though it's independently financed. That doesn't matter
much with regard to the electronic edition, but it would become an obvious problem if any
electronic edition of the Gazette wound up—as the first three now have—being produced in a
paper edition by Baen Books.
    Jim is the publisher of those editions, not me, because what ultimately defines a "publisher" is
that he or she is the one who pays the bills to get a volume produced. I pay the bills for the
electronic edition—one of which is the commissions I pay Webscriptions and Baen Books to use
their existing electronic outlet—but Jim pays the bills for the paper editions.
    It would be more accurate to label my position with the magazine from now on as something
like "chairman of the editorial board" or "editorial director" or... whatever. In practice, I suspect
we'll just keep using the term "editor" for me and "assistant editor" for Paula.
    Why?
    Well, because it's time to introduce you to the nastiest nine-letter word in the English
language:
    Marketing.
    If you didn't know already, producing Immortal Prose, from the commercial standpoint, is not
much different from producing sausages or 1/4-20 nuts and bolts. It's just a fact that the names
that get plastered on a cover make a difference in terms of how many copies distributors and
major retailers order to begin with.
    No, that's not a big problem with an electronic edition. But we always have to keep an eye out
for a possible later paper edition.
    That said, "marketing" is what it is. A nine-letter word that you take seriously enough, in its
own terms—but nothing more than that. The best depiction of marketing in the English language,
that I know of, are the following words of wisdom from "Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll, the
author of the Alice in Wonderland stories:

       Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
       Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
       All mimsy were the borogoves,
       And the mome raths outgrabe

   Those same words—albeit not as brilliantly—could have been penned by any marketing
department in the world since the advent of generalized commodity production, lo these many
centuries ago.
                                                                                            Eric Flint
March, 2006
                                      STORIES

                               A Taste of Home
                                     by Chris Racciato
     It was raining. Daphne Pridmore was getting thoroughly sick of the rain. It meant that she
had to stay inside for the most part. Going out to check on the hives was pointless. If they could
use the truck, it might be worthwhile, but they'd decided to save the wear and tear on their only
truck for emergencies. As much as she hated to admit it, cabin fever wasn't a real emergency. If
she really wanted to go out, it would mean getting the horses hitched to the wagon. And driving
the team in the rain. And dealing with very agitated bees, who would be less than amused at the
stupid human who wanted to bother them when they were all snug in their hives. Even the bees
knew when to stay inside.
     Noises occasionally filtered up from the basement. Ikey, her husband, was no doubt puttering
down there with one of his many projects. Everybody else was gone for the day. The kids were
at school, both hers and those of the families living with them. If the rain didn't let up between
now and the time they got out of school, the kids would end up going to her brother-in-law's
house for the night. She missed having Zeke and Evie living with them, but it was nice to have a
place closer to town for the kids to stop in at. Several of their down-time boarders were out on a
route collecting honey in the caravan and wouldn't be back for a few more days. The caravans
had been built with exactly this kind of situation in mind. The large wagons held all the comforts
of home and enough supplies for a couple of weeks. The seventeenth-century version of an RV.
She listened to the rumbling thunder and hoped they were all okay.
     She wandered around the house looking for something to do. Eventually she ended up in one
of the smaller upstairs bedrooms. At one time it had been Ikey's grandmother's sewing room.
Now it was the repository for all of the oddball projects that they had worked on over the years.
There were scraps of leather in various states of being tooled or made into different items. Boxes
of fabric were bulging out of the closet, often spilling their multihued contents over the ones
below. A lone spinning wheel sat abandoned in the corner, covered with dust and strewn with
pairs of hand-dipped candles. In short, it looked like a craft store had been caught in a tornado
and then had all of its contents dumped in the tiny room. Daphne spotted one of their project
books peeking out from under a macramé plant hanger. She picked it up and thumbed through it.
It listed all of the things on their "To Do" list, month by month. This one was from a year before
the Ring of Fire. She smiled as she read it to herself. So much had changed.


   1) Clean fireplace
   2) Clean out car
   3) Finish spring quilt
   4) Go shopping for groceries
   5) Drop Mariah with Grandma Mamie and have movie night . . .

    The more she read, the more homesick she became. Here was her life, written down on
paper. The week by week retelling of what had been an ordinary life in a small town. She
thumbed a few pages ahead. It was the same. Some of the items were different, but there was so
much that they couldn't do now. Tears welled up in her eyes as she went through page after page
of what they had considered important enough to write down at the time. So much of it was
meaningless to her daily life now. How could she worry about getting oil for her car when there
was no gas to run it? Or go to a Renaissance Faire, when they were living in a time that was
scant decades from when Shakespeare wrote his plays? The tears started rolling down her cheeks
as she went through May, June, July . . .
    A small note in the end of July caught her attention. It was scrawled in Ikey's handwriting
"Check on peppers, add salt if needed." It took her a moment to figure out what he was writing
about. Then it hit her. That was the summer they had grown so many peppers that they didn't
know what to do with them all. They had found an article talking about Tabasco sauce, and
decided that it would be fun to try. They had filled up one of Ikey's wooden five gallon barrels
with the pepper and salt mixture. Then they had put it away to ferment. It was right before Ikey's
dad had been in a car accident. Daphne quickly flipped through the remaining pages. There was
no mention of them bottling the sauce. Nor could she remember ever finishing them. That meant
they might still be around someplace, assuming that Ikey hadn't thrown them out.
    It had been over a year since the last of their Tabasco had run out. Many of their other up-
time spices were gone as well. There were many other things that they could get down-time.
Herbs were the easiest, either from their garden, the local markets, or trading with another up-
timer who was growing something they didn't already have. Even bay leaves and several kinds
of ginger could be found if you knew where to look or who to ask. Salt was easy to find as well.
And there were many new things that she would have never considered as spices, like juniper
berries and rue. But when it came to adding heat and flavor to dishes, they were severely limited.
Curry powder was unheard of. Black pepper could be found, at exorbitant prices. True, they had
plenty of chili peppers, but every time she had used them when it was her turn to cook, the down-
timers complained about the food being too hot. She put them on her own food, but for the most
part they added more heat than flavor. The mere thought of Tabasco sauce was enough to make
her mouth water. She tossed the book back on the corner of the table and headed for the
basement. If the peppers were still around, Ikey would know where they were. He had barrels of
stuff stashed all over the place from brewing and was notorious for not putting labels on
anything, so the only way to track them down was to go find him. She wiped away the tears and
hurried off. She was a woman on a mission. Her day was looking up.
                                                    ***
    Locating Ikey wasn't an overly difficult task. One simply had to go down the stairs and
follow the sound of banging. That usually meant he was at his workbench tinkering with one of
his gun projects from the store. This time was no different. He had his back to the door, and was
prying on something with a large wrench. Daphne paused for a moment to consider the best way
to approach him.
    "Honey, dearest, snookums?" she asked sweetly.
    "Uh-oh." He turned cautiously. "What am I going to be doing for you this time?"
    "Oh, nothing major, dear. I just need you to help me find something."
    "Uh huh," he said noncommittally. Daphne knew he was trying to figure out the best way to
escape from the basement. Fortunately, she was between him and the stairs. And there was no
way for him to make a dash for the storm doors without being incredibly obvious. There was no
helping it, he was well and truly trapped. "Ummm . . . What do you need me to find?"
    "Do you remember the barrel of peppers we were going to make hot sauce out of a few years
ago?" When he nodded, she continued. "Do you have any idea where that might be?"
    The relief on his face was almost comical. "No problem. It's up the hill at the old house. I
think I put it in the basement next to some mead and cysers. Why?"
    "We are completely out of Tabasco sauce. I figure I have time today, and it's probably ready
by now. I wanted to finish it up. Could you go up and get it for me?"
    "But it's still raining."
    "I know, but the golf cart has a roof. And it won't take you that long, will it?" she asked
innocently.
    "Aww crap. I guess I'm running up to the old house, huh?"
    "You don't have to, dear . . . I could do it by myself." She smiled. "If you don't feel up to it.
    "He rolled his eyes "Yeah, like I'm going to fall for that one.”
                                                    ***
    "How do I get myself into these situations?" Ikey said to himself as he drove up the hill
through the pelting rain. True, the cart had a fabric roof. But when the rain was coming in
almost horizontally, that didn't help much. The ancient golf cart worked its way up the muddy
track that led to the small modular home at the top of the hill. It had been Ikey and Daphne's
house, a gift from his family shortly after their wedding. It had a barn and a small corral for their
livestock, now moved down the hill to his grandparents' farm. Weeds grew in the front yard, and
the whole place had an abandoned air to it. One day soon they would have to come up here and
clean all of their stuff out. There was no point in keeping it vacant. With as tight as housing was
in Grantville, there were bound to be people willing to live there despite its relatively remote
location. But that would be a project for a later day. Preferably one that was a bit drier. In the
meantime, he had a job to do. He pushed the button on the garage door opener and pulled in out
of the rain.
    Finding the barrel he was looking for only took a few minutes. Getting it out of the stack was
another matter entirely. It was buried under several years worth of brewing projects. Forty-five
minutes later he had the barrel of peppers free and several dozen other barrels and demijohns
sorted into several groups. The "Finished" stack was the largest, followed by the "Still Aging"
stack, the "I-don't-know-what-it-is" stack, and finally the "Oh-my-god-I-think-it's-evolving"
stack. He would definitely have to wander back up here soon to finish sorting it all out. And
possibly come armed, judging by the looks of some of the murkier mystery containers. He
loaded up the peppers and two other barrels, and locked up. No point in leaving that much
alcohol lying around unattended. Or possibly unleashing some fermented creature loose on the
unsuspecting countryside. There was a lull in the rain, so the trip back down the hill was both
uneventful and drier. But only slightly.
                                                    ***
    Daphne smiled at her drenched, muddy husband. "I was beginning to think we needed to send
out a rescue party." "No, no, dear, I'm fine. I was just going through what's still up there. You'd
be amazed. I brought down a few other things I thought we might enjoy," he said, while standing
in the entryway dripping.
    "Like what?"
    "Oh, I don't know . . . I found that pear mead we made a few years back. And some mulling
spices. I figured some hot spiced mead might help you warm up after you finished drying off."
    Daphne looked at her husband quizzically "Drying off? You're the only one who's soaked."
    "Not for long!" He lunged at her. She squealed and tried to jump out of his reach, to no
avail. He caught her up in a bear hug. Shaking his head like a dog drying off, he sent water and
mud flying everywhere. In a matter of moments, she was nearly as wet as he was.
    "Brat!" She swatted him as she broke free. "Look at this." She spread her arms to display her
now dampened clothing. "I just washed all of this, and you got mud everywhere. What am I
supposed to do now?"
    "I don't know." He grinned "Take a hot shower?"
    "Oh . . ." She paused for a moment. There was nobody else in the house for a change. "Race
you!" And with that, she ran down the hall, stripping as she went. Ikey followed on her heels,
shedding clothes almost as fast as she was.
                                                    ***
    Several hours later, they lay in front of the fireplace in their bedroom, sipping hot mead from
mugs. Outside the wind howled and drove the rain against the windows.
    "I have enough distilled vinegar to make a gallon or two. After that I'll have to hit one of the
stores in town. Last time I was there I think I saw some stuff that should be pretty close. I'm not
sure how concentrated it will be though."
    "Well, honey," He rolled on his side to face her. "I guess we'll just have to play it by ear. We
just have to get it in large batches and mix it to taste. I don't think people will care if it ain't
exact. Close enough will work. And we will have to start aging more peppers if you plan on
making more than a few gallons."
    "That's a good thing. I have tons of them growing. I was expecting to sell a lot more of them,
but I just couldn't get that many people here to eat them. We could probably get several bushels
of them by the end of summer, and still have enough for seeds for next year. I could also make a
batch with the habaneros and ornamental peppers."
    "What? Why? I thought that chemical weapons had been banned from production."
    Daphne calmly transferred her mug from one hand to the other and then proceeded to slap the
back of his head. "Wuss. I'm sure we can find people who'd want it."
    "Aside from the Inquisition, you mean?"
    She didn't even bother to dignify that comment. "You know how it is. I like venison and
pork as much as anybody, but the spices here leave a lot to be desired. And when some of these
people get their hands on them, well, you remember the dinner party at the Metzgers' place?"
    Ikey shuddered. How could he forget? One of their first business dinners outside of
Grantville had been at the house of an affluent brewer in Badenburg. Just about everything
served that night had been liberally doused in ground black pepper or nutmeg. Even the wine had
pepper in it. They found out later that it was a way of displaying how wealthy the Metzgers
were. Black pepper was expensive. So was nutmeg. Both of them had to be imported from
Asia. Having lots of both to put in everything meant that you had cash to burn. It also meant one
of the worst meals either of the Pridmores had ever been to.
    "Okay, granted. We'll see if anybody wants it. I'll see if I can dig up some little bottles and
labels. I think there are some glass blowers who set up around here recently. They might be
interested in a small contract." He sipped some mead from his mug. "And one of the brewers
will probably have the corks. Maybe I'll go ask Herr Metzger.
    "Don't you want to wait and see how it tastes?"
    "Nah, I gave up trying to second guess you and Evie about business stuff years ago. I got
sick of eating my words again and again. Besides, I smelled the mash when I was opening it up
to check on it. It was good enough to make me drool."
    "How could you tell? You drool all over yourself all of the time . . . ." Daphne quickly rolled
out of the way of a playful swat aimed at some of her more well-padded regions. The first one
missed. The second one didn't. Things went down hill from there, resulting in several more
hours of playful recreation.
                                                     ***
    A month and a half later the first batch was finished. The Germans sat around the breakfast
table and watched in fascinated horror as Ikey and Daphne splashed the fiery red concoction all
over their scrambled eggs.
    "Ohhh . . ." Ikey moaned. "God, I missed that."
    "Mmmm." Daphne rolled her eyes. "Even if we don't sell a single bottle, it was worth it."
    "I don't think I want to sell any of this stuff. I don't want to run out again. And this took
years to age."
    "We have gallons of it, Honey. We won't run out anytime soon. We also don't have to age it
that long. The only reason we did this time was because we forgot about it. We can start picking
more peppers today. It's not fair to keep this all to ourselves. Let's rack some of it into the
bottles and put it on the shelves down at the market."
    "All right. But only because I already have the bottles and labels. If we run out though, you
are getting a major I-told-you-so."
                                                     ***
    The local market agreed to carry the sauce. Since the Pridmores already had a contract for
supplying honey and mead, it was no trouble to add another item to their display area. The
debate as to whether or not it would sell was put to rest by the end of the first day. All fifty
bottles were gone in just over an hour. People were calling the farm to find out when more
would be ready. The next morning Ikey brought the rest of the bottles in and he barely made it
through the front door of the store. The biggest buyer was one of the managers from the
Thuringen Gardens. He bought forty bottles. And had he not brought two of his larger bouncers
with him, it would have been unlikely that he could have gotten out of the store with all of them.
Another big buyer was a woman in TacRail coveralls who was accompanied by a trio of men
who made the bouncers look like friendly puppies. She said it was a surprise for a friend of
theirs. They bought almost twenty bottles, and left the store with significantly fewer dirty looks
than the Gardens' manager.
     When Ikey went to settle accounts with Jim Garrett, the grocery store manager, he was
surprised. His percentage worked out to nearly twice what he had expected. When he asked
about it, Jim merely shrugged his shoulders and said "I upped the price after yesterday. You said
it would take you a few months to make another batch. After the comments I heard at the
Gardens last night, I knew people would be willing to pay more for it." He grinned at Ikey. "It
also didn't hurt when I mentioned that it would be awhile before you could make more to my
wife. Rather loudly. In the restaurant."
     "You doubled the price?!" Ikey blurted, aghast.
     "Nah. But I did give you a bit more of a cut than we normally do. All of those extra people
in the store waiting for you to get here bought a ton more stuff today. It was the biggest
Wednesday sales we've had in a long time. Just keep me in mind the next time a batch is ready.
If you can give me a few days of lead time, we'll have them lined up around the store by opening
time in the morning."
     "It's that hot of an item?"
     "How many things do we have that remind us of home like that? Sure it's good stuff. But in
case you didn't notice, nearly all of the people that bought it today were like you and me. Up-
timers. Or they were getting it for up-timer friends. It reminds us of what we left behind. Where
we came from. Something that nobody else on this continent would even think of making. It is
something that is uniquely ours. By the time your next batch is ready, you'll have plenty of
German customers, I'm sure. Especially now that they have it at the Gardens. But for now, it's
for us."
     "I knew Daphne and I missed it. I just didn't think of it that way. I figured we might get a
few of the diehard fire eaters and chili fanatics. And maybe a few others." Ikey paused. "I guess
it's just a taste of home."
                           Federico and Ginger

                                      by Iver P. Cooper

     Federico Ballarino stopped his mule and studied the guards at the roadblock. They were too
well uniformed to be brigands, but it wasn't unheard of for a local lord to decide to boost his
income by imposing a toll. Or even robbing travelers outright. Indeed, it was out of concern of
being robbed that he was dressed rather below his rank.
     Uh, oh. He was definitely being watched. One of the guardsman waved him to come forward.
He reconciled himself to the inevitable and urged his mount into a trot. Hopefully this wouldn't
be too expensive. He prudently had his main purse well concealed.
     "An' who might ye be, an' wha' be the reason for ye takin' the road to Grantville this fine
day," said one of the soldiers.
     It was an accent that Federico had heard before, but he had not expected to hear it in
Thuringia.
     "You're a Scot!"
     "Indeed I am, o' one o' his Swedish Majesty's Scots Regiments, on detail t' the SoTF. But
what is more t' the point is, who are ye?"
     "I am Federico Ballarino."
     "From?"
     "I was born in Venice. But I have traveled widely in England, France and Germany."
     "A papist, no doubt," the Scotsman grumbled. "And wha' is your business?"
     "I am here at the invitation of Axel Oxenstierna, his Majesty's chancellor."
     The Scotsman looked Federico over, and was not impressed. "And I am the Queen of Sheba."
     Federico frowned. "I realize that I am not dressed like a gentleman. The Germanies are not, as
well you know, a good place for a traveler to look wealthy. But I have credentials. If you will
permit me—" He reached slowly into his jacket, and pulled out an envelope.
     The trooper took it reluctantly, opened it, and shook his head. "I don't read Latin. What does
it say?"
     "I have been invited to be the dancing instructor for the Princess Kristina. I was advised that
she is presently residing in Grantville."
    "Hmmph. It looks like the chancellor's seal, but . . . no one has told us to expect ye. . . ." He
called over another guard.
    "Wha' think ye o' this?" He handed over the document.
    "I dinna' know," said his companion. "Seems t' me that the princess is a wee bit too young to
have a dancin' teacher."
    Federico drew himself up stiffly. "I am sure you are very familiar with the customs of the
Swedish court," he said drily, "but I beg to differ. She is quite old enough, from what I hear, to
start lessons."
    The two guards looked at each other. "I know," chortled one, "we'll let him prove himself!"
They called over their fellows. "Hey, now, we are about to have ourselves a royal performance."
    They turned to Federico. "What will ye do, to show us thy mettle?"
    He stared at them. "Would a Scottish sword dance suit you?" Now that took them by surprise.
He could see that they were wondering, What have we got ourselves into? Which, Federico
thought, was no better than they deserved.
    But they realized that they were committed. "Aye, that'll do."
    "Then lay down the crossed swords." Federico leaped onto the first quadrant, capered in
place, and then moved onto the next. He traversed all four squares without looking down, and
without disturbing either blade. Then he jumped away, into a final pose. "Satisfied?" he asked.
    They nodded vigorously. "Sorry, sir, we meant no harm. An' who'd have thought a Venetian
papist would know one of the great Scottish dances? Would some wine and food help make us
even?" Federico was agreeable. Just as well they don't know that the Scots got that dance from
the French, he mused.
    After they finished carousing, the trooper who had given him the most difficulty offered to
escort him not only into town, but directly to the princess' lodging.
    "That would be very kind of you," said Federico. "But give me a few moments to change into
more gentlemanly dress, so I don't give pause to anyone else we meet."
                                                 ***
    Federico surveyed Princess Kristina. The princess was not what he expected of a girl who
was destined to be, upon the death of Gustav II Adolf, the Queen of the Swedes, Goths and
Vandals, Great Princess of Finland, Duchess of Esthonia and Carelia, Lady of Ingria, Empress of
the United States of Europe, and Captain General of the State of Thuringia-Franconia. Her hair
was untidy, with a piece of ribbon slipped into it, looking like red flotsam on a storm-tossed sea.
Her blouse and skirt were simple, and marred with scholarly ink stains. Her shoes had low heels,
like those of a man.
    Somewhat uneasily, he realized that he was under equally close scrutiny. He decided it best to
begin the lesson. "Principessa. I am privileged to have the opportunity to instruct you. May I ask
what instruction you have received already?"
    "My governess has taught me a few steps. But Lady Ulrike is not an enthusiastic dancer; she
just does the minimum required for social acceptability." Lady Ulrike, at that moment, was sitting
in the corner, knitting, and pretending to ignore the conversation.
    Perhaps feeling that she had been too critical, Kristina added, "But she is a wonderful rider
and an excellent riding instructor. I ride a few hours each day, and I owe much to her tutelage."
    Federico pondered this intelligence. It was vital that he make a good first impression on the
princess. He doubted that he would do so by spending an hour having her practice her reverences,
or a stately pavane. And it appeared likely, given her equestrian activity, that she was in robust
condition. Her skirt would not restrict her leg movements much, and she probably chose it for
that very reason.
    "Perhaps we can spend a little time on the cinque passe first, Your Highness. It was a great
favorite of the young Queen Elizabeth of England. And, for that matter, of the old Queen
Elizabeth. It is the basic step of the galliard, or as the Italians say, the gagliarda.
    "Let us begin in the posture gauche, like so. Yes, the left foot in front, but weight evenly
divided. We begin with a pied en l'air droit." He had leaped onto his left foot, extending his right
leg low and forward. "Now we reverse." She copied him. "We repeat this pair of movements.
    "Now the difficult part, the cadenza. We will make a little jump, so both feet are in the air,
and bring the left foot behind, landing in the opposite pose, with right in front. Like so." He
demonstrated what he meant.
    "A few points. First, the timing. The music is in six counts, but there are only five steps. They
are syncopated; one two three four, and five. Also, note how I complete the cadence. I land on the
foot behind an instant before I bring down the one in front. If you land on both feet
simultaneously, it looks as if you are a sack of grain that has been dumped on the ground. That is
not considered courtly.
    "So, now it is your turn."
                                                   ***
    He returned the next day. It was evident, as soon as he saw her, that she was anxious to tell
him something. "Have you seen the American ballet?" she asked. "Bad, Bad Brillo? Or The
Nutcracker?"
    "No, Principessa, I have not. Where do they hold these ballets?"
    "Different places. At the high school. Or at one of the castles. But I can show you Bad, Bad
Brillo. I have it on video." She turned to Lady Ulrike. "Please, may I show Signor Ballarino my
video?"
    Lady Ulrike sighed. He wondered at her reluctance, but she obviously knew where her duty
lay. "Yes, of course. But I will expect you to be prepared to discuss the dancing, not just watch it
for pleasure this time. This is a lesson, you know."
    The governess took a black object out of a locked cabinet. It was the size of a sextodecimo, a
book made of sheets folded in half four times, then cut. Lady Ulrike inserted it into the flapped
slot of a strange, cubelike metal and glass device, and pressed a button.
    Much to Federico's amazement, the words "Bad, Bad Brillo" filled a small area of the device
then, "Performed by the Grantville Ballet Company." The letters faded away and were replaced
by images that moved in a dance that told the story of the ram Brillo and his four ewes.
    Federico quickly put aside his curiosity regarding the technology, and concentrated on the
dancing.
    When it was over, he said slowly, "Thank you very much for sharing that with me,
Principessa."
    "You liked it? I knew you would," she bubbled.
    "This is the ballet of the twentieth century?" She nodded. "It is both like, and unlike, the
ballet of our own day." He took a moment to decide how best to express his reactions.
    "The performers were all quite young. So I suppose it must be classified as a ballet de
college, that is, of the secondary schools. In France, each year, the students of rhetoric learn their
parts from their dancing masters and, in August, they perform in the courtyard of their college.
Thousands of people may come to watch the show." He smiled. "When I was in Paris, I was an
assistant dancing master at the College de Clermont. I gave lessons, and I performed the most
difficult role."
    "And do they do anything like Bad, Bad Brillo?"
    "It is difficult to generalize, but if a ram appeared in a ballet de college, he would not truly
represent a ram. The ram would be but a metaphor for youth. Or the spirit of spring, perhaps."
Kristina digested this.
    "Brillo's no metaphor," she insisted. "I've seen him."
    "I accept your imperial word on the subject," he said solemnly, and bowed. "But let us
continue our analysis of the dance. Did you like the lifts?"
    "Oh, yes, they were so graceful."
    "Before the coming of the Americans, the only instance I can think of in which a man lifted a
woman in a dance was in la volta. Have you heard of it?" Kristina shook her head.
    "It was the English Queen Elizabeth's favorite dance. She jumped, and rode the man's knee as
they turned about." Lady Ulrike frowned, but didn't say anything.
    "Then there is the way the dancers walked on tip-toe."
    "Frau Bitty Matowski calls it en pointe," Kristina explained.
    Federico said hesitantly, "I must confess that it is not entirely clear to me how they can hold
so unnatural a position."
    "I asked Frau Bitty Matowski about that. She said that the dancers wear special shoes, and
that it takes years of conditioning before the feet can stay en pointe, even with their help."
    "Another aspect. The turn-out of the feet."
    "Yes," said Kristina. "In the galliard, you had only a little."
    "I teach what is a compromise between the French and Italian styles. The Italians do not use
turn-out, the French favor some. But neither use the extreme form that we saw on the 'video.' I
wonder how and when that style developed."
    "You must talk to Frau Bitty Matowski. She is in Magdeburg much of the time, but if you go
to the high school, they can tell you when she will be in Grantville."
    "I will do that, Principessa. But please note, it was not entirely foreign. Here and there were
steps that looked somewhat familiar. Steps taken from a court dance here, or a folk dance there. I
will show you.
    "Now, it is time for you to do some dancing." He taught her a few of those steps, as well as
the second most popular step of the galliard, the campanella, or little bell. After the lesson, he
asked one of the guards for directions to the high school, and started walking. Frau Bitty
Matowski, he wondered. A woman dancing master? How curious.
                                                   ***
    Frau Bitty Matowski was indeed at the school, teaching a "Dance for Fitness" class. The class
had already started, and Federico started to turn away. She pointed at him, and shouted, "New
here? First class is free! Get in line!" He found an empty spot on the floor, and joined in. Some of
the participants were clearly having trouble keeping up with the pace. It wasn't a problem for
him.
    The teacher kept eyeing him. He hoped he wasn't doing something wrong. The class came to
an end.
    "You have danced before. But you aren't an American."
    "No, Frau Matowski, I am not. I am Federico Ballarino."
    "Please, call me Bitty. Or Frau Bitty, if you must be formal. You are going to meet quite a
few Matowskis if you are a dancer. Your name sounds familiar—wait, you are Princess Kristina's
dance teacher."
    "Yes . . ." That was all he got to say.
    "Boy, do we need to talk. Which nights do you have free? Have you seen any of our ballets? I
know Kristina has the videotapes. Can you teach our group any of the down-time dances?"
    Federico wondered if he would ever get a word in. In desperation, he raised both hands,
palms toward her, in what he hoped was the universal signal for, "Stop! I can't answer any of
your questions if you don't give me time to speak!"
    Bitty stopped talking and smiled sheepishly. "Did you want to say something?"
    "You are very kind to ask, Frau Bitty. Yes, I have seen Bad, Bad Brillo. It was quite
enjoyable. I do hope you will let me see some more of these video . . . tapes. And perhaps you
have some books on the dances of your time, that I might borrow?
    "As for teaching your group, I am sure that would be possible. I must of course see first to the
needs of the Furstin von Schweden. After a week or two, I will have a better idea of how often I
will be meeting with her, and then I can consider other commitments."
    "That would be wonderful," said Bitty.
    "Frau Bitty. As one dancing master to another, perhaps you can help me on another matter.
You understand, I am not one of the princess' main tutors. I only teach her a few hours a week.
So I am given my maintenance, and a small stipend, but I could use some additional income. I
had hoped that once I had made her acquaintance, I might put myself forward to tutor her in
another subject. But she seems to be amply supplied with instructors in every other discipline."
    "The school might be interested in having you teach an adult-ed group class in down-time
dances." Bitty held up her hand. "Wait a moment. You clearly consider yourself competent to
teach several subjects. How much schooling have you had? Other than in dance, I mean."
    "I am a graduate of the University of Padua, where I took courses in theology, law,
mathematics, art and music. And I have also studied in Paris and London."
    "And which subjects have you actually taught?"
    "I taught arithmetic at a school in Paris. And I was a 'traveling tutor' for northerners touring
southern Europe when I was, how shall I put it, in-between appointments as a dancing master.
Mostly, I taught foreign languages and music to Englishmen, as well as some Scots, Germans,
Danes and Swedes. Indeed, my cousin is doing the same thing right now."
    "Wonderful! The high school desperately needs teachers. Speak to Principal Saluzzo. The
school will pay you a salary, and as a teacher, you can take classes at the Adult Education Center
for free. We even have a ballroom dance class."
    "Ballroom dancing?"
    "That's one of the genres of dancing we had back home, before the Ring of Fire. There's
square dancing, clogging, contra, swing, disco and others. But ballroom dancing is what is
probably the most similar to what you consider 'court dancing.'"
    "Ah. I would like to see that. Oh, and—"
    "Yes?"
    "Videotapes. Are there videotapes showing different genres of dance? And is there a place to
see them?"
    "There are thousands of videotapes in Grantville, and plenty of them show some kind of
dancing. I have a fair number of those myself. Don't worry, I'll give you a briefing on what to see,
and where. Just let me finish packing up my gear."
                                                   ***
    Federico had assembled a list of videotapes of interest. Top Hat. The Gay Divorcee. Singin' in
the Rain. The Red Shoes. West Side Story. Saturday Night Fever. Dirty Dancing. Strictly
Ballroom. Swing Kids. A Day at the Races. Blast from the Past. Some were available for rental
from Everett Beasley's store. Others were in private hands. How fortunate, for example, that Irene
Fortney was an Astaire-Rogers fan!
    Of course, Federico didn't own a VCR or a TV. But a retired couple, the Johnsons, had
discovered a creative way of compensating for the loss of their pension. It exploited their one
extravagance: a projection TV. Bring a videotape of interest to them, and they would plop it into
their VCR. Watch it yourself, or bring as many friends as would fit into their viewing room.
Their projection fee was reasonable; the homemade popcorn was optional.
    The variety of dance forms Federico saw was bewildering. But then, he should have expected
that—he was seeing, in the course of a few weeks, the results of almost four centuries of dance
evolution. Bitty had warned him, but hearing was not the same as seeing. I will learn these
dances, one day. All of them, he resolved.
                                                   ***
    On Bitty's recommendation, Victor Saluzzo, the high school principal, hired Federico as a
part-time phys ed teacher. After his first day on the job, he and Bitty sat outside the high school,
enjoying a mild spring evening, and waiting for Bitty's husband to come meet her. Federico
decided it was a good time to broach a delicate issue.
    "I assure you, Frau Bitty, that it is not my intent to learn your twentieth-century ballet and
form a competing company," Federico said earnestly. "But neither can a dancing master of my
ambition be content to be simply a dancer, even a soloist, with your own troupe. I must find my
own path."
    "Of course, Federico!" said Bitty. "There's room for all kinds of dancing. The joy we take in
movement with music is not a fixed quantity, which one troupe consumes at the expense of
another. Indeed, it is the reverse. Giving someone a taste of dancing whets their appetite for
more." She sipped her drink. "But I do expect you to teach the group that gavotte!"
    "Many of your social dances deserve their chance to captivate other parts of Europe," he
acknowledged. "After all, several started 'dance crazes' in your 'old time line.' Perhaps, when I
have mastered them, I can restore them to their rightful place in our culture.
    "Also, I hope that I will be able to develop a new dance vocabulary which combines, in some
new and exciting way, the dances of my time and those of your own." He shrugged.
    "But that is for the future. First, I must find more pupils, whether they be up-timers or down-
timers, who are interested in learning the dances that I know already."
    "Oh, I have some names for you," said Bitty. "But it will cost you. You said you knew a
dance for a man and two women, is that right?"
                                                  ***
    The end of the school year was approaching, and the North Central cheerleading team had
come to the realization that it was in danger of becoming irrelevant. North Central was only high
school in Thuringia where there were kids who wanted to play football, and hence the football
league was no more. No football; no half-time cheer. Basketball was also languishing, at least as
a team sport. Baseball was increasingly popular, but didn't seem a good match for cheerleading—
none of the breaks were long enough for a good routine. So the cheerleaders had decided to
reinvent themselves as a dance team that could put on concerts.
    "But where are we going to learn enough new material to do a show of our own?" asked
Millicent Anne Barnes, one of their "fliers."
    The team was quiet for a moment, then Lisa Hilton, who had been elected as the new team
captain, gave Michelle, of the dancing Matowskis, a Look. "Well?"
    "I'm sorry," said Michelle. "Every dancer in our family will be in Magdeburg, all summer."
She thought a moment. "Well, Adriane Hall used to be a professional dancer. She was a
cheerleader in high school and college, too. We'd have recruited her for the ballet company if she
weren't too busy with TacRail at the time. I hear she's on leave. So ask her."
    Judith Wendell proposed an alternative. "Princess Kristina has a new dance tutor. Federico
Something or Other. Maybe he could teach us something new." Her fellow Barbie Consortium
members, Vicki and Millicent Anne, nodded vigorously.
    "If it's from the seventeenth century, isn't it old?"
    "Ha. Very funny. Not."
    "Ha yourself."
    "Shush you two," said Lisa. "It's a good idea. Hardly any of the German girls have tried out
for the team. Maybe if we gave them something familiar to do, they would be easier to recruit."
    "I suppose Federico would be okay. Bitty says he's a good dancer. But what about Miss
Hall?" asked Michelle.
    "What's the problem?" said Kristin Washaw, the graduating team captain. She had strongly
favored the changeover, in part because the school might be persuaded to allow local alumni to
continue to dance with the team. "Ask them both! We can get a routine out of each of them."
                                                  ***
    In college, Adriane Hall took every dance class the school had to offer. She even danced
professionally for several summers before resigning herself to a career in management. After her
marriage and divorce, she returned to Grantville. She was now, officially, a USE Reserve
lieutenant, but really just a glorified office manager for TacRail.
    Bitty's ballet company workload had increased, and Bitty had made up her mind to recruit
Adriane to take over the ballroom dance class. Federico's arrival in town would, she thought, play
nicely into her plans. Bitty stalked her prey, and struck.
    "But I'm just here on leave, I'll be back in Magdeburg, soon enough," Adriane protested.
    "Oh, I understand that," said Bitty. "But we need you. And, seriously. We're trying to
preserve as much of our culture as we can. You're the only professional dancer to pass through
the Ring of Fire. So what are you doing with your life? Typing for your country? Let TacRail
train a down-timer to do that."
    "But who would be my partner? Aren't all your good male dancers going with you to
Magdeburg?"
    Bitty pretended to need a moment to think of a solution. "Princess Kristina has an Italian
dancing master. Federico Ballarino. So appeal to his sense of civic duty." She was fairly
confident that once Federico had a good look at Adriane, he would be quite civic-minded.
    Adriane agreed to give the class a try. She had no idea what she was getting herself into.
                                                 ***
    Federico was happy to help the lovely Adriane out, provided that she in turn would learn
some court dance steps and help him teach them to some of his private pupils. A few of the local
down-timers, drawn by his association with Princess Kristina, had hired him to teach their sons
and daughters, and some movements were easier to teach if they were first demonstrated by a
knowledgeable couple.
    Adriane and Federico decided to start by exchanging private lessons. They worked together
for about an hour, then took a break.
    "Does it bother you?" she asked. "I mean, that a woman is a professional dancer? And a dance
teacher?"
    "It was, I admit, a surprise, madonna. But you should understand, there have been women
who were famous for their dancing, even as Vittoria Colonna was for her poetry, or Cassandra
Fedele for her oration. And I must mention the painter Artemisia Gentileschi, who is still alive.
    "The most famous female dancer, I would say, was the duchessa of Milan, Beatrice d'Este.
She performed for the French king, Charles the Eighth, and he urged her to try one of the French
dances. To his astonishment, she mastered it on first acquaintance."
    "How long ago was that?"
    "According to my own teacher, it was in 1494."
    "That was a long time ago."
    "Not by Italian standards," he said airily. "In any event, I have been studying the entries on
dance in the encyclopedias, as well as the library of Frau Bitty. In what you Americans have
termed the 'old time line,' in a mere half-century, the French would put 'ballerinas' on stage.
    "As a Venetian, I am eager to cause the French to, as you Americans say, 'eat our dust.'" He
paused.
    "But, signora, I must warn you of the peril you are in."
    "Peril?"
    "You are in danger of becoming a 'time-ist,' signora," he said with a smile.
    "A 'time-ist?'"
    "It is a new word I have coined. I was previously informed by one of your compatriots of the
meaning of the term 'sexist.'" Adriane winced slightly. "No, it wasn't being applied to me
specifically, but to Europeans of my time, in general.
    "And, I suppose, with their knowledge of many women of intelligence and achievement, I
understand why 'up-timers' think that the men of my age are 'sexists.'
    "But you Americans do, in turn, evidence an unfortunate tendency to treat anything that we
'down-timers' do differently as quaint at best. More likely primitive, even bestial.
   "Hence . . . 'time-ists.'"
                                                   ***
    "What, exactly, is "Homecoming Week?" Federico asked. He had been ambushed by a gang
of cheerleaders after one of the ballroom dance classes. Their explanations came fast and furious.
    "It's the first big event of the school year."
    "We start with a homecoming parade on Monday."
    "And we have special dress-up days on Tuesday and Wednesday."
    "Like Hawaiian, or Nerd."
    "But we always wear class colors on Thursday. Seniors are blue, juniors are green,
sophomores are red, and freshman are white."
    "And we also have a 'powder puff' game that day."
    Adriane joined Federico in the corridor in time to hear the last "explanation." She took pity on
him. "That means, senior girls play football against the junior girls, and the boys are the
cheerleaders."
    The girls didn't give him a chance to ask what "football" or "cheerleaders" might be. "Then,
the homecoming game itself is on Friday night. That's varsity football."
    "And Saturday is the homecoming dance."
    Ah, dance! A familiar word at last. Federico clutched at this straw. "What happens at this
dance?"
    "Well, first we crown the homecoming king and queen—"
    "But in the civics class, I was told that you Americans don't have a king and queen." Federico
was still a little sensitive about this issue.
    The girls giggled. "They're just students who are being honored for their contributions."
    "It helps to be popular."
    "And good looking."
    Adriane intervened. "Each of the school organizations can nominate a pair of candidates. All
the candidates together form the 'Homecoming Court.' Before the football game, there is a
parade, and at half-time, the cheerleaders and the marching band perform, and the homecoming
court is presented to the audience. The king and queen are chosen by secret ballot, and the results
are announced at the homecoming dance. The homecoming king and queen thank their subjects,
and welcome them to the dance.
    "Then the king and queen do a slow dance together, just the two of them, and then the rest of
the evening is dancing in which all the students can join in."
    "This is all very interesting," Federico said diplomatically. "But why are you telling this to
me?" Federico was anxious to call it a day, but didn't want to risk offending up-timers, even if
they were just teenagers.
    "Well, we're cheerleaders! Our big chance to shine is when we do our cheer routine at half-
time of the homecoming game."
    "Cheer?"
    "It's a kind of dancing," Adriane explained. "As the dancers move, they shout out
encouragements to their athletes, and insult their opponents. They also do formations and
gymnastics to impress the audience."
     "The problem is, the school isn't going to have a football team anymore! Not enough down-
timers tried out for the team. And the whole excuse for homecoming week was the game. No
game, no cheerleading, no dance."
     "We were hoping you could come up with something to replace the football game as a reason
to do all the other stuff." The cheerleaders waited expectantly for Federico's response.
     "It's curious," said Federico. "What you are describing reminds me a little bit of a court
masque. It is a form of entertainment which has been very popular in England since, oh, the time
of King Henry the Eighth. Each masque has a 'fable'—what I guess you would call a plot—but to
be honest, it is mostly just an excuse to dance."
     "Sounds good so far."
     "The court masque has three basic elements: the masque proper, the anti-masque, and the
revels. The masque proper is stately and patterned; it is danced by the nobility. Even royalty will
participate. Anne of Denmark, James' queen, was the lead in the 'Masque of Blackness.'
     "The anti-masque is performed by professionals, and is much wilder. For example, in
'Oberon,' the anti-masquers imitated satyrs.
     "The revels are social dances, initiated by the masquers but joined in by everyone. They
dance pavanes, galliards, corantos, branles, contredans, and so forth."
     "So the homecoming court are the high school equivalent of the noble masquers of a court
masque."
     "Exactly. And the cheerleaders are the anti-masquers."
     "And the homecoming dance is the revel!"
     "Indeed."
     The gals huddled. "So, Mr. Ballarino, can you choreograph a court masque for our school?"
     Federico hesitated. His first responsibility was to Kristina. But Kristina had friends in the
school; she would like the idea of dancing with them. And she could be given a principal role,
suitable to her station. Surely Gustavus Adolphus would reward Federico for advancing her.
     Wait a moment. What if she tripped on stage? Federico had no desire to learn firsthand about
conditions in Swedish dungeons. Well. Federico would very judiciously evaluate her dance skills.
If they weren't up to par, she could lead a walking dance, like a pavane. That should be safe
enough.
     "I suppose. If you obtain the necessary permissions. I will also need to see what your
cheerleading routines look like, so I know what you are capable of."
                                                  ***
     After negotiations that rivaled those of the Congress of Vienna in their complexity, the school
administration, the drama department, the cheer squad, the princess' guardians, and the town
government reached agreement. Instead of a "Homecoming Dance," for just the high school
students, there was going to be a "Harvest Moon Masque," open to the entire community. It
would be held at the traditional time, the last full week in October. Federico and Adriane would
be co-choreographers.
     Princess Kristina had been working hard on her galliard repertoire. In consequence, she was
to have her own solo. The princess thought that as a "soldier's daughter," she should have a
military title in the program. Hence, Federico and Adriane agreed to list her as the "Lieutenant
General" of the State of Thuringia-Franconia, since her father was "Captain General," and that
title was to be hereditary in the Vasa line. They thought of it as being something of an "inside
joke."
                                                  ***
     "Federico—there has been a change in plans." Adriane seemed agitated.
     "What sort of change?" Federico asked warily.
     "Well, the captain general has asked that the Harvest Moon Masque be, uh, 'geared-up,'" said
Adriane. "With his financial support, of course."
     "I suppose he has in mind a 'court ballet.' Unlike your up-time ballets, it was danced, at least
in part, by noble amateurs. It is really just a more elaborate form of the 'masque,' usually with a
mythological theme. The theatrical elements are more extensive, and there is no revel."
     "Nothing you can't cope with, right? But as for the theme . . . Gustav wants to make a
political statement. He would like the event to commemorate his coronation as king of Sweden."
     "When was that?"
     "October 12, 1617. But the king says that he can live with any date in October. And he is
agreeable to still holding it in Grantville, since that is what his daughter wants. The real catch is
that he wants a choreography which is suitably, uh . . ." She searched for the right word.
     "Laudatory?"
     "Yup. Oh . . . you know how we were joking around? Lieutenant General Kristina?"
     "Yes?"
     "It's no longer a joke. The king likes the idea. Assuming that the prime minister agrees, her
appointment will be announced that weekend. So the princess had better have a principal role in
the performance."
     "Has any thought been given to where this performance would be held? I doubt the
gymnasium could hold everyone one who would want to attend."
     "Apparently, Chancellor Oxenstierna has already spoken to the principal and to the mayor.
They said to tell you that they thought the event will need to be moved to the football stadium.
That will hold three, maybe four thousand people."
     "Right. So are there any specific choreographic changes he wants? A martial entree,
perhaps?"
     "Yes. Muskets or pikes or something of the sort. And he said to emphasize to you that the
dancer representing him should bear suitable royal indicia. He regrets that he is too busy to dance
himself."
     Federico breathed a sigh of relief. Gustav's temper was notorious, and he reportedly did not
take well to being told what to do.
     "I wish we had more time . . . Perhaps the princess' honor guard could help? No, they are
cavalrymen, not pikemen."
     "I have an idea," said Adriane. "The military number can be performed by the Junior ROTC
at the school. I believe they have a drill team. If so, the drill can be converted into a dance fairly
easily."
     "And how should we recruit them?" asked Federico.
     "No problem," said Adriane. "I'll talk to the cheerleaders. They'll do the recruiting better than
you or I can."
    "Whatever works. Now, as to our greater concerns. We obviously will need to rework the
overall program to direct it toward the new theme. I will go through Bitty's 'stories of the great
ballets' books, to see if they give me any ideas. We'll talk more tomorrow."
                                                 ***
    Federico pored over Bitty Matowski's ballet books until his eyes were tearing. Then he had
his brainstorm.
    Federico went looking for Adriane. "The masque has evolved into a court ballet titled 'After
Night, the Dawn.' It will begin with a court and ballroom dance suite, like that of an everyday
masque."
    "We can earn some brownie points by offering some of the local nobility the chance to
participate," said Adriane.
    "Indeed. Then we segue into several anti-masques. The cheerleaders can do their stunts."
    "Could the drama club be of any help?" Adriane asked.
    "Yes, if they can do comedy. Then we conclude with a more allegorical courtly masque.
That's the part which honors Gustav II Adolf. And his daughter can dance there, too. In fact, you,
she and I will have the three main roles in the show."
    "Is that last act the one where you are going to use the JROTC drill team?"
    "Yes. Unfortunately, I think I must omit one part of a traditional masque, the revel. I think it
would be anticlimactic to put it in after the part honoring our sponsor."
    "I have an idea. The revels could be informal, after the performance. The high school gym,
the Thuringen Gardens, and so on could host social dances, of both up- and down-time genres, in
various parts of town. I can organize that."
    "Excellent. But now I have to tell you the best part. Gustav wants a political statement? Oh,
he is going to love the allegory. And its source." He explained.
                                                 ***
    The rehearsal had not gone well. The cheerleaders just didn't seem able to get the hang of a
new pattern which Adriane had taught them; it was too different from what they were accustomed
to. Adriane, consequently, was feeling blue.
    Federico sat with her quietly. After a few minutes, he coughed, drawing her attention. "It is
hard not to worry about a performance."
    "Tell me about it," griped Adriane. "I was in one traveling show, and we normally did our
routine to recorded music. But then we had to perform it at a festival, which insisted that we use
live music. The festival musicians assured us that they knew the song, and the first time the
organizers put us together was at the final dress rehearsal."
    "They learned the wrong music."
    Adriane grinned. "Oh, it was the right music, but they were accustomed to a different
arrangement. By the end of rehearsal, we thought we had it all straightened out.
    "Then came the big performance. Halfway through, the musicians skipped a repeat. The more
experienced dancers in the group realized that they had jumped to a later part of the music, and
threw themselves into the appropriate section of the choreography. The less experienced ones
were oblivious, and just kept dancing."
    "So half the group ended with the music, and the other half were caught unawares?" asked
Federico.
    "You got it."
    Federico smiled. "Oh, I, too, have stories to tell. Now, this one, I wasn't one of the
performers, but I was in the audience.
    "One number was depicting an Italian village market scene. It was, of course, just an excuse
to throw in some peasant dances. However, the dancing master had wanted to increase the sense
of realism, so he had peasants driving a donkey and cart across the stage at one point.
    "The next group came on. They were noble visitors from France, doing one of the new French
court dances, a gavotte. What they didn't know was that, while onstage, the donkey had a call of
nature."
    Adriane snickered. "No!"
    "Yes. So on they came. One-two-three-squish. One-two-three-squish."
    "And what happened afterwards?"
    "The French were solemnly assured that the peasants would be severely punished. And once
the visitors had left, the peasants were brought to the palazzo, briefly reprimanded, and then
given a five-year performance contract.
    "The contract did provide that the donkey was to be left behind, but they were asked to be
sure to bring a cart on stage each year, in honor of the event." Adriane laughed.
    "Anyway, about the immediate problem. You can't worry too much about just one rehearsal."
    "I suppose. We even had a saying. 'The worse the rehearsal, the better the performance.'"
    Adriane smiled. "You know how to cheer up a girl."
    "It made me sad to see you upset. So I was merely acting out of self-interest." Federico
blushed.
    Adriane's eyes widened. She touched her fingers lightly to his shoulder. "Thank you," she
said quietly.
    He took her fingers in his own hand. "You're welcome." Then he released her.
    Adriane sighed. "Well, I'd best be getting home."
    "I will walk you there." She accepted. They took their time getting there, and paused on her
porch.
    "Good night, Adriane."
    "Good night, Federico."
    The next day, Adriane tendered her resignation to TacRail.
                                                ***
    Federico approached the priest. "Father Kircher. What is the status, in the eyes of the Church,
of an up-time woman who was divorced, but just by the twentieth-century civil authorities?"
    "Ah, then in the eyes of the Church, she was married to her husband at the time of the Ring of
Fire. The ecclesiastical scholars have expressed several views as to the effect of that miracle.
    "Some say that the husband left up-time is like a sailor lost at sea, and the woman must wait
seven years before having him declared legally dead, after which, as a widow, she may remarry.
Others, that she was immediately widowed by the event, as it irrevocably sundered them, just as
death would.
    "A few contend that since the Ring of Fire caused, or will cause, many events not to
happen—such as the death of Gustavus Adolphus at Lutzen in 1632—that the marriage itself
never occurred. Indeed, the husband never existed." Kircher paused.
    "May I ask whether this is a purely theoretical inquiry?"
    "Purely theoretical."
                                                  ***
    It was a windy autumn Friday. The big event was just a day away. Adriane looked up at the
sky. "It's looking a bit threatening."
    Federico didn't seem especially concerned. "Yes, I imagine you Americans will have to turn
on your weather control machines, soon, make sure it doesn't rain tomorrow."
    "What are you talking about, Federico?"
    "Your fantastical electrical devices for moving around the clouds, or whatever it is that they
do."
    "Just where did you get the idea that we could stop it from raining?"
    "Is it a military secret, perhaps? I saw all the strange devices on your rooftops."
    "The lightning rods and satellite dishes?"
    "And then there is that great stone tower your people are so mysterious about. It was only
when I saw the movie that I realized its true purpose. Don't worry, I won't reveal it to any
outsider."
    "What movie?"
    "I believe it was called, The Avengers."
    Adriane sighed. "That was what we call 'science fiction.' Actually, bad 'science fiction.' We
can't control the weather."
    "So what do up-timers do when there's a storm coming in?"
    "We get out our umbrellas and raincoats. We head indoors. Or we pray."
    Federico reexamined the clouds, frowned, and headed for St. Mary Magdalene's to do his
part.
                                                  ***
    It had become apparent, early on, that even the stadium would not hold all of the spectators.
Federico and Adriane had decided to put the stage near one end, and fill the other half of the field
with "orchestra seating." Except in the "VIP section" up front, that was a fancy name for wood
benches. The elevated stadium seating behind the stage was reserved for the musicians. Two tents
flanked the stage; they would be used as changing areas-cum-stage wings. The area immediately
behind the stage was reserved for props and special effect equipment, some of which was covered
with tarps.
    The hundred-piece marching band paraded onto the field, and then ascended to their section,
joining assorted down-time and up-time adult musicians. The cheerleaders were next, strutting
out, swinging their pom-poms, and shouting out, as a cheer routine, a highly abbreviated
prologue. In the meantime, the food concessionaire, Grantville Freedom Arches, was doing a
brisk business, both on the field and in the stands.
                                                  ***
    The first act was supposed to simulate a typical court dance of a royal court. The couples
were masked, but several were prominent members of the community. The most notable down-
timer was the Imperial Princess Kristina Vasa, who would be eight years old in just a couple of
months. She was partnered by the thirteen-year-old Count Ludwig Guenther of Schwarzburg-
Ebeleben. In addition, young Emilie von Oldenberg had managed to coax her husband, Count
Ludwig Guenther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, into participating. The down-time ranks were
filled out by various pupils of Federico, Adriane and Bitty, notably the duchess-ballerina
Elisabeth Sofie.
     The up-time contingent included Timothy and Lisa Kennedy, who had learned swing dancing
when they lived in Baltimore, and Ed and Annabelle Piazza. The Piazzas had been active in
community theater before the Ring of Fire, and therefore were experienced in up-time theatrical
dancing. Ed had even managed to squeeze in a few lessons in seventeenth-century dances,
sandwiched in-between his many tasks as President of the State of Thuringia-Franconia. If he
forgot a move, well, Annabelle was there to back-lead him.
     The first slow-fast pairing was of a pavane and a galliard. Just your usual seventeenth-century
"top forty" stuff. These were followed by a slow waltz, and a medium-tempo jitterbug. Finally,
the masquers polka'd off. The masquers who were not needed for other acts changed hurriedly, so
that they could claim their reserved seats in the VIP section and watch the rest of the show from
there.
     The torches were quenched, the stage crew rushed in, and half the stage was transformed
from the main hall of a court to the common room of a tavern. The other half depicted the street
outside. A series of loosely connected comic routines followed, some acted out by members of
the high school drama club, and others by down-timers.
     In one routine, a husband and wife were standing out on the street. The husband, a printer,
explained that he had a "rush" job at the printing house. Off he went . . . to the tavern. There he
and his buddies were, drinking beer and flirting with the barmaids, when in came his wife, broom
in hand. She chased him around the tavern, much to the enjoyment of the others, and finally
cornered him. She swung the broom low; he jumped over it. She swung it high, he ducked. They
repeated these movements; suddenly, it was a dance. They stopped to catch their breath. He
grabbed a mug of beer and handed it to her; she took a swig. They both grasped the broom and
danced around it, first one way, then the other. His buddies each invited a barmaid to dance, and
they all did a peasant couple dance, and then another folk dance, which progressed off stage.
     Another number was clearly intended to poke fun at the up-timers' love of gadgets. Some men
were sitting at a table in the tavern. A newcomer, dressed in twentieth-century clothes, entered.
The locals invited the up-timer to join them at the table. After a few beers, one suggested that
they all go fishing. The up-timer said, "I'll be right there; I have to pick up a few things from
home," and went out by the "back door." The down-timers each grabbed a simple fishing rod and
went out into the "street." They opened a trap door in the wood stage. Under it, a pit had been
dug, and they began "fishing."
     Then the up-timer returned. He was wearing a fishing vest with many pockets, a helmet with
all sorts of strange metal antennae and coils, and carrying what looked like a giant harpoon.
     "Wait, wait," he cried. "I will find the fish for you!" He set down the harpoon, put one hand
on his helmet and extended the other, and started wandering around the "street," going
everywhere, it seemed, but the actual fishing hole. Finally he stopped in front of it, saying in a
stage whisper, "What a curious signal I am getting!" He picked up his harpoon and thrust it into
the hole.
     There was a great (amplified) shriek, which took the audience quite by surprise. The
fishermen all fell back, and then the up-timer went to the edge of the hole and reached in. Out he
pulled a beautiful woman, dressed as a mermaid. She smiled demurely at the audience.
     "Now I understand," he said, "she is only half-fish, so I got only half a signal." He shook his
head. "I had best throw her back in!"
     "No, no!" shouted his comrades. They lifted the mermaid up, and carried her off stage. The
up-timer followed, banging on his helmet perplexedly.
     And so it went. The last skit ended with a dark-out, and the stage crew cleared the stage for
the second act.
                                                   ***
     Amber Higham, the school's theater manager, had arranged for the Grantville Street and
Roads Department to loan Federico one of the truck-mounted cherry pickers that were usually
used to trim trees. It had an extendible boom, with a platform at one end.
     The boom slowly hauled up a giant, reflective aluminum foil-covered disk hooked to the
bottom of the platform. As the platform ascended, the stage crew trained spotlights on it. The
moon had risen!
     The cheerleaders now came back on stage. There were no cheers or pom-poms this time; this
was a dance routine, with plenty of stunts.
     They were dressed in half-white, half-black blouses and skirts, and wore headbands with a
crescent moon symbol. There were now a dozen of them; they had been able to recruit and train
two down-timer students.
     At one point, they clustered together, with all of them oriented so that only the black parts of
their costumes were visible. It created the appearance of a black disk. Then they turned. Not all at
once, but progressively, so the black disk first acquired a white edge on one side, then was half-
and-half, and so forth, until, finally, it was all white.
     Bitty Matowski nodded approvingly. She had deliberately not sat in the VIP section on
ground level, although she had received an invitation. Instead, she was up high in the stands, but
at a forty-five degree angle to the centerline of the stage. That made it easy to see the dancers'
floor patterns as well as their "front."
     "See," she said to her husband. "They have shown the phases of the waxing moon, from new
to crescent to half to gibbous to full." She pondered for a moment. "They really need more than
twelve dancers for the best effect, however." As she spoke, the cheerleaders completed the figure,
by depicting the waning of the moon. The dance continued.
     The centerpiece of the finale was a very difficult lift. The side bases both held the flier's right
foot, the front spot grasped her wrist and shin, and the back spot had one hand under her tush and
the other on her calf. Millicent nodded slightly, confirming that she was ready to go airborne. On
the count, her assistants all lifted, while she pushed down. Millicent was now balanced on just her
right foot, which was above her supporters' heads.
     To climax the stunt, Millicent raised her left leg to the vertical, holding her left foot in her
right hand. Her right arm formed a gentle arc, curving left over her head, and her left arm was
straight out horizontally, also to the left. This was the "bow-and-arrow" pose: the bow was
formed by her right side, from hand to hip; the bowstring was her raised left leg; the arrow, her
left arm. The crowd oohed and aahed.
     In the VIP section, Lisa Dailey, the assistant principal, turned to Victor Saluzzo. "Very
clever. The Greeks had three moon goddesses: Artemis, Selene, and Hecate. Artemis was also the
goddess of the hunt. The bow was part of her iconography." Lisa had been an English teacher
before the Ring of Fire.
     "Whatever you say," replied Victor. "What I was thinking is that I wouldn't want to try
getting into that position even if I was lying on the ground, let alone being held six feet up in the
air. And mind you, I got my bachelor's in P.E."
     The fliers dismounted, and the cheerleaders edged into a crescent formation, and kneeled.
                                                   ***
     Adriane now came onto the field. She was standing atop a salvaged Homecoming '99 float,
wearing a silver sequined party dress, and matching shoes. On her head, she had a kind of
skullcap to which an ingenious drama club draper had fastened a papier-mâché crescent, painted
silver. This cap allowed her long hair to escape down her back; both her tresses and her exposed
skin had been liberally sprinkled with twentieth-century "moon glitter" to give her a more
celestial appearance.
     The float was drawn by a team of white horses. Adriane's coachman, dressed in stage crew
black, snapped his whip, and guided the float into a slow circuit of the football field. During this
processional, the band played, "Shine On, Shine On Harvest Moon."
     Adriane's unusual makeup attracted considerable attention.
     "Do you have any idea how that woman has achieved that stunning starlight effect?" asked
one of the duchesses in attendance.
     "No, but I fully intend to find out," her companion replied.
     While they spoke, the float pulled up alongside the rear of the stage.
     Then Federico, dressed as a shepherd, made his entrance. The cheerleaders dropped to all
fours, and "baa-ed." They were now his sheep. That established, they rose, and continued
dancing, surging first in one direction, then another, as the band played a jig tune. As they did so,
Federico cavorted about them, seeming to head off their movements and drive them in the other
direction. One moment, he was doing a side step, with the stick held to one side. The next, he was
leaping, one leg across the other, as he plied his stick in a figure-eight pattern.
     The orchestra suddenly started playing an Argentine Tango tune, and Federico froze. Adriane
descended from her float, assisted by two of the cheerleaders. She spiraled toward him, caressing
the floor with each step, some slow, others quick.
     Now she was circling him, and, simultaneously, he turned, hopping on his left foot, while his
right foot traced little arcs in her direction. Suddenly, he trapped one of her feet between his. She
responded by drawing the toe of her free foot, slowly, sensuously up his leg. He released her foot
from the mordida, the "little bite," and their dance continued.
     A canopy bed, mounted on rollers, was wheeled out of one of the prop tents. Four
cheerleaders, two at each end, danced with it, turning it slowly clockwise, and occasionally
releasing it to do spins of their own.
     In the stands, Victor Saluzzo turned to his wife, Viola. "I know that Adriane is portraying the
Moon Goddess Selene, but what was the name of her shepherd?
     "Oh, let me think—Federico told me. Endymion, the shepherd, that's it. Selene the Moon saw
him asleep in a cave, and shone down to join him each night. Eventually she asked Zeus to give
him perpetual youth. Zeus agreed, but insisted that Endymion remain asleep forever."
     "Doesn't sound like much of a deal."
     "Yes, well, Zeus was one of Selene's ex-lovers. That may have had something to do with it.
However, Selene and Endymion still managed to have fifty daughters."
                                                  ***
     In the meantime, Federico and Adriane had danced, now in the close embrace, to the edge of
the bed. Some members of the audience looked shocked. Others leaned forward. Some did both.
     Tim Kennedy thumbed the remote controls of the two precious fog machines. The high
school PTA had used them in the "Haunted House" fundraiser it held each year, before the Ring
of Fire. Basically, each machine had a piston pump, which forced the fog fluid through an
aluminum block heat exchanger. A heating element had already preheated the metal, so the
pumped fluid was "flashed" before it was forced out of the nozzle.
     Federico and Adriane had been a bit worried about this particular special effect. They only
had a limited amount of "fog fluid," so they couldn't practice with it as much as they would have
liked to. But they did have a backup plan if the fog refused to materialize.
     Fortunately, the machines spewed out a satisfyingly large quantity of fog, obscuring the
audience's view of Adriane, Federico and the bed. The stage crew was happy; the opinion in the
stands was, perhaps, more ambivalent. But the spectators did appreciate the conceit of clouds
covering up the moon.
     The four cheerleaders returned to the bed corners and released the curtain retainers. That was
the backup plan, and also meant that they could economize a bit on fog fluid. Federico and
Adriane were now completely hidden from view, and the bed, with them aboard, was returned to
its tent.
                                                  ***
     It was now necessary to pay homage to the third moon goddess: Hecate. The school drama
club returned to the stage, its players wearing dog masks, and carrying torches. They pranced
about the stage.
     Hecate entered, in an improvised chariot. Ideally, it would have been drawn by dragons, but
two horses, each wearing a chamfron and neck guard painted to look like a dragon's head, had to
do.
     "Who is that?" Victor Saluzzo asked.
     "I dropped my program, hold on. Okay, that's Hecate, Goddess of the Moon, of Magic, of the
Underworld, of Sailors, and of Shepherds."
     Ed Piazza overheard. "Sounds like she has a lot on her plate. I know exactly how she must
feel."
     Hecate was now dancing with her followers, who had been joined by the cheerleaders.
     "It looks like Amber is enjoying herself," said Victor approvingly. Amber Higham, high
school drama teacher in two universes, and former star of the Minneapolis community theater
circuit, was indeed having a blast.
                                                  ***
     Princess Kristina entered, stage left, preceded by her attendants. These were Catherine
Matzinger and Lady Ulrike, each holding one end of a long bolt of bright yellow cloth, with
which they swept across the stage. The worshippers of Selene and Hecate scattered before them,
even as night retreats from the light of day. Princess Kristina followed, but stopped at stage
center. She was wearing a dress, tie-dyed in blues, yellows and reds. Wings were attached to her
back. In one hand she carried a golden wand with a silver star on top. She, too, had received the
"glitter dust" treatment. That, of course, only increased the intensity of interest in certain quarters.
It was now an imperial cosmetic.
    Thomas Jefferson Johnson turned to his wife. "Sybill, isn't that the little princess? My
eyesight isn't what it used to be."
    "Let me check the program, dear. Yes, indeed. It says 'Eos, the Dawn . . . Lieutenant General
Kristina Vasa.'"
    The musicians played a galliard tune. Kristina performed several galliard variations, short and
long, including one inspired by a Charleston step. The silver disk was lowered, and a golden one
slowly raised in its place. Kristina danced off stage.
                                                  ***
    The high school JROTC drill team marched onto the stage, and formed a double file. They
presented arms. Now Federico emerged from the stage left tent. He was definitely no longer a
shepherd. On his head he wore an elaborate headdress, made of some gold fabric which had been
folded over and over, accordion fashion, and secured so it would fan out. His shoes had golden
buckles, sunburst-shaped.
    "There's Federico!" said TJ.
    "Yes, he makes a very handsome Sun God, don't you think?" Sybill replied.
    Federico's attire had some more secular aspects, too. Specifically, he was wearing a blue
surcoat with a gold cross upon it—the Swedish flag.
    Federico capered halfway down the line, turned to face the king, and bowed. The drill team
separated into two groups, flanking him, and began executing show moves, such as rifle spins
and exchange tosses.
    There was quiet murmuring in the VIP section, which had the keenest interest in, and
appreciation of, the political ramifications of the production. "So this confirms that Gustav is the
'Golden King,'" Fletcher Wendell, USE Secretary of the Treasury whispered.
    Arnold Bellamy, of the USE State Department, laughed. "Oh, you don't realize how devious
Federico is. He told His Majesty, who told me." Arnold stopped to admire a particularly
spectacular spin-kick. Federico's fellow dancing masters would have recognized it as a "kick the
tassles" move, but to the up-timers it looked like karate.
    "Have you ever wondered why Louis the Fourteenth was called the Sun King?" Fletcher
shook his head, and Arnold continued.
    "Louis XIV was born, in our time line, in 1638, and ascended to the throne after Cardinal
Richelieu's death. The young king loved to dance, even more than his father Louis XIII, and
Mazarin was delighted to take advantage of it for political purposes.
    "In 1653, the French court, and the attendant professional dancers, put on Ballet Royal de la
Nuit. It showed Paris from sunset to sunrise. Louis XIV, then fourteen years old, appeared in the
final act as Apollo, the Sun."
    Fletcher chuckled. "So Federico has taken a piece of French propaganda and turned it into
'Gustaviana.' I like it. Especially if Richelieu, when he reads his spies' reports, recognizes exactly
where this idea came from.
    "Perhaps we should tell him, so he doesn't miss out?"
    "Anyway," Arnold concluded, "thanks to Federico and Adriane, in this time line, Gustav II
Adolf of Sweden is, and will forever be, the Sun King."
                                 RECYCLING

                       by Philip C. Schillawski and John Rigby
    "Hey! Watch it with that broom." Officer Preston Richards hastily pulled his feet back away
from the stiff bristles that threatened the shine of his newly polished shoes. He glanced up from
the night sheets he was going over, and looked over the unprepossessing figure before him. The
small gray-haired woman in dumpy clothes, with her flesh hanging from her thin frame, was a far
cry from the well dressed matron he had met the day of the Ring of Fire. Then she had been a
hard-bodied exercise maven. Now the only thing hard about her was her eyes. But he'd kept his
eyes on her for too long.
    "Don't you look at me like I'm some kind of white trash, Mr. Officer Preston Richards," the
woman spat. "If I happen to be down on my luck, it's the damned Ring of Fire that took away
Joseph and my boys."
    Richards recalled the frantic figure he had tried to help on that day the world had been split
apart. She had been in town checking out retirement homes, and had been left with only her car
and the clothes she had with her. She was desperately attempting to contact her family. Now he
tried for a soothing reply. "I've never thought you were trash, Mrs. Sanderlin. I just keep hoping
that you'll stop staying with us on such a regular basis."
    He glanced back down at the night sheets. He hadn't made it through to the petty crimes
section yet, but if LeeAnn was sweeping floors in the station this morning, he knew he'd find her
usual entry: "Public Drunkenness, LeeAnn Sanderlin, Drunk Tank." Sentencing for nonviolent
public drunkenness had become so routine by now that most of the regulars and semiregulars
didn't even go before the associate judge any more. Not unless they demanded a hearing, and
most were smart enough to realize that they wouldn't get a lighter sentence by going that route.
Instead they were allowed to sleep it off on the thin foam-rubber mats in the drunk tank. The next
morning they were given a good breakfast by Carolyn Atkins, then put to work at odd jobs
around the station or downtown until released. LeeAnn, like most of the regulars and
semiregulars, didn't even need much supervision on her morning's work.
    "Well, if a person needs to take a drink or two sometimes to warm the coldness inside, and
doesn't hurt anybody by it, then there's no harm done, Preston Richards." LeeAnn pushed harder
with the broom. "I don't mind sweeping your floors or cleaning out your cells to repay your
hospitality when you bring me in, so we're square there. I don't need charity from anybody. I pay
my debts."
    "Are you sure you wouldn't like to talk to someone who might be able to help?" He'd tried
hard to get her counseling and other help when she started to come apart. But nothing he'd tried
had worked. He knew from experience that there wasn't much hope for LeeAnn unless she
worked out the problems that caused her drinking binges. But that just stiffened his resolve to
continue to try to help.
    "No. I don't need to talk to any more experts. None of them know what they're doing,
anyway, and nothing they do helps. I can get by on my own."
    Richards shook his head as LeeAnn moved off. The sagging flesh at the back of her arms
wobbled as she worked the broom. He went back to the night sheets, only to be interrupted again
by a raised voice from the next table.
    "Whoa! Karl, you nearly took my eye out with that thing!" Officer Ralph Onofrio was
rubbing his forehead. "Can't you ever get that pen back together without launching the spring
across the room?"
    Karl Maurer, one of the newer down-timers on the force, grinned sheepishly. "Sorry, I was
just checking to see how much ink is left. I do not want to run out while we are on shift." LeeAnn
reached past him to place the offending spring on the table in front of him.
    "Well, be more careful with it. We still have plenty of refill cartridges left, but if you lose that
spring, the pen is useless. We don't have any replacement springs." Onofrio shook his head.
    Maurer carefully reassembled the pen. "Why can you not simply make another one? It seems
so simple a task for your technology."
    "I'm not sure why not," Onofrio answered. "I've just been told that coil springs aren't doable."
    "Well, it is good then that a pen spring is not critical." Maurer put the pen back in his pocket.
    Richards glanced at the revolver Officer Maurer was wearing. He hadn't been intensively
trained on semi-autos, then. He decided to interrupt. "Pen springs aren't critical, no. But since it
seems we don't have the resources to do anything about making new springs, we'll have to get by
without. That means being careful with all the springs we do have." The officer nodded gravely.
Richards picked up the night sheets and left the room, passing LeeAnn who was still working her
broom by the door.
                                                 ***
    Guenther Wendel stopped LeeAnn as she walked toward the women's locker room at the
Public Works Department Recycling Center. "Herr Officer Richards called and said you would
be in after noon today. He is concerned about you. I also am growing concerned with your
mornings off. You need to be more careful with yourself."
    LeeAnn scowled at her supervisor. Arrogant little German twerp, she thought. The coldness
started to grow inside her again—memories of her comfortable, fulfilled life before the Ring of
Fire warred with the bleakness of her current condition. The last thing she needed was to have to
deal with one of the Germans she associated with the change. "I haven't used up all my sick days
yet. Until I do, you have no cause to complain. I'm still the best sorter you've got."
    She pushed past Wendel into the locker room, where he couldn't follow. As she changed into
her work clothes, she was still muttering. "They don't pay me enough to put up with this crap.
Even the damn Germans leave here as soon as they can. I need to find some angle and get out."
Her words ran up against the memories of all those jobs she'd lost when she fell apart in the year
after Joe and the boys were taken. She licked her lips, wishing for some liquid warmth as the cold
inside her grew some more.
    LeeAnn threw herself into sorting. If she thought of it as a big treasure hunt, it sometimes
could be interesting enough to take her mind off other things. There was a large pile to work
through. Since the Ring of Fire, all metals, plastics, synthetic fabrics, rubber and glass were
required to be separated from other trash and set out for recycling. "Strategic Materials" they now
were, not just trash anymore. The announcements had been clear: 'You don't have to get rid of
anything you want to keep, but if you put them on the curb, Strategic Materials MUST be in the
recycle pile.'
    Hmm, this may be promising, LeeAnn thought. She pulled out a ripped and tattered piece of
nylon luggage. Yes! It was one of those bags capable of being used as a backpack. The zippers
were all popped, and the rips made it unsuitable for further use as a backpack. But the contour
bars were still there. She felt the two flat bars that ran under the nylon on the side of the bag the
shoulder straps were on. She easily bent the bars with her hands. She sliced open the nylon and
removed the precious aluminum.
    She dropped the aluminum bars into the aluminum bin. Not much here, she thought. Now that
most people knew they could get good money from various scrap dealers for any aluminum
articles they didn't need, they didn't send them off in the recycling for free. She glanced over as
Berta Hess dropped some bent tubing taken from a camp chair into the bin. LeeAnn pulled out
one of the tubes. It felt too heavy to her.
    "Berta!" The German woman turned. "You can't just assume that any silvery metal is
aluminum. You have to check." LeeAnn pulled out her magnet and nodded as it went "clack" and
clung to one of the legs. "See, plated steel tubing."
    Berta nodded shamefacedly. LeeAnn shook her head. They need to train these people more,
she thought. Berta isn't dumb, she just doesn't have the training or experience to recognize the
difference. LeeAnn glanced over to where Herr Wendel was sitting, filling out paperwork. I do
more supervising around here than he does. Instead of training people to do their jobs right, and
watching to make sure they do, he just sits around. She turned as Berta moved past her, carrying
the tubing toward the steel scrap bin. Arrgh . . .
    Shaking her head again, LeeAnn stepped over to Berta and redirected her. "Remember, Berta.
Tubing is on the Special List because it's so difficult to reproduce. It goes into the Special List
bin." The tubing would be evaluated further on to see if it could be reused in its current form. If
not, the plating would be stripped off and the steel itself would probably end up on the scrap heap
to be melted into new steel.
    LeeAnn collected the remains of the backpack suitcase and dropped the nylon in with the
other synthetics. At some point, "when the budget allows," all the collected synthetic cloth would
be further evaluated for possible reuse.
    A broken brass candlestick was next. It went into the brass bin along with a bunch of spent
.22 caliber cases. All of that went for military use, to make the bases of new shotgun shells for
the army.
    Her next find made her flinty eyes narrow. She nodded to herself in complete satisfaction; it
was too heavy for aluminum. "So Herr Wendel wants to give me trouble, does he? I'm the only
one here who knows enough to recognize this for what it is. He won't dare push things and try to
get me fired." LeeAnn weighed the heavy pot-metal ornaments in her hands as she carried them
to the zinc bin. The experts were still pushing hard for zinc from any source, again for military
production. Even now, the zinc was still carefully stripped off from any unusable galvanized
steel. Later date American pennies had gone out of circulation quickly once the "experts" finally
twigged to the fact that they were mostly zinc and worth far more than their one-cent face value.
The one who finally figured that out was awarded the Strategic Materials Prize. "I sure could do
with the cash that comes with one of those," LeeAnn muttered.
                                                  ***
    LeeAnn luxuriated under the hot shower after work. The oil, grease, food and beverage
residues on the recycled trash made for a messy job. The showers the department provided as a
result were one of the best benefits of working there. LeeAnn used them every day after work,
even when she was running short on soap or shampoo. Today was one of those days. Her
shampoo bottle was almost empty, and her binge last night meant that the budget couldn't handle
a refill until next payday. So she used soap today to cut the grease on her hair, and only a little
shampoo after. That meant her hair would be dry and frizzy when it dried, but she was the only
one now who cared how she looked, so that was okay.
    As she dried herself, she finally identified part of what had been bothering her all through
work that afternoon. Something Preston Richards had said had been nagging at her ever since.
And she thought she knew who might have some answers for her. She hurried to dress so she
could catch him when he left work.
                                                  ***
    Ed Barger, the equipment procurement specialist at the Department of Transportation,
stopped warily as the bag lady stepped in front of him on his way down the walk from the
department offices. "Uh . . . hello . . . ."
    "I'm LeeAnn Sanderlin," the bag lady said. "I work over at the recycling center. You're Ed
Barger, right? I have some questions for you."
    Okay, Ed thought, I have seen her over at Public Works before. So she's not really a bag lady.
Still, her worn and stained coat, the shapeless knit hat covering her frizzy hair, and the big roller
bag she was pulling sure made her look the part. Ed couldn't help reacting to her that way. "I . . .
uh . . . I really don't have any time right now."
    "This won't take long," the bag lady said, moving in closer. "I just have some questions about
springs, and I remember reading what you told the paper when you-all were pushing for people to
turn in their cars for tax deductions, about how the springs and things were needed for the
railroad and other equipment." Ed had been moving back away from her as she spoke, but she
kept moving forward after him, and now he was trapped against the wall. He glanced quickly to
both sides, but couldn't see a way to escape.
    "Now," the bag lady continued, grinning up at him, "I heard this morning that we couldn't
make coil springs anymore, and I want to know why."
    Maybe if I humor her, she'll go away, Ed thought. It's that or call for a cop. "Uh . . . well. It's
not that we couldn't make them if we had the steel to do it with. It's easy to draw the wire and
wind the coils. Heck, Europeans were drawing and winding iron wire for centuries before the
Ring of Fire dropped us on them; it's how they made chain mail." It looked like the bag lady
understood, because she asked an intelligent question.
    "But we're starting to make good steel now. I know that Public Works sells some of the steel
we get at the recycling center to be remelted. Why don't they make coil springs out of that?"
    "Some crucible steel is being produced. But . . . uh . . . that's just high carbon steel at best, and
even wire made from that won't work for coil springs. It weakens quickly and the spring becomes
useless. You need a special kind of alloy for reliable coil springs. It will be years before we can
get the elements for the alloys in large enough quantities to be able to produce much of it. That's
why we needed the cars—most all the coil springs from their suspensions can be used as-is for all
the equipment and railroad suspension elements where coil springs are critical."
    The bag lady thought that over for a bit. "What else are coil springs critical for?"
    "Uh . . . let's see. Lots of things, I guess. I think I heard that some medical equipment uses
them. I don't know much about that. But, I know that modern gun designs use coil springs a lot.
They power the firing pins and return the bolt after ejecting the empty case in semiautomatic
pistols and rifles. And they make the tubular magazines in shotguns work. We can't duplicate any
of those kinds of guns until we're able to make reliable springs."
    "Thanks. I appreciate your time," she said.
    Ed sighed with relief as the bag lady ended the interrogation and moved off. He continued on
his way home, shaking his head about the difference between her appearance and her apparent
intelligence.
                                                     ***
    Walking back home under the low overcast, the cold and rainy spring weather made LeeAnn
feel every one of her sixty-seven years. And something was still bothering her—she couldn't
quite pin it down—something about this whole spring thing just didn't make sense, and she
couldn't get it out of her mind. She trundled her work clothes and towels along behind her in her
priceless roller bag. She needed to swap them out for a clean set tomorrow, and get to the
Laundromat before the end of the week. She looked up in disgust as she passed the Hoffman
house two doors down from hers. The brats were out again.
    The four Hoffman children were all in the front yard, and all concentrating on her. They
stared at her the whole time she walked by, waving their hands and fingers at her in hex signs,
and all the time jabbering on in high-pitched German. LeeAnn sighed in relief as their mother
came to the door and shooed them inside, then she stiffened as the other woman sniffed loudly
and tossed her chin as she followed her children through the door.
    "Damn arrogant foreigners," LeeAnn mumbled as she turned up the driveway toward her
rented room in her landlord's garage. "Herr Hoffman thinks he's a big man just because the Army
gave him some training and now they're moving him up to a better job. And of course, Frau
Hoffman thinks she's better than me just because they can rent a house. Damn Germans taking
jobs and houses, and they can't even speak English." The coldness, and the thirst, were growing
inside her.
    LeeAnn dumped the dirty work clothes and towels from the roller bag into the hamper and
replaced them with a clean set. Then she sighed and looked around her small portion of the
garage. Before the Ring of Fire, her section had been set up as an office, partially partitioned off
from the main part of the garage, with a small bathroom with sink and toilet off one wall. Now it
was home, for which her landlord charged exorbitant rent. Still, it had the bathroom. No shower,
but she had that at work. And it was heated. Thank God natural gas supply wasn't a problem in
Grantville. The heater was on now, and handled the coldness, at least that on the outside.
    LeeAnn looked up as someone knocked on the garage door. "Come in," she said, but her
landlord had already pushed through the door, holding a cardboard carton in his arms.
    "Evenin', LeeAnn," Rafael Ugolini said. He carried the carton into the main section of the
garage and placed it on a new stack of similar ones. The label on this one declared its contents to
be: "Catalogs: Reagan Years." He turned back to LeeAnn. "I hope you'll be on time with the rent
this month."
     "I'll be on time with my rent as always," LeeAnn answered. "And you've got no call to
suggest anything different."
     "Well, yes. But I'm going to need the money regular-like now that the new baby's coming."
     "You'll get it."
     "Whatever. For right now, though, I need you to be sure you keep all your stuff in your
section. I'm cleaning out the back room of the house for the nursery, and I'll need all of the space
up here."
     LeeAnn looked over the front section of the garage. That section was filled with what—her
nose wrinkled in irony at the thought—was trash. Many of the garages in Grantville were that
way now. "Why don't you just recycle this stuff? Then you won't have to move it again later."
     "Hah. Just 'cause you work for the recycle place that's all you think about. Well, I recycled
my car when the gov'ment asked. I only got the little tax deduction for a regular car though. If I'd
a bought that SUV back in '99, I could have gotten the big money for it, and the army would have
another armored car sometime down the line."
     "There's a lot of stuff here that should be recycled. It's not worth anything." LeeAnn gestured
at the broken bed leaning over in the corner by the big door. The side rail of the frame was
splintered, and shredded cotton batting was hanging out of big rips in the mattress. She moved
over and nudged a twisted mass of wire and plastic clothes hangers with her toe.
     "Hey, this is all twentieth-century stuff," Ugolini protested. "It's worth a lot. We can't make
any of it anymore."
     LeeAnn raised her eyebrows at this. She knew he was wrong about the wire hangers, anyway.
She glanced significantly again at the bedraggled bed.
     "Well, maybe I could put that thing on the curb. I'll probably need the space before I'm done."
     After her landlord left, LeeAnn sat at her card table on a wooden folding chair and ate the
bread and cheese she had brought home for dinner. Berta at work was always nagging her about
her food. LeeAnn snorted. "Like I need some foreigner telling me about 'nuut-ree-shun.' I made it
through two winters here, so I guess I know what I need to get by." She sighed. It sure would be
nice to get some more meat once in a while, and more vegetables. But even when the harvests
were just in, those were expensive because transportation was so difficult. Now they were dear.
LeeAnn shrugged. She looked at the two wizened apples she'd bought for desert, but decided she
was full. She licked her lips, wishing she had something to warm her growing inner chill.
     She thought some more about what had been bothering her today. She still couldn't pin it
down, and it was truly annoying her.
     The light was fading when LeeAnn changed into the velour running suit she used for sleeping
and moved to the recliner she used for a bed. The landlord supplied electricity, but he didn't
supply light bulbs, and LeeAnn couldn't afford them. Won't let me use candles or a gas jet either,
she thought with disgust. Afraid I'll burn the place down. So it was to bed with the twilight and
up with the dawn. When the days finally got longer, she could read after dinner. I really miss
being able to read.
     The recliner had seen better days, but it was hers. She held the covering quilt up and flopped
herself down. She was rewarded with a metallic "click" and a poke in her left rear. She cursed,
levered herself up, and glared at the offending chair. "Now what am I going to use to pad . . ."
     "The 'experts' can't possibly have been that stupid, could they?" LeeAnn muttered as she
manhandled the recliner over onto its side. She peered into its innards. "Hmm, not exactly what I
thought, but close enough." She went to get a set of cutters. A few careful snips removed the item
she needed. She got the heavy chair back upright, then stood holding her prize and gazing off into
the gloom of the garage. "Yes, they really can be that stupid. They really screwed up this one."
She licked her lips, but not from thirst for booze, this time.
     Her gaze fixed on the torn mattress in the corner. Her eyes narrowed. She strode over and
peered in through the torn cover. Yep. More in there. She pulled the mattress forward and
checked the object behind it. There too . . . duh, of course. Her eyes narrowed even more, then
she glanced up into the corner by the big door, and started to laugh. She slept peacefully that
night in her saggy recliner, her prize clutched in her hand, warm both inside and out for the first
time in ages.
                                                 ***
     As LeeAnn walked to work the next morning, Frau Hoffman was sweeping her front steps.
LeeAnn gave her a radiant smile, then laughed at the look of surprised confusion her smile
caused on the German woman's face. LeeAnn bypassed the recycling center and entered the main
office of the Public Works Department, pulling her roller bag behind her. She marched up to the
well-fed down-timer secretary outside the director's door, and stated, "Tell Garland Franklin that
LeeAnn Sanderlin is here to see him. It's vitally important that I see him about Strategic
Materials. And tell him that I'm applying for the Strategic Materials prize."
     The secretary looked up at LeeAnn with mild disdain. "I'm afraid Herr Franklin is quite busy
this morning. You will have to make an appointment."
     "I don't think so. Mister Franklin always says he has an open-door policy to his employees,
especially when they have valuable suggestions. So you march right in there and tell him I'm
here. He will definitely thank you once I let him know that his 'experts' have been sitting on their
fat butts on a Strategic Material for years now, and didn't even know it."
     Garland Franklin was sent, quite frankly, into a state of shock when his secretary ushered
LeeAnn into the conference nook in his office and she placed a football-shaped coil spring in his
hand. "Ed Barger over at the Department of Transportation told me that coil springs are required
for a lot of important things, especially modern gun designs. He said they are a special steel alloy
that we can't make here-and-now. I got this from under the seat of my recliner. There were five of
these smaller ones and four big ones," LeeAnn stated. Franklin understood the importance of that
immediately. "There are probably thousands like them all over town." Franklin just nodded. "And
there are thousands of other coil springs, with different size wire, in box-springs and mattresses
also." Franklin couldn't do anything but nod some more. "And there are two great big coil springs
on most every garage door inside the Ring of Fire. Most folks don't use their garage doors much
anymore. If they knew how important they were, and were offered a reasonable price, they
probably wouldn't mind selling the springs to the government. I bet you could make an awful lot
of gun springs from just one of those big overhead door models.
     "But one thing has been troubling me. If coil springs are so important and can't be
reproduced, why aren't they on the Special List at the recycling center? I'm sure now that I
remember coil springs coming through in recycled items before. I bet there have been many that
just got tossed in with the regular steel scrap and a lot have probably been melted down by now.
If I didn't know they were special until I overheard something that made me drag it out of Ed
Barger, it's a sure bet that none of the down-timers did."
     "Public Works doesn't make up the Special List." Franklin wasn't so much in shock that his
bureaucrat's CYA instincts didn't immediately kick in. "That comes down to us from higher up.
My department only got stuck with recycling because it didn't seem to fit in anywhere else. And
even though the administration gives recycling a lot of lip service, and makes a big deal out of the
Strategic Materials prize, they never really put much behind it come budget time."
     Now that Garland had recovered himself by getting back on familiar ground, he shook his
head and chuckled ruefully. "I still just can't believe that all this spring steel has been there all
this time right under our noses."
     LeeAnn gave a wicked laugh. "It wasn't under your nose, Garland. It was under your rear
end." Garland sank back into the old-fashioned overstuffed chair he favored, now actually
noticing the springs creak as he did so, and laughed along with her.
                                                 ***
     LeeAnn clutched the Strategic Materials prize certificate in both hands after the award
ceremony at the Fourth of July celebration. She'd already tucked the $1,000.00 cash prize into the
pocket of her new slacks. Guenther Wendel was one of the first to congratulate her. He was
actually beaming with pride for her as he shook her hand. He's not such a bad guy after all,
LeeAnn thought. The breeze blew a lock of her carefully brushed hair into her eyes. She
smoothed it back into place.
     Preston Richards also came up to congratulate her. "You've done a very important thing for
all of us, LeeAnn. It's amazing how we can all miss the obvious for so long. I'm glad to see you
looking better now. I haven't seen you partake of our 'hospitality' at the jail for a while now
either. That makes me even more happy."
     LeeAnn glanced down at the beautiful calligraphy on the certificate once more. She had
thought the cash prize would be the big thing to come from her discovery, but she was finding
that having other people looking at her with approval was much bigger. She was amazed at how
much her outlook had changed in the months since she had found the springs, and how good it
felt to smile again. Each smile put more warmth into her fight against the inner cold than the
booze ever had. "Thanks, Preston. And thank you for trying to help even when I was throwing
myself away. I guess this means that you can find something to recycle in every sort of trash."
                               Old Folks' Music

                            by Gorg Huff and Paula Goodlett

July 1, 1633
    "You reckon we could afford to do something special for the Fourth?" Ella Mae Jones was
sipping iced chamomile tea and making faces at it at the same time. "Lord above, I wish a person
could afford sugar," she muttered.
    Nancy Simmons ignored the comment. Ella Mae was always griping about something. "What
do you mean, do something special?"
    "Well, you know Huey was born on July seventh." Ella Mae made another face at the tea.
"And your boys, well, they all have summer birthdays. I was thinking we might have a barbeque.
Smoke some ribs. And the corn is coming in. Corn on the cob. We could spare a few ears for a
holiday, couldn't we?" Casting a look at Mildred and Regina, Ella Mae smirked a bit. "Well, for
those of us who can eat corn on the cob, I mean."
    Regina gritted her false teeth for a moment. "Tastes just as good when you cut it off, Ella
Mae. And it's a damn sight easier to eat, too. But I figure we can probably do it. The party, I
mean. Sort of combine all the boys into one big shebang. I've been saving up from the canning
and I think I have enough green beans to last the winter—I could probably get enough for the
extra to buy enough sugar for a cake. A yellow cake, unless one of you is holding out on cocoa."
    Ella Mae, Nancy and Mildred shook their heads. "All gone the first winter," Milly mourned.
"Bucky drank cocoa like it was going out of style when we couldn't get coffee. I've got a little bit
of vanilla left, though. That will do for the frosting, with the cream cheese they're producing now.
If we can grind the sugar down to powder, that is."
    "We'll find a way." Nancy grinned. "May have to run the blender to bits, but we'll see what
we can do. I can't tell you how much I'd like some real frosting, even if we have to use cream
cheese instead of Crisco."
                                                  ***
    The "boys," not that they could be remotely called boys by anyone but their wives, trudged
home from the bus stop, trying not to glare at the boarders.
    "Ah, youth," Henry muttered. "Wish to hell I had that kind of energy."
    "I wish to hell they could carry a tune in a bucket," Jerry Simmons complained. "At least
what we did was music." The boarders and some young friends were experimenting with rap, of
all things. In a combination of two different dialects of German and badly accented English.
Mixed in was a lot of laughter and not a lot of tune. To be honest, not that much rhythm or rhyme
either. The kids weren't all that good.
     "Good grief." Bucky looked over at Jerry. "It's been a long time since we played, hasn't it?
We all got caught up in all the hoopla . . . I haven't pulled the banjo out of the closet since, well . .
." Bucky's face creased. "Must be six years, now."
     "We ought to pull the banjo and the mandolin out for that barbeque the girls are planning."
Huey grinned. "Show these boys some real music. You've still got the guitar, don't you, Jer?"
     "Might just do that," Bucky said, when Jerry nodded. "Might just do."
                                                  ***
     The day of the party was clear and bright. And a great deal of work. A blender can turn
granulated sugar into powdered sugar. It can even turn rock sugar into powdered sugar. It's not
the best way to go about it, but the girls didn't know that. A blender or food processor is made to
cut, not to crush. A mortar and pestle would have probably been less work and certainly used less
electricity. Still, they had powdered sugar.
     "Out." Ella Mae flapped a dish towel. "Out of the kitchen, all of you." Good grief, she
thought. Dealing with all these boarders could be a pain.
     "Smells good." Karl, one of the youngest ones, smiled hopefully. "Very good."
     "And there will be enough for everyone. Just get out of the kitchen, out from underfoot,
please. We'll be eating around five. Until then, out. If you need something to do, you could
always weed the garden." Ella Mae laughed as Karl scooted out the door, followed by two more
young men, Johan and Peter. "Good boys," she muttered. "Good boys, all of them." She peered
out the door to see that all three of them had headed for the shed and taken out hoes. "Work like
the devil, even on a holiday."
     Ella Mae went back to her cooking, enjoying the sounds of young people laughing at their
work. Not that she didn't have plenty of her own work to do. Between them, the four families
boarded fifteen of the younger miners. That took a fair bit of cooking. Not to mention all the
dishwashing.
                                                  ***
     "Drat." Bucky plucked a string. "If this thing was any further out of tune . . ."
     Henry grinned. "Shoulda taken better care of it, Buck." His mandolin sounded pretty good, he
thought.
     Bucky turned the peg a bit tighter, then tried it out. "That's got it."
     "What do we remember best?" Jerry plunked at his guitar.
     That took some discussing. Titles flew back and forth for a while. Just as they settled, Nancy
hollered, "Come and get it."
     It was a great meal. The girls had had the boarders set up the picnic tables in a line and used
some old sheets for tablecloths. There was much discussion of the merits of sweet and spicy
barbeque sauce. Some liked it, some didn't, but the racks of ribs disappeared, along with the pile
of corn on the cob. And all the other side dishes.
     "Almost like it used to be." Henry rubbed his belly. "All of us, sitting around in the yard.
Food that isn't soup."
     "And," Ella Mae said, "genuine real birthday cake."
     Ella Mae had slipped into the kitchen and back. She stood at Bucky's side, holding her
treasured cake plate. "Small slices," she warned. "I only made the one."
     More discussion followed, along with the sounds of forks scraping against saucers. Then a
certain amount of burping followed the discussion. With a general clean-up afterwards. "Nope."
Nancy smiled. "Just this once, since this is your birthday party, you four don't have to help. Just
sit on the porch and talk; we'll all take care of it."
     Huey settled into his favorite chair. The boys got out the old lawn chairs. "I'm glad we kept
these old metal chairs. Lots better than the aluminum framed jobs. That webbing wears out too
quick." They grouped the chairs together in the shade and retrieved their instruments. Huey gave
his tambourine a shake. He couldn't play anything more complicated, but he had a pretty good
voice. Well, at one time, back in the day. It was getting a bit reedy nowadays.
     Bucky strummed for a moment, then began a song. The others, once they figured out what he
intended, began to chime in. Huey started singing, and the boarders who weren't on clean up duty
drifted closer.
     By the time Bucky got to "You told me once, dear, you really loved me," the younger boys
were chiming in on the chorus.
     "Listen to that." Nancy peeked out the kitchen window. "Not too bad, are they?"
     "Sounds good." Johan paused in his dish drying. "We go out, soon? Hear more?"
     "When we finish up." Ella Mae wrung out a sponge. "Now that they've got started, they aren't
going to run out of steam anytime soon. They never did, once they started the pickin' and grinnin'.
That's what started all of this. Hee Haw."
     Regina waved at the door. "You all go on. All that's left is the counter wiping, anyway. I
always thought it was the girls on Hee Haw, myself. Draped over the porch like they were."
     Ella Mae grinned. "That Bucky. He loved that show."
     Bucky started in on "Big Rock Candy Mountain," and Regina grinned. "I always did like that
one." She started humming along.
     The girls finished the clean-up and drifted outside. Ella Mae got there just in time to do the
whistle part at the end.
     Huey was feeling pretty good. He rattled the tambourine a bit. "Girls, your turn. What song?"
     Ella Mae smiled. "You know my favorite." The boys nodded.
     "Sure do," Bucky agreed. He started grinning. "Take it, girls."
     Ella Mae waited for the intro, "Some bright morning, when this life is o're . . ."
     Jerry added is deeper voice for "In the morning." The chorus of male voices caught on to "I'll
fly away, Oh glory," real quick.
     Bucky, Jerry and Henry really got into it.
                                                  ***
     "That was fun." Jerry massaged his fingertips later that night. "More fun than we've had in a
while. But my fingers are sore."
     Nancy grinned. "Lost all your calluses, did you?"
     "Yup."
                                                  ***
     "Herr Buckner?" The question came from young Johan.
     "Hmm?" Bucky looked over at him.
     "You and your friends, you will play the music today?"
     "Reckon we could," Bucky said. "Didn't realize you boys liked it that much."
     "We like it." Johan nodded. "Much better than Mountaintop, at the Gardens. Is . . . more
sound we like. I invite friend, next time."
     Bucky had to admit that having all the boys around was kind of fun. The boarders all chipped
in with the work. And youngsters had so much energy. "I'll go check with the others. Here, you
finish this row." Johan took the hoe and began carefully weeding the row of corn.
                                                      ***
     "Johan wants to know if we're going to play tonight, since we're off today."
     "Which Johan?" Huey asked. "We've got three of them."
     Bucky grinned. "The one that stays in my attic. At least I think he's in my attic. For all I
know, he's in yours. These kids run in and out of our houses like they've lived here all their
lives."
     "I like it." Jerry's face was sad. "It's like having the kids and grandkids back. Sort of."
     They grew quiet for a bit. Loss and grief was a familiar feeling to them all. "Anyway." Bucky
shrugged off the mood, "Johan liked the music. Asked if we'd do it again. Reckon we could just
sit around the yard and play for a while, since they like it."
     "Why not?" Henry stood up. "Beats cleaning the chicken house, don't it?"
                                                      ***
     It became something of a ritual over the rest of the summer. More of the young miners began
showing up, invited by the boarders. They sang along, even. Started bringing girls with them.
And refreshments, food. Picnicking under the trees.
     "How did we wind up with so many people here?" Nancy asked. "Never imagined anything
like this."
     "There's about thirty extra," Mildred pointed out. "And they brought stuff. Loaves of bread,
cheese. Like they're paying admission."
     Regina shook her head. "To hear us and the boys? Who'd have thunk it? We were just
messing around, that's all. Never serious about it. Playing."
     "Well, they like it." Mildred smiled. "And they're learning the songs. Johan says it helps his
English."
     "Which Johan?" The question came from three women.
     "All of them." Mildred laughed. "And that little weedy one is learning banjo from Bucky.
Paying him for lessons by doing Bucky's chores, even."
                                                      ***
     "It's getting a little chilly for this." Jerry shivered to demonstrate. "Really chilly."
     The late October afternoon was pretty chilly. "We're probably going to have to give this up
till spring," Huey said. "It's getting too cold. Hate to disappoint the kids, but we can't keep this
up. I'm not good with cold."
                                                      ***
     "What?"
    "We want to offer you t' gig." The big Scot waved a hand. "Your boarders have told us about
you. So we'll pay you to play at t' Gardens. Drinks and a meal. Pass the hat for tips."
    "Don't that beat all?" Bucky looked at his group of friends and grinned. "Don't that just beat
all?"
                                                   ***
    Going "pro," as it were, meant they had to come up with some kind of program. Which
caused a good bit of argument.
    Regina clattered around the kitchen, practically slamming the cabinet doors. "But I like it.
And I don't see why playing it at the Gardens would be a bad thing."
    Gospel hadn't ever been Huey's favorite, so he'd suggested losing most of it and just going
with the old bluegrass favorites.
    "It's still a bar." Huey took a sip of coffee. "I'm just sayin'—"
    Jerry put a stop to it, though. "We'll just do it like they used to do on the television shows.
They all pretty much had a bit of gospel, near the end, usually."
    After that the program fell in line pretty well.
                                                   ***
    Mildred gulped when she saw the audience. "I'm all over nervous. All over."
    "Buck up there, hon." Bucky grinned at her. "You'll do just fine."
    It was an unusual night at the Gardens. Rather quiet, in fact. Right up until the audience
started joining in, that is.
    Nancy started this one. She began the rhythmic clapping and sang the first line. The rest of
the girls followed her. "Go to sleep little baby . . ."
    Bucky was up next. Just about brought the house down with his rendition of "Cold, Cold
Heart." Of course, he followed up with "Your Cheatin' Heart," which had all the young ones
chiming in.
    One set followed another. They'd agreed to do four. Regina had been looking forward to the
last set all evening. She took a deep breath. "Oh, sisters, let's go down . . ."
    The girls did the sisters and mothers lines, while the boy's did brothers and fathers. The whole
house was chiming in on the sinners part. Everyone had the melody down by this time.
    It worked much the same way for many other tunes. Of course, the miners helped that along a
good bit. They'd memorized a lot of them by now.
    "Angel Band" was a big favorite. Everyone in the place joined in for "Bear me away on your
snow white wings."
    "All right." Bucky looked out over the people in the audience. "One last one, folks. Then us
and the girls are giving it up for the night. We've got a meal coming, you know." The audience
laughed, those that understood it, anyway. "The Old Folks want you all to join in for this one."
    Bucky stood back and began the music. Nancy, Mildred, Regina and Ella Mae began. It was
another favorite of the younger folks. They all joined in for the "Keep on the Sunnysides," in that
one.
                                                   ***
    "Every couple of months," Huey agreed. "None of us are getting any younger and we're not
up to a lot of this. Same deal, I suppose? Drinks, a meal and pass the hat?"
    "Agreed." The Scot extended his hand. "We'll be glad to have you back. Now, enjoy the meal,
all of you." He motioned the waitress over to take their orders. "On the house," he told her.
    "This was fun." Nancy looked around the Gardens after they ordered. "Never dreamed it
would be, but it was."
    "I've got so many people wanting lessons," Henry pointed out, "that I could quit the mine and
just do that."
    "Me, too." Jerry grinned. Bucky nodded agreement. "Same here. And it's a lot more fun than
the mine, that's for sure."
    "Something to think about," Huey agreed. "Not that I'm a player, but they like the singing,
too. It'd keep us busy, right enough."
    Nancy, Ella Mae, Regina and Mildred shared a smile.
                       Mightier than the Sword

                                        by Jay Robison

Magdeburg, Early winter, 1634
    Frank Jackson looked out across Magdeburg from the window of his office. Under a blanket
of snow, the capital of the months-old United States of Europe looked deceptively tranquil.
Underneath the blanket, though, Frank knew there was a dynamic city, still growing, still filling
out. A city that was ugly and industrial but beginning to get the sorts of cultural institutions that
gave any city, in any time, an indefinable sense of "livability." Frank shook his head. Things like
that were for Mary Simpson and her gaggle of grande dames to worry about. Frank focused back
on matters military and the grinning face of his commanding officer. It was one of those rare
moments when Lennart Torstensson looked as young as his years.
    Frank was sure the reason the Swedish general looked so young was because Torstensson had
him right where he wanted him and knew it. Frank was still wondering how his simple idea had
gotten so complicated. When he'd promised his head of training, Henderson Coonce, that he'd
recruit a press officer, Frank never imagined his new superior would take such a shine to the
notion. Frank had asked for an inch and been given a mile.
    "All I wanted was one press officer. Just to shut Henderson up. The last thing we need is
more REMFs!"
    Torstensson smiled. Frank had come to truly admire the man. Frank had a head for tactics, but
serving under the Swedish general was a revelation. Lennart Torstensson, Frank knew, was a
military genius. And Frank was most assuredly not. Above all, Frank Jackson recognized his own
limitations and wasn't afraid to say "I don't know" if he didn't know something. The former coal
miner suspected that this quality alone made him stand out in comparison with most of the
German commanders Torstensson had had the misfortune of working with. It contributed to the
good relationship Frank enjoyed with the man.
    "Dammit, Lennart. An army of Joe Buckley's won't defeat our enemies. I can just see
Richelieu wetting his robes at the idea! Besides, I'd've thought you'd hate the idea of a bunch of
press flacks," Frank said.
    Torstensson laughed. "You up-timers have a habit of thinking that nothing from the world
you knew exists in this time. Actually, His Majesty has been employing 'press flacks' for over
four years now. I'm surprised you're so resistant to the idea after your experiences in combat and
the divisions which arose in your society over that military adventure in Asia."
     "Since when have you been studying about Vietnam?"
     "Admiral Simpson was kind enough to recommend some books, and I had editions printed up
for myself and a team of translators. I think His Majesty, as well as Horn and Banér, will be
interested in the history of that conflict. Especially since so many of you up-timers gained combat
experience there."
     Frank grunted. "Well, if Gustavus had been running that show, it might have turned out
differently."
     "Perhaps. In any event, I was struck by the comment of your head of state during that war,
Lyndon Johnson. Remember what he said after the news presenter, Cronkite, came out publicly
against this conflict?"
     "I remember," said Frank sourly. "He said, 'If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost America.'"
     "Just so. Without support from the people that matter, the best generals in the world will go
down in defeat no matter how they fare in the field. It's a very old story," Torstensson said. "And
in this brave, new world our emperor and his prime minister are making, the masses are people
who matter. Should we not make ourselves look as good as possible to them? Make certain our
side of the story is presented in these newspapers that seem to be sprouting like weeds?"
     "I still say it's a waste of personnel," Frank grumbled.
     Torstensson was ready for him. "I am confident we can find suitable people who wish to
serve but are not fit for combat. You yourself have admitted that many of the soldiers in essential
noncombat positions wouldn't have been considered physically fit to serve if they'd had to have
an exam."
     Frank backed off. There was no way he was going to win this argument. His CO had
obviously made up his mind. "So is this my headache now?" he asked.
     "Not entirely. I have in mind a candidate to command this mad enterprise. But we'll need a
balance of personnel who are fluent in German, English and Swedish. I expect you to submit a
list of candidates as soon as possible."
     Frank knew an order when he heard one. "Of course, sir. If you want this, that's good enough
for me."
     "You've proven once again, General Jackson, just how much better you are than almost every
German 'officer' I've come across. You will, no doubt, come up with some excellent candidates."
Torstensson's eyes went to the oil painting hanging behind Frank's desk. Frank could tell what his
superior was thinking: It showed surprisingly sophisticated taste for a man who, until relatively
recently, had been a laborer. That boyish, mischievous smile returned to Torstensson's face.
     "I like that painting, Frank. I am surprised. I would have thought you'd have preferred a
fanciful scene with animals. Perhaps animals playing cards."
     Frank eyed his CO beadily. "Permission to speak freely, General?"
     "Of course."
     "Shaddap. Sir." With a laugh, Torstensson left.
     Once alone, Frank started a list. Unfortunately, it was very short. Most of the people he could
think of were needed in more essential posts, either civilian or military. Perhaps, Frank thought, it
was time to grab a bite at the Freedom Arches.
                                                   ***
    When he put out the call for citizen-soldiers, Mike Stearns had expected the Committees of
Correspondence to flood the new USE militaries' ranks with volunteers. He hadn't been
disappointed. In fact, thought Joachim von Thierbach—not a little smugly—the CoC had
exceeded even the prime minister's considerable expectations. Which made conversations like the
one Joachim was having now all the more difficult.
    Kurt von Kessel was much like Joachim. He was the son of a minor Reichsritter from
somewhere near Frankfurt am Main. And, like Joachim, Kurt had been a student at the University
of Jena who had thrown himself into work with the Committees of Correspondence. Joachim
knew for a fact that Kurt was a former client of Inga, a prostitute in Jena and cousin of Joachim's
fiancée, Mathilde. Kurt had been encouraged by Inga to embrace the radical notions the
Americans espoused.
    In the heady days after the Battle of Wismar, Kurt von Kessel, like so many others,
volunteered himself to the service of his country. Unfortunately, he was thin, had a weak
constitution and a hip that frequently became dislocated because of a childhood injury. The
wonder was not that Kurt had flunked the army physical; the wonder was that he even thought he
would pass it.
    "Four-F, whatever that means," Kurt said to Joachim, nearly in tears. "I can shoot a gun just
fine. I don't see what physical fitness has to do with that!"
    "It has everything to do with it. On a long march or in a charge, especially. What if your hip
dislocated at such a time? You would surely be killed, and you might also cause the death of
soldiers trying to protect you. I'm sorry, Kurt, but this is a sound doctrine. You would be a
liability."
    The look that Kurt gave Joachim was full of anger and bitterness. The man known as
Spartacus sighed. As Joachim saw it, he was being cruel to be kind.
    And it wasn't as if Kurt couldn't be of service to the USE. It was true that, when writing under
his preferred nom de plume of "Silence Dogood," Kurt couldn't match Joachim and some of the
other CoC writers in passion. But Kurt had a gift for writing clear, concise, easily understandable
prose that Joachim envied.
    It was then that Joachim von Thierbach realized he'd had what some of his up-time friends
referred to as a "brain fart." There was a way for Kurt von Kessel to serve his country—in
uniform.
    "What are you smiling about, Spartacus?" asked Kurt angrily. "This is hardly a laughing
matter."
    "Kurt, my friend, I am smiling because I am a complete dummkopf." Joachim found a scrap of
paper, pulled out his fountain pen and scribbled a note. He handed the note to Kurt. "Here. Give
this to General Jackson or his adjutant. They won't be putting a gun in your hands, but you'll be in
the army."
    Joachim barely had time to finish his sentence before his friend had snatched the note and
made a beeline out the front door of the Freedom Arches. Kurt didn't seem to care so much that
he wasn't going to be on the front lines. He was getting a chance to serve, and that was enough.
                                                 ***
    Frank's adjutant, John Sterling, stuck his head into Frank's office. "Private McDougal is here
as you requested, sir."
    "Send him in, John."
     Private James Byron McDougal, better known to most as "Jabe," walked into the office.
Frank looked at the young man. Physically, Jabe bore great resemblance to his father, Pete
McDougal, a fellow UMWA man with whom Frank had been friends for years. But young
McDougal had a serious, thoughtful manner that didn't come from Pete or, as far as Frank could
tell, from Jabe's mother, Zula. Maybe Jabe got this from Zula's side of the family. She'd come
from Pennsylvania, so Frank really didn't know her people.
     Jabe saw the painting hanging above General Jackson's desk and smiled. Frank noticed the
look and looked at the painting again himself, nodding approvingly.
     "That young lady of yours can paint, Private, and that's a fact. It was bad enough that Mary
Simpson was on my case about decorating the office, but she threatened to pick the paintings
herself if I didn't do it. And Diane agreed with her!" Frank still couldn't believe this act of spousal
treason. Though, in truth, he got along with Admiral Simpson and his wife reasonably well these
days. Frank knew next to nothing about art. He'd been content to let Diane decorate their house
with works from her native Vietnam, which he rather liked—even if he was loath to admit it. As
he was fond of saying, he didn't know much about art, but he knew what he liked.
     And he'd liked Ripper's Repose when Diane and Mary had shown it to him. Taken from a
scene of the movie Dr. Strangelove, the painting wasn't dogs playing poker, but it was art Frank
could live with. It was a simple study of General Jack D. Ripper sitting at his desk, pensively
studying his lit cigar. Prudentia Gentileschi, the painter of the piece, had infused General Ripper
with a humanity that he lacked in the film. That Prudentia was the daughter of famed Artemisia
Gentileschi—painter to royalty—and was becoming a renowned artist in her own right, bothered
him not at all. Frank Jackson was not ashamed of being a hillbilly, and he liked confounding
people's expectations. In this case, specifically, Lennart Torstensson's expectations. Plus, Mary
Simpson said the work was a fine example of "chiaroscuro," whatever the hell that was.
     "I don't know if she's 'my lady' or not, sir," said Jabe, coloring with embarrassment. "I guess
we do spend a lot of time together."
     "So I hear," said Frank. "But I didn't ask you here to talk about your love life. I have a
question to ask you, and for the moment I want you to forget I'm a general and you're a private. I
want your honest answer. What do you think about being in the Signal Corps?"
     "It's okay, I guess," said Jabe. He shrugged a noncommittal shrug.
     Frank flipped through the pages in Jabe's service jacket. "You must not like it all that well,
son. Your commanding officers like you, but they all say the same thing—you aren't performing
to your potential."
     A mix of emotions showed on Jabe's face: guilt, shame and a little anger. "I'm sorry, sir. I do
try. I'll try harder, I guess."
     Frank smiled what he hoped was a reassuring smile. "Jabe, if you break a knife because you
were using it as a crowbar, is that the knife's fault?"
     "No, sir. You shouldn't use it like that. It wasn't made for it."
     "Exactly. I think we're not using you the best way we can. I know you can do great things.
People who know more than I do told me that making that documentary a few months ago in the
time you had was the next thing to impossible. But you went ahead and did it. And did a hell of a
job besides."
     "Thank you, sir."
     "You're welcome. Now I'm a general again. Private McDougal, General Torstensson has
decided to set up a small press corps and asked me to think of some candidates for it. I think
you'd do well serving the USE in that role. Is there any reason why I might be wrong?"
    "No sir."
    "Good." Jackson slid the official orders across his desk to Jabe. "You'll be adjutant to
Lieutenant Kurt von Kessel, who'll be in charge of the press division office in Grantville.
Congratulations, Sergeant McDougal." Frank stuck out his hand.
    "Sergeant?" Jabe shook his superior's hand dazedly.
    Frank grinned. "Yup. Forgot to tell you—the job comes with a promotion. Report to the map
room at the imperial palace tomorrow morning at nine. Dismissed."
    Still in a daze, Sergeant Jabe McDougal saluted and left. Frank chuckled. Jabe was a good
kid, as he expected from the son of Pete and Zula. He was also transparent as hell. Frank knew
his newest sergeant was thinking of his girlfriend.


Grantville, Early winter, 1634
     The object of Jabe McDougal's affections was, at that moment, in Grantville staring at a half-
empty canvas. Prudentia Gentileschi sighed. She seemed to be lacking inspiration and
concentration in equal measure today.
     Jabe had been called to Magdeburg on military matters, and Prudentia missed him. It was
their custom to meet at the recently opened Sternbock Coffee House in the afternoon, and Jabe
treated Prudentia to dinner at the Thuringen Gardens when his modest Army pay allowed. She
felt tense in an odd sort of way, as if she'd been going without something essential—even though
they never went beyond holding hands and relatively chaste kissing.
     Their relationship had deepened and grown since October of last year when Prudentia had
spent the night watching Jabe edit a documentary about the heroes of the Battle of Wismar. Even
before that night, before they knew each other well, Prudentia had appreciated Jabe's thoughtful
nature. In her experience it was a very rare trait among the male of the species, up-time or down-
time.
     On the night of October 10, 1633, Prudentia had seen in Jabe the soul of a true artist, working
in a medium that was about to disappear from the world for a good many years. She hadn't
thought that possible from the son of a laborer.
     Her first real meeting with Jabe's parents hadn't gone particularly well. Not long after the
Battle of Wismar, Zula decided to move to Magdeburg with her two younger children to be with
her husband. Pete had been granted a brief leave in early November to help Zula pack up the
house. Mrs. McDougal had only briefly met Prudentia, so she more or less insisted that Jabe
bring his new girlfriend to dinner.
     The first problem had been with the food. Zula prided herself on being able to set out a good
spread when she had the time. But the traditional West Virginia fare, with an emphasis on lots of
gravy, was not to Prudentia's taste. Try as she might, Prudentia couldn't quite hide her dislike of
it. Zula was not too pleased at this, but had this been Prudentia's only mistake, it would have soon
been forgiven and forgotten.
     The critical misstep came later in the evening. Pete McDougal was still nursing wounds from
John Simpson's initial visit to Magdeburg, shortly after Mike Stearns had prevailed upon
Simpson to resume his naval career. Pete, at the time, was representing the New United States'
interests in Magdeburg. Simpson had been critical of Pete's operation from the start. That events
had validated Simpson's criticisms was bad enough. Jabe had told Prudentia that, for Pete, it
seemed there was a cloud over him. In his father's mind, Jabe had said, the fact that he hadn't
been appointed to one of the administrator positions in Thuringia was all Simpson's fault.
    Despite this warning, Prudentia made the mistake of agreeing with John Simpson and saying
so out loud to Pete. After all, hadn't the admiral been proven correct? It seemed to her that Pete
was being rather prideful. What Prudentia hadn't counted on was how deeply that wound still ran.
Attempts to repair the damage from that faux pas were ongoing.
    Hard on the heels of the disastrous dinner with the McDougals was the premiere of the
Grantville Ballet Company's production of The Nutcracker, not long before Jabe had been called
to Magdeburg. It was the hottest ticket in town, and the only reason they'd even managed tickets
for the cheap seats was because Prudentia had painted the large oil painting that hung in the lobby
of the auditorium. It depicted Carl Shockley and Staci Matowski in their featured roles. She'd had
a half-finished painting on hand that was suitable and could be modified, and she was grateful
enough to have her work seen by area notables who might become potential patrons.
    The night had gone quite well. The performance was extremely well received, and as part of
her payment for the promotional painting Prudentia had been invited to the reception following
the ballet. The reception was attended by the performers and the area VIPs who wanted to meet
them. She made several useful contacts.
    On the walk to the Nobilis' house, she asked Jabe what he thought about the performance.
    "It was okay, I guess. Ballet and that kind of stuff has never been my thing. But it wasn't
bad."
    "You seemed to spend most of your time eyeing Staci Matowski." Prudentia had meant for
that to be teasing; it came out brittle, challenging. Prudentia reflected on her own appearance:
long, black, wavy hair; olive complexion; and dark, intense eyes. She didn't consider herself
unattractive, but she never had and never would have a ballet dancer's physique. She wasn't
terribly pleased to have Jabe ogling the dancers. She wasn't entirely sure why Jabe liked her and
so was not completely confident about her attractive qualities.
    Jabe couldn't hide his irritation. "I can't help looking, Prudentia. Those women are in great
shape. I'll bet your mother would use them for models if she were here. You should think about it
yourself."
    She didn't answer. Jabe continued, "It's not like you weren't eyeing Carl Shockley's butt,
yourself." It was a well-aimed thrust. Prudentia flushed and dropped the matter.
    At least her career seemed to be taking off. In spite of the fact that she was not a master
painter, Prudentia had received far more offers of work than she could possibly say yes to. She'd
painted a study of Jabe at work on his computer, which she'd titled Sculptor of Reality, and had
given the finished work to Jabe as a gift. It hung in a place of honor at Jabe's house. When his
mother and younger brother and sister joined Pete McDougal in Magdeburg, Jabe had insisted
that the painting remain in Grantville with him. Boarders now lived with Jabe in the McDougal
home. It was through them that word of the painting had gotten out. The commission for the
ballet created even more "buzz," as her up-time friends would say.
    The offers started coming fast and furious after that. Princess Kristina, or at least people on
her behalf, had commissioned a painting in honor of Hans Richter and approved the concept
sketch Prudentia had submitted. It was tentatively entitled Falcon Astride the World and was still
very much a work in progress. Prudentia was working on several modelli, what some might call
"oil sketches," showing possible designs. It was one of many works commissioned in honor of
the fallen hero, if not nearly so grand as the planned statue that was to dominate Hans Richter
Square in Magdeburg. Prudentia's painting would show, in some fashion, Hans astride the
imperial palace in the manner of the Colossus of Rhodes. The style she was using was influenced
by a comic book Prudentia had seen. Unusually for an up-time comic, it was painted rather than
inked, and she quite liked the style. Jabe called it "photorealistic."
    Her other ongoing project was frontispieces for three of Albrecht von Wallenstein's favorite
Agatha Christie novels: The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, And Then There Were None and Murder
On the Orient Express. Wallenstein's nurse, Edith Wild, had complained that the recently
crowned king of Bohemia had read her paperback copies of those particular books to tatters. New
editions were being printed and would be presented as a gift from the Jews of Prague to their new
sovereign to mark the first anniversary of his glorious reign. The money for the commission came
from Don Morris Roth. It was said that Don Morris was founding a university in Prague that
would admit women as well as men. Prudentia was pleased he'd remembered her now that he was
one of Europe's richest and most important people. Life, on the whole, was good.
    It would be better, though, if she could hear from Jabe. He had gone to Magdeburg with
tensions between the two of them still lingering. But unless Jabe was being posted away from
Grantville for an extended period, he probably wouldn't write to her. She would just have to wait.
With a sigh, Prudentia turned away from the half-finished modello she'd been staring at and
opened her chemistry book.


Magdeburg, Early winter, 1634
    Major Nils Bloss checked his new uniform one more time. The uniform, with the rank of
major it denoted, was new. He'd received it only yesterday, along with his current assignment.
    Bloss paused before proceeding through the doors and into the Map Room. He looked
around. The imperial palace of the United States of Europe didn't look quite as grand as he
expected. Though he'd seen his share of provincial castles and manor homes as an officer in
Gustavus Adolphus' army, he hadn't really seen any of Europe's great palaces, so he didn't have
much of a basis of comparison. Still, for the palace that the emperor of the USE would have
called home if he hadn't been in Luebeck, and where Princess Kristina Vasa currently lived,
Bloss expected more. However, one thing Nils Bloss could not deny was that this palace pulsed
with energy. It seemed to him like something great was always on the verge of happening here.
What the imperial palace lacked in grandeur it more than made up for in sheer action.
    "Sir, would you like me to get the door for you?"
    Bloss snapped out of his reverie and saw a young sergeant standing at attention. The young
man had addressed him in German that was quite good, his accent marking him as an American
from the future, "up-time," as people said.
    Major Bloss became conscious of the cane that he needed to walk. The young sergeant was in
dress uniform rather than work fatigues, so Bloss didn't know his name. He returned the salute
and broke the ice.
    "That is most kind of you, Sergeant . . ." Bloss trailed off.
     "McDougal, sir. James Byron McDougal. If you hear people refer to 'Jabe,' that's me, sir."
     The major held out his hand, and the younger man shook it. "I am Capt—, er, Major Nils
Bloss. It's a pleasure to meet you."
     The young sergeant opened the door for Bloss, smiling as he did so. "Newly promoted, sir? I
know the feeling. And, uh, congratulations."
     Nils and Sergeant McDougal were the first ones there and so made themselves comfortable,
telling each other about themselves. The young up-timer was quite shy at first but was soon put at
ease. Nils Bloss was the sort of person who never met a stranger, and he'd never had much use
for military punctilio. He was interested to hear that Sergeant McDougal had done the
documentary that had aired in honor of Hans Richter, Larry Wild and Eddie Cantrell that he had
seen while recovering from his injuries. It had been aired many times since its original screening
a few days after the Battle of Wismar. News that Eddie was alive and in Danish custody had only
added to its popularity.
     "An excellent piece of work, Sergeant McDougal. It is no wonder you are invited to take part
in this 'press division.'" Major Bloss said the last two words in English.
     Feeling an affinity with him, Bloss then shared his story with the young man. Nils' father,
Helmut Bloss, was a German driven out of Poland. He fled to Sweden where he pledged himself
to Gustav II Adolph's predecessor, Johann III, becoming a Swedish Army quartermaster
specializing in horseflesh. He found a Swedish bride, and Nils arrived soon thereafter.
     Nils was his father's pride and joy, showing an early talent for horsemanship and learning
languages. Fluent in Swedish, German and Polish, Nils was accepted into service by King Gustav
and rose to the rank of captain in a light cavalry regiment that also did scout duty. He had been an
officer on the rise when he was wounded at the Battle of Breitenfeld in September, 1631. A
musket ball in the side and a dead horse falling on top of him had left him near death. The
regimental doctor had been quite good—he managed to keep wound fever at bay—but there
wasn't much else to be done. Nils had been left in a small Thuringian village when the Swedish
army marched to winter quarters. Local villagers took him to Grantville.
     In conversations Bloss had had with Dr. James Nichols during his recovery, he'd gathered that
the black doctor—who was not, in fact, a Moor, though he looked very much like one—wished
he could do more. With a little regret, Dr. Nichols had explained to Nils that he would never have
full use of the injured leg, though he would be able to walk again eventually, with the aid of a
cane.
     For his part, Nils was just grateful he didn't lose his leg and was ecstatic at the prospect of
being able to walk again, even with a cane. Between the surgical repairs Dr. Nichols was able to
make and the special exercises he had to do during his convalescence, he recovered more
function in his injured leg than he'd dared hope. The Americans even had a wonderful medicine,
"marijuana," to help manage the pain of recovery. He rather liked how he felt while taking it,
though he was usually quite hungry afterwards.
     Nils looked up and saw that he and Sergeant McDougal had been joined by a young
lieutenant—German, by his looks—and a young woman with the single stripe of a private first
class on her sleeve. She looked like she could be Russian.
     "I managed to learn English fairly well during my recovery, even to read it and write it," said
Major Bloss, winding up his life story. "I was always singled out for my scouting reports. I
suppose that's why I was picked for this duty."
     "Don't you miss campaigning?" asked Kurt von Kessel, the lieutenant, after he'd introduced
himself. "I'm happy to serve any way I can, of course, but I'd rather be on the line. In battle."
     Major Bloss smiled wryly. "A part of me misses campaigning, to be sure. Especially with His
Majesty. But let me tell you, Lieutenant, battle loses its romance when you have a sore ass and
people are shooting at you. Or when your dead horse lands on top of you."
     "If you ride well, I find it is much easier on your backside, sir," said the young woman. Her
blue eyes sparkled with humor. Despite her Russian looks, she spoke German with a distinct
Swedish accent.
     "True enough, Private . . ."
     "Anderovna, sir. Svetlana Anderovna."
     "True enough, Private Anderovna. Though I pride myself on having an excellent seat. It could
be, however, that my bottom is bonier than most peoples'."
     Bloss's joke at his own expense brought general laughter. He scanned the room and did a
quick head count. All the recruits were here; it was time to get down to business.
                                                   ***
     Private Svetlana Anderovna listened to Major Bloss with rapt attention. Most of the meeting
was spent explaining the structure of the newly formed Joint Armed Services Press Division and
what was to be expected of them. They were to draft press releases for area newspapers; they
would provide positive and morale-boosting stories to make the military look good; they would
answer questions from the press when needed; and finally, they would be the first line of defense
for the inevitable scandals. Their other major duty would be to clear all requests for interviews
with any uniformed personnel, regardless of rank.
     "From the rawest, newest conscript all the way up to General Torstensson, that's the rule,"
said Major Bloss. "For the most part the lieutenants or their adjutants in the local offices will
have authority to approve or deny requests for personnel stationed in their area. Any interview or
statement requests for the General Staff should be handled by myself and the press division staff
here in Magdeburg."
     John Sterling, on loan from General Jackson to help with the meeting, handed out
assignments. Magdeburg had the largest press office, with six assigned personnel, including the
major. Grantville would have four people, with the others being scattered by twos and threes
throughout the USE. Where possible, the press division offices would have personnel with
fluency in German, English, and Swedish. Svetlana looked at her assignment. She was being
posted to Grantville! She would be their resident Swedish speaker.
     She left the next day with Lieutenant von Kessel, Sergeant McDougal and a German private
named Drucker. Svetlana Anderovna couldn't believe she would at last be coming to Grantville.
She had been dreaming about this place for a very long time, ever since rumors of its arrival and
its role in King Gustavus' great victories had reached the Swedish farm where she'd grown up.
     Svetlana, Sveta as she was usually called, was the illegitimate daughter of a prosperous
Swedish landowner. Her Russian mother had been hired by Anders Jensen to tutor his four sons;
a casual dalliance between the two of them resulted in Svetlana's birth.
     Her mother died when she was five, but despite that Svetlana's childhood hadn't been terrible.
Her relationship with Anders' wife wasn't warm, but the woman treated her well enough. It might
have been different if she hadn't been a girl. Svetlana had long suspected that her father's wife
tolerated her only because she posed no possible threat to the inheritance of her sons. But
toleration didn't mean that Mrs. Jensen took special care with her upbringing and education, and
Anders didn't care enough to go against his wife. There was no tutoring in the arts or other
feminine pursuits for Svetlana Anderovna.
    She grew up straight, tall and not particularly ladylike, the only girl with four boys. Her half-
brothers showed her how to ride horses and enjoy the outdoors; and if her father didn't care to
provide for the learning and refinement that would have been expected of his legitimate daughter,
Anders at least made sure Sveta was literate. By the time she was seventeen, she could read and
write in her native Swedish and was proficient, if not fluent, in German.
    It was in her seventeenth year, 1632, that Sveta first heard of Grantville. What interested her
most was the story of one of the Grantvillers in particular, a young woman about her own age.
This woman—it was said—could strike people down from an unbelievable distance with her
musket. She had, or so the story went, saved the life of King Gustav himself, and in gratitude the
king made the girl a baroness.
    Sveta soon found out the stories of Julie Mackay, for that was the name of Sweden's newest
noblewoman, were true. She decided that she would travel to Grantville and seek to enter
Baroness Julie's service.
    It took her a while before she was able to convince her father to approve this plan, but he
finally did. Anders made arrangements in the spring of 1633 for his daughter to travel to
Germany with one of her half-brothers, who had decided to join the military. Sveta's journey
went well, but by the time she reached Magdeburg in the late spring of 1633, she found out that
Lady Mackay was gone. She had gone with her husband to Scotland to attend to some family
matters.
    Sveta resolved to stick to her plan and searched for gainful employment in Magdeburg to
sustain herself until Julie's return. She decided that if she couldn't work for Lady Mackay
personally, she'd try to join the rifle company Julie had commanded. Sveta was allowed to enlist
after passing rigorous physical tests and tried to secure a place in the Thuringian Rifles—even
though she'd never so much as touched a firearm in her life. Sveta turned out not to be a terrible
shot—she didn't have the bad habits experienced arqebusiers tended to pick up—but she wasn't
good enough to qualify for the rifle company. She ended up being used in a number of
noncombat roles before landing in the press division.
    After they arrived in Grantville, Sergeant McDougal gave her, Lieutenant von Kessel and
Private Drucker a tour of this town of wonders. The lieutenant, Sveta learned, had been to
Grantville briefly on a few occasions, but had never had the time for an in-depth exploration.
Svetlana was starting to develop a liking for the shy sergeant, who turned out to be an excellent
guide. Her only real regret was that a friend of Sergeant McDougal's—an Italian girl named
Prudentia—who was apparently an artist of some kind joined the three of them. Sveta wondered
what the tie between her and the sergeant was; they didn't seem to be betrothed. Perhaps she
would ask when she knew Sergeant McDougal better.
    The tour took in Leahy Medical Center, the main police station, the army base and the rooms
set aside for the press corps' office. More interesting to Svetlana were the centers of social life:
the school, the libraries and the churches. They stopped for coffee and pastry at the Sternbock
Coffee House, and the tour ended with dinner at the Thuringen Gardens.
    By way of thanks, Lieutenant von Kessel picked up the bill for dinner, after which Kurt
excused himself for the evening. He'd taken what the up-timers called "bachelor officer quarters"
until he could secure more agreeable lodgings for himself, and Sveta had been assigned space in
the women's barracks. Private Drucker was leaving also. She was disappointed that Jabe was
staying behind with Prudentia, but she couldn't graciously decline Lieutenant von Kessel's offer
to walk her back to base.


Grantville, Midwinter, 1634
    It was a pleasant night, pleasant at least for February in Thuringia. Jabe recalled that the
winter of 1631-32 had been quite a shock to himself and his fellow up-timers. Not only were they
considerably farther north than they had been when Grantville was in West Virginia, but they
were smack in the middle of what up-time historians had called the "Little Ice Age," which had
begun some two centuries prior and would continue for another century, give or take. After the
high school had been saved from the Croat raiders, there had been a wave of interest in Swedish
and Scandinavian history. Jabe had learned about the Little Ice Age and its presumed role in the
death of the Viking colonies in Greenland.
    But he and Prudentia both felt warm enough as they walked hand in hand to the Nobili house.
    "I've been thinking, you know," said Prudentia.
    "About what?" asked Jabe.
    "About things between us. I hated that you had to go to Magdeburg after we fought."
    "That was a fight? I thought it was a difference of opinion."
    The look she gave Jabe was a mixture of affection and thoughtfulness. It was time, Jabe
realized, for "the talk"; specifically the "where is this relationship going?" talk.
    And to his mild surprise, Jabe found he wasn't entirely dreading the prospect, in spite of their
recent difficulties. That, in fact, he was even looking forward to it. They had been more than
friends the last few months, a couple to be sure, but they had never talked about being
exclusive—though Jabe had certainly never desired to date anyone else.
    "It's funny," Jabe said, "General Jackson said something about you being 'my lady' when I
was in Magdeburg." Jabe had been thinking about these things even before Frank said this; he
was simultaneously relieved and anxious to know that Prudentia had been having similar
thoughts.
    "And how did that make you feel?"
    "Pleased, actually. I told him I didn't know if you were mine or not. But I don't think I was
being completely honest."
    "I am relieved."
    "Relieved?" Jabe stopped and looked at Prudentia. "Pru, what do you mean? You're not afraid
I don't have feelings for you, are you?"
    "I'm just afraid you don't think well of me. Your parents don't seem to." Jabe could see the
tears threatening in her eyes.
    Jabe had to swallow hard before answering. "I know you didn't mean to hurt Dad's feelings.
He'll come around."
    "It's hard for me, you know. I am trying to truly fit in, but it's very hard."
    Jabe took Prudentia in his arms. For several long moments she clung to him. It seemed like
she was desperate, as if Prudentia were afraid she'd lose him.
    They resumed walking side by side, arms around each other's waists. Prudentia managed to
melt into Jabe's side a little more.
    "The entire time you were gone, I just felt so tense. Like I was missing something. Missing
being with you. Touching you. Kissing you."
    Taking the hint, Jabe obliged her with a lingering kiss. As they continued their walk, Jabe
said, "I felt the same way. I was thinking that it was getting harder for me to imagine your not
being a part of my life."
    Their steps brought them to the Nobilis' front porch. They went inside and, after polite hellos
to Tino Nobili, continued to the spare room that served as Prudentia's studio.
    For a time all conversation ceased as they kissed—considerably less chastely than they had
been accustomed to kissing up to this point. They broke off and for a few moments said nothing.
Jabe was deep in thought.
    "You know," he said, breaking the silence, "the Germans think we up-timers are nuts to get
married so young. They don't believe in marriage until the couple is financially sound. I'm
beginning to think that's not such a bad way to do things."
    Prudentia laughed. "If I know you, James Byron McDougal, you will establish yourself
younger than any German apprentice or tenant farmer. Besides, I'm not even through with school.
And then there is my mother's approval."
    "Mother's? I thought I'd need to talk to your dad. Or at least write to him."
    Looking a little sad, Prudentia said, "Mother and Father went their separate ways years ago. I
am hoping Mother will be able to make the trip from Naples soon."
    "I guess I'll have to get cracking on my book."
    Any anxiety Jabe might have had at the prospect of meeting Artemisia Gentileschi was driven
out of his mind as Prudentia threw her arms around him and resumed kissing him. They obeyed
their mutual rule of keeping their hands above their waists; even so, they were more adventurous
this evening than they had ever been before. Prudentia, in particular, proved that she truly did
have Roman hands.


Grantville, Late winter, 1634
    Life settled down into a comfortable routine. Duty with the press corps suited Jabe far more
than radio operator training did. His instructor had promised Jabe and his fellow Signal Corps
trainees that they would dream in Morse code before long, but he never got the knack. He would
have been, at best, a competent radio man.
    But he was a very good press man. Jabe's talent for listening and drawing people out stood
him in good stead, and Kurt von Kessel helped him hone his writing style into one more suited
for journalistic writing. Some of Jabe's colleagues got mad whenever a lazy reporter simply
passed off one of the division's press releases as a story; Jabe always took it as a compliment.
    After the first couple months of its existence, even Frank Jackson had to admit the Joint
Armed Services Press Division (as it was formally known; a Marine wag had dubbed them the
Fightin' Flacks, and the name had stuck) was earning its keep. Most of what they did was routine.
In addition to the duties Major Bloss had outlined at the first meeting, they conducted regular
briefings with the press.
    Military protocol had tightened considerably now that Torstensson was in overall command
of the USE's troops. But in keeping with Major Bloss' command style, things tended to be looser
in the Joint Armed Services Press Division. The Grantville office was no exception. Aside from
times when formality was required, the four Fightin' Flacks stationed there were on a first-name
basis, except for the dour Private Drucker. He was simply known as "Drucker."
    Work was starting to pick up. Winter had passed, and the time for the spring campaigns
would soon come again. Once the roads dried to something other than the consistency of slimy
porridge, the army would on the move again. Until then there were many grand speeches being
given and a great deal of morale boosting being done. On this particular chilly March day, Jabe
and Kurt were writing up a release based on a circular delivered by the main office in
Magdeburg. The emperor had delivered a rousing address to the troops in Luebeck in anticipation
of the coming campaign season.
    "I wish," said Jabe to Kurt von Kessel as they worked on a statement, "we had a recording of
this speech. Reading it can't be as exciting as actually listening to it. We could have had VOA air
it and everything. Be good to have people hear Emperor Gustav."
    Kurt looked at him thoughtfully. "That's not a bad idea. It'd be even better if we could have
him give a speech on television."
    "You're actually serious!"
    "Come to think of it, I am. Your camera still works, doesn't it? Would it work away from
Grantville?"
    "Well, yeah. The battery'll go for about two hours on a charge, but—"
    Kurt held up his hand. He was onto something good and didn't want to hear any objections.
"So you could take it up to Luebeck? And what about something to put into the camera?"
    "Tape, I think you mean."
    "Yes, tape." Kurt had watched some of his adjutant's interviews and had seen him work his
camera. Kurt knew generally how the device operated but was fuzzy on the details. "Do you have
any left?"
    "I can recycle some sure, but how do we get into Luebeck? The Danes might have something
to say about that."
    Kurt turned serious. "It's a risk that may prove too great. I'll send a letter to Major Bloss and
see what he thinks. But if we can work out something reasonably safe, it really would be worth
doing. An address from His Majesty, taped while under siege! It gives me chills just to think
about it."
    Jabe grunted. "It gives me chills, too."
    Kurt nodded knowingly. "It wouldn't do to get captured by the Danes."
    "It's not the Danes I'm worried about. It's Prudentia. She's going to go ballistic when I tell
her."
                                                 ***
    Jabe put off telling Prudentia about the scheme to sneak into Luebeck. No use getting her
upset unless and until Major Bloss officially approved the plan; there was a chance that the brass
would decide sneaking in would be too dangerous. But when word came back from Magdeburg
that the idea was approved, Jabe knew he had to tell Prudentia.
    Her reaction was pretty much what he thought it would be.
     "You're going where?" A string of particularly rapid and pungent Italian followed this
question. Jabe had been trying to learn the language, but when Prudentia got really wound up, she
talked too fast for him to catch more than a word or two.
     "There's some danger, but we should be okay. The Danes haven't managed to cut things off
completely. C'mon, if Anne Jefferson can get into Amsterdam, we can get into Luebeck."
     Prudentia's eyes narrowed. "Who's we?" she asked in a dangerous voice.
     "Some German Marine named Linn. He managed to make his way to Grantville through
some hostile country, so he's been detailed to ride with us."
     "Who else?" Prudentia practically hissed the question.
     "Sveta."
     The volcanic explosion of Italian that followed this revelation was even bigger than the first
one. Prudentia had a dislike of the Swedish private that bordered on intense. Jabe chalked it up to
Prudentia's prejudice; he believed her when she said was trying to work on changing her
attitudes, but it still reared its ugly head from time to time, despite her best efforts. This, Jabe
thought, was one of those times. It never occurred to him that she could just be jealous.
     Prudentia ran out of Italian and returned to English. "Why her? Why not Kurt? Or Drucker?"
     He sighed, irritated. "Pru, you know Kurt can't go into a potential combat situation. And
Drucker doesn't speak Swedish. That leaves only one other possibility."
     The cold silence greeting that statement was worse than the angry words Prudentia had used
up until now.
     "Look, Pru, I'm sorry you don't like Sveta. I don't really know why you seem to hate her so
much."
     "You don't understand a thing, James Byron McDougal, truly you don't. Just go. You'll be
safe, I'm sure."
     Jabe was angry now, a state he rarely achieved. "Will you even want to see me before I go?"
     "I need to get to work."
                                                   ***
     Prudentia found she couldn't get right to work after Jabe left. She wasn't used to seeing him
like that, and she blamed herself.
     After she was done crying, she began to get a little angry, too. She knew Jabe thought she
looked down on Svetlana Anderovna because she was a farm girl and illegitimate besides. He
truly did not know her well at all if he thought that. Prudentia had an entirely different reason for
not liking her. The Swedish woman definitely fit in with an up-timer's standard of female
attractiveness, and Sveta's upbringing gave her more in common with Jabe than Prudentia's did.
Jabe would probably decide that Svetlana was more suitable as a wife, and Prudentia was sure
that Pete and Zula would like her better anyway.
     As anger replaced grief and self-recrimination, Prudentia began working on her sketch for the
frontispiece of The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. In her current mood Prudentia found it very easy to
draw a dead man with a knife in his back.
On the Road, Late winter, 1634
     The trip north to Luebeck was every bit as chilly, wet and muddy as the three soldiers feared
it might be. The up-timers referred to it as "mud season." It was the time of year generals hated
most because it was nearly impossible to move armies anywhere in the sticky morass. At least in
winter the roads were frozen hard, and if a commander was particularly lucky, a frozen canal or
river might make an excellent road if the ice was thick enough.
     Marine Lance Corporal Dietrich Linn rode out in front, keeping an eye on the road ahead.
Sergeant McDougal was the ranking officer in their little group, but that didn't mean he thought
he knew everything. The press division sergeant told Dietrich that his more extensive experience
riding through potentially hostile territory called for him to ride in the lead.
     In order to get to Grantville Dietrich had had to travel through contested country. He came
from Krefeld, a town on the Rhine that was a center of the silk trade. His family took their
surname from the castle in which they'd worked as servants for generations; his mother was a
baker. She was also considered quite beautiful and was not particularly discriminating in her
choice of bedmates. Dietrich had no idea who his father was. He was probably good-looking,
though. Dietrich had heard that others called him "the golden boy," and there had been serious
talk about using his portrait for a recruiting poster. He'd done well in basic training and was far
more proud of that fact than his good looks.
     He didn't expect too much trouble. They were well within the USE, and the chances of
encountering enemy raiders were slim. It was somewhat more likely they might come across
bandits, but Corporal Linn was confident they had enough firepower to deal with robbers. Each
of them carried a Struve-Reardon flintlock rifle and a flintlock pistol sidearm, per regulations. In
addition to his general-issue weapons, Sergeant McDougal carried a .22 semiautomatic rifle, his
own personal firearm.
     "I know a .22 doesn't have a lot of stopping power, but I've been using it for a few years now.
Since before the Ring of Fire," the young sergeant had explained. The three of them had been
cleaning their weapons one night.
     "Why prefer it to the flintlock if it's not as powerful?" Dietrich wanted to know.
     "Part of it is rate of fire. This can put a lot of lead in the air in hurry if I need it to. But it's
mostly because I can't shoot nearly as well with the flintlock."
     "Why not?" asked the Swedish girl, Svetlana. Dietrich looked at her. He found her to be very
pretty—she reminded him a little of his mother in looks. But she'd shown not the least bit of
interest in him.
     Sergeant McDougal grinned ruefully. "The SRG is a great gun, but my problem is the
priming pan. It flashes right at the edge of my field of vision and causes me to jerk the gun the
instant before it fires. Half the time I'm lucky if I can hit the broad side of a barn."
     Dietrich nodded. Despite the fact that McDougal outranked him, the Marine corporal had at
first looked down on someone who served in a noncombat role—a REMF, as his up-time Marine
comrades put it. But during this trip he'd come to respect Sergeant McDougal. He had good
instincts, as proved by the fact he used his up-time rifle. Dietrich knew that Sergeant McDougal's
problems with the flintlock rifle wouldn't have been a consideration if he were in a line, firing in
volley. But if the three of them got into a firefight with bandits, accuracy would count for far
more.
     The three of them passed some more time in conversation. Every attempt Dietrich made to
get Private Anderovna interested in him was politely rebuffed. He decided to cut his losses and
go to bed. Maybe next time, if she had more to drink, he'd have better luck.
                                                   ***
     Svetlana stayed in the common room with Jabe after Corporal Linn went to bed. She was
used to her sergeant's reticence, but he'd been even quieter than usual lately. His explanation to
Corporal Linn regarding his rifle was the most he'd said in days. She'd gotten to know Jabe well
enough over the past couple of months to know something was bothering him.
     "You've been quiet the whole trip so far," she said.
     Jabe smiled a somewhat strained smile. "I just haven't had much worth saying."
     "Something's wrong. I'm happy to listen."
     Jabe sighed. He signaled to a serving woman for a tankard of beer; Sveta declined his offer to
buy her one.
     "What makes you think something's wrong?"
     Sveta just looked at him, saying nothing. Jabe muttered something she didn't quite catch,
involving the letter "x" and a longer word—"chromo" something.
     "It's just that Prudentia and I had a big fight before we left Grantville. She didn't want me
coming to Luebeck. It seems like we've been fighting a lot lately."
     Svetlana tried her hardest to be properly sympathetic. She was sorry Jabe was in distress, but
it did not sadden her in the least to hear that he and Prudentia were having problems. It made her
hopeful, and she tried her absolute hardest not to let that hope show.
     Anders Jensen had not been a terrible father, but the fact was he had not legitimized her. Nor
would he, which is why Svetlana had adopted her Russian-style patronymic, "Anderovna," as her
surname, dropping her mother's family name. She was Anders's daughter, whether or not he
chose to officially acknowledge her. There would be no dowry for her unless she earned it
herself. Almost everywhere this would have severely limited her marriage prospects. Her father
expected to be consulted if she decided to marry, of course, but probably wouldn't care enough to
make any objections to almost any prospective husband she might find.
     In Grantville, though, her marriage prospects would not necessarily be limited by her bastardy
or lack of a dowry. People there were judged on their merits. Gretchen Richter was a camp
follower, and she married a respectable up-timer. Not only did Gretchen not have a dowry, she
also had a lot of dependents. And Sveta knew Gretchen was not the only woman of her station to
make such a match, just the most famous. It went both ways; after all, hadn't her hero, Julie Sims,
been allowed marry a man who was—like Sveta—illegitimate? Granted, Alex Mackay was well-
regarded by no less a figure than Gustavus Adolphus, but he was a soldier and Julie was the
daughter of a respected town professional. And yet no one had raised any objections to the match.
     Svetlana was beginning to feel, more and more strongly, that the young man sitting in front of
the fire with her would make an excellent husband. Prudentia Gentileschi was, in her opinion,
stuck-up and spoiled. What did an artist's daughter have in common with Jabe, anyway? Svetlana
knew that she was far more suitable a wife for Jabe McDougal than Prudentia Gentileschi.


Luebeck, Late winter, 1634
   For Jabe, getting smuggled into Luebeck was an anticlimax. The siege was tight enough—
movement into and out of the city was very restricted by the League of Ostend—but there were
more than a few cracks to slip through. The mysterious (to the Danes at least) destruction of a
half-dozen ships in the Truve River estuary had made them nervous and forced them to loosen
their grip on the port at least somewhat—loosened enough so that it was possible to smuggle
small amounts of supplies into the city.
    People could also be smuggled. Jabe, Svetlana and Corporal Linn were conducted into
Luebeck one dark, cloudy night and shown to quarters in the city. Sergeant Elizabeth Buchholtz,
of the Thuringian Rifles, took charge of Sveta. The two women had met when Sveta had tried to
get into the sniper company. Jabe and the German Marine were quartered with a friendly
merchant family eager for news and gossip from outside Luebeck. Jabe, though tired, was willing
enough to oblige as a way of thanking his hosts for the food and hot bath they provided.
    Jabe had a hard time getting to sleep that night. The last few days he'd found himself
confiding in Svetlana more and more, especially when it came to the problems he'd been having
with Prudentia. Jabe had always been someone who preferred a handful of close friends to a large
circle of acquaintances, but most of his high school friends were scattering, drawn into the
military or the world of possibilities offered for up-timers in the rest of the USE. He considered
Kurt a good friend as well as a CO, and Sveta had been especially friendly and interested in his
problems.
    There was a part of Jabe—a small part—that wondered if Svetlana Anderovna weren't more
"right" for him than Prudentia Gentileschi. There were times when he wondered what he and
Prudentia were doing together.
    Whenever his thoughts began traveling down this path, Jabe began to wonder what his life
would be like if Prudentia weren't in it. Invariably, he felt a tightness in his chest and a sharp pain
began somewhere near his feet and corkscrewed up through him. On paper the son of a coal
miner and the daughter of an important painter had no business being together. On paper, Jabe
thought he and Svetlana made far more sense.
    But Svetlana didn't make him feel that he could do anything he put his mind to. Jabe thought
of a recent selection for the "Dinner and a Movie" club: As Good As It Gets. Prudentia made Jabe
want to be a better person; he didn't have that feeling about Svetlana, or any other woman for that
matter. Still, it was good to have someone he could exchange confidences with, and he felt he
needed a woman's perspective on things. As he finally drifted off to sleep, Jabe tried to ignore the
nagging feeling that he shouldn't be confiding these sorts of things to another woman.
                                                 ***
    One of the emperor's junior adjutants came to get Jabe the next morning. The weedy young
Swedish lieutenant struck Jabe as very high-strung. Maybe he was one of those people who
needed tension to keep him together. As the two made their way toward Gustavus' headquarters,
Jabe laid out his plans for his brief stay in Luebeck. He started to speak in German, but the young
officer said he wanted to practice his English, so they used that language instead.
    "I'm not worried about working around His Majesty's schedule, sir," Jabe told the adjutant.
"I'm happy to take as much time as he can give me. And I'm also hoping to speak with some of
the grunts and get their view of things."
    "Grunts?"
    "Sorry, sir. That's a slang term from up-time. It means the ordinary soldiers, the privates and
low-ranking noncoms."
    "Grunts." The Swede repeated the word as if tasting it. He smiled. "I rather like it. It has a sort
of rough charm. How good is your German, Sergeant McDougal? His Majesty's English has
improved a great deal in the last year or so, but it is far from his best language."
    "I think my German's pretty decent, sir. I hope so anyway. Private Anderovna is a native
Swedish speaker, so she can help me over the rough spots, if that's okay."
    "I'm sure it will be."
    They spent the rest of the journey through town going over protocol. Gustavus was far less
touchy about such things than most monarchs, but there were still proprieties to be observed. Jabe
didn't think he'd have any problems; his big fear was that he'd be so nervous in the emperor's
presence that he'd be paralyzed.
                                                  ***
    Svetlana watched Jabe work. There wasn't much for her to do at the moment. Most of those
present could communicate in German if not English, so aside from the occasional rough patch,
Sveta wasn't needed as a translator.
    The first task had been to find a well-lit room in which to tape His Majesty. Jabe explained
that, while his camera had a built-in lamp, it would drain the battery relatively quickly. Once the
battery was drained, the camera would not function without another source of power. Therefore,
it was best to find a natural light source so that the quality of the picture would be as good as
possible.
    Svetlana was amazed that Jabe, normally so quiet, could be so assertive. Once a suitable room
had been found, he sat the emperor down and began setting up his camera. Gustavus rehearsed
his planned speech a couple of times, and then Jabe clipped a small device—a microphone—onto
the royal personage. He connected the other end to his camera.
    "I am told you have an excellent speaking voice, Your Majesty," Jabe said to Gustavus. "With
this device, the microphone, you won't need to speak so loudly. In fact, if you speak too loudly,
you may accidentally damage the equipment."
    Gustavus understood, and they were ready to tape. The Emperor of the United States of
Europe may not have grown up with television, but his magnetic personality and larger-than-life
presence made him a natural in front of a camera. Svetlana had always been proud of her king,
but for the first time in her life she understood why so many were willing to follow Gustav II
Adolph Vasa even to their deaths.
    When the emperor concluded his remarks, about a half-hour later, Jabe smiled.
    "Nailed it on the first take, Your Majesty."
    Gustavus' pale blue eyes twinkled. "That means, I trust, that I did well, Sergeant?"
    Answering that question led to an explanation of what "take" meant, which in turn led to a
brief explanation of the editing process. "Most people get nervous on camera, Your Majesty.
They just seize up or make a lot of mistakes. You were very relaxed and natural. It's always
possible to do things over and get them right, but for something like this I think it's best if you
can get it right the first time. Which you did, Your Majesty."
    Jabe was breaking down the tripod and stowing the little equipment he'd had to bring with
him. Gustavus walked over and picked up the small camera, examining it closely. In the
emperor's outsized hands, it almost fit in one palm.
    "It does not seem such a fearsome thing to me, Sergeant. Far less fearsome, in truth, than
Axel Oxenstierna."
Grantville, Late winter, 1634
     Prudentia sipped her coffee, looking around at the Sternbock Coffee House. There was all
manner of graffiti on the whitewashed wall; the cafe's proprietor, a distant Nasi cousin named
Theophilus Mendes, encouraged writing on his walls. Someone had told him about an eatery in
the up-time city of Chicago that did the same thing, and Theophilus liked the idea. It had helped
cement the Sternbock's reputation as the main artists' cafe in Grantville.
     With her sat a Bohemian named Karel Novotny and Tino Nobili's oldest son, Burton. Burton
was there at Prudentia's request; she did not meet strange men alone, even in public.
     Novotny had braved muddy roads to make an exploratory trip to Grantville from Prague on
behalf of Morris Roth. Prudentia knew of the Cavriani family, who were professional
"middlemen." Novotny was cast from the same mold. He seemed friendly enough, but there was
something about him that was slightly off-putting. She was glad Burton was there with her.
Prudentia handed him the various sketches she'd made for the frontispieces.
     The Bohemian examined the sketches critically. "Excellent work, Signora Gentileschi—or is
it Stiattesi?"
     Prudentia was a little surprised. Most people didn't know her father's family name unless she
told them. Her estimation of Novotny's abilities went up for finding out that little detail, even as
she felt a little uncomfortable.
     "My mother is officially the head of my household, Signor Novotny; so I go by Gentileschi.
And thank you for your kind compliment. You may keep the sketches to take back to Don
Morris; they're copies."
     The Bohemian handed Prudentia a draft for USE$3,000, half the agreed-upon price for the
work. "Per your agreement with Don Morris. I will be returning this summer for the completed
work, at which time you will receive the balance of the commission."
     "Very good," said Prudentia. She tucked the bank draft into the pocket of her dress. "Thank
you, Signor Novotny."
     Novotny, however, wasn't finished. "Don Morris has spoken well of your work. Apparently,
he commissioned you previously, before he moved to Prague?"
     "Well, it was a very small commission. I designed a logo for his personal seal."
     "Be that as it may, Don Morris instructed me to extend an offer to you."
     "I'd be happy to work for him again."
     "Not to work," said Novotny. "To come to Prague. He wants to you to be an artist in
residence at the Women's College of his new university."
                                                 ***
     Even as she walked to the bank to deposit her draft, Prudentia had to keep replaying what
Karel Novotny had just told her over and over in her head, just to make sure she hadn't imagined
it. It was a tremendous opportunity. And yet . . .
     If this offer had come to her just a few weeks ago, before Jabe left for Luebeck, she would
have turned it down flat—unless Jabe agreed to come to Prague with her after his military
commitment was fulfilled. She couldn't imagine not having Jabe at her side, for this or anything
else.
    Now, though, she was sure that Jabe wouldn't ask for her hand. Ever since his departure for
Luebeck, Prudentia had become increasingly certain that Svetlana Anderovna would replace her
in his affections. She didn't like to think about it; the last few weeks she'd thrown herself into her
art as she never had before. At least when she was painting or sketching, her mind was occupied
with other things, better things. Besides, on a blank canvas or sheet of paper, she could make the
world into whatever she wanted.
    In her dark state of mind, Prudentia saw Morris Roth's offer not as a career opportunity but as
a way out. If she were in Prague, Prudentia thought, she would not have to see Jabe and Svetlana
together. She would have to get her mother's approval, but she didn't think Artemisia would
object. It would take a little time for her to write to Rome and get word back, but Signor Novotny
had told her she didn't need to decide until this summer, when he came back from Bohemia for
the completed frontispieces. There was no reason, however, that she couldn't tell Jabe of her
plans when he got back from Luebeck.


On the Road, Late winter, 1634
    In spite of all the dangers, the trip to Luebeck had been exhilarating to Jabe. He truly felt that
he had done something that would lift people's spirits. Not to mention the fact that he had gotten
to meet, even talk with, the emperor himself!
    He was in Luebeck for a week all told, and Gustavus had invited him to dinner—something
Jabe knew was a tremendous honor for someone of his rank. Gustavus, as he usually was about
up-time technology, was curious about video. Jabe was happy enough to share what he knew,
though he pointed out that he was hardly the most knowledgeable up-timer when it came to film
and television.
    Jabe mentioned to the emperor in passing about his oral history. To his great surprise, on the
morning of his departure from Luebeck, a young boy delivered a sheaf of papers to him. Written
in German in a strong, sure hand were the reflections of Emperor Gustav II Adolph Vasa about
the Ring of Fire; in his case, his thoughts when he first heard about Grantville's arrival and his
memories of his first meeting with Rebecca Stearns, Ed Piazza and especially Julie Sims. This
alone would make sure that Jabe's book, when it was finished, would move at least a few copies.
    The weather on the trip back to Grantville was dismal. It rained almost constantly, and
keeping the gunpowder dry was a challenge. The plan was to reach Magdeburg and then take a
boat to Halle. From there they would take the train to Grantville. The day he, Sveta and Dietrich
thought they might arrive in Magdeburg, there was a particularly torrential downpour, and no one
seemed eager to push on. They found an inn and decided to spend the night there.
    The inn was an old manor house. The petty nobles who'd lived there had fled the war years
ago, leaving their stewards behind. As a result, Jabe found, the rooms here were much nicer than
in most inns. He had a room with a fireplace and didn't waste any time getting a roaring fire
going. He put the soaked clothes he was wearing in front of the fire, along with the damp clothes
that had been in his pack.
    To pass the time as his clothes dried, he piled blankets on himself and decided to work on a
story to accompany the emperor's taped address. The main thrust of the article would be to
highlight the bravery of the soldiers in Luebeck as they endured life under siege, though Jabe had
to spin things more than a little. He found out that, since they had antibiotics in Luebeck, the
biggest enemy was boredom.
    He was interrupted by a knock on his door. "Um . . . come in?" Jabe shifted the blankets to
make sure he was covered. The door opened and Svetlana walked in, wearing only a very thin
shift.
                                                  ***
    Svetlana noticed that Jabe was in much better spirits now than he'd been in on the trip to
Luebeck. Part of it, she knew, was the writing he'd gotten from Emperor Gustav. That would be
enough to lift anyone out of melancholia. But there was more to it, she was sure. It was as if some
great weight had been lifted off him.
    After watching Jabe with the emperor, Sveta was more determined than ever to have him as a
husband. He embodied the qualities she had come to cherish about these up-timers every bit as
much as Lady Julie Mackay. Jabe, shy as he was, had acted with confidence when he interacted
with the emperor. He was properly respectful and obedient to protocol at all times, but there was
something he had that the Swedes surrounding Gustavus lacked. An indefinable sense of self-
worth that told Jabe McDougal that, while the emperor was his leader, elder and monarch—and
therefore deserving of great respect—Gustavus was not an inherently better human being than he
was. Svetlana, who'd fought against feelings of inferiority all her life, loved that.
    She looked at herself in the full-length mirror that stood near the fireplace in her room. It
didn't match the rest of the furniture, being in rather shabby condition. Probably a purchase from
Grantville, she thought. She returned her attention to the reflection staring back at her. She was
lean and muscular, skinny by down-time standards, but Svetlana knew she seemed to fit the
standard of beauty many up-time men had.
    Perhaps, Svetlana thought, she could bind Jabe to her with her body. If it had been anyone but
Jabe, she would have thought it not worth the risk. Svetlana was not a virgin, though she was not
greatly experienced, and knew what could happen if a man got a woman with child and then
didn't marry her. Jabe, though, was far too honorable to abandon her if that happened. He'd
probably stay with her even if she didn't get pregnant.
    Most of Svetlana's clothes were drying in front of the fire, but she found a shift that was dry
enough. Making sure the hallway was clear, she went to Jabe's room and knocked on the door.
                                                  ***
    "Sveta, what are you doing? Is anything wrong?" Jabe asked. He was more than a little
flustered. The shift she was wearing did little to conceal her trim body.
    "Nothing's wrong," she said, as she walked over to the bed. She sat down, facing him.
    "I'm not sure this is a good idea. I mean, I'm your superior; there's probably rules against—"
    She shut him up with a scorching kiss, and at first Jabe couldn't help but respond. He liked
Svetlana, and no one could deny she looked good. With a supreme effort of will he broke away.
    "This isn't right."
    "Why not?"
    "It just isn't, that's all."
    Svetlana looked at him with those blue, blue eyes of hers. "Please don't send me away.
Please?" She took off her shift.
    Jabe swallowed hard twice. A thought from some reptilian part of his brain surfaced: Why
not? Prudentia wouldn't have to know. He forced the thought away. It wasn't that he was a prude
about sex or even that he had a religious reason for waiting until marriage. But Jabe didn't want
to remember his first time with shame and regret, which he surely would if things went any
further with Svetlana right now.
    "Sveta, put your clothes on. Please."
    "But why? If it was Prudentia, not me, you wouldn't be holding yourself back!"
    "No," said Jabe truthfully, "I probably wouldn't be."
    "I would be a good wife for you."
    "But you're not the one for me, Sveta. It wouldn't be fair to either of us."
    "Why her and not me? We have so much more in common."
    "I don't know. I don't know if I can put it into words. Prudentia just makes me feel . . . well,
she makes me feel like I can do things I wouldn't have thought I was able to do. It's like she fills
in a part of me that I need."
    "And I don't." The note of finality in Sveta's voice didn't really need a response. She knew
what his answer would have to be. She put her shift back on.
    "Look, Sveta, we don't have to tell anyone else about this, okay?"
    She said nothing, only nodded.


Grantville, Late winter, 1634
    Prudentia felt numb inside. She kept trying to tell herself she was happy. Between what she
herself knew of Morris Roth and the events in Bohemia over the last few months and what Karel
Novotny had told her of the new University of Prague, every instinct she had told her that
accepting his offer would be career-making. And yet . . .
    And yet she was utterly miserable. She hadn't eaten well in days; Tino and Vivian Nobili
were worried and were after her to see the doctor. They were concerned that she was sick. They
were right—she was sick, though not in the way they perhaps thought. It was worse today; Jabe
was due back and would arrive on the train from Halle at any time. Prudentia was sure that he
would come to the Nobilis' to tell her that his courtship was ending. She'd already decided that
before that could happen, she would tell him she would be leaving for Prague by the end of the
summer.
    Just as she thought he would, Jabe showed up, looking rumpled and travel-weary. He smiled
when she opened the door.
    "I'm so glad to see you, Prudentia."
    "I'm leaving," she blurted out, with no preamble. "I'm going to Prague this summer."
    Jabe's jaw sagged. He dropped his pack in shock.
    Seeing Jabe's reaction, a little bit of hope flared inside Prudentia. She tried to ignore it. She
didn't want to be hurt. She expected Jabe to say something, anything, but the silence seemed to
stretch on for eternity.
    She decided to fill that silence. "I wish you and Svetlana all happiness. But I can't be here to
see you two together."
    "What, but, ah . . . Svetlana? What are you talking about? You can't go to Prague!"
    Hope flared again, and this time Prudentia didn't try to suppress it. "Why not?"
    "I don't know. Maybe you can. But I'll have to come with you. Even if I have to desert, I'll go
with you."
    Looking at Jabe, Prudentia knew he wasn't kidding. Tears came to her eyes and overflowed.
"You would go somewhere where you don't know anyone?"
    "I'd know you. And Mr. and Mrs. Roth. Sort of. But I can't be apart from you. Is that what
you were afraid of? That I was going to leave you for Svetlana? Why, for heaven's sake?"
    "You do have a lot in common with her."
    "Yes. But she doesn't make me feel the way you do. I don't think anyone could." Jabe looked
at her. "I'm serious. I'll go to Prague with you if that's what you really want."
    Prudentia kissed him then. "Let's not be hasty. I think I will tell Don Morris no—for now.
Perhaps in the future, if he is still willing. But I would not ask that of you."
    They kissed again and then just spent time together. Not talking or doing anything else. Just
reveling in each others' presence, and that was good enough.
                         Grantville is Different

                                      by Russ Rittgers

    It was late August, 1632, when Georg Bauer climbed out of the ditch he'd been digging for
Jena's new sewer line. Sweat was still pouring off him when he first heard about Grantville.
    Almost twenty-two, with dark hair and a strong build, Georg was the fourth son of a farmer
who threw him out after he beat one of his brothers senseless. His older brother had been an
overbearing bully and Georg knew his father would never willingly let him leave the farm
without a major cause. So he gave him one. Georg soon found a small town and was a tough for a
year until it was destroyed by one of the passing armies. Escaping unhurt, he joined another army
as a mercenary. After almost dying of camp fever three months later, Georg decided any place an
army wasn't in Germany would be healthier. So one night while he was supposed to be on guard
duty, he slipped away, ending up in Jena ten days ago.
    Georg poured cup after cup of water down his throat during his break. "Hans, who's the big
blond with the short hair talking with the boss?" he asked one of his fellow ditchdiggers.
    "That's Herr Chip Jenkins," Hans answered, taking a quick glance. "He works with the Jena
Committee of Correspondence. He drops by here every now and then. He also does some
administrative work for this project. I hear he's also the son of a rich landowner in Grantville.
Came here less than a year ago. After the Americans captured that small mercenary army."
    "Grantville? Doesn't sound German."
    "You're right. I hear some witchcraft dropped the entire town west of Rudolstadt. They call
themselves Americans and say they're from across the Atlantic Ocean. Some say that no one has
to work hard there, there's as much light at night as there is in daytime and they have carriages
that don't need horses. Bunch of crap, I say. You want to find out about it, ask Herr Jenkins.
Break's over," Hans said when the bell rang again. He picked up his shovel and jumped down
into the ditch.
    That evening at the crowded Crazy Fox tavern, Georg was hesitant about walking up to Herr
Jenkins and asking anything. The Crazy Fox had a different feel. It took several moments to
figure out why. Then it came to him. It was the women! Granted this wasn't a low tavern but
somehow the atmosphere was different from the usual respectable neighborhood tavern as well.
There was more . . . vibrancy. Here, while there were barmaids and a few women who looked
like they might be prostitutes, there were many other women—maids, laundresses, common
working women, wives of working men, older and younger women. In fact, he didn't take a count
but there seemed to be far more women in the room than men and they seemed to be in
anticipation.
    Herr Jenkins was standing near a table with a small mug of beer in his hand. For one with
such a position, he seemed remarkably accessible. He was joking with the men and women,
occasionally winking humorously. He was not slim but Georg could distinguish a muscular body
under his clothing. Tall, inches taller than Georg, Herr Jenkins didn't act at all like a wealthy
landowner's son. Certainly not the one whose father owned the land Georg's father and brothers
farmed. Arrogant snot. Perhaps like Georg, Herr Jenkins had been thrown off the land.
    Then what looked like a rough customer carrying a short quarterstaff walked in. He tapped on
Herr Jenkins' shoulder, said something into his ear and Herr Jenkins followed the man out the
door. Since two or three other young men, all dressed like the local students followed, Georg did
too.
    Out on the dark street, a young man who'd obviously had too much to drink was singing
loudly and off-key. He wasn't dressed like most of the local workmen but rather like one of the
university students. Herr Jenkins walked over to the young man. Facing him, he put his hands on
the student's shoulders. He softly talked for a short while before hugging the student to his chest
and then putting his arm around the student's shoulders. The two young men walked away
towards the city gate.
    "What was that all about?" Georg asked the student next to him.
    "One of Chip's old students just found out today that he's come into his inheritance," the
young man said blandly. "Kurt was happy to be his own master but on the other hand, he didn't
want his father to die. Besides, this means he'll have to leave the university and go home to
manage his late father's estate. So he was very drunk."
    "Oh . . . I didn't know Herr Jenkins was a professor."
    "He's not. He's a docent, a teacher at the university, but all of his students are close to him,"
the other man said and turned to go back to the tavern.
    Half an hour later, the same young man stood up at the end of the tavern. "We're going to
start a meeting of the sanitation subcommittee shortly, so those of you who don't want to learn
about why you should keep flies off your food may leave." Georg looked around him as several
workmen grimaced and finished their meals quickly before leaving. Most of the women on the
other hand, took places at the tables nearest the young man.
    Just as Georg stepped into the street behind the departing workmen, Herr Jenkins approached
the tavern. "Uh, Herr Jenkins?" Georg asked, taking off his hat, holding it nervously between his
hands.
    "Yes?"
    "Uh, Herr Jenkins, I, uh, was wondering. I mean, my name is Georg Bauer and I, uh, just
started working here in Jena, uh, digging the ditch for the sewer . . ."
    "Go on."
    "Uh, Herr Jenkins, I, uh, wanted to know about Grantville. Is it true what they say?" he
blurted out. "I mean, witch . . . no, uh, by some means and uh, lights that . . ."
    "Probably," Chip answered humorously. "No streets of silver, though. It would be easier for
you to just go there for a few days than for you to believe what I'd tell you. Not everyone who
goes there wants to stay because of our different customs. It is very different from Jena. If you
want to work and are prepared to change, there are jobs that will pay much more than what you're
making now."
    "Uh, thank you, Herr Jenkins," Georg answered quickly. "Uh, I hate to ask but, uh . . ."
    "If you want to leave the work here to go to Grantville, I can probably persuade your boss to
hire you back on. In fact, come on inside and I'll write you a note of recommendation to someone
I know."
    Georg couldn't believe his luck. Herr Jenkins was going to recommend him? After just
meeting him? Fantastic!
    Chip got a piece of paper from Jan, the tavern keeper and scrawled a quick note. He folded
and was about to seal it when he looked at Georg. "I assume you don't read or speak English.
This is a note to the head man at one of the businesses my father owns. It gives your name and
says you've been working here as a ditchdigger." Chip used the wax from a candle to seal the
note. "Follow the Saale down to Rudolstadt. When the river bends to the south, follow the road
that goes west. Ask anyone on that road where Grantville is. When you get to Grantville, ask
anyone where the Laughing Laundress Company is. Do you have all that?"
    "Oh, yes, sir. Thank you, Herr Jenkins." Georg tucked the note in his pouch. "Thank you.
Thank you," he repeated and practically ran out the door.
    "Who was that?" Jan asked.
    "One of the ditchdiggers." Chip sighed. "Give you two to one odds that he'll be back in Jena
in less than a week."
    "I don't make sucker bets," Jan said, chuckling.
                                                 ***
    As soon as Georg saw the macadam road, he knew Grantville was definitely different. He
tried to imagine how many men it must have taken to build such a wide, flat, smooth road and
shook his head. He also had no idea what was the purpose of the double yellow stripe in the
middle of the road. Guards had stopped him shortly after he'd turned west. After answering a few
questions and having a medic look at him, he was free to proceed to Grantville.
    An old man with a donkey pulling a small cart loaded with produce was passed through while
Georg was being questioned and inspected. Georg quickly overtook him. The man seemed happy
for some company.
    "That's the school over there where the older students go," the old man said, waving at a large
brick building above them on the hillside a short while later. "Few weeks ago, Gustavus
Adolphus himself rode in with his cavalry. Killed a bunch of Croat cavalry who had come to
slaughter the children in the school. One was my Martha. She's sixteen now. But between the
men, even some women of Grantville and Gustavus Adolphus' men, they killed lots of those
bastards."
    "You mean, you let your girl that old go to school rather than making her work at home or
somewhere else to earn money? How can you afford it?" Georg asked, surprised.
    "Why not?" the man asked with a twisted smile. "Don't cost me nothing and girls are just as
smart as boys. Well, I don't know that for a fact but my Martha's smarter than her two older
brothers. Speaks English now and is talking about becoming a bookkeeper, too. I was farming
here and we were visiting my brother in Rudolstadt when what they call the Ring of Fire
happened. Practically everyone our family knew was gone and this place was here instead. Some
call it witchcraft but I don't know. I didn't know of any witches living anywhere near us. There
aren't any here in Grantville as far as I can tell."
    As they walked into Grantville, the old man said, "Would have moved, but where to? I don't
like Rudolstadt anyway. Besides, Grantville took care of us, gave us a nice house to live in when
we came back. I won't say I like not farming, but Grantville's not that bad once you get used to its
strange ways. Martha's in school and both my boys are working in jobs that don't require them to
be apprentices."
    "Do you know where the Laughing Laundress Company is?" Georg asked, looking at the
address on the note.
    "Just over there," the man said, pointing to a sizeable one-story building with large glass
windows in the front. "Looks like it's open."
    There were eight Germans sitting on opposite sides of a workbench in the huge room, half of
which had been closed off by an eight-foot wall. Each man performed a particular task having to
do with two cylinders of wood. Then he'd pass the partial assembly to the next person.
    "Hello?" Georg called.
    An older man wearing light brown trousers which fell to his ankles and a soft green shirt with
two buttons below the neck walked stiffly up to him. Georg hadn't noticed the door on the side of
the workroom. "Hello," he said softly in an accent more pronounced but like Herr Jenkins'. "What
can we do for you?"
    "Hello, sir. I have a message from Herr Chip Jenkins in Jena." Georg held up the note.
    The man glanced at the name on the front and gave a small frown before opening the note.
"Hmm. Well, fortunately for you, Johannes decided to move on to where he could make more
money. Of course, it's harder work as well, so . . . Bernhard! This is Georg Bauer. Show him
what needs to be done and give him the usual rules. Get him settled in town."
    "Ja, Herr Jenkins." Bernhard was in his mid-thirties with a deeply lined face, dressed like an
American with a short-sleeved shirt and narrow-legged long trousers made from a material Georg
didn't recognize. "Come with me."
    Georg couldn't help but stare at the back of the man who was walking to the glassed-in room.
"That is the father of Herr Chip Jenkins? The landowner?" he asked, puzzled.
    Bernhard shrugged. "He is Herr Chad Jenkins. He owns this company and has many
properties. His son works with the CoC in Jena." He looked over at Georg, seeing his expression.
"Don't look so stupid, standing there with your mouth hanging open. Grantville is different."
    "So everyone keeps telling me," Georg muttered.
    It was midafternoon when Georg arrived. By the time six rolled around, he was hungry.
"Where did all those women come from?" he asked, seeing several walk out the exit towards the
road ahead of them.
    "They work on the other side of that wall making washboards. You must have heard their
squawking," Bernhard said. "This way neither the men nor the women distract or bother one
another while they work. We don't see much of them during working hours, even have different
lunch times."
    "Speaking of food, where can I go to eat?"
    "There are many places but do not go into the Club 250. They do not like Germans. Besides,
they don't have any food except beer and pretzels." Bernhard waved a hand. "But let's get you a
bed first. Grab your bag. I'll take you over to the workingman's dormitory. There is no public bath
but there are what they call showers."
     Bernhard led him to the dormitory a short walk away. It was a large three-story brick
building. An old German with one arm was sitting behind a desk. He was dressed American-style
in a plaid shirt that buttoned down the front. "Name?" he wheezed. He dipped his quill into the
ink.
     "Georg Bauer."
     "How long will you be staying?" he asked, looking up from the form he was filling out.
     Georg shrugged. "A week at least. I don't know. I just came from Jena and started work
today." The old man wrote down where he came from.
     "Where are you working?"
     "The Laughing Laundress." The old man nodded and wrote that down.
     "Two dollars per night or ten dollars for a week," the old man said, putting down the quill and
lifting his palm expectantly. "Won't find a bed anywhere for less. If you have any valuables, I can
put them in the cage. No swords, pistols or other weapons in the dormitory. I lock them up here.
You can keep your dirk."
     After a short discussion, Georg handed over his money and got some American change.
"Brigitta!" the old man called.
     A yawning woman wearing a long skirt and a linen blouse came out of the room behind the
desk. A comfortably fleshed dark blonde and not unattractive, Georg noticed. Probably getting a
little sleep before working tonight if she's napping now, he smirked.
     "This is Georg Bauer. Put him in room 302. Bunk seven."
     "Come." The woman led him down the hallway to the stairs. "One day they will fix the
elevator but until then we use the steps," she grumbled and began climbing. Georg had no idea
what an elevator was but following two steps behind her, his mind imagined what lay beneath the
skirts not far from his eyes.
     Once on the third floor, Georg walked next to her and smoothly slipped his arm around on her
hip. "Will you come see me tonight, darling?" he asked.
     Without commenting, Brigitta reached down, gripped the middle finger of the hand on her hip
and bent it back.
     "Aahh!" Georg yelled, going to his knees as she turned towards him, cruelly pressing his
finger and hand backward. "Let go! Please!"
     "A lesson to you, good sir," Brigitta said, releasing his finger. "There may be prostitutes in
Grantville but let them find you. Never, but never, make an assumption that any woman, no
matter how she is dressed or where she works, is a prostitute. Is that clear?"
     Georg's eyes were watering as he worked the finger. "You might have told me before!"
     "Of course." She smiled wickedly. "But you'll remember it so much better this way. You can
see the room number above the door. 302. Your bunk is number seven and you can see the
number on it from here. Remember its location. If someone finds you sleeping in his bunk, you
may lose some teeth. There is a cabinet for each bunk and yours is number seven. The showers
are at the middle of the hallway and . . . wait, I'll have to show you. Put your bag in your cabinet
and join me down the hall."
     A few minutes later Georg was standing inside a room as large as his own bunk room. There
were colored tiles on the walls and it had a strange smooth rock floor. At a level just above his
head there were four spaced pipes sticking out from the wall with something bell-shaped at their
end. Two knobs were on the wall below each pipe and a square opening was built into the wall
above the knobs.
    "This is how you turn on the shower." Brigitta stood to the side and turned one of the knobs.
Water sprayed out of the bell-shaped device. "There are two knobs. The one I just turned on, the
one on the right, is for cold water. The one on the left is for hot water. You can adjust the
temperature of the water coming out to your liking. Clear? When you are finished, be certain no
water is coming out of the shower head. We do not waste water here."
    Georg thought he understood but figured he could watch or ask someone else when he took
his shower.
    "One more thing," Brigitta said, with that nasty smile of hers. "There are four showers in this
room, the only one on this floor. Only one person per shower. Try to share and people will think
you're . . ." She gave a sign for a homosexual. "Wait in the hall with a towel around your waist or
in your trousers or go back to your room. Use a towel to dry before you leave the shower. People
slip on these floors and there's enough dirt on them without making mud. I have enough work to
do. Understand?
    "The hallway lights come on at sundown and go off an hour before midnight so everyone can
get a good night's sleep. At dawn a bell will be rung so everyone can get to work on time. Any
questions?"
    Georg had a thousand but decided he'd try showering now that men were coming into the
hallway from where they'd been working.
    Half an hour later, freshly showered, he joined Bernhard at the door of the dormitory.
                                                  ***
    The Thuringen Gardens was busy when Bernhard and Georg walked in. "It's always like this
from middle afternoon until late at night," Bernhard explained. The waitress bent forward next to
Georg showing a generous cleavage as she set the quart-sized beer mugs before them. Georg was
about to slip his arm around the woman's bottom as he often did in taverns but as he reached out,
a twinge from his finger reminded him that Grantville was different. He carefully withdrew his
arm. Bernhard was sitting across the long table from him. The corner of his mouth curled up
slightly.
    "That'll be five dollars," the waitress said. "Would you like to order a meal?"
    Georg did a quick calculation and was horrified. So much for a beer? That was more than
triple what it cost in Jena! More! How much had they devalued the money here? Did he even
dare to spend his good Jena money?
    "Order what you want, Georg." Bernhard smiled at the look on Georg's face. "I'll buy your
meal tonight and you can return the favor after you get your first pay. They have herbed roast
chicken, which is very good but that you can buy for yourself. The dish is expensive but the price
has been coming down in the past month or two as more people have begun raising chickens."
    Georg ordered first. After Bernhard put in his order for a round of cooked ground beef on a
bun and pickled red cabbage, he continued Georg's orientation. "I guess someone must have told
you that grabbing the ass of a waitress in Grantville is not a good idea."
    Embarrassed, Georg told the story of his brief encounter with Brigitta to Bernhard's
amusement.
    Bernhard grinned and leaned forward with his forearms on the table. "You got off easy. I've
met her before and she knew you were new to Grantville. She's attended several unarmed combat
classes. Easier than using a knife on someone who wants to get too friendly, you know. If I or
most of the other men around us had done that, I might have gotten a look of what's between her
legs. Of course, her foot would have been standing across my throat. Not worth it. Not worth it at
all." He chuckled and took a large swig of beer.
     Georg shrugged. "Everyone tells me that Grantville is different. How much different?"
     Bernhard looked around for a moment. Then he pointed towards a large table in a back corner
where eight people were dressed in American and German clothing. "See that table? The new
principal of the school for teenage children, the last having been killed in the Croat raid a few
weeks ago, is sitting there. Another man is the manager of the steel plant in Swarza along with
his wife who is also highly educated in physical mechanics. Another is Herr Wesley Jenkins, the
brother of our employer and a senior civil servant. There's talk of sending him somewhere else in
Germany whenever Herr President Stearns and King Gustavus Adolphus come to an agreement.
The woman sitting next to him is a German who's a widow from Badenburg but who has also
been working with Herr Wesley. The woman next to her used to be a camp follower but she's
with the CoCs now. The last man is a Scottish weaver, specializing in wool.
     "Now name me a place in the world where you can find such a diverse group that isn't
traveling or drinking heavily. Each and every one of them is working hard not only for
themselves but also to better Germany as a whole. Think about all the people you've ever known.
Where else have you ever seen a people like these here?
     "Now I won't say that everyone in Grantville is that way. In fact, there are a lot of Americans
who wish they were back where they came from, working for little more than subsistence pay
because back there they had so many conveniences. Didn't have to work half as hard for them,
either. Which is also why most of those people will never leave Grantville if they can help it.
     "I'd known of your Herr Jenkins before he left here because I was cutting timber for Herr
Chad Jenkins. Frankly, he did not have the best reputation. In fact, he . . . well, never mind. Now
I can't help but admire him. Of all the Americans who left Grantville, I think he's about the only
one who doesn't work closely with other Americans, only Germans."
     "You're German. What makes them different?" Georg asked, as their meals were placed in
front of them.
     Bernhard shrugged and had a bite of his sandwich before continuing. "It's something inside
them, in their education, that they refuse to be defeated by events. You've already heard how long
they were educated. Do you realize that in this city less than one child in ten dies of illness? They
claim that number is ridiculously high, that in a few years it will be less than one in a hundred.
What medicines they can produce keep many children alive but cleanliness is the single largest
reason they say. It's nearly an obsession, the insistence on washing their hands before eating and
after using the facilities. The sewer you were building in Jena is part of that insistence.
     "Next month I will return to my home town to bring my sister and children here. After the
Croat attack, I figured if Wallenstein and Richelieu are that afraid of Grantville-educated
children, then I'd better get mine here as soon as possible. Can you imagine what an education is
worth from the most knowledgeable place in the world?"
     "Interesting." Georg bit into his toasted roll. It was sliced lengthwise and contained sauerkraut
and sausage that was slathered with mustard. Expensive but not bad, he thought, letting its sharp
and spiced flavors fill his mouth. He put it down and tried some pickled cabbage. It was . . .
different, definitely not as good as what his mother used to make but then whose was?
     "Is this place open for breakfast as well?"
     "No. Just keep sniffing when you leave the dormitory tomorrow morning and watch where
the other men go. There's a few different places. I live in a house owned by Herr Jenkins with
five other men and we have a German woman who cooks for us every morning. Care for another
beer?"
                                                  ***
     When Brigitta walked down the hallway ringing the bell the next morning Georg woke up
with a headache. Not his usual headache caused by drinking too much. His head hurt in different
places. He opened his eyes or at least tried to. Something was definitely wrong because he
couldn't open them more than slits. What was in that beer last night?
     Georg threw back his blanket. He walked stiffly over to his cabinet, got out his clothes and,
sitting on the bench, put them on painfully. He hadn't felt this bad since that drunken fight in . . .
Checking his pouch before putting on his trousers, he found that he had most of his money. Well,
that was good news.
     Slowly, painfully he put his head up and walked out. It was cool for being the just past the
middle of summer he thought, taking a deep breath. Ouch. That hurt too. He breathed in through
his nostrils and . . . cooking sausage. Breakfast!
     Georg looked around at the other men coming out of the dormitory. "Hey, where's a good
place for breakfast?" he called.
     One of them looked at him strangely and then nodded. "This way."
                                                  ***
     "What the hell happened to you?" Bernhard asked when Georg walked into the shop almost
an hour later.
     "I don't know," Georg admitted. "I remember leaving the Gardens. I don't remember much
past then. I saw another tavern. I think it was a tavern. I guess it sold food because I remember a
sign in English saying, 'No Krauts'. 'No' meaning 'nichts' and 'Krauts' I figure was for 'cabbage.'
They didn't have any cooked cabbage for sale. Stupid sign to put up. I'd already had enough to eat
anyway. I opened the door and well, that's the last I remember from last night."
     Bernhard sighed. "Kraut is a derogatory term for German. Remember when I told you not to
go to the Club 250 yesterday because they don't like Germans? Guess what you did. Somebody,
probably a lot of somebody's beat you up. Let me take you over to the restroom. I'll clean you
up."
     When Georg looked in the mirror, he was shocked. First of all, he'd never seen himself in a
decent mirror. Second, it was no wonder he felt bad. Both eyes were swollen almost shut and his
face had been brutalized. There were smears of dried blood from his nose on his chin and cheeks
where he'd wiped his face last night. Thank heaven he'd been feeling no pain.
     "I hope you can see well enough to work," Bernhard said. He washed and rinsed Georg's face
until it was cleared of all blood. "We've got a shipment going out on Monday. If we don't get
enough finished today, we're going to have to work on it tomorrow."
     "Are you all right?" Herr Jenkins asked as soon as he saw Georg.
     "I feel hurt but it could have been a lot worse," Georg said bravely. As time went on, he was
feeling more aches and bruises in various parts of his body. But he still had all his teeth and he'd
given worse in fights. "They weren't really trying hard to injure me. Either that or I defended
myself well and my knuckles don't look that bad."
    Bernhard brought over two light blue pills with a glass of water. "Here. This will make it hurt
less."
    "What kind of pills are these?" Georg asked, putting the pills into his mouth and taking a
drink of water to wash them down.
    "Like an essence of willow bark in pill form. They call it aspirin. It relieves pain. There's a
doctor in Jena who compounds it for us."
    Fortunately, being the newest member of the assembly crew, Georg's job was the easiest. All
he had to do was hammer square-ended metal caps on each end of the cylinders and lightly tap
gears with a small hammer onto each cap using a covering piece of wood before passing them to
the next position.
                                                 ***
    Since Georg was paying for his own meal tonight and wouldn't be paid by Herr Jenkins until
noon tomorrow, he only had a sandwich and a beer at the Thuringen Gardens. Well, one more
beer. He could afford it and it really was good beer.
    By the time he left the Gardens, the sun had been down for hours. He still had enough in his
pouch for tomorrow's breakfast.
    The streetlights were on, which helped as he stumbled the short distance from the Gardens to
the dormitory. It was a warm, beautiful night and Georg was feeling one with the world. He
would have sung but in the past people had compared his singing to the braying of a mule and he
was determined to be a good boy here in Grantville.
    Should have used the facilities in the Gardens before he left, Georg thought as his bladder
began to feel uncomfortable. Probably not a good idea to piss in the streets here. He'd wait until
he got to the dormitory.
    Umm, the dormitory was just a little far away. Nobody will notice if I duck into an alley for a
few moments. He was feeling awfully tired . . .
    "Hey, you! Yes, you with your schwantz hanging out. What do you think you're doing?" the
German patrolman asked. Georg was propping up a wall with one arm, the other holding his
trousers as he returned the fluid of at least one large mug of beer back to the earth from whence it
came.
    Georg turned, slumping sideways against the wall without stopping the flow. "Jesus Christ!
He's whizzing all over the place," the second of the two patrolmen shouted.
    The first patrolman laughed. "I should have let him keep going the way he was. Now he's wet
his trousers as well, Jonathan. I thought you would have seen this in the army. Come, we'll take
him home. After he pulls up his pants."
    "Shouldn't we take him in?" the younger man asked as the two men helped Georg continue
walking back in the well-lit street.
    "Why? He hasn't done anything wrong except relieve himself in the wrong place. Besides,
look at his face. He's had enough trouble already and he's not violent. Putting him in a cell would
be a waste of the taxpayers' money."
    About that time Georg began to feel sick. Very sick.
                                                 ***
    The next morning Georg's head exploded when Brigitta walked down the hall clanging that
infernal bell. Wearing only his pants, he stumbled into the bright hallway headed for the showers.
At least he knew why his head hurt this morning.
     Brigitta was coming towards him from the end of the hall, still ringing the bell. She grinned at
Georg's expression as he clamped his palms over his ears. "Herr Bauer! When you take your
shower, keep your trousers on." She laughed.
     Georg looked down and just as the urine and vomit on them registered in his mind, his pants
fell to his knees. Brigitta burst into loud peals of laughter and started ringing the bell again.
                                                      ***
     Bernhard looked over at Georg an hour later when he came in to work not looking much
better than he had the day before. Only now his trousers were soaked as well. Bernhard just
shook his head with a sad smile.
     "Georg?" He saw the younger man wince. "We've got enough rollers prepared. Today you'll
press and then stencil the name of the company on the slats that will be on both sides of the top of
the wringer assembly."
     Georg took a piece of paper out of his pouch and handing it to him. "Bernhard, what does this
mean? The old man at the front desk gave it to me when I came downstairs this morning."
     Bernhard took a quick glance at the police citation. "Drunk and committing a public nuisance.
You understand the drunk part. The public nuisance probably means you were pissing
somewhere that was not a restroom. Probably in a street or alley. Right?"
     "I . . . uh . . . don't remember too well," Georg admitted, his face screwed up trying to
remember. "You mean that's a crime in Grantville?"
     Bernhard nodded. "Remember what I said about cleanliness? Now you'll have to go to the
police station and pay a fine. Probably about ten dollars. That's most of what you've earned your
first day. Don't forget you're going to owe for another week at the dormitory before you get paid
again."
     "What? What am I going to live on? How will I pay for my food?"
     Bernhard shrugged. "Perhaps you can get an advance on your pay from Herr Jenkins before
that comes due. Come, I'll show you the pressing equipment and how to place the stencil so you
can paint it."
                                                      ***
     When Bernhard had explained Georg's situation to Herr Jenkins, he looked very
unsympathetic. In fact, Chad pulled out a folder with Georg's name on it and inking a quill, wrote
down the circumstances.
     "I don't like this. I don't like this at all, Georg. I hired you based on my son's
recommendation. Now you're letting him down as well as me. Frankly, I'm tempted to let you go
right now. But I won't. This time. The next time you get into trouble . . . But I will advance the
amount of your fine from your pay for next week before court because I understand your
situation and that will be the last time. Understand?" Herr Jenkins asked sternly.
     Georg felt he should have been grateful but . . . a fine for just being drunk and taking a leak
against an alley wall? It wasn't like he was doing it in the middle of a street in front of a group of
schoolchildren. "Yes, Herr Jenkins. It won't happen again."
     "Good," the older man said, closing the folder. "Bernhard tells me you did good work today
in spite of your problems. As I understand it, both nights you had been drinking. Try ordering
water instead until you're almost ready to leave and then have one beer. I guarantee the water
won't make you sick. I hope you will be able to improve your skills even more next week. All
right?" He rose from behind his desk and walked over to Georg. He put his hand out. Georg took
it, giving a quick shake.
     Half an hour later, with an unfocused anger and still feeling out of kilter, Georg was walking
hurriedly on the sidewalk with his head down. When someone came out of a doorway, they
collided and both men went down quickly.
     Georg bounced up ready to fight before he saw who knocked him down. A Jew! A filthy,
stinking, lousy, Jew! A Christ-killer, one of those who Martin Luther had condemned and who
Georg's former pastor had said it would be a blessing to smite! Pastor Keller had devoted
considerable time telling to how to identify Jews. Here was this long-bearded man wearing a
Jewish prayer shawl, its knotted tassels sticking out from beneath his coat. Georg didn't stop to
think. He punched the other man in the stomach just as he was rising to his feet. What right did
this man have to be in a Christian town?
     Georg was about to kick him in the privates when he suddenly found himself on the ground
with one arm twisted behind him. Someone's knee was in the middle of his back.
     "Are you all right, Rabbi?" the German policeman asked with concern.
     "No. I most definitely am not," the older man said weakly, catching his breath. "This young
man hurt me. I suspect he would have done much worse if you had not intervened. I was coming
out of the shop and we ran into each other. I guess you saw the rest."
     "What's the matter with you?" shouted Georg to the policeman from his viewpoint on the
sidewalk. "He's a Jew!"
     "Ah, that explains it," the old man said scornfully. "Another who feels that the slaughter of
thousands of Jews in Spain and elsewhere is still not enough to make up for the death of a single
Jewish carpenter a millennium and a half ago. I would rather he hit me because I inconvenienced
him. But what can you do against consummate superstition?"
     "I can take him in and charge him with assault and battery against you, Rabbi. That ought to
teach him something. All you have to do is sign the charge sheet."
     The old man bent down. He looked at Georg's face then sighed. "No, I don't think I will. In
fact, I forgive him. Isn't that the Christian thing to do?" he said with a bitter twist of his mouth.
     "I don't want your goddamn forgiveness, you stinking Jew!"
     "Nevertheless, like God's love, you have it anyway," the rabbi said with an ever so
patronizing smile. "Whether you want it or not. Even if you are not one of my people." Then he
walked away.
     Georg was hauled to his feet only to see Herr Jenkins standing right in front of him. "I don't
think you're the type of person I want working for me," Chad said coldly. "Get your bag and get
out of town. If I see you again, I'll insist that the police press charges. Have I made myself clear?"
                                                    ***
     Halfway back to Jena, Georg came to two conclusions. First, Grantville was different.
Second, he never wanted to go there again.
 THE WOMAN SHALL NOT WEAR THAT

                                   by Virgina DeMarce


Summer, 1634
    No. Pastor Ludwig Kastenmayer put it out of his mind. His eyes must have deluded him. The
cleaning woman at Countess Katharina the Heroic Lutheran Elementary School, here on the
outskirts of Grantville, could not have been wearing . . . that.
    He put it out of his mind until, while walking along the road to Rudolstadt, he observed some
others of his female parishioners among a street-sweeping crew, among a gutter-cleaning service,
and a window-washing crew. In each case, some of them seemed to be wearing what? He tried
his best to pretend that he had seen no such thing.
    Until the day that he entered his own home and observed the nether garment that Salome—
Salome? his wife Salome?—was wearing as she bent over to clean the hearth.
                                                ***
    He sat in his study and checked the appropriate references contained in Martin Luther's Table
Talk—comments on whether or not it was worth a pastor's while to preach in regard to female
modesty. They brought him no joy. Luther's thesis had been that it was not usually worthwhile to
preach on such topics because, as a result of the German climate, one's female parishioners were
ordinarily wearing multiple layers of skirts and petticoats that covered them from head to toe, a
head scarf or hat, and not uncommonly a cloak, wool socks, lined boots, and mittens, with a hot
brick under their feet.
    This, the venerable Luther had pointed out, relieved German pastors of worrying about the
topic of modesty, which had preoccupied so many of the early church fathers. They, living in a
Mediterranean climate, had naturally been more concerned with the impact upon morals and
mores of skimpy coverage, flimsy fabric, and revealing that which was better concealed. If a
pastor had an affluent parish, an occasional sermon on the topic of luxury in dress might not be
amiss, but that applied at least as much to men as it did to women. Usually more. For the average
rural village church, even that was scarcely a problem, though.
    The German climate had not changed significantly. Most of the time, at least in winter, the
up-time women went around dressed in items such as "sweat shirts" which provided full coverage
and did very little to emphasize those female attributes which many men found tempting. The
garments were, in fact, Pastor Kastenmayer thought, quite literally as ugly as sin. The up-time
men wore "sweat shirts" also, but surely only the devil himself, Kastenmayer thought with some
humor, could persuade a female to put one on.
    In the summer, however . . . Pastor Kastenmayer sighed. Although the up-timers were not his
direct concern, their impact upon Grantville's Lutheran women was. It looked like it was going to
be "back to patristics" for the themes of some of his sermons this year.
    Plus, there was a more serious theological concern.
    Only a few of the younger down-time women and almost none of the respectable married
women in St. Martin's in the Fields parish had been tempted to try "jeans." Pastor Kastenmayer
suspected that more and more of the girls attending the up-time high school wore them on
weekdays, when they did not expect to be under his eye. Little Anna Krausin, Maria's sister,
came immediately to mind. He occasionally had a depressing feeling that he really should try to
do something about that. Although what he could do other than preach a sermon was something
of a quandary.
    Even Anna Krausin came to church wearing skirts of a respectable length. If not, precisely, of
a respectable width, and almost certainly lacking petticoats beneath them. He referred this
concern back to the topic of modesty, which appeared earlier in his notes.
    If "jeans" were a peripheral matter because they had not made great inroads in his
congregation—he added a mental "yet" to this analysis—those . . . things . . . that Salome had
been wearing were not.
    Upon inquiry, he found that the offending garments were sometimes referred to as "divided
skirts" or "culottes" but the most common variant was called "skorts." Apparently these disguised
trousers had become widely accepted among his parishioners.
    He had refrained from reproaching her directly because . . . Salome, although an excellent
wife in most ways, did not always accept reproaches as meekly as theory indicated that she
should.
    His first wife hadn't, either.
    Hardly any wives did.
    This was unquestionably one of the more lasting effects of original sin.
    Except, of course, that if one read the narratives quite literally, which one certainly should do,
Eve had not been inclined to obey either Adam or God Himself even before the Fall of Man.
Which was most perplexing, no matter how various theologians attempted to explain it, since
supposedly things had been perfect in the Garden of Eden. Did this imply that God regarded a
woman with an independent mind as a proper component of paradise? Surely not. But, then . . .
    Nevertheless. He pulled his thoughts together and focused them.
    It was his clear duty to do something. In the Bible, more precisely in the Old Testament, more
precisely at Old Testament, Deuteronomy 22:5, there was to be found the statement, in Luther's
German translation: "Ein weib sol nicht mans gerete tragen/vnd ein man sol nicht weiber kleider
an thun/Denn wer solchs thut/der ist dem Herrn deinem Gott ein grewel."
    The English language Bible that Gary Lambert had loaned him agreed. "The woman shall not
wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman's garment: for all that
do so are abomination unto the Lord thy God." King James Version.
    Anxiously, he checked it in the Greek translation of the Septuagint. He followed this by
reference to the original Hebrew. Why waste all those years of education in the biblical languages
that had been forced down his throat, after all?
    His obligation was clear. He must enter the confines of Grantville proper to discover the exact
cultural status of skorts and such related items as divided skirts. Did they, or did they not, pertain
to a man?
    Feeling vaguely morose, he wandered into an otherwise empty classroom at Countess
Katharina the Heroic Lutheran Elementary School, next door to the church. Where he observed
his daughter, Maria Blandina, teetering on the top of a too-short step stool, trying to tack up a
new set of alphabet letters. Experiencing a panicked concern that she was going to fall off,
carefully avoiding startling her, he suggested that she come down. She did manage to make her
way down safely, surrounded by his anxious admonitions to "find someone taller to do that." In
the process, alas, he observed that she was wearing what? Yes. That. Under her full skirt, but
wearing it.
    Of course, he had to admit, worn as an undergarment that did contribute a great deal to the
preservation of appropriate feminine modesty. Far more than petticoats did. Hmmmn.
                                                  ***
    "I do feel obliged to do it," the pastor said to Jonas Justinus Muselius and Gary Lambert a few
days later. "To determine the status of these 'culottes' and 'skorts.'"
    After a few moments of further contemplation he said, "Jeans, on the other hand. They are
obviously male clothing."
    "Actually," Gary said, "they're sort of both. They come in two kinds. Sometimes girls do wear
guys' jeans, but not usually. Not if the girl has a shape. If she does, guys' jeans are, ah, mostly the
wrong shape, if you get me." He gestured with his hands. "Since Sheila was left up-time, I gave
her clothes to the Ecumenical Emergency Refugee Relief Committee early on, so I can't show
you. Unless we could borrow a pair from someone else."
    Kastenmayer looked a little daunted by the prospect of a demonstration.
    "Maybe Ronella Koch would lend us a pair, if we asked her," Gary continued.


August, 1634
    "There you go," Ronella said. She had almost finished mounting Maria Blandina's new
alphabet cards. She was only four inches taller than her friend, which didn't make a lot of
difference, but had arrived from the trolley carrying the Kochs' eight-rung aluminum stepladder,
which did.
    She would start her adult career, teaching at Grantville high school, in a couple of days.
Mathematics department. Advanced algebra and trigonometry. Her mother's determined tutoring
had paid off. Combined, of course, with the incredible turnover that the high school faculty had
experienced in the past three years, as experienced teachers were yanked out for other work in
government or industry, replaced at first by retirees and teachers called up from the lower levels.
Then the retirees, getting no younger themselves, were often unable to maintain the pace of full-
time teaching and grading indefinitely.
    Up-time, these plum courses would have gone to a teacher with more seniority. Here and
now, down-time, Victor Saluzzo, himself the third principal in four years following Ed Piazza's
move into government and Len Trout's death, counted himself lucky to get her. Even without
anything resembling a teaching certification.
    Her mother, Carol Koch, most widely known among down-timers for her role as an up-time
delegate to the Rudolstadt Colloquy more than a year before, had steadfastly refused to sell the
stepladder for its aluminum content, no matter how many anxious buyers appeared at her
doorstep. In fact, after receiving several urgent appeals, she had removed the stepladder from the
tool shed in the yard and now kept it under her bed in the house. As she said with perfect logic to
a would-be purchaser who was pressing her very strongly, "It doesn't matter how much more
money I would have in the bank. If I sell you that, we won't have a tall stepladder that's light
enough for Ronella and me to carry around when we need it. And we probably never would
again. So there."
    "Stick your head in next door, will you, and ask Jonas if he needs anything put up, taken
down, or changed around while I have the ladder here?" Ronella started to tack the last few letters
to the molding.
    "Will do." Maria Blandina ducked out the door.
                                                 ***
    In the next classroom, Jonas Justinus Muselius was looking glumly at his friend Gary
Lambert. "I don't see why not?" he said. "It would be very suitable."
    "I don't want to marry Ronella," Gary answered. "Any more than you wanted to marry Maria
Blandina when the pastor asked you. Even aside from the fact that she's ELCA rather than
LCMS, I don't want to marry her. I like her, but I just don't see her as wife material. At least not
wife material for me. I haven't met anyone I've seen as wife material since Sheila was left up-
time." He paused. "There's nothing wrong with Ronella. I'm sure she'd make a perfectly nice wife
for someone else," he added charitably.
    Jonas looked glum. "She's old enough that she's bound to be getting married pretty soon. We
can't expect her to stay unmarried much longer. Somebody needs to make sure that she has a
husband who appreciates her and will be kind to her. We ought to find her the right kind of
husband. Someone with a sense of humor. Otherwise, since I'm sure that her parents will want it
to be someone with a university degree, she'll end up stuck with someone like Johann Georg
Hardegg, who never laughs at all. Just because he's a lawyer and suitable."
    Gary would never have described himself as an intuitive type. Nevertheless, he looked at
Jonas, suspicion dawning.
    Jonas was thirty-two. Five years older than Gary. Jonas would never consider himself suitable
for Ronella Koch, daughter of a prosperous up-time mining engineer. Not for Ronella, just turned
twenty-three and already with a faculty appointment at the prestigious Grantville high school.
Not with only one good arm. Not on the salary of a down-time elementary school teacher. Not.
    So he was trying for what he considered the next best solution. A suitable husband. One who
would make Ronella happy in the long run, even if it left him utterly miserable himself.
    Jonas was that kind of person.
    Gary was still thinking about this when Maria Blandina stuck her head in the door asking
about any possible stepladder needs.
    Jonas hated not being able to do things that required two hands. He was also realistic about
not being able to do things that required two hands. He had a list of a half dozen little classroom
chores that could benefit from the attention of Ronella and a stepladder.
    Maria Blandina went back to her own domain. Ronella appeared with the stepladder.
     Ronella didn't make concessions to Pastor Kastenmayer's flinch reactions. She was definitely
wearing jeans. And a tee shirt. She scurried busily up and down, Gary moving the ladder from
place to place for her.
     Jonas sat there, watching the passing scenery a little wistfully. He saw no objection to jeans at
all. Especially not on Ronella. There was nothing at all about jeans on Ronella that would delude
anyone in the world into thinking that they pertained to a man. As an attempt at cross-dressing
went, they were a total dud. When she wore them, it was perfectly clear that she was female.
     Of course, that was always perfectly clear to Jonas. Meaningfully clear. Crystal clear.
Increasingly clear. More transparently clear with every day that passed.
                                                  ***
     "Do you suppose," Ronella asked Maria Blandina rather wistfully, "that Jonas is ever going to
make a move?"
     Maria Blandina's life thus far had left her with few illusions. She had managed to hold onto a
few dreams. Illusions, no. Approximately eighty children, first and second graders, day in and
day out, did that to a young woman. Although she, like Ronella, was twenty-three, she had been
teaching full time for five years already. Part time since she was sixteen.
     "Probably not," she answered.
     Early in the spring, Ronella had decided, "That one!" after she heard Jonas leading the prayer
before the upper grade girls' softball game between Countess Kate, as the Lutheran elementary
school was known almost universally among the up-timers, and the middle school in Grantville.
He chose the first verse of Psalm 26. In the King James Version, since Countess Kate was
playing an English-speaking school.
     "Judge me, O LORD; for I have walked in mine integrity: I have trusted also in the LORD;
therefore I shall not slide."
     "That one!" she had said to herself. "The one with a wicked sense of humor. The one with a
bilingual wicked sense of humor."
     Now she asked, "Is there anything I can do about it?"
     "Would your father be willing to propose to him for you?"
     Ronella jumped.
     "Well, you know," Maria Blandina said in a reasonable tone of voice, "Papa asked him if he
would be willing to marry me and he just said no. So we know that he'll say no if he isn't
interested. How much worse off would you be if your father asked him and he said no?"
     "None, I guess," Ronella admitted. "But at least the way things are I can sort of hope. It
would really sort of put the kibosh on everything if he refused."
     "But it would be a lot less embarrassing than if you just flat kissed him and he ran away,"
Maria Blandina pointed out. "Which I sort of suspect you're on the verge of doing any day now.
Kissing him, I mean. It gives you a lot more room to save face to have your father do it."
                                                  ***
     "Maybe," Salome Piscatora suggested tentatively, "you could make your inquiries to the
Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance in Grantville. The association that quite a few of the
different pastors belong to. They might have an answer."
     Pastor Kastenmayer regarded his wife with scandalized horror.
     "They use the same Bible," she pointed out. "Even if it's translated into a different language."
    He delivered an abbreviated version of his standard sermon on the hideous consequences of
consorting with heretics.
    Salome had heard it all before. Her father had been a pastor, too, and both of her grandfathers
had been school teachers.
    After long enough exposure, a sensible person got sort of inured to sermons and lectures.
    Not that she wasn't fond of Ludwig, of course.
    But she had no intention of giving up her divided skirts, culottes they were called, now that
she had obtained them. They were such a convenience. She had the tailor cut them full enough
and long enough that Ludwig would never even have noticed if he hadn't come in unexpectedly
and seen her bending over.
    Which just went to show. If they had pertained to a woman well enough before he noticed, it
made no sense at all to argue that they didn't after he had noticed.
    She would have to talk to Carol Koch about it. Carol was pragmatic and sensible, even for a
woman. Much less a man.
    Ludwig went off to his study to prepare his next sermon. Salome sat down heavily on the
bench under the window in the main room of the parsonage.
    Salome knew that she herself was pragmatic and sensible, even for a seventeenth-century
German Lutheran pastor's wife, which was saying something.
    She hoped that Ludwig would talk to Jonas before he did anything rash. Jonas was the son of
her much older half brother. Her mother's first husband had been named Jonas Musch; Muselius
was one of those fanciful Latinizations to which academics were prone.
    She herself was the next to the youngest child of her mother's second marriage. Another
Latinization, this time from Fischer to Piscator. So she was called Piscatora rather than by the
sensible German name of Fischerin. She had been four when her mother died in Ohrdruf. That
was in the county of Gleichen, which did not exist any more. Her father, for a wonder, had not
married again, even though he had small children. His widowed sister, whose second husband
died the same year as Mama, brought her own five children from two marriages and came to take
care of them all. Tante Margaretha had been a good and conscientious woman. She still was, for
that matter. At the age of eighty-one, she lived with her oldest son in Weimar these days.
    Papa had become a pastor in Erfurt shortly after Mama died. Not a prestigious pastor in that
great city. He had spent all the rest of his life as an auxiliary appointee, caring for parishioners in
one of the poorest sections of the city to the best of his ability and maintaining his large
household on a small stipend. This meant that aside from schools and books, their lives were in
no way more luxurious than those of their neighbors. The schooling had to be reserved for the
boys, who needed it to make their way in life. Papa had not died prematurely. He had been
seventy-three, but it certainly had not helped that her two older brothers, Reichard and Thomas,
had both died unmarried, just a couple of years before he did. He had not lived to see his
youngest son marry so well, to the daughter of a Wittenberg professor no less, and begin to make
a great success of himself.
    She had no learning but what Papa had time to teach her after fourth grade. He didn't have the
money to send her to a city school for girls. No accomplishments suitable to a fine young lady
other than how to play the lute, which he played himself. He had taught her and her older sister
Anna what he knew himself. Latin and a little Greek. The ancient classics. Theology. Dull things,
not likely to attract suitors. Otherwise, she worked in the house, helping Tante Margaretha. The
four years after Anna married and moved back to Ohrdruf, she had worked very hard. Five grown
men in the house to be clothed and fed, with Tante Margaretha so sad those first years after her
only daughter died.
    The letter from Anna had come as an absolute shock. Their pastor had been widowed, she
wrote, with five small children to care for. He needed to remarry as soon as possible. She had
suggested her Salome and the pastor had said, "If you think she is suitable, which you must, then
ask your father." Papa had considered it an excellent opportunity to place her in a household of
her own. He had been afraid that Tante Margaretha would keep her home too long and she was
not likely to have many chances. So at the age of twenty, she had traveled to Ohrdruf to Anna.
Three weeks later, as soon as the banns had been read, she married a man she had never met
before she got there. Ludwig was almost twenty-five years older than she was, three months a
widower. A widower who had loved his first wife deeply.
    Overall, it was just as well that she hadn't expected more out of marriage than she got. In fact,
she got more than she had expected. Kindness, absolute reliability, and no expectations that she
should achieve more in the way of food and domestic comfort than was possible within the
limitations of a pastor's salary. And, over the years, eight sons. By the will of divine providence,
seven of them still alive and still to be educated. Joseph, the oldest, was nineteen, in his second
year at the university in Jena. The youngest, Thomas, only three.
    Plus, they were to be blessed again. In October, if all went well. Two more months to go. She
was forty-one years old now. In the heat of this summer, she occasionally had a little trouble
persuading herself that the creator was entirely reasonable in the way he distributed his blessings.
She could not help but think that here were many childless women in the world who would have
welcomed this particular blessing a lot more than she did. Ludwig was sixty-five and could not be
expected to live forever. At some point, probably not too far distant, she was going to be a widow
with no income and a large family of sons to finish bringing up.
    And precious little help, probably, from her stepchildren. Matthaeus was a junior pastor now;
Martin an assistant city clerk. Self-supporting, but in no position to assist anyone else. Johann
Conrad still at Jena, soon to be a lawyer, which also meant several years before he had any
significant income. Maria Blandina, dowryless, teaching for no salary at the school here.
    And Andrea. Andrea, the selfish little snip who in April had clouded Ludwig's life by
showing so little gratitude for a lifetime of paternal care that she eloped with a Roman Catholic
up-timer, a representative of the anti-Christ on earth.
    Salome knew that in this matter, at least, she was a failure and would be judged for it before
God when the time came to separate the sheep from the goats. In spite of all her efforts, she had
not managed to imbue her stepdaughters with sufficient common sense and pragmatism. Maria
Blandina more than Andrea, but neither of them fully.
    They were both, especially Andrea, very much like their mother, from all she had been able to
learn. So there was probably little she could do about it. Ludwig was inclined to indulge them
because they were so like Blandina Selfisch had been.
    And she had been sitting long enough. She pulled herself up and went into the kitchen to see
what the girl was doing. Thecla wasn't much of a servant. But she was fourteen and an orphan.
By the time Salome was finished training her, she would be a competent housewife in a few years
time. Competent enough, it was to be hoped, that some sensible man would overlook her lack of
family and funds when he came to pick a wife. Or, if not, fitted to earn her living as housekeeper
to a prosperous family.
    Somehow, their servants were always like that.
                                                ***
    "If Papa thinks that he absolutely must," Maria Blandina said to Jonas, "then I guess that he
absolutely must go walking into Grantville interviewing men as to whether or not these various
up-time garments pertain to men. Though I have a terrible feeling that he's going to get himself
into trouble."
    "How does he intend to do it?" Jonas asked, looking at his step-cousin. Now that her father
had formally sounded him out about the possibility of a marriage between them and he had
politely declined the honor, they had reverted to their normal ease with one another.
    Maria Blandina had been terrifically relieved that Jonas wasn't willing to marry her. As far as
she was concerned, it would have been sort of—well, like marrying one of her brothers. In age,
Jonas was right between Matthaeus and Martin and he had been in and out of the house ever
since Papa married his aunt when he was eleven and she was two. She knew Jonas awfully well.
Although she would have made the best of it if that had been her fate. She didn't expect to
duplicate her older sister Andrea's dramatic elopement with an up-timer, but if she ever did find a
husband . . . She paused and sent up a silent prayer. "Dear Father in heaven, if you ever give me a
husband, I would like to have one who is a little different, if you don't mind. Someone I haven't
known almost since the day I was born. That would be very nice, all by itself."
    She hadn't known the up-timer Gary Lambert since the day she was born, so she had thought
about him occasionally. The thought, though, was that she didn't want to marry him, either. She
might as well have known him since the day she was born. There must have been a lot of what
Jonas now called "cultural continuity" among the German Lutherans who moved to America in
that other world. Gary was very much like her brothers. A recognizable type. Even aside from the
fact that he wasn't interested in marrying her any more than Jonas was. She sighed. Who would
be?
    "Papa can't very well carry a huge suitcase with him as he walks around town. Not at his age.
So I borrowed things from Walpurga Hercher. Things that came into MaidenFresh Laundries.
Just temporarily, of course. She found a child-size version of each of the various styles for him to
take with him on his researches. As examples." She opened the box on her desk to display her
trophies.
    Jonas looked at the contents and shook his head. There was a divided skirt that would be
knee-length on a small child, something called 'capri pants,' and jeans. The culottes were
lavender, the capri pants were yellow and white checked gingham printed with daisies, and the
jeans were embroidered. But the piece de resistance was an up-time shorts/overskirt combination,
the style which the pastor so nervously thought of as "That." Maria Blandina called it a skort.
Both pieces were sewed to the same waistband, buttoning on the left side. In a floral print of
white, lavender, light blue, and a darker pink, with dainty green vines tying the individual
blossoms together. With a pale pink background. Trimmed with pink rickrack on the pockets and
around the hems of both the shorts and skirt. And pink plastic buttons molded to match one of the
kinds of flowers in the print.
    Poor Papa, Maria Blandina thought as she handed the box over to her father the next
morning. With a certain amount of malice aforethought, she admitted to herself a little guiltily.
However, as Jonas said, he would have to learn sometime.
Magdeburg, August, 1634
    Mary Simpson's normal school committee got everything organized and sent off to Duke
Ernst in the Upper Palatinate. It would open in the Jesuit Collegium in Amberg in September and
start training elementary school teachers for the villages of the USE.
    They had managed to get it all done on time. Except for one crucial thing.
    The new institution still did not have a permanent administrator.
    For the moment, Duke Ernst's personal secretary would add it to his workload. That was
obviously not a feasible solution for the long term.


September, 1634
    "You know," Walpurga Hercher said, "the pastor could get into a lot of trouble doing this.
Especially if he went into some of the rougher places, like the 250 Club." She looked at her sister
Lisbet consideringly. "I think we ought to get the boyfriend collection to steer him a bit. You and
Jonas can ask Errol just to sort of fall in walking with him the morning he sets out, can't you?
When Errol is finished playing for the children's music class at the school in the morning. Make
sure that he doesn't go to the wrong spots."
    "What do you call this?" Lisbet asked suspiciously.
    "Reasonable prudence," Walpurga answered. "Pastor Kastenmayer isn't such a bad sort.
Maybe Errol could take him to the Freedom Arches to talk to Derek Blount and those guys. If he
wants to ask young guys. If he wants to talk to up-time women about it, he could go to Cora's.
Ryan could take him there, since Magdalena works in the kitchen."
    "I don't see why he couldn't just talk to Errol and the others out at St. Martin's," Lisbet said.
"After all, they come to church with us now."
    "The pastor's a man," Walpurga answered. "That would be far too simple a solution to the
puzzle."
                                                      ***
    "You want me to what?" Ron Koch asked in horror.
    "I just told you," Ronella answered.
    "But."
    "Look, Dad," Ronella said. "I want to marry him. We're at a standstill. You don't have
anything against him, do you?"
    "Well, no. But it's just . . . err, primitive . . . for me to arrange a marriage for you. Or try to."
Ron had, after all, proposed to his beloved Carol on the basis of ten minutes' acquaintance. This
project was distinctly alien to every one of his sensibilities.
    "Please, Daddy," Ronella said. "Pretty please, with sugar on it." She clasped her hands, rested
her chin on them, and batted her eyelashes.
    That was not fighting fair. She knew it and so did her father.
    "Jonas is a fine young man," Carol Koch said. "I got to know him pretty well during the
Rudolstadt Colloquy and I really like him."
    They both looked at her.
    "If you won't ask him for her," Carol said, "I will. It's not as if he's going to find anyone nicer
than Ronella."
    Both of the elder Kochs looked at their daughter with considerable parental satisfaction and
pride, pleased with their achievement and mutually agreed that no one would ever find a girl
nicer than Ronella.
    Ron Koch groaned. Outmaneuvered again. He wasn't good at talking to people. Not
persuasive. He knew that. He preferred to let the facts speak for themselves when he made a
presentation. He hadn't been trying to persuade Carol of anything when he proposed as soon as he
saw her. The fact that they absolutely would never be happy again unless they got married to
each other as soon as it could be achieved had been perfectly plain to both of them.
    It was hard to think of any facts that he could lay out in such a manner as to demonstrate that
Jonas would be the best of all possible husbands for Ronella. For himself, the facts that she
wanted the guy and Carol approved of him were enough.
    Lots of young couples started out on a shoestring. He and Carol would be content with that
for Ronella.
    He had a suspicion that down-timers didn't look at it that way. He'd have to ask one of them
how a father was supposed to go about this.
    Maybe he could ask Pastor Kastenmayer, he thought.
    Pastor Kastenmayer subsequently confirmed that Jonas was not the product of a world that
believed in trying to live on love.
                                                  ***
    Pastor Kastenmayer transferred the examples that Maria Blandina had collected for him from
the box into a small satchel with a handle and set forth on his journey of exploration.
    Errol Mercer joined him before he had even gotten out of the courtyard that lay between the
church and the school, mentally shaking his head about the stuff that a guy would do when Lisbet
asked him to.
    He set out to do a little steering. Luckily, walking into town from St. Martin's, a person
passed the Freedom Arches before getting to the downtown part itself.
    The pastor politely greeted Derek Blount, who was eating his breakfast. Ursel Krause kept
peeking from behind the counter, trying to see what was going on.
    "Morning, Pastor Kastenmayer," Derek said. "Meet my brother Donnie."
    He hadn't prepped Donnie. But he was, after all, Donnie's brother. The two of them had lived
in the same house all their lives. He knew him pretty well. He had complete confidence in
Donnie. At least as far as solving this little problem went.
    Kastenmayer smiled. Derek's brother. An up-timer who was not scheduled to become one of
the grooms for the girls of Quittelsdorf. Thus, an impartial witness.
    He explained his mission.
    He reached into his satchel.
    He came out with the pink floral print skort.
    "Would I wear that?" Donnie jerked back in spontaneous horror. "Hell, no. What do you think
I am?" he asked. "Some kind of girly man?"
    Although, in the interest of thoroughness, Pastor Kastenmayer pursued his inquiries for the
remainder of the morning, through such venues—preselected by Walpurga—as the office of the
"home economics" teacher at the middle school and Karen Reading's bridal shop, he knew that he
had his answer. He returned home with a considerable feeling of relief. This was certainly going
to simplify life.
    After all, the pertinent passage in Deuteronomy did not say a word describing the prohibited
garments. It did not state that they were any variety of trousers or indicate what they looked like.
It merely forbade "that which pertaineth unto a man."


Grantville, October, 1634
    "Okay," Gary Lambert said. "I'll come to Jena with you all and tell them what I know about
the whole 'spouse left up-time' marriage thing. They need to come to some kind of a final
resolution. Roland Worley seems a nice enough guy, so we ought to clear the decks if he wants to
marry Rahel Dornheimer. I can kill two birds with one stone. Beulah McDonald has been
nagging me to come and meet some of the faculty members there outside just the school of
medicine. Dean Gerhard is planning a dinner party. I'll have her invite Pastor Kastenmayer and
you, too, Jonas. Since you're going to be there anyway."
                                                  ***
    "Daddy," Ronella Koch said. "Do you mean to tell me that you haven't said a word to Jonas
yet?"
    Ron Koch looked miserably uncomfortable. "Honey," he said. "Uh. That is. Don't you think
that if Jonas wanted to marry you, he would do something about it himself?"
    "To be perfectly honest, no. I think that left to himself he'll be noble and self sacrificing until
the end of time."
    "I really don't want to do this."
    Ronella knew that already.
    "Please, Daddy. Please. Maybe you could say something to Pastor Kastenmayer and then he
could say something to Jonas?"
    That was a little ray of sunshine. Thin, watery, and wavering. But at least not his own
personal rain cloud following him around.
    Ronella looked at him. If Daddy hadn't done something by Christmas . . . Well, she would
think of something. Right now, she had papers to grade. Stacks and stacks of papers to grade.
Oodles and gobs and mountains of papers to grade. One of the few things that could be said for
the first year of teaching was that it sure took your mind off your other troubles.


Jena, October, 1634
    Johann Gerhard, dean of the faculty of theology at the university of Jena, looked at his dinner
party.
    Overall, he was satisfied. Basically, the handling of the case of Roland Worley's up-time
marriage in the briefs submitted by expert advisers from both law and theology schools
throughout much of Lutheran Germany indicated that a spouse left behind in such a way should
be considered deceased. Without requiring an extended waiting period or an individual decree in
each case. The Saxe-Weimar consistorial court had ruled accordingly this morning, concurring
with that of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.
     This meant that in addition to the now basically Philippist consistory in Schwarzburg-
Rudolstadt, they had a ruling from the basically Flacian consistory in Saxe-Weimar. Flacian
Lutherans basically thought that Philippists were suspiciously lax with tendencies toward crypto-
Calvinism. Philippist Lutherans frequently thought that Flacians tended to be uptight, overly
orthodox, ultrarigid pains. They rarely agreed on any point of doctrine.
     Gerhard was orthodox himself, of course. Though suspected of pietist sentimentalism by even
stricter Flacians. All of the Jena faculty was Flacian.
     That the two consistories agreed on the marriage issue was a relief, since the alternative
would have been the need for the party now in the seventeenth century to apply for divorce on the
grounds of abandonment and that would have proven impossible. Abandonment, as everyone
knew, had to be willful. It would be impossible to interpret the parting of spouses caused by the
Ring of Fire as having been deliberate on the part of either one. That would have been a dilemma.
A serious dilemma when it came to finding a wife for Gary Lambert. Now . . . he had
representatives of both contending schools of Lutheran thought at the same dinner party. Which
might possibly turn out to be touchy.
     Gerhard's wife Maria smiled at him from across the room. She was talking with Beulah
McDonald. Since her father had been a well known physician in Coburg, the two had common
interests. Standing with them were Catharina Barthin, the wife of Friedrich Hortleder, and her
daughter. The Hortleders had come from Weimar specifically to attend this dinner.
     Ludwig Kastenmayer was talking to Hortleder himself, introducing Gary Lambert.
     Hortleder as a historian was delighted to be meeting another up-timer.
     Hortleder as a lawyer was as happy as Gerhard to have one more issue surrounding the up-
timers pretty well settled. A settlement to which his own brief had contributed as much as
Kastenmayer's tact.
     Hortleder as a bureaucrat, the former tutor of the young dukes of Saxe-Weimar and the
chancellor of the duchy at the time the Ring of Fire occurred, always felt a need to be very
cautious around the up-timers. It had been, after all, on his watch that Grantville "slid" Saxe-
Weimar out of the grasp of its rightful rulers while they were away fighting on behalf of the
emperor Gustavus Adolphus. Logically, since the dukes appeared to bear the up-timers no major
grudge, they should bear Hortleder no major grudge, either. But human beings were not always
logical, so Hortleder remained careful, even though the nature of his position as chancellor,
which he still held, required him to work closely with the up-timers.
     Hortleder had been a bit startled when he first discovered that Herr Michael Stearns was, if
anything, a Calvinist, while Herr Edward Piazza was a Catholic. But he had borne up well, under
the circumstances. He had also provided them with the loan of many young, well-trained
administrators and bureaucrats—a commodity of which they were acutely in need.
     When humans were being logical, Gerhard thought, Hortleder was the kind of man who
logically ought to appeal to the up-timers. Not a nobleman. Not even close. He came from very
modest circumstances. His father had been a farmer and local administrator at Ampfurth bei
Wanzleben. He had studied law at Helmstedt, then at the universities, Wittenberg and Jena, as a
scholarship student and gotten his doctorate in 1606. He spent some time as a private tutor. Two
years later he had become tutor to the young dukes of Saxe-Weimar. Wilhelm Wettin, as he was
now, Bernhard, Ernst, Friedrich, and the others so sadly deceased. A year later, he received an
additional post as lecturer at the university of Jena. In 1617, they appointed him court historian,
in recognition of the publication of his history of the League of Schmalkalden. And, as so often
was the fate of scholars, moved him into administration. He became a member of the ducal
council and was placed in charge of the duchy's archives.
    Catharina, his wife, was the daughter of the chancellor of Brandenburg's Neumark. They had
married while he was still a student, which was most unusual. It was even more unusual that
Chancellor Barth had permitted it. There had certainly been no guarantee back then that Hortleder
would have an outstanding career.
    The joy and sorrow of their life was their daughter Anna Catharina. Joy because now, at
twenty, she was a lovely girl. Sorrow because she was their only child.
    Gerhard's gaze continued around the room. Zacharias Prüschenk von Lindenhofen had
accompanied the Hortleders. He had come to the university of Jena four years ago to get his law
degree. He now wanted to marry Anna Catharina. More precisely, he wanted to marry the only
child of the chancellor of Saxe-Weimar, who happened to be Anna Catharina. Gerhard feared that
in Prüschenk's view, she could just as well have been anyone else.
    From Sulzbach in the Upper Palatinate, von Lindenhofen was twenty-four and ambitious. The
Ring of Fire had destroyed his prospects of an advantageous betrothal to Gertrud Romanus, the
daughter of the mayor of Naumburg, when the political constellations changed. Although he was
of the lower nobility, or at least claimed to be, he was now willing to condescend to marry the
only daughter of the commoner who was chancellor of Saxe-Weimar for the connections she
would bring him.
    Prüschenk was . . . Gerhard looked around . . . over there, talking to young Muselius, his back
turned to Kastenmayer, Hortleder, and Lambert.
    That was good, because Beulah McDonald was clearly about to introduce Hortleder's wife
and daughter to Gary Lambert, whose role at the Rudolstadt Colloquy made him of such piquant
interest to many of Thuringia's Lutherans. Gary was a wonderfully orthodox Lutheran, Gerhard
thought with satisfaction. The up-time LCMS to which he belonged was nearly equivalent to
being a Flacian. Whereas the ELCA to which families such as that of Herr Ronaldus Koch and
his wife belonged was essentially Philippist. Gerhard found it comforting to discover that the
eternal verities had continued so far into the future.
    Though a little startling that Gary continued to be personal friends with the Kochs and
Muselius—even with Kastenmayer—in spite of their theological differences.
    Gary clearly piqued Anna Catharina Hortleder's interest a great deal. She seemed to be in no
way disillusioned by the reality of the slightly stocky build, prematurely receding hairline, and
thick spectacles of the first real up-timer she had ever met.
    Gerhard sighed. He and Maria had hoped to find some nice, suitable girl in whom Gary might
take an interest once his matrimonial status was cleared up.
    But not that one.
    Friedrich Hortleder was looking at his daughter and Gary with one of those "What the hell
have I done?" expressions on his face.
    It was too late to change the list of guests Maria had invited to dinner and back Chancellor
Hortleder and his family out of the room.
    Prüschenk would not be pleased to have a second prospective fiancée slip out of his grasp.
                                                 ***
     Pastor Kastenmayer had not wanted to stay in Jena to attend this dinner. He would have
preferred to return home at noon, as soon as the court had issued its ruling. Salome was very near
her time. He didn't care for the idea of leaving her alone with the children longer than absolutely
necessary. However, since he was here, he would do his duty. His telling of the story of his
adventures among the up-timers in pursuit of enlightenment in regard to Deuteronomy 22:5 was
the hit of the evening.
     Zacharias Prüschenk von Lindenhofen did not find it funny.
     He was also dissatisfied with the matrimonial ruling that had been issued that morning. After
all, no matter what had been concluded by the consistory of Saxe-Weimar, on the basis of the
majority of the expert opinions it had gathered, it had failed to take into consideration advice
from the saner portion of German Lutheranism. The more prestigious university of Wittenberg, in
Electoral Saxony, under the patronage of Duke John George, had not yet ruled in the matter of
presumption of death for spouses left up-time. Nor had the Saxon consistory. In Prüschenk's
view, the Jena faculty and Saxe-Weimar had acted prematurely.
     Prüschenk frowned at Anna Catharina Hortleder, making his disapproval of her obvious
interest in the up-timer Lambert clear. She ignored him.
     Perhaps it was not too late to change his allegiance. If he could obtain an appointment in
Saxony, then the possibility of his marrying Gertrud Romanus from Naumburg might be revived.
She wasn't betrothed yet.
     He could probably start by writing a pamphlet denouncing Kastenmayer's methodology and
conclusions in regard to Deuteronomy 22:5. A pamphlet with woodcuts. Citation to legal
precedents. Something involving heresy and the whore of Babylon as well as skorts and culottes.
Prüschenk's mind drifted as the guests moved into the dining room.


Weimar, October, 1634
    Gary Lambert was finding a lot of reasons to go back and forth to Weimar these days.
    The staff at Leahy Medical Center extended its indulgence to its business manager. Beulah
had clued them in. There was a general consensus that if anyone deserved a few rays of sunshine
in his existence, it was Gary.
    So he was talking to Friedrich Hortleder. And his wife. And his daughter. About the problems
of his friend Jonas, whom Hortleder had met at Dean Gerhard's dinner.
    "So, I thought," he said a little hesitantly. "They haven't hired anyone for the job yet. It's the
kind of thing he would be really good at. It would pay enough that he could marry Ronella. And
since you were their tutor, maybe Duke Ernst would pay attention to a letter of recommendation
from you?"
    Hortleder considered.
    "I believe," he said, "that I should know more of the situation before writing Duke Ernst. Not
that I doubt your assessment of the situation. But, perhaps, I should come to Grantville for a week
or two. Observe Muselius for myself, beyond what one can learn at a dinner party. Meet the
young woman and her family. Talk to Pastor Kastenmayer in more detail."
    He looked briefly at his wife and daughter. "Bring my family with me, so that I may also
benefit from their assessments."
    Anna Catharina jumped up, yelled "Papa" at the top of her lungs, and hugged him.
    Hortleder continued to speak with undisturbed solemnity. "In the meantime, I will write Duke
Ernst only to the effect that I have identified a suitable candidate for the position of administrator
of the new normal school and beg him to make no other appointment until he hears from me
again. In fact, I will request you to send a radio message to him from me. A message to that
effect."


Grantville, October, 1634
    Salome Piscatora was extremely indignant at the pamphlet that arrived in the mail. It came
out of Saxony. It portrayed her in a set of divided skirts in a style she had certainly never worn.
    Never would have worn.
    Abominable thing. Salacious.
    The pamphlet said awful things about Ludwig, who had gone to Rudolstadt today to meet
with the consistorial court. Things going all the way back to before he had transferred from
Saxony to Ohrdruf in Gleichen. Long before he had come to Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. Whoever
wrote it must have connections in Saxony.
    Then it said things which accused him of misinterpreting the scriptures in regard to
Deuteronomy 22:5.
    She looked at it, sputtering.
    Stood up. Sat down. Realized that the baby was coming.
    St. Martin's in the Fields parsonage had not yet been equipped with a telephone.
    Jonas had one installed in the school, though.
    Carefully, she crossed the courtyard to the school.
    "It's not right," she said to Maria Blandina. "I've had enough children to know. It isn't coming
right. There's something wrong."
    Jonas called for an ambulance and put the older children on the honor system until he
returned.
    The pastor's wife had expected to be delivered at home by a midwife, of course. But it was
clear that there would not be time.
    It was also clear, Jonas thought, that there was nothing an ordinary midwife would be able to
do to help her.
                                                 ***
    "So you see," Ludwig Kastenmayer said to Friedrich Hortleder, "I was wrong. I refused to
pay for a 'telephone' with parish funds. I thought it was a frivolity. We had lived without one for
all of our lives, so why should we need one now?
    "Jonas paid for it himself. For emergencies, he said. Without it, I would have lost both
Salome and the child. Three physicians were called to assist. One revived the child.
'Resuscitation' they call it. The other two performed surgery.
    "I don't know what I would do without Salome. I have come to rely on her so much, in every
way. We are naming the baby 'Jonas Justinus,' of course. I will hate to lose him if the up-timers
find him a different job. He is a wonderful teacher."
    Hortleder nodded. He sent a follow-up letter of recommendation to Duke Ernst that evening.
One considerably warmer than the first, which he had mailed as a courtesy to Gary.
                                                 ***
    Ronella Koch stood on her toes, trying to peek over Gary's shoulder into the hospital nursery.
    Gary didn't move out of the way. If he had moved, Ronella would have had no reason to grab
onto Jonas' good arm to help her stay balanced on her toes. There were all sorts of ways to be a
friend.
    She got a good look at the baby. Her fingers tightened on Jonas' arm, so hard that he flinched
and stepped forward even with Gary, bringing her with him. She sank back down on her heels,
looking at Gary.
    "Yeah," he said. "We revived him, of course. That's what we do with babies who can live.
Whether they'll thank us for it in the long run is another question. But that's what we do."
    Maria Blandina, standing on the other side of Jonas, was frowning. "Papa has baptized other
such infants," she said. "They do not often live long. That is in the hands of God. At least my
stepmother did not die. Papa would have missed her very much."
    The Hortleders had let Anna Catharina come with Gary to see the baby and then go to a
student concert at the high school on condition that the two of them remained with Jonas,
Ronella, and Maria Blandina. Carol Koch had bribed Herr Hortleder the historian to permit this
excursion with the promise of an exclusive interview concerning her perspective on the
Rudolstadt Colloquy.
    Anna Catharina was frowning in turn. "What is wrong?" she asked Gary.
    The group adjourned to one of Leahy's many cubicles to discuss Down's Syndrome.
                                                 ***
    Jonas thought that he ought to excuse himself from the remainder of the evening in order to
be available to assist Pastor Kastenmayer and his wife if he was needed. At least, that was what
he said. In fact, he found proximity to Ronella increasingly uncomfortable.
    "You can't," Gary said firmly. "You can't just duck out on the rest of the evening, because
having you here was one reason the Hortleders let Anna Catharina come with us." He managed to
make it Jonas' duty to remain. Jonas had a strong sense of duty. Unfortunately, the only way Gary
could think of to persuade him that he had a duty to marry Ronella—wouldn't work. Not given
his conscientious avoidance of proximity.
    Jonas was going to be as proximate to Ronella as Gary and Maria Blandina could maneuver
him all evening. No having Ronella on one end, the other three of them in the center, and Jonas
on the far end. Which he would try to manage if nobody watched him carefully.
    "Conspirators 'R' Us," Gary had said to Anna Catharina. Then he had to explain the context. It
had taken quite a while, but neither of them minded. She said that she was quite willing to help
with the maneuvers.


Grantville, November, 1634
   Ron Koch was feeling acutely uncomfortable.
   Not that Pastor Kastenmayer didn't understand the problem.
    "What Jonas needs, if this is to occur," Ludwig Kastenmayer said, "is a better job. Not that I
wouldn't hate to lose him at the school here. He is an excellent teacher. But the fact is, he is in no
position to support your daughter. He's perfectly right about that. He would have been an
acceptable match for Maria Blandina, since she is used to being just as poor as he is. But . . ."
    "I was afraid of something of the sort."
    "He left his studies at Jena after two years to take the job teaching at Quittelsdorf because he
was out of money. If he should return to the university now, it would be at least five years before
he would be in a position to marry," Pastor Kastenmayer continued. "Even if he received a plum
job offer immediately upon completing his degree. There is no family to provide him with a
subsidy. Consider the proverb 'poor as church mice' and apply it to his case."
    "Should we factor in that Ronella would be perfectly willing to wait?" Ron asked. "Not
happy, but willing. She has a bad case of wanting to marry Jonas and no other."
    Pastor Kastenmayer fingered his goatee.
    "The other possibility might be for Grantville or the State of Thuringia-Franconia to hire him
in some sort of an administrative capacity. Someone such as Herr Adducci. Or, perhaps, Herr
Chehab in the Department of the Interior. Many of your leaders do not have university degrees.
Jonas is very capable. He would make an excellent chief of staff or personal assistant. He would
be a loss to our school, of course. A great loss. He is an excellent teacher. A truly outstanding
teacher. And because of his friendship with Gary Lambert, he has learned more about working
with you up-timers, perhaps, than anyone else among us."
    "What the USE doesn't need right now," Ron Koch said, "is to lose any more of its good
teachers."
                                                   ***
    "Daddy," Ronella asked. "Have you talked to Jonas?"
    "Ah," Ron Koch said. "Well, I've talked to Pastor Kastenmayer. We're trying another tactic.
Trying to find Jonas a job that pays more. I'll talk to the SoTF personnel office to see what they
have for openings. Your mother is going to talk to Count Ludwig Guenther about a scholarship so
he can finish his degree and get a job that pays more later on. If he has that, maybe he'll, ah, take
care of the rest of the project himself."
    "You really don't want to talk to him about it for me, do you?"
    "Honestly," her father said. "Not one little bit."
    "If you don't do something pretty soon . . ." she wailed. "Daddy, you're just going to have to
adapt."
    "What still bothers me," Carol said afterwards, "is that we don't really know whether or not he
wants to marry her. Noble renunciation doesn't usually last this long. Maybe he's just not
interested."
    "According to Gary, he's interested," Ron said.
    "Well, that's a relief."
    "It's a relief, but it doesn't seem to simplify matters any. The general consensus among the
sensible and pragmatic members of down-time society seems to be that he can't even afford to
court her, much less marry her."
                                                   ***
    Friedrich Hortleder was finding more reasons to travel to Grantville to consult with other
members of the administration of the State of Thuringia-Franconia these days. Frequently, he
brought his family.
    "I'll show you the outside of the 'trailer' where Gary lives," Pastor Kastenmayer said to him.
"I've gotten to know quite a few of the people who live in this 'trailer court' now. More and more
of the 'units' are occupied by Germans. It is not by any means a fine house, but what more does a
bachelor need? I feel sure that he is in a position to afford better now, should he chose to marry
again."
    "I," Hortleder's wife said, "would much appreciate seeing this 'small electric organ' that he is
said to own. Can you arrange for me to view it? I have trouble visualizing the concept."
    They were not surprised when Gary invited them to dinner.
    They were very surprised that he cooked it.
    "I've gotten better at it," he said cheerfully. "When you have to eat your own cooking, you
either get better at it or get indigestion. I eat at the hospital cafeteria sometimes, especially
breakfast. Or pick up some carry-out, if I'm in a hurry. But most of the time, I cook."
    After dinner, Gary and Hortleder dived into the contents of Gary's grandfather's footlocker.
Where Hortleder discovered many things of interest.
    "You're welcome to come and look again any time," Gary said. "I'm glad I've found someone
who really appreciates the stuff. Now if you look at this . . ." He picked up a red book. "It's the
Concordance to the Lutheran Hymnal. It doesn't just have the words in both the original language
and the English translation, but also short biographies of the composers and lyricists."
    Hortleder thumbed through. Biographies of composers now well known. And . . . those of
boys now young children. Giving, frequently, their birth places and the names of their parents.
Boys whose careers could be furthered, whose development could be enhanced by scholarships
or appointments to cathedral choirs . . . Through the patronage of the dukes of Saxe-Weimar . . .
Who could thus continue to be of great importance in the duchy that the up-timers had slid out
from under them on his own watch, while they were away.
    "Could I borrow this?" he asked.
    "Sure," Gary said. "I hardly ever use it. It's not the kind of thing the state library has any need
for, either."


Amberg, Upper Palatinate, December, 1634
    "Because it appeals to my sense of humor," Duke Ernst said to his secretary. "A Christmas
present for him."
    "One for me, too, Your Grace," Johann Heinrich Boecler said. "Doing another full-time job
has not been fun. When?"
    "After the end of the school year, I'm afraid. In the spring."
    "Better than never. What does Mrs. Simpson think of the decision?"
    "She doesn't know him, but she doesn't object. Moreover, since I'm paying his salary, it is my
decision."
    Duke Ernst had a firm grasp on the reality of patronage. Namely that the person who
controlled the purse strings controlled the project, no matter how courteously.
    "I will employ this Muselius and I will notify him by radio. Making sure that the full package
of paperwork is there in advance, of course."


Jena, December, 1634
    Dean Gerhard and his wife invited Gary Lambert to Jena for Christmas. Gary accepted. It
provided him with a graceful excuse to avoid the issue of taking communion at St. Martin's in the
fields. Pastor Kastenmayer was, basically, of the Philippist persuasion.
    It would also be nice that the Hortleders were permitting Anna Catharina to visit the Gerhards
over the holidays.
    Very nice, really.


Grantville, December, 1634
    "Why now?" Jonas asked wearily. The last thing that he needed on the late afternoon of
Christmas Eve, the day when he would need to direct the children's play in the evening, was a
summons to the Department of International Affairs to receive a radio message. "Can't someone
just transcribe it and send it out here?"
    Maria Blandina's eighty, more or less, first and second graders were singing loudly. Not
melodically, but loudly.
    Errol Mercer had introduced some new melodies for them. Jonas had written more
theologically suitable lyrics. "A host of heaven'ly angels" now stood in for "Rudolph the red-
nosed reindeer." Combined with the traditional "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her" every
child would get to sing a solo line.
    That was important to the parents of the littlest ones.
    For the older children, of course, the program was more ambitious. A pageant for the third
and fourth graders. They were setting that up in the courtyard. It was very convenient for a
director that heavenly angels appeared in hosts. It gave a person something to do with the
children whose voices did not carry well outdoors.
    Then his own upper grades.
    He was grateful that Ronella had offered to help with the program.
    He really was.
    It was kind of her. Especially on top of her own heavy teaching obligations. He kept assuring
himself that she was doing this out of kindness.
    If it only hadn't caused her to be right here in his classroom so much of the time after school
for the past two weeks. So visibly, physically, present.
    Right here and right now, she was waving the telephone receiver at him. "You can come and
talk to them yourself. They want you there when the 'radio window' opens up."
    He stood up. "I'll go."
    "Catch the trolley both ways," she said. "It's faster. That's an idea. I'll get Daddy to add some
money into our special Christmas contribution to cover trolley fares for the Countess Kate staff
when they need to go downtown or to Rudolstadt. I'll run the kids through one more rehearsal for
you."
    Jonas winced. Special contribution. Casually add enough money to cover a year of carfares
for the staff. One more reminder of how far she was beyond his reach.
    But he took the trolley.
    "God damn and blast," Ronella muttered under her breath. She couldn't seem to spend an hour
with Jonas without saying something that rolled back against her.
                                                 ***
    Jonas looked disbelievingly at the radio message as it came in from Amberg.
    It had to be a joke.
    But it wasn't. The final line was a statement that the paperwork was in Herr Jenkins' office
and he should pick it up before he returned to the school. Reply requested within one week.
    He went into Wes Jenkins' office. Consular Affairs. The packet was there.
    He put it in his apartment when he got back to the school and turned his attention to last
minute rehearsals.
    Maria Blandina and the ladies of the congregation were feeding the children supper here. It
just took too long for them to go home from rehearsals and return again for the evening. St.
Martin's in the Fields parish covered too large a geographical area for comfort. Not like a village
church nestled snugly in the middle of the houses, or a town church drawing parishioners from
one district of the city or one suburb outside the walls.
    Adapting, always adapting.
    If he left, who would do his work here?
    If he left, he would miss the friends he had made since the day he brought the remains of
Quittelsdorf among these strangers.
    If he left, he wouldn't have to be here when Ronella married someone else. As she must do,
some day.
    At Chancellor Hortleder's personal recommendation to Duke Ernst. But how come?
    Gary. Yes, Gary, of course. If he left, he would miss the friends he had made here.
    A normal school. To administer a normal school, to shape it in accordance with his vision of
up-timers and down-timers working together.
    He had done these programs so often. He moved through it as though he were aware of what
he was doing.
    Then the midnight service.
    Finally, back in his own rooms, he lit a candle and opened the packet to find out what the
exact terms of employment would be.
                                                 ***
    Ron Koch said good-night to Pastor Kastenmayer and his wife. He looked around. Carol was
standing behind him, a determined gleam in her eye.
    "That way," she said. "Those are Jonas' rooms, at the back of the courtyard. The apartment
with a candle lit. This is your very last chance, my dearest darling. Either you go talk to him or I
do. You have all your talking points in your pocket if you need them. We've talked to Count
Ludwig Guenther. There's a scholarship for Jonas if he wants to take it. Ronella would like to
know if there's any light at the end of the tunnel. If there is, she's willing to wait. If not—well,
then, not. You know. Just go do it."
    Feeling remarkably like a lamb led to the slaughter, Ron went off to perform his paternal
duty.
    Pastor Kastenmayer headed for the parsonage, muttering under his breath about the fact that
an up-time girl named Denise Beasley, who had come to the service—she called it a "play"—
with Gerry Stone who was now studying in Rudolstadt with the intent of becoming a Lutheran
pastor, had been wearing jeans at the Christmas Eve service. Her best jeans. With a coat over
them. But still, jeans.
    He was beginning to suspect that the more up-timers became Lutheran, the more women
wearing jeans there would be in his parish. Theology was one thing. Trousers on women might
be adiaphoral, but he would still prefer to see women wearing skirts. Even divided ones.
    Carol wiped the slush and snow off the church steps with an old piece of paper and sat down.
The stone was cold, but this was likely to take a while.
    What was an old newspaper doing here on the church steps? She looked at it, as well as she
could, in the light reflecting off the snow. Not a newspaper. It was another of those horrid
pamphlets about Deuteronomy 22:5.
    Looking more carefully, it was a new horrid pamphlet about Deuteronomy 22:5. There were
stacks of them at each end of the church steps, waiting to be picked up by parishioners coming
out of Christmas Eve services and coming in for Christmas morning services. Merry Christmas
from Santa Claus. Who in hell in Saxony would care enough about St. Martin's in the Fields to
keep them coming? And why? One more irritant out of Saxony. Why did the Saxons care?
    The stone was really cold. She grabbed a stack of the pamphlets and sat on them. Someone
might as well get some good from the things, even though she realized that she might end up with
printers' ink on the back of her skirt, which would be a real pain to get out.
    "Carol," Salome said softly behind her. "What is the matter? Don't you want to go inside?
Ronella went in with Maria Blandina to stay warm until you are ready to leave."
    Carol looked around. Salome was cuddling baby Jonas in a blanket and trying to lock the
church doors at the same time.
    "I thought you went back to the parsonage with Pastor Kastenmayer."
    Salome shook her head. "I wanted to show little Jonas the manger once more. Before I took
him home. I'm so glad he lived to see Christmas. I don't think he will live much longer. Each time
we take him to the hospital with breathing problems, he comes home weaker. But now, by the
faith his baptism worked in him, he knows that he will get to go to heaven and play with the baby
Jesus there."
    Carol hopped up off the steps, took the huge key, and turned it, using both hands. "How does
that work, since Jesus grew up and was crucified?"
    "Oh," Salome said. "Eternity isn't time that goes on forever. It is a place without time, where
everything is all at once. Everyone knows that. It's the main reason that purgatory was such a
stupid idea, theologically. You can't have souls doing penance for certain amounts of time in
eternity."
    Carol blinked.
    "'He the alpha and omega, he the source, the ending, he.' It would be nice if the baby could
see Easter, but at least he has seen Christmas. Now," Salome said briskly. What's the matter. Why
were you sitting on the steps?"
    "Nothing's the matter. I'm just waiting for Ron. Who is, I hope, telling Jonas that Ronella
wants to marry him. Or something of the sort. If we're lucky, he'll manage to get the idea across."
    "Well, then," Salome said practically, "it's just as well that they have found Jonas this new
job. Chancellor Hortleder told Ludwig that he would receive the formal offer today. He would
never have been able to afford her, teaching here."
    "What new job?" Carol asked.
                                        Live Free

                                     by Karen Bergstrahl

    Tom Musgrove peered carefully around the door. This close to midnight few of the staff
should be around. Down at the end of the hallway he could hear moaning. "That's the way, Stan,
get the nurses' attention," Tom muttered under his breath before he remembered that Stan Zaleski
had been dead a year or so. Whoever had Stan's old room was making enough of a fuss to bring
the head nurse galloping by. Tom stood still, or as still as an eighty-three year old man with
arthritis and pneumonia could. The nurse never noticed him at his door; she was gesturing to a
pair of aides coming from the side hallway. When the trio disappeared into the far room Tom
waited. He wanted their full attention on the patient in that room and not on him.
    Cautiously Tom stuck first one cane out and then the other and dragging his reluctant legs
after them. "Can't fall now. Got too far to go." He murmured curses at his creaky old joints. A
cough bubbled up and he leaned against the wall until it was finished wringing him out. Damned
pneumonia. The "old man's friend" it was called when he was a kid. Eased a man out of life when
he was too old and too weak to do useful work. Then antibiotics and all the other medicines came
along, letting a man outlive his usefulness without half trying. Well, the Ring of Fire had changed
that. Pneumonia was back along with a bunch of other diseases from Musgrove's childhood.
    Dying, he thought, as he made his way one shambling step after another, wasn't hard. He'd
never wanted to lie on a bed with tubes sprouting like weeds from every part of his body, his
mouth hanging open, and his eyes staring at the ceiling. His father had lain that way for six
months until the doctors couldn't find a vein strong enough to run another IV and the old man
was allowed to die. It had cost the old man his dignity, his savings, and his house. Tom's mother
lasted another five years before it was her turn to go. She'd come back to Grantville where her
doctor knew her well enough not to stick her full of tubes. She'd passed on in possession of her
wits and with her grandkids around her.
    Nope, dying wasn't the problem. It was what you had to go through to die that bothered him.
At least back here in this Year of Our Lord 1635 the doctors had a harder time keeping you from
checking out quickly. A man had a chance to die with his dignity still intact.
    The door at the end of the hall was open and he could see through it to the front entrance. A
single lamp dimly lit the area. To Tom's relief the little red light over the front door was out. He'd
heard from one of the cleaning crew that the alarm system was broken. It was that tossed off
comment that made him think that his plan might work. With the alarm system down no loud
siren would go off when the front door was opened at night.
    The sofa and overstuffed chairs beckoned him, seducing him with thoughts of easing his
aching bones in the depths of their cushions. "Sit down now and I'm never getting up," he hissed,
surprised by how attractive the idea of scrapping his plan in return for a comfortable chair was.
Grimly he clomped, right cane, left cane, right foot, left foot, over to the front door. Bracing
against the left cane he pushed the door open. No siren. No sound, just crisp fresh air.
    The cold air brought another coughing spell, this one short but painful. Tom looked back
along the hallway, afraid the cold air might alert some staff member. He wasn't worried about the
coughing—half the patients in the nursing home coughed long and loud throughout the night.
One more thing he hated about the nursing home. He hadn't had a good night's sleep since
coming here.
    He tottered through the open door, painfully turning to gently close it behind him. Free at
last! Now, should he take the ramp or the steps? Better the ramp. He'd fallen on the steps at
Christmas and his hip still ached. Now that he was outside he didn't have to worry so much about
noise and the farther he got along the driveway the less chance there was of some busybody
seeing him.
    Turning, he eased on down the ramp, pausing at the bottom to catch his breath and to cough
again. This time it was deep coughs, the kind that wracked his whole body. By clutching the
handrail Tom kept standing. When the coughing ended he slowly and painfully finished inching
off the ramp.
    Finally his feet were on the blacktop of the drive. The only light came faintly up the street
from a gas lamp at the corner. It was, he decided, a curse and a blessing. No one in the nursing
home would be able to see him on the driveway but he wasn't able to see any stones or potholes
in his path. Firmly on the plus side was that he was on the driveway and there was no sign of any
pursuit.
    Forty-five minutes and several coughing sessions later he stood on another blacktop
driveway. This one was down the block and across the street from the nursing home. At one end
was a garage that had been converted into a two-horse stable. Actually the old two-story garage
had been converted back to a stable. It pre-dated cars and had still held horses and a buggy when
he was a kid. Funny how things in town had gotten twisted and turned inside out by the Ring of
Fire. Or, in the case of this garage, returned to their beginnings.
    Inside the reconverted garage one of the horses snuffled and snorted softly at the scent of a
stranger outside. Tom automatically made a soft shushing sound and the horse quieted down.
Another problem he didn't need was having the horses' owners wake up. He eyed the big door
and the smaller one to the side. The smaller one would have to do—he didn't think he could get
the big one open.
    Once inside the stable Tom leaned against a stack of hay bales. A couple of more coughs
shook him and he was grateful for the solid support. Taking the chance that no one in the house
was awake he felt along the wall for a light switch. He found it on the right side; two steps in
from the door. Blinking in the brightness of a forty-watt bulb Tom looked around. Two equine
heads looked back at him. To his left was a big bay with the small ears, wide brow, and small
muzzle of a Quarterhorse giving him a quizzical look. On the right a little white mare nickered
softly in recognition. Tom smiled, leaned his right cane on the hay and rubbed the mare's face.
    "Hello, my little China Doll. I've been watching you for months—since they first brought you
here. Old girl, I'm so glad you're still being well taken care of." The window of his room
overlooked this barn and he'd been surprised to see this old friend grazing in the small pasture
next to the barn. He'd watched in pride as she calmly carried a pair of children off to school. A
jealous pang hit him when he saw the boy getting her to bow and shake hands. She had learned
those tricks—and several more—from him years before.
    Small, white, part Welsh pony, part who knows what, China Doll had been one of three
ponies he'd purchased so the grandkids would have something to ride. Finding her smart and
willing, Tom had taught her tricks and begun riding her to keep her in shape. He'd sold off the
other two ponies when the kids had grown too big and found other things to do with their time,
but he'd kept China Doll for himself. When the weather was good, the pair would ride up past the
cemetery to the ridge above. If it was rainy or snowing, Tom spent time brushing China until her
white hide gleamed.
    Mary Jane had often teased him that he cared more for "that damned pony" than for her. Then
the day had come when Mary Jane was diagnosed with cancer in her pancreas. Everything
changed overnight.
    "Old girl," Tom explained as he stroked the little mare. "I took Mary Jane up to the hospital in
Pittsburgh. Didn't have time to think about anything or anyone else. We thought we'd be there for
five or six months. That's how come Harry sold you off—he thought it would be too much
trouble for me to keep you. Then Mary Jane was gone inside of three weeks." Tom shook his
head. "At least death came fast for Mary Jane. When I brought her back you were gone. Harry
told me he'd sold you to a kid in Fairmont."
    The bay gelding, jealous of the attention to his stable mate, started kicking his stall door. Tom
found grain in a metal trash can and scooped some out and into the bay's feedbox. A couple of
flakes of hay followed. "That should keep you busy, fella," Tom grumbled affectionately. "Now,
I've got to get on to business."
    Two saddles rested on sawhorses and Tom smiled to see that one was his old saddle for
China. "Well, girl, Lady Luck is running my way tonight." He slid the bolt back and tugged at the
stall door. Whoever had rebuilt the stalls had done a good job. The big stall door glided easily
along its tracks. China Doll stepped daintily out of the stall and stopped beside him, whiffling
quietly, sniffing him, finally snorting at some smell clinging to his clothes.
    Tom threw his arm across her back and cued her to walk forward. She hesitated for a moment
and then moved slowly, a single carefully placed step at a time. He'd taught her this trick when
the arthritis had gotten bad in his knees and ankles. Patiently she supported him and helped him
shuffle to the saddles.
    "Good girl, smart girl, wonderful girl. You haven't forgotten anything, have you, Doll?" Tom
whispered. The pony flicked one ear back to listen and gave another soft snort. Tom laughed and
stroked her neck. "That's my Doll! Whoa, girl. Let me think about what I've got to do next."
    Shifting his weight back to his cane, Tom reached down and unbuckled her blanket. With a
grin he gave her another cue and laughed as she grabbed the edge of the blanket and pulled it off
her back. A gleam in her eyes showed that she not only remembered this trick but also was
enjoying performing it for him. He cued her again and the pony dropped the blanket into a heap
in front of her.
    Tom ran his free hand over China Doll's back and sides. Not only did her winter coat gleam
but it was free of dirt and old sweat. That wasn't easy to accomplish with a white horse.
"Somebody's been taking good care of you, Doll. Real good care. I've worried about that." Tears
trickled down Tom's cheeks as he leaned on Doll, stroking her neck and straightening her mane.
"Thought so, from what I could see out that damned little window but it's good to know for
certain. I'm borrowing your four good legs, girl. Just for a little while. You'll be home in time to
take your kids to school."
     Getting the saddle blanket on one-handed wasn't hard. Nor was making sure that it was on
just right, no wrinkles or bunching. The saddle was a different matter. Tom leaned against Doll's
side studying the matter. Finally he laid his canes across the other saddle and took hold of Doll's
saddle with both hands. A surge of strength came to him from someplace and he was able to pivot
and place the saddle gently on Doll's back. While the strength flowed he flipped the cinch off the
horn and started to bend down. Warning pains in his back flared. In exasperation he muttered a
curse and reached for one of his canes. Reversing the cane, he used the handle to hook the
dangling cinch and pull it up. Once the cinch ring was in his hands it was a matter of seconds to
thread the latigo through the ring. His hands worked quickly and confidently and the cinch was
tight.
     "Now let's see, Doll. Are you holding out on me? Do you still take a deep breath when you're
cinched up? Tina didn't think it was so funny when she ended up under you that time. See, girl.
I'm not so young any more. I need your help." China Doll turned her head and blew her warm
breath across his face. She nodded her head and grunted and the cinch suddenly hung loose. Tom
stroked her face, rubbing behind the ears just the way the white mare loved. Wise to the ways of
even the smartest and most generous of ponies, Tom rapidly pulled the cinch tight and neatly
tucked the latigo end into its keeper.
     "Now, girl, we have a couple of problems. I've got you out of here and get onto your back.
We're going to walk out the small door, Doll. You can do it, I've been watching you. The boy
can't get the big door open, either. He takes you out the small one all the time. Mind, Doll, there
isn't any need to snort and carry on with me. I know what a smart girl you are and I know you
aren't afraid of that door. Not my China Doll." While he was talking to the mare Tom retrieved
his other cane and hooked it over the saddle horn.
     With his arm across the saddle, man and pony crossed the stable floor to stand in front of the
smaller door. Hanging up on hooks by the door were two bridles. Doll stopped, turning her head
toward Tom. He chuckled, coughed, and slowly stepped in front of her. Taking hold of a bit of
her mane behind her ears he opened the door and eased out. The mare followed him quietly.
Outside she drew a deep breath, sampling the night scents.
     From somewhere down the block a dog barked halfheartedly. Tom looked around, checking
to see if anyone responded. Up the block the lights of the nursing home shone steadily. Best of
all, there was nothing to indicate anyone there knew one of the inmates had escaped.
     "Okay, girl. Let's see if I can get my old carcass into the saddle one more time." With only a
couple of unsteady moves Tom managed to scramble into the saddle. Once there a sense of peace
came over him. The mare stood still and rock steady, only her breathing indicating she wasn't a
statue. Tom sat still, feeling the warmth of China Doll under him, enjoying her strength, and
wondering again at the willingness of horses to carry people. A faint gray on the horizon told him
it was later, far later, than he'd thought.
     Looking down, Tom realized he had dropped his canes. "No matter. I don't need them when
I've got you, Doll." With a slight squeeze of his legs he set China Doll walking out and up the
street. Together in companionable silence, the pair clopped up the streets and through the
sleeping town. China Doll seemed to know where Tom wanted to go; any cues he was giving her
were unconscious. Up they went, up old familiar trails they hadn't been along for years.
    Finally, at the cemetery gate China Doll hesitated. She turned her head back as if to ask where
Tom wanted to go. "Yes, girl. Clever, clever Doll. This time we go in. Mary Jane's here, waiting.
The rest of the family is, too, girl. Grandpa Sam would have loved you, Doll. He's the one who
taught me about horses. He's waiting here. So's my little sister, Lizzie. She loved horses and
ponies. Always had an apple or sugar cube in her pocket. She would have loved to pet you and
feed you pieces of her apple. The diphtheria got her, Doll, when little Elizabeth was just ten. Here
we are, Doll. That's Mary Jane's place there and here, next to her is my place."
    Tom sat looking over the gravestones marking his relatives' graves. Some were old and badly
worn, the lettering hard to make out. Others were still clear. Clearest and sharpest of all was
Mary Jane Stull Musgrove. The sky was light enough to read the markers if Tom had needed to.
He knew these graves, knew which belonged to Grandpa Samuel Edward Musgrove, to his great
aunt Edna Catherine Musgrove, and that the little one under the tree was marked "Elizabeth Edna
Musgrove." All his relatives were gathered here in this little corner of a West Virginia graveyard.
    Tom knew where every grave was and who was buried in it. He knew what relation they were
to him and he knew their stories. He knew which relatives were missing. Uncle Vern and Great
Uncle Ed had been killed in WWI and buried in France. Cousins Bobby Joe and Johnny were
also buried in France, killed in the Normandy Invasion. His older brother Steve wasn't there,
either. He had been shot down somewhere in the Pacific. Farther back there were a couple of
others that hadn't come back from Cuba, or the Philippines. Several graves were missing for
those who had died in the Civil War.
    China Doll shifted under Tom and her movement brought him out of his thoughts. "Sorry,
girl. Didn't mean to keep you waiting around in the cold like this." Groaning, Tom managed to
dismount without falling. He patted the mare on her neck, enjoying her warmth and the feel of
her muscles under the white hide. "Time for you to go, Doll. You'll have to hustle to be back in
time for school." He pushed her head away and slapped her on the shoulder. "Go on, Doll. Get!"
    The mare trotted off a few steps and stopped. She turned around and eyed him questioningly.
"Go, Doll. You got me here, that's all you have to do." Tom wheezed. His lungs rasped wetly and
he began to cough. Stepping back he leaned against his grandfather's gravestone. "Go home, Doll.
I've done what I meant to," he managed to get out before more coughs claimed his attention.
    China Doll paced slowly forward until she stood beside Tom. She stood patiently by his side
until the coughs subsided. "Go home, Doll. It's cold out here. Your breakfast is back in your nice
warm barn," Tom protested to the silent pony. "Oh, Doll. Your part is done. You've helped me
escape that God-awful place with its people poking and prodding me. They won't leave a man
alone there. Won't let him die in peace and dignity. Hell, Doll, They put diapers on me 'cause I
move too slow to get to the pot." He wheezed a bit and continued his plea to the mare. "I've
always lived free. Figure I should be able to die free, too. Let 'em keep what little real medicines
they have for the young folk who still have lives to live."
    Tom took hold of China Doll's saddle and pulled himself beside her. Clutching the cantle he
managed to move his feet until he was standing next to his wife's grave. Using the stirrup leathers
he lowered himself down until he was seated next to Mary Jane. A feeling of peace eased his
heart and he found himself able to cross his legs without pain. A chuckle escaped him. "We beat
'em, Doll. We beat 'em."
                                                ***
    By the time the sun rose fully the police found both the missing nursing home resident and
the stolen pony. As the cruiser turned in the gateway the white mare lifted her head and nickered.
The man seated on the ground didn't move.
    "How the heck do you figure he managed this?" The older cop mused. "I mean, from the
description we got, old man Musgrove was too sick and crippled up to get out of bed. He must
have had a powerful reason. "
    "Man, it's cold out here," commented the younger cop. "Call it in. With any luck the funeral
home will send somebody quick. I don't want to stand around all day. Graveyards always give me
the creeps."
            The Dalai Lama's Electric Buddha

                                         by Victor Klimov

     "Respectful greetings from His Majesty Gegen Setsen Khan to Your Holiness, Kundün," said
the emissary. It was not really warm in the library, but the atmosphere felt warm and friendly.
"Let me present you this surprise from the Western lands."
     Dalai Lama V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, who—in another universe—would later be called
"The Great Fifth," respectfully put his hands together to greet the image of the Victorious One.
The little statue looked unusual. It was made from material like ivory but was obviously much
lighter and it was pink in color. The Victorious One was meditating.
     "If I press this knob . . ."
     The image lit up with a steady internal light. It looked a little bit like a colored lantern, but the
light was not flickering. The emissary pressed the knob again and the light disappeared.
     "Thank His Majesty Gegen Setsen Khan and thank you, Dr. Luvsan," said Dalai Lama and
accepted the holy image. Ngawang Lobsang was fascinated. The statue was light, but not so light
as it looked. The weight seemed concentrated in the base under the lotus seat. The texture of the
surface felt smooth, somewhat like smooth wood but not quite.
     Dalai Lama pressed the knob. The statue lit up. He looked at the emissary, lifting an eyebrow.
"What causes this?"
     "Kundün, as far as we know there seems to be a kind of prana energy concentrated in the base
of the statue. . . ."
     "Ah. That's why it feels heavy there."
     "Probably, Kundün. And the trader it was bought from warned that the prana in the statue
should somehow be replenished after a while. But it seemed he did not know how. He said that if
it were used sparingly it should last a couple of years."
     Dalai Lama switched the light off. He looked at the statue, then at the emissary. "What do
your yogis say?"
     "They feel the prana but they are not sure whether they succeeded in replenishing it."
     "Very well." The Dalai Lama nodded slowly. "We'll try here, too. But tell me please the
history of the statue. How did His Majesty acquire it? You said it came from the West?"
    The emissary nodded. "Yes, Kundün. The Khan of Dörvn Öörd [Kalmyk]
    sent it to His Majesty. The Khan bought it from a trader from Phe-rang [Europe] for one
hundred horses. The trader said that the holy statue miraculously appeared in the center of a great
circular Mandala, which also contained a whole town."
    Dr. Luvsan moved his hand in a graceful gesture in the direction of hundreds of volumes
wrapped in brocades and silks. "Naturally, the trader did not know the relevant terminology.
What I'm telling now is what the Khan's advisers were able to get out of the trader. He didn't see
himself the holy mandala. He only heard about it from the person who sold him the relic. His
description of the town in the mandala corresponds somewhat with descriptions in the Kalachakra
tantra.
    "It appears very probable that the town came from another dimension. The trader was very
sure that nobody has ever seen anything like this before. And the people of the town appear to be
mighty warriors. The trader was sure about that. And they also ride iron horses. I don't know if
one could believe that."
    "Hmm . . ." The Dalai Lama stared into space for some time. "Why would a Shambhala town
manifest in Phe-rang? Well . . . One never knows. The compassion of the Victorious One is
infinite. We must investigate this story. We must find out whether there was indeed a mandala
manifestation. And also we should find out how to replenish the light producing prana." Dalai
Lama smiled.
    "Yes, Kundün."


Afterword:
    Kundün: an honorific referring specifically to the Dalai Lama.
    Prana: in yoga, the breath seen as one of the life-giving energies or forces of the universe.
    Dörvn Öörd—"The Allied Four" also referred to as Oyirad or Kalmyk people. They were the
dominant group from Turkey to the Gobi Desert from the 13th through to the eighteenth century.
    A mandala graphically depicts a landscape of the Buddha land or the enlightened vision of a
Buddha. Mandalas are commonly used by Hindu and Buddhist monks as an aid to meditation.
    Kalachakra is a term used in tantric Buddhism that means "time-wheel" or "time-cycles." The
Kalachakra tradition, which is described in the Kalachakra Tantra (which is a book, a collection
of Buddhist writings), revolves around the concept of time and cycles: from the cycles of the
planets, to the cycles of our breath and the practice of controlling the most subtle energies within
one's body on the path to enlightenment. The Kalachakra deity represents a Buddha and thus
omniscience. Everything is under the influence of time, he is time and therefore knows all.
Similarly, the wheel is beginningless and endless.
    A kalachakra mandala is pictured at
    http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/TF75/
    In Tibetan Buddhist tradition, Shambhala (or Shambala) is a mystical kingdom hidden
somewhere beyond the snow peaks of the Himalayas. It is mentioned in various ancient texts
including the Kalachakra and the ancient texts of the Zhang Zhung culture which pre-dated
Tibetan Buddhism in western Tibet. The Bon scriptures speak of a closely-related land called
Olmolungring.
    The Kalachakra indicates that when the world declines into war and greed, and all is lost, a
King of Shambhala will emerge from the secret city with a huge army to conquer evil and herald
the Golden Age. Some suggest this king may be Kalki, a similar figure.
    The myths of Shambala were part of the inspiration for the tale of Shangri-La told in the
popular book Lost Horizon, and thus some people even refer to Shambala improperly as if it were
a Shangri-La. Shambala's location and nature remains a subject of much dispute, and several
traditions have arisen as to where it is, or will be, including those that emphasize it as a
nonphysical realm that one can approach only through the mind.
                     CONTINUING SERIALS


                       The Doctor Gribbleflotz
                         Chronicles, Part 1:
                          Calling Dr. Phil

                                     by Kerryn Offord


Sunday. After Church Lunch, Drahuta Property
     Deep in the middle of "Kubiak Country" the extended Kubiak clan had gathered at the home
of Belle and Ivan Drahuta for Sunday lunch. Grown men and women were messing about playing
touch football in the yard with some of the children. Others congregated around the grill chatting
and talking while Ivan and Tommy Barancek attended to burning lunch. Children of all ages were
running around underfoot. On the sheltered veranda a group of women lounged comfortably,
watching the activities, relaxing after finally getting their assorted babies settled.
     Erin Zaleski, one of Ted's cousins, grinned. "How's the military outfitting business going.
Tracy?"
     Tracy Kubiak dragged her eyes from her husband Ted, who was playing in the yard. "We're
still being run off our feet." Tracy looked around the assembled women. They were all, like Ted,
direct descendants of Jan and Mary Kubiak, the original owners of the land known locally as
"Kubiak Country." "I've got a pile of jackets that need buttonholing if anybody wants a job."
     There was a smattering of "I'm in" and "Yes, please" from the other four women. Tracy
gloried in the easy camaraderie and supportive nature of the Kubiak women. So different from
her own family left up-time in way-off Seattle. "If you come over the road after lunch I'll show
you what needs to be done and give you the necessary thread and buttons."
    There were murmurings of agreement before the women turned back to watching the
activities going on in the yard. Their quiet contemplations were disturbed only when Tasha
Kubiak settled a covered tray of steaming biscuits on the table. "Tuck in while they're still warm,
girls. After this batch, there are no more."
    Mary Rose Onofrio turned away from watching Jana Barancek and a couple of other cousins
calling everybody to a couple of food-laden tables set out by the grill. "What do you mean,
Tasha?"
    "This batch used the last of my baking powder." Tasha replied.
    Belle Drahuta waved a hand. "I've still got some if you need it."
    "Same here. I haven't had time for much baking lately. I think I've still got an unopened can
in the pantry."
    "Thanks Belle, Tracy. You'd think there would be a way to get more baking powder wouldn't
you?" Tasha shook her head.
    Mary Rose snorted. "Get real, Tasha. If it doesn't go boom, none of the guys are interested. I
can just imagine going up to Cousin Greg and asking him to please make some baking powder so
we can do some baking. He'd laugh his head off."
    "You really think Cousin Greg would know how to make baking powder, Mary Rose?" Tasha
asked.
    "If he can make his boom toys and rockets I don't see why he can't make baking powder. I
mean. It can't be that hard. Baking powder has been around I don't know how long. It's probably
written up in one of his books somewhere and all he needs to do is look it up."
    "But, Mary Rose, that doesn't get us any baking powder."
    "No, but it would get us some instructions on how to make it. Maybe Cousin Greg can write
out a recipe. Something easy to follow. Then we could make our own baking powder." Mary
Rose looked around the table at the other women, an excited look in her eyes. "That would be
great wouldn't it? No need to worry about running out of baking powder ever again."
    "So when can you ask Cousin Greg for an easy to follow recipe for making baking powder?"
asked Belle.
    Mary Rose looked from Belle to Tasha. "I was kinda thinking, maybe Tasha might like to ask
Amy to ask Cousin Greg. After all, she is a chemistry teacher in training."
    Nodding her head, her mouth full of biscuit, Tasha agreed to ask her daughter to pass on the
request.
    "Michael. How many times have I told you not to feed that dog from your plate." Belle
bellowed before launching herself from her chair and making her way to her son.
    The ladies watched Belle put a strong restraining hand on her five-year-old son while giving
her husband, who should have been watching him, a sharp talking to.
    "Situation normal," muttered Erin with a giggle.
                                                ***

A week later. Sunday lunch, Tasha's place
   "Guys, Amy here has come through. Come on, Amy. Show them the recipe," Tasha said
pushing her daughter towards the seated mothers. A little self-consciously Amy placed a single
sheet of paper on the coffee table in front of the ladies and stood back to let them read it.
    "Uh, yuk. Do you see that?" Mary Rose pointed to the first instruction. "Imagine carefully
fermenting urine. Does that mean we have to, you know, ask people to fill a bottle? And why add
honey? Is that to sweeten it to taste?"
    "Ha ha, Mary Rose. Obviously the honey is there to help fermentation," Tasha said,
continuing to run her eye down the directions. "How do you cook off limestone?" She looked up
at her daughter, a question in her eyes.
    With a heavy sigh Amy looked at her mother and her friends. "I think this is going to be a bit
like the time Dad tried to do some baking. You remember how he couldn't understand how you
got cream from butter and sugar?" Smiling at the memory Tasha nodded her head. "I think you
might want to find someone who knows a little chemistry and see if they'll make the stuff for
you."
    "But we know somebody who knows something about chemistry," Tasha pointed out, giving
her daughter a significant look.
    In horror Amy took a sudden step back, getting some separation between her and her mother.
"No way. Sorry, but no way. I'm much too busy at school." She held her hands out defensively
and shook her head. "Really. I think you should find yourselves a friendly alchemist and pay
them to make the stuff."
    "And how are we going to find one of them?" asked Mary Rose.
    "Well, Jena is a university town. There must be tons of them there."
    "So you think we should go knocking on doors in Jena asking alchemists 'Please sir, can you
make baking powder for us?'"
    "Baking soda. If you'll read the recipe again you'll see it's for making baking soda, not
powder," Tracy pointed out, her finger pointing to the top of the sheet.
    "Amy?" Tasha turned to her daughter. "I thought you were going to ask about making baking
powder?"
    "I did, Mom. I asked Mrs. Penzey. She said you have to make baking soda before you can
have baking powder. If you look near the bottom," she pointed to the bottom of the recipe, "you'll
see she has included how to make baking powder. The problem is getting the cream of tartar. It's
a by-product of wine making, and she's never seen it in its raw state. She's not sure how to get
any. And that's another reason why I think you should contact an alchemist. They know about
things like cream of tartar, except they probably call it something different."
    Mary Rose looked at Amy. "What you're saying is, we can get baking soda easily, but if we
want baking powder, that's going to take a little experimentation?"
    Amy nodded. "Yes."
    "That's not so bad," Belle said. "We can make biscuits using baking soda. I'm sure we all have
some recipes that'll work. Besides, there are tons of uses for baking soda. There's toothpaste
substitute for a start. And soon enough we should be able to get baking powder." Amy slipped
away while the ladies sat silently digesting their thoughts. "Tracy, are you planning on a buying
trip to Jena anytime soon?" asked Tasha.
    "Ted and I were planning on going down river in another week or so. I guess we can ask
around. We should see if Danielle and Steve can go as well. It's a pity we don't have more people
able to speak German. The more people searching the faster things will go." Turning to Belle,
Tracy continued, "Will you be able to look after Danielle and Steve's two little monsters if they
go?"
      "Sure. They aren't that bad, and they are closer in age to Louis and Michael than your mob.
It'll keep all of them out of my hair if they can entertain each other. What about Richelle? Do you
want me to keep a friendly eye on her?"
      "Please. I've already arranged for a couple of the machinists to live in while we're away, but
she'll feel more secure knowing you're just across the road."
                                                  ***

Jena, ten days later
    Tracy looked across the table to Danielle and Steve Kowach. "It's as if they don't want our
money. As soon as I say I want someone to make baking powder for cooking they get all uptight
and condescending. Their holier than you 'I am an Alchemist, not a cook' line is really getting to
me. Have you two had any better luck?"
    Danielle shook her head and looked at her husband, who shook his head in negation. "We've
been getting the same story. 'Alchemists are not cooks. Please go away and stop bothering me.
My work is important.'" She mimicked the condescending attitude that Tracy had become
familiar with so accurately that Tracy started to giggle.
    "Here comes Ted. I wonder if he's had any luck. Ted, you make any progress?" Steve asked
as Tracy's husband took a seat.
    "Well, I've ordered a heap of canvas. A few hundred yards of cord of varying diameter, and
some oils for waterproof—ouch!" Ted grabbed Tracy's hands to stop her pummelling him.
    "Edward Robert Justinian Kubiak, you know that's not what Steve meant." Tracy said,
struggling to pull her hands from Ted's grip.
    "Has anybody ever told you you're beautiful when you're riled?" Ted asked, a smile in his
eyes. They both fell silent as their eyes locked.
    "Hey, you two. None of that in public. So Ted, have you found us an alchemist?"
    Ted broke eye contact with Tracy and turned to Danielle. "First thing I learnt is, we don't
want an alchemist."
    "What?" Danielle and Tracy asked in unison. "Of course we do," Danielle continued. Tracy
nodded in agreement.
    "That's where you're wrong. No." Ted held up his hands to silence their protests. "No
alchemist will lower themselves to do what you are asking. What you need . . ." he paused
dramatically, "is a technician. Some suitably trained plodder who can follow directions without
making any spontaneous additions just to see what happens."
    "And how do we find this suitably trained plodder?" Tracy asked.
    Ted theatrically drew a piece of paper from a pocket. "By pure chance I have here the
directions to one Phillip Theophrastus Gribbleflotz, late of the school at Fugger. Apparently he
lacks the proper scholastic and academic attitude to be an alchemist, but in some quarters he is a
highly regarded technician."
    "What's the significance of the school at Fugger?" Seeing Ted's blank look Danielle hurried
on. "Never mind. He has to be better than those supercilious morons from the university."
    "I wouldn't bet on that, Danielle. Apparently he styles himself as Herr Doctor Phillip
Theophrastus Gribbleflotz. His clientele humor him. He's good at what he does, and it's a fairly
harmless conceit. But it does mean you might have trouble getting him to make your baking
soda."
    "Will money talk?" asked Tracy.
    "Ah, the Evil West Coast businesswoman strikes. Yep. My informant indicates that the good
Dr. Phil has a massive ego, only eclipsed by his vanity. His major expenses are his continuing
experiments and fancy clothes. Currently he is 'between jobs,' and the quarter's rent on his
laboratory is due shortly. The perfect mark for what you want."
    Tracy smirked back at her husband, and rubbed her hands together in anticipation. If he was
desperate, then he couldn't afford to knock them back. He would probably offer token resistance
as a matter of pride, but to Tracy's mind, they already had him in the palms of their hands. It was
always better to negotiate from a position of strength.
                                                ***

Jena, later that same day
    "Let me see if I understand, Frau. You wish me, Herr Doctor Phillip Theophrastus
Gribbleflotz, Great Grandson of the Great Paracelsus, to make this 'baking powder.'" At Tracy's
nod, he continued. "I. I am not a cook. I, do not follow a recipe. I, am an Alchemist. A Great
Alchemist. A Great Alchemist does not make funny white powder so people can bake biscuits." It
came out stilted, growing in volume as he spoke, until he was almost roaring.
    It was a strategic cough from Ted that drew Phillip's fire from Tracy. The six-foot, two
hundred plus pound frame of Ted towered above Phillip's thin, short frame. With his pronounced
Adam's apple bobbing, Phillip swallowed his words and turned his attention back to Tracy.
    "But you could make the powder if you wanted to couldn't you, Herr Doctor?"
    Phillip flashed his eyes over the recipe again, then looked back at Tracy. "Of course. Any
marginally competent student of alchemy could easily make this 'baking soda.' The 'baking
powder' . . . a little time in the laboratory, and that too can be made."
    "Well, can you at least help us find someone to make it?"
    "I am not a procurer. If you wish someone to make this baking powder you must find them
yourself. Now, please. I wish to get back to real work. Do not bother me with 'cooking.'"
    "Herr Doctor Gribbleflotz, we can pay, and pay well for this baking soda. Won't you please
reconsider?"
    Phillip looked at Tracy over the lenses of his spectacles, the watery eyes staring. "No. No
amount of money can compensate for the distraction from real science." He turned away and
started to take his leave.
    "What about a couple of sets of clothes? Tailored to fit. With pockets, zippers, and buttons. In
the fabric of your choice." Tracy was almost desperate.
    Phillip stopped midstride and turned to look at Tracy. Then Ted. His eyes traveled up and
down Ted, examining the denim trousers, linen shirt and leather jacket. "I want shoes like yours,
Frau. With the elevated heel."
    "Yes, even shoes with elevated heels."
    Smiling at Tracy's complete capitulation Phillip returned to the seat across the table from her.
"Give me another look at that recipe. I believe we can talk business."
                                               ***
    Herr Doctor Phillip Theophrastus Gribbleflotz watched the American man and woman walk
away. He ran his fingers through his goatee beard as he looked into the distance, seeing himself
in his new clothes. A fine figure of a man, commanding, dignified. The target of envy from less
fortunate beings. Drawing his attention back into his rooms, he looked about his shabby quarters
and laboratory. Maybe, if the Americans were as good as their words, he could move into
accommodations more befitting Herr Doctor Phillip Theophrastus Gribbleflotz, the World's
Greatest Alchemist. With the funds they promised he could employ laborants to do the dull
repetitive tasks. Yes. If the Americans came through he could purchase some of that new
glassware Herr Geissler was making after his visit to Grantville. With the areas of investigation
the new glassware opened, soon those narrow-minded imbeciles of the university would kneel
before Herr Doctor Phillip Theophrastus Gribbleflotz, the World's Greatest Alchemist, begging
him to accept one of their diplomas. Begging him to join the staff of their university. One day . . .
                                               ***

Sunday lunch, Tracy and Ted's place
    "Well?" Tasha asked significantly, staring inquiringly at her cousin by marriage. "Did you
find us an alchemist to make baking soda?"
    Holding her mug in both hands Tracy took a sip of tea before looking over the lip of the mug
at the expectant faces surrounding her. "No." She paused, teasing them. The quiet groans of
disappointment were interrupted by Danielle breaking into a fit of the giggles. "We found
someone better." With that Danielle started to roar with laughter. Tracy limited herself to a broad
smile as she, too, tried to imagine Herr Doctor Phillip Theophrastus Gribbleflotz as being
"someone better." "The guy is a bit of a pompous ass. But at least he is willing to make our
baking soda."
    "When can he have it ready?" asked Mary Rose.
    "At the moment he's only making a test sample. He said he needs at least a week for the urine
to properly mature so as to produce the best spirits of hartshorn."
    "Gross." Erin shook her head in disgust. "What are spirits of hartshorn?"
    "Ammonia. Spirits of hartshorn is what it's called here and now. And quite frankly, I think it
will be less trouble if we learn to use whatever names Herr Doctor Phillip Theophrastus
Gribbleflotz wants to use."
    Belle's forehead creased. "Hang on. He's a doctor? But you said you couldn't find an
alchemist."
    "He's not an alchemist. For that matter, Ted and I are pretty sure he's not even a doctor. At
least not from any reputable university. Anyway, he said he could deliver a couple of pounds in
about two weeks' time."
                                                ***

Two weeks later, Sunday lunch at Belle's
    "Now for the big test. Everybody take a bite and let's see what we think." Belle passed a plate
of steaming biscuits around the table.
    "Mmmm, nice. Different from baking powder biscuits, but still very good," Tasha
volunteered. The other women nodded and agreed that the biscuits were good.
    Tracy looked over her friends, "So we are agreed that Dr. Phil . . ."
    "Dr. Phil?" Belle's raised eyebrows were duplicated by the rest of the girls.
    "That's just Ted's name for Herr Doctor Phillip Theophrastus Gribbleflotz," Tracy replied.
    "I thought he claimed he never watched Oprah?"
    Tracy smiled at Belle. Ted had often made that claim. However, it seemed he had been a little
economical with the truth. "Anyway, are we agreed that we should look at getting Dr. Phil
making lots of baking soda?" At the nods of agreement, Tracy continued. "Then we have to think
about raising capital. I've made enquiries. Dr. Phil will need to rent new facilities, buy additional
hardware and supplies. He will also need to employ some people he can teach to do the work. We
will also need to supply someone to manage everything when Dr. Phil loses interest and goes
back to his pet projects. I'm thinking that if all the family can contribute maybe a thousand dollars
per household to the project we can raise at least twenty thousand dollars. That should be enough
to get him started, and running for at least three months."
    "Hang on, Tracy. What are we going to get for our investment?" Mary Rose frowned. "A
thousand dollars is a bit steep for a few pounds of baking soda." The other ladies looked at Tracy,
nodding agreement.
    "I'm suggesting that we set up a manufacturing company with Dr. Phil as the head or
consulting chemist. He gets paid a retainer, a share of any profits, and access to the company's
supply of chemicals and facilities for his experiments. In exchange, he is responsible for ensuring
the processes work, the staff he trains are capable of doing the work they are paid for, and,"
Tracy paused dramatically, "the company owns anything he develops on company time, or using
company facilities or chemicals."
    "Nasty." Belle licked her lips in anticipation. "Can you enforce that last condition?"
    "Herr Hardegg of the legal firm of Hardegg, Selfisch, and Krapp seems to think so. He
doesn't expect any problems dealing with Dr. Phil. He did, however, suggest that Dr. Phil have a
large share of the company. Something like fifty percent. Although he did agree that forty-nine
percent would do."
    "Are you saying your Dr. Phil is worth twenty thousand dollars, Tracy?" Erin asked.
    "I think so. Certainly there's nobody else offering to make baking soda. You do realize that
there is a potentially big market out there, and whoever gets in first could dominate the market? I
just think we should get in first."
    "That recipe Amy got. You think someone else could get one?" a thoughtful Tasha asked.
    "Yes," replied Tracy. "And there are plenty of bright people in Grantville capable of
following the recipe. However, if we get in fast we can lock in a lot of the local suppliers of
urine. That's where some of the start-up capital will go. We also need an ice-making machine.
Something that will work in Jena."
    Mary Rose blushed. "If we lock in the local suppliers of urine? Hold it. How do we do that?
Who are the local suppliers of urine?"
    Tracy grinned. "Ted claims that the various drinking houses produce buckets full every day.
Currently a lot of it is being dumped via the sewage system. He reckons he and a couple of the
cousins can modify the urinals so that the urine is diverted into some barrels rather than the
sewer. If we offer to make the modification at no cost in return for the urine, he thinks we could
lock in most of the taverns. They'll save on the toilet tax since they won't be pumping so much
into the sewerage system."
    "Those years with O'Keefe's are good for something then," Belle commented with a grin.
    "Don't forget the papers in waste engineering Ted's done at college. But yes, he's happy to be
able to make a useful contribution to this project."
                                                ***

Jena, the shop floor of Kubiak Country Laboratories (Jena): A few weeks later
     Herr Doctor Phillip Theophrastus Gribbleflotz passed his eyes over the hard-working young
urchins he had recruited as laborants to make the "baking soda" for the American women. He
smiled to himself as he remembered his victory over naming of the product. Who would want to
be known as the man who makes "baking soda?" Sal Aer Fixus, now there was a product to be
proud of. Any alchemist worth the title would immediately respect the abilities of the man who
can produce Sal Aer Fixus. Baking soda was for cooks.
     "Hans." His high-pitched squeal penetrated the noise of the laboratory. "Did I tell you to stop
grinding the ice maker?" All eyes turned to Hans, who had hastily returned to grinding the
icemaker.
     Phillip walked up and down the production line checking on his workers. For a pack of
illiterate street refuse, they had taken to the work well. Most of them didn't understand what they
were doing, but they were all capable of following his clear and concise instructions. At the
ringing of a bell, everybody concentrated on finishing the current batch. As the batch passed from
station to station, the youths cleaned down their work stations before helping other workers clean
up. Soon, the batch was finished and ready for packaging in the fancy new paper bags the
Grantville ladies had supplied. Waving his workers off to the noon meal, Phillip ran a finger over
the image printed on some of the bags. A woodcut portrait with "Gribbleflotz's Sal Aer Fixus"
written around the border. The image was very good, if he did say so himself. The artist had
managed to catch his true essence. He appeared suitably regal and dignified. On the back of the
bag there was more printing. There was a list of several uses for Gribbleflotz's Sal Aer Fixus,
including a recipe for the America culinary atrocity they called "biscuits."
     He gave the workroom one last sweep with his eyes. What he saw filled him with pleasure.
The workroom and his personal laboratory had been fitted out to his specifications, with a few
suggestions from the Americans, at considerable expense. The Americans themselves had come
in and done much of the work setting up the laboratories. They now boasted "fume cupboards,"
something that was especially valuable when dealing with fermented urine and spirits of
hartsthorn, and easy to drain hot and cold baths. There was even running water. Just as long as
the tanks were kept topped up.
     Passing into the dining room, Phillip waved the laborants back to the important task of eating.
He well remembered the times when he had lacked sufficient to eat, and had insisted to the
Grantville ladies that the laborants should eat as well as he and Frau Mittelhausen. His eye caught
on a couple of the laborants. They were some of his best workers, in spite of being female. If they
caused any trouble it would be up to Frau Mittelhausen to deal with it. After all, that was what
she was paid to do.
     He walked into his study. A cloth-covered tray sat on the table where he wrote up his research
and did his accounts. Not that he had to do many accounts since the ladies from Grantville had
encouraged him to join them in a company. Frau Mittelhausen did all that, and ran the household.
All he had to do was ensure the baking soda was prepared according to the formula, and that
sufficient quantity was being made. He relaxed in his chair before removing the cloth covering
his lunch. The steam rising from his simple meal reminded Phillip of the meals he had been
eating only a few weeks ago. Those meals had been anything he could buy cheaply and eat
quickly before returning to his laboratory where he did assays and other work to finance his
research.
    He had recently started training a couple of the better laborants to do the assays. Soon he
would be able to leave them to conduct the rote aspects of the assay work while he concentrated
on more important things. Meanwhile, he was receiving a good income from the company just for
supervising its production of Sal Aer Fixus. He smiled, remembering the contract the Grantville
Ladies had had him sign. He received a salary, and a share of any profits. All without having to
pay a Pfenning towards the costs of the wretched baking soda.
         Dr. Phil's Amazing Lightning Crystal


                                       by Kerryn Offord


Jena, Freedom Arches
    Tasha Kubiak tried to tune out the pompous ass who was still pontificating. Somehow both
Tracy Kubiak and Danielle Kowach, the two other members of the Kubiak Country partnership
who could speak competent German, had managed to be needed elsewhere when this trip had
come up. It was now two weeks since Dr. Gribleflotz had commenced deliveries of Gribbleflotz
Sal Aer Fixus, also known as baking soda. But there had been no word from the good doctor
about when he would commence production of baking powder. Someone had to travel to Jena to
find out what the hold up was and do whatever it took to get Dr. Gribbleflotz making baking
powder. Tasha had hoped her boss, Sebastian Mora of Mora's Café, would refuse to give her the
time off to travel to Jena. However, as soon as Sebastian had heard she was going to ask about
baking powder, he had all but packed her bags for her.
    So here she sat, letting the drone issuing from the good doctor pass over her head. Growing
restless while she waited for Dr. Gribbleflotz to finish, Tasha tried to relax. It wouldn't do to
aggravate the good doctor by interrupting. In an effort to give her restless hands something to do
she reached for her purse. Well drilled hands felt inside for the cigarettes and lighter. Still looking
attentively at Dr. Gribbleflotz, Tasha expertly felt for a cigarette. There were only a few left. Did
she really need the comfort a precious cigarette would offer? Yes.
    It was the action of a moment to remove a cigarette and place it in her mouth. For a brief
moment, just the time it took to put the flame to the end of the cigarette and to inhale that first
blissful lungful of nicotine laden smoke, she took her eyes off the doctor.
    "What is that you have there?"
    Tasha looked up. The change in tone and volume penetrated her best efforts to shut out his
drone. She waved her left hand. The one with the smoldering cigarette in it. But Dr. Gribbleflotz
didn't follow. His eyes were locked on her right hand. Looking down she couldn't see what was
holding the good doctor's attention. It was just an ordinary cigarette lighter.
    "It's a cigarette lighter." Tasha offered it for inspection. "You pull that jewel down and a
spark ignites the gas."
    Phillip looked at Tasha. Then, his eyes alight with interest, he carefully examined the lighter.
He flicked it several times. Each time a flame issued from the hole on the top. "How does it
work?"
    Tasha stumbled mentally, trying to remember anything she had ever heard about cigarette
lighters. "It uses a flammable gas for fuel. When you pull down the jewel the gas is turned on. At
the same time, a spark lights the gas. It says lit as long as you hold the jewel down." Tasha felt
quite proud of herself for remembering all of that. It was almost word for word the explanation
her daughter Amy had given when Tasha had asked the same question.
    "But what makes the spark?" Phillip asked, a little too controlled.
    "Oh." Tasha looked back at the lighter Phillip held. This was getting too deep for her. "It's an
electric spark. Pulling down the jewel completes a circuit which creates an electric spark which
lights the gas."
    "Electric spark?"
    "Yes, like . . ." Tasha struggled for a synonym, something Dr. Gribbleflotz might be familiar
with. Her eyes reached out searching for something. And there it was. A pole towering above a
building. A lightning conductor. "Like lightning, only much smaller."
    Eyes wide, brows lifted almost to the back of his balding head Phillip looked back at Tasha,
hastily dropping the lighter. "Lightning? You carry a lightning maker on your person?"
    "No, silly." Tasha rescued her cigarette lighter, shaking her head gently. "Lightning is much
more powerful. The electric sparks in my lighter can only jump a tiny distance." She held her
thumb and forefinger a hair's breadth apart.
    Carefully, Phillip reached out again for the lighter. Holding it once again, he tried to light it.
"How does it store the lightning?"
    "Oh, that type of lighter doesn't use a battery. It uses some fancy crystal that emits a spark
when you pull down the jewel."
    "The 'fancy crystal' stores the lightning and releases the spark when you pull the jewel?"
    "Something like that. I do know it doesn't ever need batteries, though. We have one of the
same kind of thingeys to light the gas range. It must be more than ten years old, and neither I or
my husband has ever replaced any batteries."
    Phillip looked carefully from the lighter to Tasha. Each time he glanced at the lighter he
flicked it on. "Do you know how to make these crystals?"
    "Oh, no. They're way beyond me. My daughter, though. She grew all kinds of crystals when
she was at school. Why, if I remember correctly, she even grew some pezzi . . . piezo . . . ah . . .
pezeyletric crystals for a science project once."
    Eyes beaming brightly, Phillip took a deep breath. He carefully placed the lighter on the table
in front of him. Releasing his breath, he looked Tasha in the eyes. "What . . . are . . . pezeyletric
crystals?"
    "They're crystals just like the one in the lighter. If you do something to them they throw out
an electric spark."
    "Can you obtain a 'cheat sheet' to make these pezeyletric crystals, Frau?"
    "Oh, yes. My daughter, Amy. She made a wonderful display for her science project. It had
pictures and even a working model that would spark."
     "How long would it take to get a cheat sheet?"
     "Oh, I don't have to get a cheat sheet. My Amy had all the details on her science project. With
pictures and everything." Tasha looked up at Dr. Gribbleflotz, her eyes brimming with pride.
"She got an 'A' for it and a certificate as well."
     "Frau Kubiak. What does your daughter's 'science project' have to do with these pezeyletric
crystals?"
     Confused, Tasha looked at him. Surely it was obvious? "My daughter did a science project on
pezeyletric crystals. All I have to do is dig it out of the back shed. I kept all her school projects
you know." Tasha smiled to herself. She knew she had Dr. Gribbleflotz hooked. "I'll let you
borrow my daughter's science project if you will start making us baking powder. Only as a loan,
though. I want it back. Do we have a deal?" Tasha held out her right hand.
     With one final look at the cigarette lighter, Phillip carefully passed it over and dropped it
lightly into Tasha's waiting hand. "Only if I can follow the directions. If I can not make any of
these pezeyletric crystals, then there is no deal."
     Tasha thought about it. If her daughter could make pezeyletric crystals using household items,
then surely he. "It's a deal." Tasha stood and collected her coat and handbag. A sudden thought
sent her hand into her coat pocket. Pulling out an envelope, she waved it before passing it over to
Doctor Gribbleflotz. "There's a bank draft in there for your share of the profits so far. Oh, and by
the way, could you increase production of the baking soda? Please? More and more people in
Grantville want to buy our baking soda."
     "Sal Aer Fixus!"
     "What?"
     "Sal Aer Fixus. Not baking soda. Sal Aer Fixus. Baking soda is not a proper product for a
great alchemist. I do not make baking soda. I make Sal Aer Fixus. Gribbleflotz Sal Aer Fixus.
Remember that, Frau Kubiak." With that final utterance Phillip exploded to his feet and stomped
off.
     Tasha shook her head in amused disgust and watched the figure of Dr. Gribbleflotz disappear
down the street. It's a wonder he can stand upright with an ego that size. Tasha turned to leave
and was confronted by a waitress holding a tray. There was only a single piece of paper on it.
Flicking her eyes to the face of the waitress, Tasha smiled. The good doctor had stiffed her with
the bill for lunch. With a rueful grin, Tasha reached in her purse and dropped some money onto
the tray. She waved off any change and left. Mission almost accomplished. Now, where did she
put that science project?
                                                   ***

Sunday. The Fellowship hall, after Mass
    Patrolling the fellowship hall with the large teapot, Erin Zaleski came across the widow,
Mary Anna Abruzzo. "Mrs. Abruzzo, would you like me to top up your cup?"
    Mrs. Mary Anna Abruzzo took another sip of her tea and grimaced as she looked up at Erin.
"No thank you, Erin. I have my own special tea." With a sour look at the contents of her cup, she
took another small sip.
    "Is there anything wrong with your tea, Mrs. Abruzzo?" Erin gave Mrs. Abruzzo a worried
look. She was sitting at a table near a radiator in the fellowship hall and she had fair screwed up
her face when she took that last sip.
    "No, Erin. There's nothing wrong with the tea. If you like willow bark tea, that is."
    "If you don't like it, why are you drinking it?"
    "It's my arthritis, Dear. It helps relieve the pain."
    "Isn't aspirin supposed to be good for arthritis Mrs. Abruzzo? Surely aspirin would be better
than that willow bark tea?"
    "Young lady, it's quite clear you aren't familiar with the price of things these days. Do you
realize what aspirin costs these days? Twenty dollars a tablet, if you can get them. That's the
black-market rate, mind. If the doctors will prescribe them you can get them cheaper, but not
much cheaper. And me living on a pittance and dependent on the charity of my children."
    Erin, a little lost for words, backed away, keeping an eye on Mrs. Abruzzo who grimaced
over another sip of her tea.
                                                   ***

Sunday Lunch, Belle's Place
     "Hey guys, what do you think of the new baking powder?" Belle Drahuta looked around at
the rest of the Kubiak Country directors. "Three cheers for Tasha. Hey, Tasha. How did you get
the geek to make baking powder?"
     Tasha Kubiak blushed. "I lent him some of Amy's old school science projects. He seemed
fascinated by my cigarette lighter and wanted to make some of those funny electric crystals. I
threw in a couple of simple electricity experiments, as well. You know. The lemon battery, and
bubbling off hydrogen and oxygen. I was wondering if we could get one of those machines that
generate electricity. You know, the ones where someone stands on a wooden stool and puts a
hand on the top shiny dome while someone turns a handle, and their hair goes all funny."
     Tracy Kubiak shook her head. "You mean a Van de Graaf generator. I don't like our chances.
It's not the sort of thing anybody around here would buy. The schools are probably the only
places with them, and I doubt they're going to sell them for any price."
     "Maybe some of the guys can make one. Tracy, you've still got a lot of your up-time stock
haven't you?" asked Mary Rose Onofrio.
     Tracy sneaked a quick look around. "Well, yes, but don't talk too loud. I don't want the wrong
people suspecting what I might have stashed away for a rainy day."
     Erin looked around the table. "Speaking of things stashed away . . . how is everybody for
aspirin? I was chatting with Mrs. Abruzzo after mass. Did you know aspirin is going for twenty
dollars a tablet?" Erin targeted her question at Belle's sister-in-law, Katie Jackson, a pharmacy
clerk at Nobili's Pharmacy.
     "I had heard that there was a black market in aspirin. The boss has been saying he should look
into making his own pills. But, he just hasn't found the time," Katie replied.
     There was a communal "Oh" and "arhhh" as an idea simultaneously dawned around the room.
The Kubiak Country Ladies looked at each other, then turned to stare at Tasha Kubiak.
     "No. Absolutely no. No way. I am not going back and beg the geek to make aspirin. It's
somebody else's turn. Tracy. He doesn't scare you. Why don't you go and ask him?"
     Tracy gave a little shiver. "I had Ted standing shotgun last time."
     "Well, there you go. Take Ted with you again. Believe me, you're going to need all the
support you can get. I bet he's elbows deep in that electricity stuff. He really hates spending time
away from his precious experiments."
    Tracy looked at her family. She wasn't actually related by blood to any of the ladies, but they
were more family than anybody but her brother, Terry, had ever been. "Okay, if it's what
everyone wants?" Everyone nodded. "Then Katie, could you ask your boss about a cheat sheet for
aspirin? We'll have to arrange some kind of deal so he gets a royalty payment. Probably
something similar to what we have with Christie Penzey for the baking soda and baking powder.
Meanwhile, I'd like everyone else to hunt around at home to see what they have on experiments
in electricity. Any old children's science books or home laboratory sets. I'd like to go visit Dr.
Phil with something to trade."
                                                ***

Jena, Dr. Gribbleflotz's Study
    "Now, when I pump away at the foot pedal, the two discs spin. When they spin they collect a
static charge. Those bottles, the Leyden Jars, store the charge, and eventually, we have . . ."
Crack. A spark leapt across the two terminals set above the Wimshurst generator.
    Phillip's eyes lit up when he saw the spark. His new Lightning Crystals, even the biggest he
had been able to grow, had only cast a spark barely a finger's breadth. This new machine the
American was demonstrating had sent a spark more than a foot through the air.
    Ted Kubiak carefully discharged the Wimshurst generator and the Leyden Jars before
removing the jars. "And, if we could have a willing volunteer to stand on this stool, and touch
this wand to the globe. Tracy, would you care to volunteer?"
    "Ted, aren't you forgetting something?" Tracy asked.
    "But this is important, dear." Ted tried to placate his wife. "I'm sure Dr. Gribbleflotz will be
really impressed by the hair-raising experiment."
    With a sigh sufficiently loud so that her husband could be in no doubt she was less than
impressed, Tracy removed her coat and jewelry, took the wand in her right hand, and stepped
onto the stool before shaking out her shoulder-length hair. "Well, what are we waiting for? Let's
get this show on the road."
    With Tracy in place, Ted started his foot pumping at the modified spinning wheel assembly
that provided rotational force to the Wimshurst generator. After a few moments, Tracy's hair
started to stand out. After a couple of minutes all of her hair was standing on end.
    Fascinated, Phillip reached out towards her hair. "No!" Tracy screamed. But too late. Phillip
leapt backward shaking his hand. Quickly, Ted discharged the generator and his wife before
going to check on Dr. Gribbleflotz.
    "Are you all right, Doctor? I should have warned you. That was a big charge you took there.
You should never try to touch the generator or anybody being charged by it."
    Phillip looked from his stinging hand to the American and his woman. The spark that had
flown as he reached to touch the woman's hair had bitten him, but there appeared to be no real
injury. Waving off the American's attentions, he approached the "Wimshurst generator."
    "This is for me?" he asked. "Why?" Phillip was getting used to the way these Americans
operated. They wouldn't have come bearing gifts unless they wanted something.
    "We would like you to make some of these." Tracy passed over a sheet of paper and a small
glass bottle.
    Sparing a glance from his new lightning generator, Phillip spent a moment reading the paper.
Even at a quick glance he realized he could make this . . . he did a quick re-reading of the title of
the sheet . . . ASPIRIN. But to make this aspirin, he would have to spend time away from his
latest line of research. And a very promising line of research it was. Electricity was simply
fascinating. That Lightning Generator. In his mind's eye, he could already see people coming to
his private salon to see it demonstrated. And there were the other electricity experiments. People
in Jena had heard about the Americans' electricity. His salon would be the first place those people
would be able to see it. Phillip looked back to his still stinging hand. And feel it. Better to
discourage these Americans before they got too enthusiastic. "The price will be ten dollars per
dose."
    The American woman smiled. Smiled. She should have been outraged. Ten of those
American dollars for a pill that cost less than a few Pfennings to make, and she was smiling.
    "When can you start making them, Dr. Gribbleflotz? I don't think we should try for more than
five thousand a week, to start with. At least until we can properly judge the demand."
    Phillip was horrified. Thousands a week. The time away from his precious experiments. He
would need to buy more cauldrons, more alembics, more retorts, and he would have to find and
train more peasant children to do the work. And he would have to shop for the materials. Phillip
sank into his chair and watched the American man and woman leave his study. Idly, he
reattached the Leyden Jars to his new Lightning Generator and started pumping the foot pedal.
He sat in contemplation, absently watching the sparks of lightning leap through the air between
the terminals.
    Phillip didn't hear the knock on his study door, or the sound of it opening. It was the stifled
cry of amazement from Frau Mittelhausen that brought him out of his thoughts. Looking up he
saw the look of wonder on his housekeeper's face. "Frau Mittelhausen? Frau Mittelhausen? Is
there a problem?"
    "What? No. No problem, Herr Doctor Gribbleflotz. The Americans said that you would
require me to make some purchases." Frau Mittelhausen looked back at the still sparking
Lightning Generator. "What is this wondrous machine? How does it produce lightning from thin
air?"
    "A better question might have been 'what do the Americans expect in exchange for this
wondrous Lightning generator?'" Phillip picked up the small glass bottle. Inside it were a few
white tablets. Up-time aspirin, the woman had said. Phillip shook his head and moved to his desk
to start doing some calculations. It took only moments to write a list of what he would need. He
handed it to her. "Frau Mittelhausen, I need you to go out and purchase these items. Also, I will
need more workers. Can you handle more apprentices?"
    She glanced at the list and nodded. "I will need to employ another assistant. Do you wish for
me to find the additional workers? I'm sure your current group of laborants have family and
friends who would be interested in employment in your new manufactory."
    "Frau Mittelhausen, I am not a manufacturer. I am an alchemist. Just because I train street
refuse to make the products the Americans want does not make me a manufacturer. Do you
understand me, Frau Mittelhausen?"
    "Yes, Herr Doctor." Frau Mittelhausen gazed longingly at the lightning generator. Gently, she
reached out a hand towards it.
    "No! Do not touch it."
    Frau Mittelhausen leapt backward, her hands wrapping themselves around her body, the sheet
of requirements crushed in her hand. She looked at Dr. Gribbleflotz, shock showing on her face.
Dr. Gribbleflotz had never used that tone before.
    "The machine bites if you are not careful, Frau Mittelhausen." He waved his hand so she
could see the red mark on his fingers. "I have already been bitten. Nobody is to touch the
lightning generator. Please ensure that the rest of the staff know. Meanwhile . . ." He ran a hand
over the books the Americans had delivered with the Lightning Generator. "I need to do a little
reading to understand what is happening."
    "I will get onto the purchases and recruitment of new workers immediately Herr Doctor." Her
eyes alternating between Doctor Gribbleflotz and the wondrous lightning machine, Frau
Mittelhausen backed out of the study. She closed the door after one last look at the wondrous
Lightning Generator.
               Dr. Phil's Aeolian Transformers


                              by Kerryn Offord and Rick Boatright

Jena
     It had been a hard day of almost wasted discussions with the scholars at the university. John
Grover and Ken Butcher, accompanied by Derrick Mason, a young radio operator on loan from
the army, had been trying to identify the materials and skills available down-time for the
manufacture of earphones for crystal radios. They had hoped that it would be an easy matter to
find people capable of making the wire-wound headsets at a sufficiently low price that affordable
crystal radios could be made, allowing anybody to listen in to the broadcasts of the Voice of
America. As things stood, there were about ten thousand up-time radios that could receive the
signal. However, they were expensive. What was needed was a crystal radio set that anybody
could make or buy extremely cheaply. That way, the Voice of America radio broadcasts would be
able to reach everybody, not just those who could afford an up-time radio and a power supply.
     Father Gus, who had been pressed into service as an interpreter, sat with the Americans while
they continued to discuss the problems surrounding cheap earphones with a couple of members
of the Jena faculty. Listening in, interpreting as needed, Father Gus considered the problems.
They needed to wind thin copper wire around "magnetic" iron to somehow convert their "electric
signals" into sound. The concept sounded extremely interesting, if such a thing was really
possible.
     That had been part of the problem. The Americans had come into Jena with a certain
reputation for outlandish ideas and inventions. People, however disbelieving, had been prepared
to listen. However, sound from the air? If it hadn't been for the two-way radios they had brought
with them, nobody would have believed them. Even with the two-way radios as proof, many
were still unconvinced that they could be made.
                                                 ***
     "Hello, Dear. Have you been having fun?" asked John Grover's wife, Leota.
     Father Gus had to smile. John's wife, Leota, Ken's wife, Sarah, and Ken's sister-in-law, Esther
Sloan, presented quite a sight with all their bundles and baskets. They were settling down and
displaying their booty from a lightning raid on the unsuspecting shops of Jena.
     "You'll never guess what I managed to get," Esther said. She pointed to a heavily laden
basket. "It's almost impossible to get in Grantville. But here in Jena, I managed to pick up a
whole ten pounds of Gribbleflotz Vin Sal Aer Fixus, and the price was less than in Grantville."
     "That's marvelous, Esther. Can I buy some off you?" asked her sister, Sarah.
     "There's still some left in the shop. Most of this lot is destined for the school cafeteria. We've
been forced to feed the students sourdough bread, but with the Gribbleflotz Vin Sal Aer Fixus,
we can do biscuits again. The students have almost been up in arms having to go without
biscuits."
     A rustle of paper drew all eyes to Leota and the flyer she was spreading out on the table.
"What's that, Leota?" Esther struggled to read the upside-down flyer.
     Leota looked up at Esther, then placed the flyer down where her husband could read it.
"When you mentioned the name Gribbleflotz, I suddenly remembered this. It's a flyer advertising
seminars on the 'Philosophy of the Essence of Lightning,' which are being given in the private
salon of a Dr. Gribbleflotz. Apparently, the man gives demonstrations of 'The Wondrous
Lightning Generator,' 'The Amazing Lightning Crystals,' 'Storing the Essence of Lightning,' and
'Continuous Lightning.' It sounds a lot like the kind of things the early scientists used to do. John,
maybe you can drop by and see what the man has. It could be interesting."
     Father Gus had been translating as best he could for Dr. Werner Rolfinck, Dean of the Jena
Medical College, and Dr. Willi Hofacker, a senior lecturer in iatrochemistry and medical botany.
When he mentioned Dr. Gribbleflotz though, both men started to go red. Frau Grover had barely
finished speaking when Dr. Rolfinck exploded. Father Gus struggled to keep up as the invective
flowed from the good doctor.
     "Dr. Rolfinck says that this Dr. Gribbleflotz is little better than a charlatan. These
philosophical seminars are little more than cheap demonstrations of lesser technology with an
unscholarly commentary pretending to explain what is being shown."
     There was a pause while Father Gus listened to a quick discussion between Dr. Rolfinck and
Dr. Hofacker. "Apparently, this Dr. Gribbleflotz has no true credentials. He has failed miserably
in the university courses on iatrochemistry. The man claims to be related to the Great Paracelsus,
father of modern medicine. But the doctors doubt it. He is totally lacking in scholarly skills. He
was little better than a self-employed laborant until he started making cooking powders for the
American women. That was about his level, they claim. Though, I do wonder why the invective. I
wonder what they have against the doctor?"
     Sarah wrinkled her forehead. "Yes. If they don't think he has credentials, why are they even
letting him call himself 'Doctor?' I thought that was a protected title?"
     Father Gus smiled at Sarah before turning to talk to the doctors. Moments later he had an
answer. "They say they dare not challenge him on his doctorate. Apparently, he is doing quite
well with his little 'blue balls of happiness,' his Gribbleflotz Sal Vin Betula. With the money from
that he has retained the services of Herr Hardegg of Hardegg, Selfisch, and Krapp, a Rudoltstadt
legal firm with a certain reputation. The good doctors are not rich men. They cannot afford to
defend an action of slander."
     Dr. Rolfinck had been trying to calm down while Father Gus translated for the Americans.
But when Father Gus mentioned Sal Vin Betula, he again exploded. Father Gus tried to calm Dr.
Rolfinck.
     After a moment, Father Gus explained. "The dean is a little upset at the unscholarly name Dr.
Gribbleflotz has given his little blue pills."
                                                 ***

Jena, outside Herr Doctor Gribbleflotz's Private Salon, later that same day
    "Well. That was a complete screw up. What did you have to go and laugh at his 'Wondrous
Lightning Generator' for anyway, Derrick?" John Grover asked.
    Derrick Mason grinned. "It wasn't the generator I was laughing at, Mr. Grover. Whoever
made it used a couple of old 78s for the rotating discs. I was just laughing at their titles."
    "Well, it was pretty unfortunate timing. He had just demonstrated his Amazing Lightning
Crystal. It was a piezoelectric crystal. I'm not sure what type, but apparently he grew it himself. I
was at the point of asking him about making some more for us when you cracked up." John
looked at Derrick. "He was not impressed when you started laughing." John turned to Father Gus.
"Father, what do you think?"
    "Herr Grover, I am very much afraid the good doctor took deep offense. I can not be sure, but
the way he immediately called upon his housekeeper to have us shown out . . . I think he may
have felt your man was laughing at his lightning generator." Father Gus gave Derrick a
penetrating look. "Also, I believe Herr Doctor Gribbleflotz's English may be a little better than he
lets on. I noticed he paid attention when Herr Mason commented on how all of his experiments
were really simple. I think he was ready to take offense."
    Father Gus turned to John Grover and Ken Butcher. "I do hope you do not need the good
doctor's services. I do not think Herr Doctor Gribbleflotz will forgive easily."
                                                  ***
    "John, how did your visit to the electricity man go?"
    John sighed. "A bit of a mixed bag, Leota. Dr. Gribbleflotz has an interesting range of
electrical toys, and his amazing lightning crystal is a piezoelectric crystal. I was talking to him
about sourcing some of the crystals when the comedian here decided to laugh around the good
doctor's lightning generator. From the manner in which we were invited to leave, I don't think the
doctor is going to be too enthusiastic about helping us."
    "What do you want the crystals for, John?" asked Esther.
    It was Ken Butcher who responded. "If they are piezoelectric crystals and he can make more,
well . . . depending on the price, we might have an answer to our headset problem. Rather than
use wire coils, we can use fine piezoelectric crystals. John and I are trying to remember any
recipes for piezoelectric crystals, but we're coming up blank. If this Dr. Gribbleflotz can make
them, then, based on the opinion of Doctors Rolfinck and Hofacker, I reckon we should be able
to make them as well. I sure would like to know what he's making and where he heard about
them, though."
    Esther grinned. "Where is easy. He probably heard about them from one of the Kubiak
Country people."
    "The who?"
    "The Kubiak Country people. Look, here." Esther passed over a bag of Gribbleflotz Vin Sal
Aer Fixus and pointed to the printing on the package. "See. It says 'Made by HDG Enterprizes
(Jena), a branch of Kubiak's Country Industries (Grantville).' The address is up Mahan Run,
which isn't surprising if the Kubiak clan is behind it. Anyway, if you talk to one of the Kubiaks
up on the Run, I'm sure you'll find someone who can help you."
                                               ***

Head Office, Grantville Canvas and Outdoor, Mahan Run, Grantville
    John Grover turned to his wife. "Are you sure this is the right place?" He was sitting on his
horse, outside the front gate of Ted and Tracy Kubiak's home.
    Leota nodded. "Yes, dear. This is the right place. Careful how you cross the cattle guard
now."
    With a sour "teach your grandmother to suck eggs" look, John carefully guided his horse over
the cattle guard and waited for Leota. They could hear the yipping of a dog while they rode up
the drive to the house. John and Leota tightened the reins and halted their horses until the source
of the noise came into view. It was a small dog. A Jack Russell terrier. Before it could get under
the horses' feet there was a loud whistle. The dog stopped in its tracks. Shortly afterwards, a man
walked up, bent down and lifted the excited animal up to his chest.
    "Hi, John, Leota. Can I help you?" Ted Kubiak waved a greeting while struggling to keep a
firm hold on his dog.
    "My wife and I are looking for the Head Office of Kubiak Country Industries. We were
directed here. I was just wondering if we've come to the right place?"
    Ted smiled up at the mounted couple. "Yep. You've come to the right place. Tracy's working
up in the house. If you'd like to tie your horses to the corral by the shed, I'll lead you to her."
    Ted waited while John and Leota loosened the cinches and tied their mounts to the corral.
When they finished tending to their horses he released Ratter, who immediately ran up to John
and Leota. The dog sniffed around them for a moment, then turned and trotted off. When John
and Leota joined him, Ted asked, "So, what's your poison? Gribbleflotz Vin Sal Aer Fixus, Sal
Aer Fixus, or Sal Vin Betula?"
    John stared at Ted, a grin appearing, "None of the above. I was wondering if you know
anything about Dr. Gribbleflotz's Amazing Lightning Crystals, though. We were in Jena and
Leota here picked up a flyer advertising seminars on the 'Philosophy of the Essence of Lightning.'
So me, Ken Butcher and a couple of other guys went visiting. I was just watching him
demonstrate his lightning crystal when Derrick Mason, one of the other guys, started laughing
around the doctor's lightning generator. Before we knew what was happening we were out the
door."
    Ted stopped suddenly. John and Leota to bumped into each other. "You have had a run in
with Dr. Gribbleflotz?" Ted's voice was stilted.
    John nodded. "Unfortunately. We were in Jena hoping to find out about affordable ways of
making headphones for the new crystal radios. When I saw the flyer, I wondered if the lightning
crystal might not be a piezoelectric crystal, because if it was, that might be a solution to our
problem. Anyway, as I said. Derrick cut loose a belly laugh and we were all but thrown out
before I could ask any questions."
    About then they made their way into the study. Tracy was crouched over a computer,
working. She kept working until Ted spoke. "Tracy, a couple of people to see you."
    Tracy jumped. "Huh? What?" She turned away from the computer. "Oh. Hi, Leota, John. Did
you want to speak to me?"
    "Yes, Tracy. John was wondering if you know anything about a Dr. Gribbleflotz and his
Amazing Lightning Crystal?" Leota asked.
    Tracy looked at John. "What is it you want to know, John?"
    "Well. We were in Jena when we heard about him and his Amazing Lightning Crystal. I was
wondering what he was using. We need something like his piezoelectric crystal if we want to
spread the radio service. Without a cheap piezoelectric crystal, we won't be able to make
affordable radios for the masses."
    "Why didn't you ask Dr. Gribbleflotz?" Tracy was a little confused.
    "Err." John paused and turned to look to his wife for support.
    "What John is trying to say is; they tried to speak to Dr. Gribbleflotz and screwed up. They
were just about thrown out of his house. He is hoping you, Kubiak Country Industries, might
know something about the crystals, and if you could get us some."
    "Oh, Leota. John. I hope you didn't upset him." Tracy looked toward John. "John, just how
did you 'screw up?'"
    "Derrick Mason was looking over something the doctor called his lightning generator—"
    "The Wimshurst generator," Tracy muttered, identifying the offending article.
    "The what? Oh, yes, a Wimshurst generator. I remember using one years ago. Anyway,
Derrick was looking at it when suddenly he started laughing. Dr. Gribbleflotz took offense and
had us shown out." John held up his hand halting the obvious question, "Derrick says he was
laughing at the titles on the records being used as the static generating discs."
    Tracy looked over at Ted. "Do you have anything to say?"
    Ted shrugged his shoulders, a guilty grin on his face. "Do you know which one he laughed
at? There was 'That Old Black Magic' by Spike Jones and his City Slickers, and 'Stormy Weather'
by Carmen Cavallaro. I'm quite proud of the Spike Jones one. Given how Spike used to use
expedient materials as instruments. Somewhere, we should have a recording where he used a
selection of carefully tuned revolvers. And for a static generator, I thought 'Stormy Weather' was
a good pick. But I wouldn't think Dr. Gribbleflotz would take offense at a harmless joke like
that."
    Leota sighed. "If only that was all. Apparently Derrick made a few innocent comments about
how he had done things just like all of Dr. Gribbleflotz's demonstrations while he was at school.
John and Ken took Father Gus with them to help translate. He thinks the guy understands more
English than he lets on. Anyway, Dr. Gribbleflotz took offense, and that was that. Which reminds
me, why do you call him Doctor? My understanding is that he doesn't have a doctorate."
    Ted and Tracy grinned at each other. "Oh, he has a doctorate all right. Not from one of the
best institutions, of course." Tracy gave her husband a harmless slap when he started to laugh and
turned to give Leota a "what can you do with the man" look.
    "But Dr. Rolfinck was absolutely sure that Dr. Gribbleflotz wasn't entitled to the title," John
said.
    A smile lit Ted's eyes. "If this Dr. Rolfinck is so sure Dr. Gribbleflotz is not entitled to be
called Doctor, why doesn't he do something about it?"
    "Because Dr. Gribbleflotz can apparently afford a good lawyer . . . Oh." Wide eyed, John turn
to stare at Ted and Tracy. "'Not one of the best institutions?' You don't mean a diploma mill? An
honest to goodness Mail Order Diploma?"
    Straight faced, Tracy spoke, "Dr. Gribbleflotz is a prima facie Doctor of Philosophy. I have
seen the diploma. Real sheepskin, with a fancy embossed seal."
    "Wow." John shook his head, then found himself a seat. "Are you sure? The scholars at Jena
could contest the diploma. Will it stand up in court?"
    "Our lawyers have the utmost confidence in the stature of the issuing institution."
    John licked his dry lips. "I'll take your word for it. But that doesn't help me. What will help is
getting some of the doctor's lightning crystals. Do you know what it is?"
    Ted and Tracy exchanged a glance. Ted gave a slight nod of his head. Tracy turned back to
John and Leota. "Rochelle salt."
    "Oh," A light started to dawn for Leota. "Gribbleflotz Vin Sal Aer Fixus," she pronounced.
Seeing the question in her husband's eyes, she elaborated. "Dr. Gribbleflotz is making baking
powder. Baking soda and cream of tartar are needed for baking powder. You can also make
Rochelle salts from the same ingredients."
    John tried to suppress his excitement. "Is this right? Your Dr. Gribbleflotz is making Rochelle
salts?"
    "Gribbleflotz Amazing Lightning Crystals, please." Ted held up his hand to silence John.
"Just a moment. I have something you should see." Ted turned to the door and called. "Richelle,
could you bring in one of the GribbleZippos please?"
    Ted grinned. "This you have to see."
    A teenage schoolgirl with a baby in her arms walked into the study and passed a small object
over to Ted. She passed curious eyes over the guests. Then, she gave a gentle wave before
leaving. "That was Richelle, our adopted daughter," Ted said. "Anyway, John, have a look at this
lighter."
    John took the lighter in his hands. It was shaped like an oversized up-time Zippo. He opened
it and looked at the mechanism. Instead of a flick wheel, there was a simple lever. John pushed
the lever. There was a spark and the wick lit.
    John looked from the lit lighter to Ted and Tracy, then back at the lighter. He gave it a closer
examination. "A piezoelectric lighter? You're making piezoelectric lighters?" At Ted's nod, John
smiled. "Do you have a supply of Rochelle—" Seeing Ted's reaction, John hastily changed what
he was saying, "a supply of Gribbleflotz Amazing Lightning Crystal?"
    Ted nodded. John let out a long sigh of relief. "I don't suppose you could sell me a pound or
so?"
    "Sure. Not all at once, though. But if you can afford to wait, I have a few ounces to spare, and
I can ask Dr. Gribbleflotz to make some more. There'll be a price though."
    "Hell, at the moment I'm prepared to pay just about anything. How much?"
    "I wasn't thinking about money, John. Dr. Gribbleflotz is doing quite well as it is. The few
dollars for a few ounces of his Amazing Lightning Crystal is neither here nor there. What he will
really want is something more than money."
                                                 ***

Jena, an Inn
   Dr. Werner Rolfinck, Dean of the Jena Medical College, was quietly seething. Beside him,
Doctors Conrad "Kunz" Herbers and Wilhelm "Willi" Hofacker, both lecturers in iatrochemistry,
were also suppressing their anger. There, in pride of place in one of the best inns in Jena, that
charlatan Dr. Gribbleflotz was describing his philosophies to an enthralled audience.
    "This up-time 'chemic,'" Dr. Gribbleflotz was saying, "is fine for technicians, cooks, and
industrial processes. It certainly allows unlettered peasants to tend my caldrons and alembics and
produce their powders and potions, but it completely ignores the spiritual component of
alchemy." Phillip looked over his attentive audience. "Did you know that the up-timers produced
Sal Vin Betula pills which were white?" At his audience's collective shaking of heads, Phillip
nodded. "Yes, it is true. White. For a pill that is supposed to reduce pain and reduce fever. When
every competent alchemist knows blue is a soothing color that reduces pain and a cool color that
reduces fever. They are such children in the Great Art. As my Great Grandfather Paracelsus—
whose namesake I am—said: it isn't enough to treat the body, one must treat the spirit. Which is
why my amazing headache pills are superior to what the up-timers have, for my Sal Vin Betula
pills are pale blue. Yes, Dr. Gribbleflotz's Little Blue Pill is your friend."
    Phillip paused for breath. He looked up, made eye contact with Doctors Rolfinck, Herbers,
and Hofacker. He raised a hand in silent greeting before continuing his discourse.
    "The nerve of the man. Did you see that? He waved to us as if we were his colleagues,"
muttered Dr. Rolfinck. "We are going to have to do something about the man. His conceit is
beyond words. We have to do something about him."
    Dr. Hofacker shook his head. "Our hands are tied, Dr. Rolfinck. The radio people passed on
the news that Dr. Gribbleflotz holds a doctorate from an institution of some stature. It is best we
ignore him."
    While the doctors drank to drown their sorrows, on the other side of the common room Phillip
continued to talk to his audience. He was getting into his stride talking about the topic dearest to
him. Dr. Phillip Theophrastus Gribbleflotz.
    "Of course there are some up-timers that have a clue. I have been pursuing references in their
library's collection about pyramids, and crystal power. While much of it is obviously in conflict
with well-established systems, some of their points are most amazing." Phillip removed his
spectacles and drew a special up-time cleaning cloth from a pocket in his up-time style jacket. He
exhaled onto the lenses and wiped them. After he slid the spectacles on, he smiled at his
audience. "I am particularly interested in the combination of gems with the new metal, aluminum.
My careful calculations, corroborated by a most interesting tome in the Grantville Public Library,
suggests that a pyramid composed of aluminum members with the appropriate colors and cuts of
gems at the strategic points, especially these new faceted gems, could result in the invigoration of
the Quinta Essentia of the Human Humors. I am most anxious to pursue it. But as always,
funding is problematic. Perhaps the new Aeolian Crystals will assist in it."
    Phillip looked over his audience again. He had them in the palm of his hand. Tonight's crowd
would be happy to go home and spread the words of Dr. Phillip Theophrastus Gribbleflotz, the
Worlds Greatest Alchemist.
    "You have heard of the Gribbleflotz Aeolian Crystals I am supplying the up-time radio
technicians?" It was a rhetorical question. Aeolian Crystals were too new for any of the audience
to have heard of them yet. "They allow the conversion of the Essences of Lightning the
technicians have captured in their singing wires to be converted into sensible sounds. The crystals
themselves sing. The up-timers insist on referring to them as "Rochelle salts," but I can assure
you that they have no parallel in Rochelle, or any other part of France. No, the singing Aeolian
Crystals are a purely German product of German alchemy and up-time technology." Dr.
Gribbleflotz paused dramatically. "We are calling the 'earphones' Gribbleflotz' Aeolian
Transformers. They are much better than those simplistic mechanical earphones produced by the
jewelers' guild. Wire and bits of Iron! Ha! Cold Iron can never compete for the spirits of Sound
with Salts of Sound Itself!!"
                                 NON-FICTION

                    Exegesis and Interpretation
                                of
                     Up-timer Printed Matter

                                       by Francis Turner

    Derived from my Hobson's Choice story, this article is about a subject that I think people
frequently think is simpler than it actually is. It is my belief that down-timers who get their hands
on purloined up-time books will generally have a hard time figuring out what is being talked
about. Of course, in Grantville this is not too much of a problem since there are plenty of people
who can interpret and/or answer questions. But a copy of a copy that makes its way to Spain (say)
is going to be a whole different kettle of fish.
    Some things to consider when examining a modern magazine from the point of view of a
down-timer are:
        1. linguistic changes including new words from foreign tongues (kamikaze, thug,
        gringo), chaynges inn spelinge, slang . . .
        2. hidden assumptions of technology or science (e.g. electricity)
        3. geographic changes (names of countries, regions, cities etc.)
        4. advertisements


What Is Exegesis?
   Exegesis is defined in the dictionary as "Exposition; explanation; especially, a critical
explanation of a text or portion of Scripture." It is the sort of thing that monks, theologians and
other literate people of the seventeenth century did all the time and is a word they would
understand even if it is somewhat less well known today. Interpretation of a text is effectively just
a translation; exegesis attempts to put the translation into context. Exegesis is the piecing together
of clues from a variety of sources to arrive at the "correct" meaning for an obscure piece of text.
    When the King James Bible was translated it involved a large amount of exegesis. The
translators attempted (with only indifferent success) to locate Greek, Aramaic and Latin versions
of the bible and then compare the different versions to try to determine what the original text was
that should then be rendered into seventeenth-century English.
    One thing that exegesis tries to solve is the case where there is a choice of meanings because
a word has mutated over time or is a homonym. A good example of this is the seventy-two
virgins that some interpretations of the Koran believe is the reward awaiting martyrs in heaven.
Because of the way the Koran was written down originally there is considerable dispute about
whether the relevant word really means virgins; it could apparently mean a lot of things,
including a sort of white grape.


How Long Will This Be A Problem?
    For historians in the 1632 universe, it will always be a problem because English will not
develop in the same way as it did in this universe. For the majority of people, though, it is likely
to be a shorter duration problem because eventually all the useful up-time literature will be
translated into down-timer German and probably Latin and possibly English and French.
Moreover, there will also be produced basic primers of up-timer English and culture that will
assist those who need the knowledge in much the same way that we use phrasebooks and
dictionaries when traveling today. But, of course, anyone who stumbles across an up-timer
newspaper hidden in an attic in 1793 will need to go and find a professional historian to help
translate or dig up his primer of up-timer English.
    Undoubtedly, in Grantville and surrounding/allied territories such primers will be quickly
available, however although they can help with problems 1 and 3 above (and explain the concept
of 4), problem 2 is going to remain a problem for people who haven't been exposed to the
relevant technology. Without knowledge of what an automobile is, for example, expressions such
as "when the rubber hits the road," or "putting your foot to the floor," or "coming to a screeching
halt" can be translated but the translation will lack much of the subtlety of the original and may
therefore contribute to a cascading series of misinterpretations like the virgin/grape confusion
mentioned above. However, such primers will never be able to list all concepts and phrases and
will never be universally distributed so problems will remain. Scholars who are not allied with
Grantville and lack direct access will undoubtedly study obscure up-timer texts for quite a few
years and they will need the techniques of exegesis to do so successfully.


The Challenges of Up-timer English
     The greatest challenge is undoubtedly that the up-timer documents are in English. Thus the
first requirement for a down-timer who has gotten his hands on some Grantville printed matter is
to locate someone who can read English well, which is not as simple as one might think.
Although Tudor and early Stuart England (and Scotland) had produced many works that today
are universally recognized as classics, in the 1630's their fame had yet to escape the British Isles.
English was, quite simply, not a language much learned in the 1630's by foreigners. The
international language of scholarship was Latin and works not written in Latin were generally
shunned. Thus most people would learn their own native tongue and Latin during their education.
Further languages learned would generally be the ones of the major continental powers, that is to
say, German, French and Spanish. Indeed this remained generally true for a considerable period.
An ancestor of mine who traveled central and southern Europe in the mid 1800's had a number of
useful conversations with academics and clerics in Latin since he did not speak either Italian or
German and some of his conversants could not speak French (his other modern language).
Merchants and traders would, of course, learn other tongues; thus countries with trade with
England, such as Holland and France, might have significant numbers of English speakers,
especially in cities and ports, but other lands would typically have extremely limited numbers of
them.
    The second related challenge is the malleability of English and the lack of reference
materials. To understand this it helps to look at works published in English at the time. Consider,
for example, Hakluyt's Voyages, which was produced near the end of Elizabeth's reign, or the
various versions of the Book of Common Prayer. One is immediately struck with the lack of the
letter J and the mixing up of U and V not to mention the usage of Y as the (Icelandic) thorn (þ =
th sound) and the frequent abbreviation of common words. Today we have different
idiosyncrasies, such as the acronym, which would appear just as peculiar to a seventeenth century
reader. Spelling was quite radically different (and inconsistent) and although there was an
English dictionary (Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall, first printed in 1604) it only contained
about three thousand words, many of which are not used (or used differently) today.
    The third related challenge is the changes in handwriting. This will not, of course, apply to
people who manage to get original books or photocopies, but those unfortunates who end up with
handwritten copies or stolen notes will discover problems. Again this sort of thing is easy enough
to figure out when you have someone to ask but it is a lot harder if you are stuck on your own
without anyone to help.


When Interpretation Is Easy
     Sometimes, of course, it is reasonable for down-timers to find it easy to understand up-timer
literature. Exegesis is easy when the book is intended to teach. Encyclopediae are easy and school
textbooks are generally easy because they will proceed in a logical fashion and will have
diagrams and sidebars explaining things. In addition, the context of the words are easy to grasp
and, generally speaking, refer back to things discussed earlier. Of course book 3 of high school
physics (for example) may refer back to things in book 2, but in my experience there will be a
short reminder section before anything that is complex and important. Even in the event of
excerpts (such as a particular entry in an encyclopedia), the text will normally be simple and not
require additional data. Consider a random article in the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica for
example:
     http://1911encyclopedia.org/I%5CIN%5CINDIAN_OCEAN.htm
   INDIAN OCEAN, the ocean bounded N. by India and Persia; W. by Arabia and Africa,
and the meridian passing southwards from Cape Aguihas; and E. by Farther India, the Sunda
Islands, West and South Australia, and the meridian passing through South Cape in Tasmania.
As in the case of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the southern boundary is taken at either 40 5.,
the line of separation from the great Southern Ocean, or, if the belt of this ocean between the two
meridians named be included, at the Antarctic Circle. It attains its greatest breadth, more than
6000 m. between the south points of Africa and Australia, and becomes steadily narrower
towards the north, until it is divided by the Indian peninsula into two arms, the Arabian Sea on
the west and the Bay of Bengal on the east. Both branches meet the coast of Asia almost exactly
on the Tropic of Cancer, but the Arabian Sea communicates with the Red Sea and the Persian
Gulf by the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb and Ormuz respectively. Both of these, again, extend in a
north-westerly direction to 30 N. Murray gives the total area, reckoning to 40 S. and including
the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, as 17,320,550 English square miles, equivalent to 13,042,000
geographical square miles. Karstens gives the area as 48,182,413 square kilometres, or
14,001,000 geographical square miles; of these 10,842,000 square kilometres, or 3,150,000
geographical square miles, about 22% of the whole, lie north of the equator. For the area from
40 S. to the Antarctic Circle, Murray gives 9,372,600 English square miles, equivalent to
7,057,568 geographical square miles, and Karstens 24,718,000 square kilometres, equivalent to
7,182,474 geographical square miles. The Indian Ocean receives few large rivers, the chief being
the Zambezi, the Shat-el-Arab, the Indus, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Irawadi. Murray
estimates the total land area draining to the Indian Ocean at 5,o5o,ooo geographical square
miles, almost the same as that draining to the Pacific. The annual rainfall draining from this area
is estimated at 4380 cubic miles. . . .

    In this geographic article the only elements required would be knowledge of place names,
longitude and latitude and the length of a mile/kilometer and, as the article progresses, the
definition of the temperature degrees. There are occasional more complex words and references
to obscure things (e.g. cable ships) but they rarely disturb the narrative and provide corroborating
detail rather than vital facts.
    Exegesis is also easy when the subject matter is historical to the up-timers. In this case, there
will probably be less new technology involved and less scientific terminology that will be
unfamiliar to a 1632 reader. For example, the previous entry in the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
(Indian Mutiny) describes dragoons, artillery, various places in India and so on but lacks words
about technology. Even explicitly technological articles are easy so long as the reader either is
uninterested in precise details (e.g. the knowledge that vanadium is a metal may be sufficient for
getting the gist of an article about steel) or has access to something that provides the
interpretation of the necessary details.


Misunderstanding the Basics
    Let us consider a short amusing tagline such as might be found in a current affairs magazine
or a book on political theory:
             "For every action there is an equal and opposite government program."
   How is a poor down-timer going to work out what this is about?
   To begin with at least three words are going to be confusing.
   1. action has almost certainly changed its meaning, Cawdrey defines it as "the forme of a
      suite" which sounds like the definition of a legal action (today we talk about some
       statement as being "actionable"). Also in French "action" these days can mean a share in a
       quoted company (i.e. the same as the German AG—Aktiegesellshaft) so it is quite
       possible that a down-timer will think this refers to a lawsuit or a company share.
   2. government is a word of misleadingly similar meaning (government is the act or method
      of governing, it does not mean the bureaucracy, etc., that it does today).
   3. program is a word yet to be coined (and in this case one may find misleading meanings
      in looking at the word in other contexts—"government program" is not the same as
      "computer program" or "program of events").
    Then, once that little difficulty has been taken care of, there is the minor issue of the fact that
this is a deliberate misquotation of Newton's third law of motion: "For every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction." Quite a lot of the reason why this quip is considered so apposite is
that it equates government with the conservation of momentum and the like. Without
understanding Newton, even if someone understands the words, there is something lacking. In the
1630's Galileo has just about invented the concept of inertia (which becomes Newton's first law)
but the concept of a force and hence the concepts of conservation of momentum in a closed
system need a good deal more brain work. Anyone exposed solely to classical Aristotelian laws
of motion would utterly miss the point because these laws were (not to put too fine a point on it)
wrong.
    Newton's Third Law is just one of the thousands of phrases and quips which we expect
educated people to be familiar with. There are many others. Just simple slang such as "Frog" for
Frenchman or "Limey" for Englishman would be unfamiliar to a seventeenth century reader since
they were coined in the eighteenth century.


Phrases That Flummox The Down-timers
    A more complex example of a phrase that we take for granted is that "something is the last
straw" (see below for where I used it). This phrase "the last straw" is an excellent example of a
phrase that will be utterly incomprehensible to a down-timer. In seventeenth- century English
there was an expression "'Tis the last feather that breaks the horse's back" which has since
dropped out of use, replaced by "The straw that broke the camel's back" once the latter was
coined by Charles Dickens. Dickens' expression has then been then shortened because everyone
knows about the camel to being just "the last straw." A seventeenth-century native English
speaker might be sufficiently smart to figure out that where they talked about the last feather,
twentieth-century English talked about the last straw but I'd be surprised. A seventeenth-century
nonnative English speaker is going to look at the phrase, understand every word, and still have no
idea what it refers to. Indeed it is quite possible that such a speaker, if he knows about
shoemaking will wonder if "last straw" is straw for making lasts (i.e. molds of people's feet) and
wonder why twentieth-century Americans used straw when in the seventeenth century they use
wood.
    The problem gets worse when you involve foreign languages—especially when the foreign
language has seen the meaning change. For example people talk about someone mounting a
"kamikaze attack" on something or someone else. Unless the context makes it clear what a
kamikaze attack is then this phrase is going to be meaningless. If by some mischance the word
kamikaze is recognized as being Japanese then this will be a complete "red herring." To the
seventeenth-century Japanese the Kamikaze was the wind sent by the gods protecting Japan that
sunk and drove off the invading Mongol fleets in the late thirteenth century. There is no idea of
suicide or self sacrifice in this meaning whatsoever. Amusingly, it is just possible that a
seventeenth-century reader would understand what a "red herring" was since the Oxford English
Dictionary quotes this phrase first appearing in print in The Gentleman's Recreation by Nicholas
Cox in 1686:
    The trailing or dragging of a dead Cat, or Fox, (and in case of necessity a Red-Herring) three
or four miles . . . and then laying the Dogs on the scent.
    Again the joke that "the French have no word for entrepreneur" would be literally true with
regards to seventeenth-century France since at that time the root of the word—the verb
"entreprendre"—just means to undertake something with all the connotations of risk taking
lacking.
    Simple phrases that come about because of a technology are going to be not just
incomprehensible but inexplicable. Rocket science and rocket scientists are going to be
misunderstood because in seventeenth-century Europe rockets are fireworks, no one has invented
the words science or scientist and even once these two concepts have been derived the reason
why rocket science is considered so difficult and requiring intellect will not be understood. On
the other hand "brain surgery" would be something that a seventeenth-century person might be
able to grasp if he were a bright spark but not if he were a few fries short of a Happy Meal.


The Advertisement Problem
    Newspapers and magazines were not exactly widespread in the 1630's and the publishing
model of today—where the basic costs are met through advertising revenue—was utterly lacking.
A person who has never seen an advert is likely to be extremely confused when one interrupts the
flow of an article. Ads, moreover, tend to deliberately push the bounds of language as well as of
taste. If you are a person who is already struggling, having to get your head around adverts is
likely to be the last straw. An ad will probably be both incomprehensible in its own right as a
stand alone—what do you think a seventeenth-century person is going to get out of an ad for
Viagra with Bob Dole for example?—but may also derail the comprehension of the article
surrounding it. Flip through Time or Newsweek and you'll see ads taking up parts of a page in the
same way that "sidebars" and graphs that relate to the article do. How is a person who is
struggling with the language anyway going to be able to determine that the advert is irrelevant—
especially when the concept of advertising is so missing?


A Worked Example of Incomprehension
    What I am doing in this section is subjecting a piece of text to line by line analysis; weblog
readers may like to think of this as a seventeenth-century fisking. The text I am using is from the
March 22, 1999 issue of Time magazine. I'm only picking this because it is on the Internet so we
can all read it—http://www.genome.ou.edu/gatesbook.html
    Let's start with the title and lead in.
    Bill Gates' New Rules
    In Business @ the Speed of Thought, Microsoft's chairman says that only managers who
master the digital universe will gain competitive advantage
    BY BILL GATES
    Interestingly @ may be understood almost correctly since its use as an abbreviation for the
Latin ad (meaning to or towards) derives from medieval monks and was used to represent
individual unit cost or weight (e.g. 6 apples @ $1.10 each ) in 1536 by a Florentine trader named
Francesco Lapi.
    On the other hand there are quite a few words where confusion could arise.
    Microsoft is not something that looks like a (company) name to seventeenth-century eyes,
thus a "smallsoft" could perhaps be assumed to be some kind of cushion.
    Chairman might be understood as the carrier of a sedan chair (introduced into London in 1634
but known in France and southern Europe for quite some time earlier). This would almost make
sense of the small cushion.
    Digital would probably be assumed to be something to do with fingers or toes.
    It is quite possible that business (meaning company or enterprise) and the idea of a manager
(as opposed to an owner) would be misunderstood.

    If the 1980's were about quality and the 1990's were about re-engineering, then the 2000's
will be about velocity. About how quickly business itself will be transacted. About how
information access will alter the lifestyle of consumers and their expectations of business. Quality
improvements and business-process improvements will occur far faster. When the increase in
velocity is great enough, the very nature of business changes.

    Even ignoring the words such as "re-engineering" and "lifestyle" the first paragraph is so full
of management consultant speak that I predict that it would convey very little meaning to a
seventeenth-century reader (arguably it conveys very little to a twenty-first-century one either).
The fact that consumers might be thought to be consumptives (i.e. tuberculosis sufferers) is just
an additional detail.

    To function in the digital age, we have developed a new digital infrastructure. It's like the
human nervous system. Companies need to have that same kind of nervous system—the ability to
run smoothly and efficiently, to respond quickly to emergencies and opportunities, to quickly get
valuable information to the people in the company who need it, the ability to quickly make
decisions and interact with customers.

    The noun function is defined by Cawdrey as "calling, or charge, or trade, and place wherein
a man liueth." This is an excellent example of a word that has changed meaning—the fact that it
has then been turned into a verb is just the frosting on the cake. Develop is likely to be another
word which is only partially comprehended and thought to mean something like unfold or
unwrap, that is the opposite of envelope. Nerves according to Cawdrey are sinews and humane
means "belonging to man, gentle, curteous, bounteous" thus even if system is understood (it may
not be) a human nervous system is not going to be something that is understood.
    A company is likely to be understood in terms of a military organization, although, of course,
there were also trading companies such as the East India Company or the Muscovy Company.
The connection between company and business is likely to be unclear and their relationship with
customers, a word which Hakluyt used to mean Customs officials though it may also be used in
the twentieth-century sense as well, is almost certain to be misconstrued. Cawdrery defines
decision as "cutting away," in the context of soldiers interacting with tax gatherers this makes
some sort of sense—in the haakaa päälle sense that is!
    A rough translation of this paragraph might therefore be:
    To trade in the age of fingers we have unfolded a new way to make a finger's internal
structure. This is like a bounteous collection of sinews. Groups of soldiers need to have the same
collection of sinews. The capability (for soldiers?) to run in a good smooth fashion, to respond to
changes good and bad, to quickly get learning about loot to the people in the military group who
need to know, the ability to kill revenuers and tax inspectors quickly.

    The successful companies of the next decade will be the ones that use digital tools to reinvent
the way they work. To make digital information flow an intrinsic part of your company, here are
12 key steps.

    Again a rough translation should suffice:
    The successful military group of the next ten years will be the ones who use finger tools to
reinvent the way they work. To make finger learning liquid an internal part of your regiment here
are 12 keys (for feet?)
    One could continue but I think I'll stop here as I believe I have made my point. Examining
text word by word is an excellent way to produce meaningless or misleading garbage.


Exegesis to the Rescue
    So how might exegesis help dispel the vast fog of incomprehension that would face a
hypothetical translator of the previous Time article?
    If the article has been ripped from the magazine (or copied from it just on its own) and there
are no other accompanying documents then there will be a lot of problems. The clever English
and French scholars who deciphered lost Middle Eastern languages were helped because there
was a lot of text for them to study. One reason why no one has yet managed to totally decipher
Etruscan is that there are only a handful of tombstones written in Etruscan, however down-timers
are unlikely to have just a single article to study; either they will have an entire magazine/book or
they will have a series of clippings.
    As the various documents are studied some word usage will become clearer. Thus it will
become clear that (for example) corporation, company, enterprise and business are frequently
synonyms and mean a commercial organization that produces, trades and sells things in a way
similar to the aforementioned East India Company. Likewise customers, consumers, decisions,
and so on. Even little words such as "key" will be understood as being used in a metaphorical
way to mean critical, important etc. so that "key steps," "key points," "key issues" are understood
to have nothing to do with locks. On the other hand it is quite possible there will be surprising
gaps—the translation of "nerve" as "sinew" may remain because the existence and function of
nerves is not known even though derivative expressions such as "nervous" and "getting on
someone's nerves" could well be determined from context.
      Another simple thing that exegesis can do is identify titles, acronyms and other simple
abbreviations. It only takes a single document to write a phrase like "This is a problem facing
many Chief Financial Officers (CFOs)" for the whole range of related acronyms be understood as
job titles of the form Chief something Officer. Since both Chief and Officer are understandable to
determine that anyone who is a Chief something Officer (CxO) is a senior manager within a
company. Similarly, seeing a phrase like "companies such as Microsoft Inc., IBM Inc. are facing
. . ." will help derive another rule: that Inc. identifies the previous word or words as a company
name. This allows lists of company names to be created and thus when a different article just
writes "Microsoft" or "Ford" there is no need to wonder what a "smallsoft" is or what river
crossings have to do with motor vehicles.
      However, this is just the first stage—it means that words that had some sort of counterpart in
the seventeenth century can be translated and that names can be identified as names and possibly
classified. The next stage is to start understanding new technologies and concepts. This is
probably the main reason for reading these up-time documents but it is considerably more
complex. For example, a word such as digital will cause a lot of trouble. "Digital," as used in the
late twentieth century, is strongly entangled with computers and telecommunications and these
are not technologies that are easily understood. But exegesis will help to elucidate both the
meaning and some of the underlying technological concepts.
      In order to understand "Digital" it will help to understand "Digit" and this latter is likely to be
a simple task. Even when other words in the phrase do not make sense, enough exposure to
phrases such as "3 digit area code," "7 digit telephone number" or "5 digit ZIP code" will help
explain that digit means the numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. From that it will be possible to
determine that "Digital" means "numerical" or "to do with numbers." This will not always help:
"Digital Information" could be understood as lists of numbers and "digital communication" the
technique of transferring numbers from one place to another. Both are in a strict sense true, but
additional exegesis will be needed to determine that this digital includes nonnumeric data
encoded as a series of digits. This is a complicated concept and in our universe it was not really
developed until the mid to late eighteenth century. However, encryption by substitution is
something that is understood so with the right clues the idea of replacing letters with numbers can
also be figured out. This may be a case where 1-800 numbers in ads are useful. Quite often the
numbers are repeated as both mnemonic text and number such as "1-800-PRODUCT (1-800-776-
3828)" and "1-800-BUY THIS (1-800-289-8447)"; enough of these examples will show that that
letters A-Z can be mapped to the numbers 2-9 in a consistent manner and this will then lead to the
idea that any document can be represented as a stream of digits.


Bibliography

    Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall is available on line via Renaissance Electronic Texts at
http://www.library.utoronto.ca/www/utel/ret/ret.html. I have created a look up version at
http://www.di2.nu/caw1604new.htm.

    The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica is at http://1911encyclopedia.org/
   The story of the @ symbol is at http://www.atsymbol.com/history.htm

    A good place for looking up the origin of phrases is "The Phrase Finder"—
http://www.phrases.org.uk/

   The Koran virgins controversy—http://www.iht.com/articles/532570.html
                       Bouncing Back:
                Bringing Rubber to Grantville


                                      by Iver P. Cooper

    Chemistry Professor Joe Schwarcz writes, "It's hard to fight an effective war without rubber.
Fan belts, gaskets, gas masks, and tires are critical to the war effort." While he had modern
warfare in mind, Grantville's war machines—modified cars and trucks—need rubber to remain
functional. In 1633, Quentin Underwood insisted that "developing a rubber industry should be a
top priority."
    Rubber has myriad useful properties. Its most unique feature is elasticity, which allows it to
be used as a shock absorber. Because of its toughness, articles made of rubber have good
abrasion resistance. Rubber is also impermeable to gases and liquids. Finally, it is an electrical
insulator. Rubber is used in hundreds of automobile parts; the apt slogan of the B.F. Goodrich
Company was, "Everything in Rubber."
                                                 ***
    In the old timeline, synthetic rubber accounted for about 60% of all rubber consumed.
Synthetic rubber is not an option within, say, a decade or two of the Ring of Fire. Even though
we know, from the encyclopedias, that the secret is to co-polymerize butadiene and styrene (or
acrylonitrile), where exactly are the butadiene and styrene coming from? Well, we can make
butadiene from alcohol, or from petroleum ingredients like butane or butylene. To make styrene,
we need ethyl benzene.
    Schwarcz comments that the process which the Germans used to make Buna-S rubber (the
butadiene-styrene copolymer) "was not a simple business." You need the right catalyst, the right
emulsifier, and so on. This detailed process information probably isn't in the Grantville library
system.
    Even if we knew exactly what to do, to handle the chemicals, we need steel and glass, both of
which are going to be expensive to make. And for the raw materials, we have to appropriately
process coal or petroleum. All in all, the obstacles are numerous and formidable. Once they are
surmounted, the synthetic rubber industry will still have to compete with other industries for key
materials (coal tar, petroleum, etc.) and skilled workers.


Prospective Natural Rubber Sources
    Our immediate source of rubber will be scrap (see "Rubber Reclaiming," below). However,
even with reclaiming, we will eventually run out of rubber. So we need to find natural rubber,
and quickly.
    Natural rubber is found in latex, a sticky liquid exuded from wounds by certain plants. It is
not sap, although non-botanists may confuse the two. There are several encyclopedias available
in Grantville, and from them, one can compile a seemingly impressive list (see Appendix 1) of
possible rubber sources. However, we need to know where to look and what kind of plant to look
for. The best prospects fall into three categories:
    (1) New World Tropical Rubber Plants: the Para Rubber Tree/Hevea brasiliensis (Amazon
and Guianas), the Ceara Rubber Tree/Manihot glaziovii (northeast Brazil), and the Castilla
Rubber Tree/Castilla elastica (Mexico to Peru).
    (2) Old World Tropical Rubber Plants: the Lagos Rubber Tree/Funtumia elastica (West
Africa), the Assam Rubber Tree/Ficus elastica (Asia), and various rubber vines (Africa and
Asia).
    (3) Temperate Latex-Producing Plants included in the Ring of Fire or commonplace in
Europe: milkweed and goldenrod in particular.
    For each of those rubber sources, we have both a written description, and some kind of useful
illustration (its overall form, its leaves, its flowers (if any), its seeds, and so forth).
    There are also some borderline prospects: the Pernambuco Rubber Tree/Hancornia speciosa,
Guayule/Parthenium argentatum and Russian dandelion/Taraxacum kok-saghyz, which are of
interest mainly because they can be grown outside a tropical rainforest. In the case of Hancornia
and Guayule, the encyclopedias offer only a written description, but there are illustrations and a
range map for Guayule in a 1981 National Geographic article. For Russian dandelion, there is
just the prayer (which will be answered) that it resembles the common dandelion.


Knowing Where to Search
    The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica and the Encyclopedia Americana name where wild rubber
occurs, by country (e.g., Mexico) or even just by region (e.g., Africa). Obviously, it is more
useful to know that it occurs in a small country like Liberia than in a large country like Brazil.
    Collier's Encyclopedia and the World Book Encyclopedia have maps showing more
specifically where wild rubber and plantation rubber are found. There is also useful information
in the economic maps of the Hammond Citation Atlas. However, these maps must be used with
caution.
    First of all, they show the current range of the rubber trees. The wild rubber may be available,
in 1632, from a wider area, and the plantation rubber may be cultivatable in locations other than
those shown on the map.
    Secondly, they don't distinguish one kind of wild rubber from another, and the ranges do
overlap. A given site in the marked region in Africa could be native to the tree Funtumia elastica,
or to one or more of the many rubber vines which Africa possesses. Likewise, Castilla elastica
and Hevea guianensis are both found in northern South America. So what this means is that 1632
characters should keep an open mind when they look for latex-producing plants.
    In any event, knowing where to search is not enough. You have to be able to carry out the
search successfully. This has two components: being able to identify the rubber plant (see next
section), and being able to survive the journey (see "The Geopolitics of Foreign Rubber," below).
The latter section also provides more detailed information on where the plants can be found or
cultivated.


Identifying the Rubber Plant
    Once we are in the right area, we can hire native guides, show them pictures (and latex or
rubber samples), and ask them to guide us to where the trees are located. Or we can stumble
around the rainforests ourselves, if we are nervous about the native attitude to European visitors.
    Appendix 1 lists the descriptive information that is available for each of the known rubber
sources. I am not going to quote the actual text, since it is readily available in libraries or on the
internet.
    However, I think it fair to warn you that the plant life of the rainforest is very diverse, and it
is possible to be deceived by a closely related species that is a poor producer. For example, in
Brazil, the leading rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, may be confused with Hevea spruceana (just
to complicate matters further, there are interspecies crosses in the coastal regions), and in West
Africa, those seeking Funtumia elastica may be misled into tapping Funtumia africana (the False
Rubber Tree).(Polhamus, 36, 65; Christy, 78-9)
                                                  ***
    The Aztecs of Mexico and the Maya of the Yucatan and Central America used Castilla rubber
for footgear, headgear, game balls, and incense (Shidrowitz, 2-5, 372-3). Because the rubber of
this tree was used and even traded by the indios of Latin America, we don't actually need to be
able to describe the tree in order to locate it. Chances are that if our agents go to the local markets
in the correct general area, the Indians will know something about it.
                                                  ***
    Another special case is presented by the Indian Rubber Tree, Ficus elastica. This is one plant
we don't have to journey far to find; it is a popular house plant, and I would be astounded if there
were no specimens in Grantville.
    The story of how Francois Fresnau found the Hevea brasiliensis tree in French Guiana is an
interesting one, because the techniques he used could be adapted to finding any rubber tree whose
latex production is already known to the natives. Fresnau was quite fortunate to succeed—albeit
after a fourteen year search—because H. brasiliensis is rare in Guiana. (There is another rubber
tree that is more common there, called Hevea guianensis, which was identified in 1764).
Although he was a military engineer, assigned to the fort of Cayenne, he had been asked to keep
his eyes open for exotic plants that might be of interest to the Royal Gardens. Fresnau was
especially anxious to find Guianese specimens of the elastic resin-producing Syringe Tree of
Portuguese Brazil. However, the natives he bribed with "gewgaws" and gin all told him, "Nimati"
("I don't know").
    Then, by chance, Fresnau returned from a fishing trip on a boat crewed by Naurague Indians
from Mayacare in Brazil. He showed them rubber articles, and they immediately realized which
tree Fresnau was seeking. Because of his commitments, Fresnau could not travel to Mayacare,
but he was resourceful enough to persuade them to make him clay models of the fruit and leaves
of the Syringe Tree. He paid the Naurague for their troubles with liquor, salt and other presents.
    Fresnau showed the clay models to native hunters and French colonial officials in various
parts of Guiana and was told that the trees he sought were to be found on the banks of the
Matarani River. He brought his Naurague Indians to the site, and they confirmed that the trees
were of the correct species. (Schidrowitz, 14-22)


Rubber Collection Technology
    There are two basic techniques of gathering rubber. First of all, we can make a small wound
in the bark of the tree, and collect the latex that flows out, without killing off the tree. This is
called tapping.
    Secondly, we can cut down the rubber tree, or chop up the rubber shrub, vine or weed, and
extract all of its rubber content. This may result in a large, quick return, but it is obviously
wasteful (especially if the rubber source is a tree with a long maturation period).
    Appendix 2 lists the standard collection technologies for each of the rubber sources that were
singled out previously as hot prospects, as well as for a few borderline cases. It also gives the
expected productivity on a per tree and per acre basis. If land is cheap, and labor expensive, then
it may be more important to determine the productivity per tapper.

Rubber Tapping
    At least 95% of all of the rubber produced today comes from the latex tubes of the Para
Rubber Tree, Hevea brasiliensis. There is good reason for this. Latex can be repeatedly extracted
from Hevea without killing the tree, the latex has a high rubber content, and the rubber itself is of
excellent quality. A single tap produces only 56 grams of latex, but the tree can endure 150
tappings in a single year (EA).
    The original method of gathering Hevea latex was both inefficient and destructive. The tree
was nicked repeatedly, and latex bled from the injured areas (Dean, 10). EA says that the tapping
that "inevitably resulted had led to the death" of the tapped tree.
    Thanks to the work of Henry Ridley in Malaya in 1890-1910, it was recognized that it was
better, from the point of view of long-term productivity, to make a single cut, position a cup
underneath, and return later to collect the latex. It was also desirable to allow the tree to "rest"
periodically. Finally, the cuts must be made with care to avoid the cambium layer. If the latter is
penetrated, the trees will toughen their trunks, which will make further tapping more onerous.
    If we want our collectors to follow these improved practices—which are described and
illustrated in several of the encyclopedias—we will have to go with them to the trees and show
them the proper technique. Moreover, if we want to make sure that they adhere to our
instructions, we will have to make inspections from time to time.
                                                 ***
    In 1911, when the Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed. (EB11) was published, several different
Para Rubber tapping methods were in use, and it was not yet known which would prove to be the
best. The oldest was the V-system, in which V's were cut on the base of the tree, and a collection
cup placed at the vertex of each. The width of each V was not more than one-quarter of the
circumference of the tree. The V-system can be seen on two of the trees in the photo of Fig. 12.
    The V-system had already been largely replaced by the herringbone system, which is depicted
in Fig. 2. In essence, there is a central collection channel which leads down to a single collection
cup. This main channel is fed by alternating tributaries, diagonals cut at a 45 degree angle.
    The third method mentioned in the EB11 is the spiral system, which was then considered to
be experimental. It involves making a series of spiral cuts, but the text does not elaborate on
where the cuts start and end, how wide they are, how far apart they are spaced, and so forth. We
can only judge this from the end result, which can be seen on three of the trees in the photo of
Fig. 12. This shows spiral bands of cut bark, separated from each other by an unmarred region
which is perhaps one-half to one-third the width of the cut bands. If I understand the system
correctly, the cuts will ultimately be extended into this region, too, until the entire lower trunk has
been sliced.
    The cuts were, whichever the system used, made by means of "small knives and prickers,"
rather than machetes. In other words, by 1911 it was already recognized that the cuts should be
no deeper than the latex-bearing layer.
    The modern Hevea tapping method is a derivative of the spiral system; there is a diagram in
the World Book Encyclopedia (WBE). The tapping of a virgin trunk begins with a single diagonal
cut, starting four feet above the ground. It is angled downward, at what looks like a 30 degree
angle (this is confirmed by the modern EB), and reaches halfway around the trunk. For the next
tap, a parallel groove is cut just below the one before it. As this process continues, a "tapping
panel," a diagonal band of scored bark, is created. (The cup is hung at the base of the fresh cut.)
After three or four years, the tapping panel reaches the ground, and a new panel is started on the
other side of the trunk. By the time this panel is completed, the originally tapped side has healed.
For photos of tapping panels, see the modern EB and Collier's Encyclopedia (CE).
    According to CE, the tapping should begin early in the morning. The WBE mentions that
some plantations tap a tree every other day ("1T1R"), while others tap it for 15 consecutive days
and then let the tree rest for 15 consecutive days ("15T15R"). CE says that the 15T15R method
produces provides much greater amounts of latex than the other.
    The Encyclopedia Americana (EA) entry provides more information about the cut itself. It is
one twenty-fifth of an inch wide, and only one-quarter to one-half inch deep. However, EA
suggests a cut that is only one-third, not one-half, the circumference of the trunk; hence, this
approach contemplates carving three successive tapping panels into the trunk. In addition, the
tapping panels contemplated by EA are only six inches high. (One tapping panel is thus the result
of 150 tapping cuts, which presumably occurred over 300 calendar days.)
                                                   ***
    The only encyclopedia to provide any information concerning the standard methods of
tapping the other rubber trees is EB11, and it must be remembered that the methods it advocates
may not be optimal. For collecting the Castilla elastica latex, the EB11 recommends a simple
spiral cut at a 45 degree angle. The Funtumia elastica latex was collected using the "herringbone"
system. Pernambuco or Mangabeira Rubber (Hancornia speciosa) was obtained by making eight
shallow, oblique cuts around the trunk, then allowing the latex to drip into cups.
                                                   ***
    The problem with the Ceara rubber tree (Manihot glaziovii) is that the latex flows very
slowly. Hence, the latex allowed to coagulate on the tree, and the coagulate is then pulled off in
strings. Some of the latex will drip down, and large leaves are laid down in advance to collect it.
(EB11)
                                                ***
    Tapping methods will affect labor efficiency. For Hevea, just one cut is made per tree per
day; a plantation worker can tap 250-400 trees in a day. In contrast, a Castilla must be hacked
repeatedly, because the latex-bearing cells are not connected; as a result, the same worker could
tap only 20 or 50 Castilla trees daily. (Polhamus 264; Treadwell, 32)


Rubber Harvesting
     In some cases, the latex cannot be tapped; the plant must be harvested and the latex recovered
from the dead plant material.
     If the plant can produce a rubber crop every year, then the main objection to this procedure is
the labor cost involved in harvesting. The harvesting of milkweed and goldenrod are discussed
below, in their own sections, while guayule and Russian dandelion are relegated to Appendices.
     Latex is produced by several different African (and Asian) species of vines. To extract the
rubber, the vine must be cut down, and unfortunately, when the price of rubber was high, this
encouraged over-exploitation. The EB11 notes that the southern Sudan was "nearly entirely
denuded." In consequence, the authorities in the French Sudan, the Congo, and in German Africa
adopted regulations which limited when and how the vines could be tapped, and also required
replanting. As the EB11 notes, these edicts can only be enforced "at considerable expense."
     Library research in Grantville will reveal some information on how to extract the guayule
rubber. EA says that 3- to 5- year old shrubs are shredded. The recommended collecting
technique is to mow off just the top, so that the same plant can be harvested repeatedly. The latex
is leached out of the plant material with hot water.
     CE, on the other hand, says that the rubber is found in all parts except the leaves. It suggests
that the collected plant material be "cured" (that is, left outside to ferment), chopped up, and
macerated in water, after which the rubber is skimmed off the surface.

Latex Processing
    The latex of the Para Rubber Tree is said to be about 41% rubber and 55% water (EB11); CE
says 27%/70% and 36%/60%, respectively, for four and ten year old trees.
    Hevea latex can be stabilized by the addition of ammonia or sodium sulfite (CE), and then
concentrated (much like separating cream from milk) for shipping. Rubber gloves and toy
balloons are made by dipping molds into latex and then allowing the acquired layer to dry. This is
usually done several times, to increase the thickness of the rubber, and then the dipped article is
removed from the mold. However, most latex is coagulated into rubber at or near the collection
site, and only later shaped into a final product.
    The Hevea latex is unstable; the rubber will gradually separate from the water, a process
called "coagulation." This can be expedited by addition of an acid, since Hevea latex is alkaline.
Crude Hevea plantation rubber was typically 94.6% rubber, 2.66% resin, 1.75% protein, 0.14%
ash, and 0.85% water.
    Grantville's only source of information concerning the handling of latex from other rubber
trees is the EB11.
    Castilla latex has the advantage that the rubber can be separated from the water by
centrifugation. However, the standard processing method is to strain the "milk" through a wire
sieve, add an alkaline plant juice (the Castilla latex is acidic) to cause coagulation, flatten out the
coagulum to remove water bubbles, and then let the material dry for a few weeks.
    In Africa, there was the curious practice of letting the Funtumia latex sit for half a month,
covered with palm leaves, in a hollowed-out tree trunk. The trunk absorbs the water component,
leaving the rubber behind. Another approach is to dilute the latex with water, and then heat it to
coagulate the rubber. The Africans also employ plant-derived coagulating agents, but the bare
reference to "Bauhinia leaves" is not likely to be of much use to us.
    Perhaps the most important characteristic of Funtumia latex is not mentioned by the
Grantville sources; it is very stable (Polhamus, 264). The same is true, to a lesser degree, of
Castilla latex (102) and Ficus latex (264).
                                                  ***
    A number of natural latexes have a high resin content, and, if the resin is not removed, the
rubber will be considered inferior. In 1911, solvent extraction of the resin was considered
commercially impracticable, but that of course is very dependent on the price of the solvent as
well as on the price difference between high resin and low resin rubber. EB11 shows that Ceara,
Castilla and Ficus rubbers have average resin contents of 10.04%, 12.42%, and 11.8%,
respectively.
    Guayule rubber has a substantially higher resin content. According to CE, it is 20-25% for
rubber extracted from the wild shrub, and about 16% in the case of the cultivated varieties. EA
gives the resin content as 13-18%. It acknowledges that solvents have been used commercially to
extract the resin, but does not provide particulars. The EB11 entry for "resin" says that it is
"mostly soluble in alcohol, essential oils, ether and hot fatty oils." Curiously, CE states that the
resin content is actually advantageous "as an aid to processing" when guayule rubber is blended
with Hevea rubber.

Rubber Processing
    A general problem with natural rubbers is the presence, inadvertent or deliberate, of gross
impurities (dirt, chips of wood, leaf material, etc.) Such defects can be mitigated by filtering the
latex (see above) and by washing the rubber.
    The rubber initially conforms to the shape of the collecting cup and is called a biscuit. The
spongy mass of rubber is washed (with hot or cold water) as it is passed between grooved rollers
(EB11, Fig. 8), producing ribbed sheet. CE suggests use of a series of rollers, with progressively
finer corrugations. It was then hung to dry. If a smokehouse is used, the product is called smoked
sheet. Or it can be dried without resort to smoking, producing crepe rubber. The rubber can be
softened with heat and compressed into blocks.
    Additional shaping may be carried out in factories. After softening (if necessary), the rubber
may be calendered (rolled), molded or extruded. By suitable incorporation of air, sponge and
foam rubber can be formed. (WBE)
    The rubber is warmed or masticated to soften it. The masticating machine (EB11, fig. 8)
kneads the rubber, and, as this is happening, any desired additional ingredients (e.g., sulfur,
carbon black, fillers, anti-aging compounds, colors, and oils), are mixed in. The rubber can then
be softened further by heat and pressed into molds. One type of masticator, the rubber mill, has
two rollers rotating inward, but at slightly different speeds. A more advanced masticator, the
Banbury mixer, has rotating blades. (EA)
    The last step in the preparation of commercial rubber is vulcanization, since the vulcanized
rubber cannot be further shaped. Without this treatment, rubber is an unsatisfactory material; it is
brittle when cold and sticky or gooey when hot. Goodyear overcame these problems with his
vulcanization process. In vulcanized rubber, the polyisoprene chains are cross-linked by disulfide
bonds. Several methods of achieving vulcanization are described in EB11. In one, the rubber is
immersed in molten sulfur for an hour or so at 140 deg. C. In another, the rubber is placed in a
lead chamber with chloride of sulfur. In a third, it is cooked with a solution of calcium
polysulfide at 140 deg. C. The use of excess sulfur or heat results in a hard, inelastic rubber
(ebonite).
    The Microsoft Encarta CD, which is probably available in Grantville, mentions that
vulcanization can be accelerated with aniline and thiocarbanilide.
    Rubberized cloth can be prepared by dissolving the rubber in one of its solvents ("carbon
bisulphide, benzol and mineral naphtha, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform") and then using
the solution to coat the fabric. The original MacIntosh process used naphtha.

The Logistics of Rubber Collection
    Most rubber plants require a tropical climate. Once these plants have been located, we have
four choices. First, we can simply trade with the natives for it. Second, we can go out into the
hinterland and collect the latex from wild plants ourselves. Third, we can establish local rubber
plantations. Finally, we can collect the seed (or other propagatable plant materials) and cultivate
the plant elsewhere. This could be at a different tropical location (presumably, one more
advantageous to USE), or in greenhouses back home.
    All of the high-ranking rubber sources listed at the beginning of this essay have been
cultivated, at least on an experimental basis. Most have also been transplanted, at least for trial
purposes, to another part of the world, e.g., Hevea, Castilla and Manihot to Asia and Africa,
Funtumia to Trinidad (Christy, 237) and Asia (EB11), Guayule to the Soviet Union, and the
Russian dandelion to the USA.
    However, because Hevea is the most important source of natural rubber, it behooves us to
take a closer look at why plantations in Asia and Africa have supplanted the collection of wild
rubber in Brazil.

Collecting Wild Hevea Rubber
    In our timeline, Brazil was not an important source of rubber after 1920. That is because the
British successfully transplanted Hevea brasiliensis to Asia. The wild Brazilian rubber was
unable to compete with the plantation rubber because its collection was too labor intensive.
    There are limits to how much rubber can be collected from wild Hevea trees. They are widely
dispersed in the rainforest, usually only two or three trees per hectare (Dean 10). The trees had to
be found, and then connecting paths had to be created by hacking through the dense rainforest
vegetation with a machete. Usually, a single tapper would clear two or three trails of 60 to 150
trees each. (Dean, 36-37) The tapper traversed one trail each day. In contrast, on a Hevea
plantation, one tapper might process 400 trees in a single day (EA).
    Large-scale collection of wild rubber was limited by the labor supply. The Amazon jungles
were thinly settled, so workers had to be brought in from elsewhere. These strangers were
vulnerable to the many diseases and other pitfalls of life in the Amazon, and labor turnover was
high. Even in 1907, "each ton cost five lives" (Dean, 44).
    In the lower Amazon, and on the coast, where rubber trees were more accessible, yields
declined substantially (from ten to two pounds of rubber per tree per year), as a result of
overtapping (Brown, 104). The overtapping was evident by 1853, just eight years after the
vulcanization process expanded the rubber market (Coates, 58-9). This forced collectors to go
deeper into the Amazon, increasing provisioning costs.
    In southeast Asia, plantations reduced labor costs, because a single worker could tap more
trees in a day. Logically, the Brazilians should have started their own plantations. Unfortunately,
even though it is native to the region, and hence well adapted to the local soil and climate, Hevea
brasiliensis cannot be successfully cultivated in plantations in Latin America. The Microsoft
Encarta Encyclopedia on CD in its "rubber" essay contains these fateful words: "About 99
percent of plantation rubber comes from southeastern Asia. Attempts to establish significant
rubber plantations in the tropical zone of the western hemisphere have failed because of
widespread tree loss as a result of a leaf blight." (More information about the attempts to
establish Hevea plantations in Latin America appears in Appendix 3.)
    Even without the South American Leaf Blight, it is doubtful that Brazilian plantations would
be competitive with southeast Asian ones. In the early 1900's, the daily cost of labor and
provisions in the Orient was perhaps one eighth of that in Brazil (Akers).
    Once the demand for rubber outstrips the level that can be produced by wild Hevea
brasiliensis trees, it will be essential to establish Hevea plantations elsewhere, to produce rubber
from other botanical sources, or to manufacture rubber synthetically.

The Transplantation of Hevea to Asia
    Wickham collected about 70,000 seeds in Brazil in 1876. These were planted at Kew
Gardens, but only 2,600 germinated. The seedlings were forwarded to Ceylon and thence
distributed elsewhere in Asia.
    Some of the sites chosen, such as Calcutta, were poorly suited for Hevea. Fortunately, we
have the benefit of hindsight; we know roughly where Hevea plantations were successful. For
example, that map in CE also shows the major producing areas for plantation rubber in India,
Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, and the Malaysian-Indonesian region.
    It is also extremely important that all attempts to transplant Hevea be made strictly with
seeds, not with cuttings that might carry abroad the deadly fungus.
    Moreover, speed is of the essence. EB11 warns that "the seeds readily lose their vitality," and
suggests that they should be "loosely packed in dry soil or charcoal." According to Polhamus
(273), in the open, the seeds are only viable for seven to ten days, but packed in charcoal or
sawdust, they can be expected to germinate if planted within four to six weeks.

Collecting Other Wild Rubbers
   Information is limited (and unavailable in 1632), but Treadwell says that in the British
Honduras in the twenties, one man working eleven days in fifty acres of jungle could collect 700
pounds of Castilla rubber.
Rubber Plantation Management
    Most of Grantville's information concerning rubber tree cultivation relates to Hevea. EA
suggests that the Hevea trees be raised in a nursery for one year, then planted outside in rows
about 15 to 20 feet apart. It says that, after casualties from disease, accident, and so forth, there
are about 150 trees per acre (see also Brown 104). The trees are mature enough to be tapped
when they are five to seven years old; tapping can continue for another thirty to forty years. The
older trees are more productive.
    It will be found that the trees vary in productivity. This variation can be exploited in a number
of ways, including cross-breeding and bud grafting. According to CE, "Bud grafting consists of
grafting a dormant bud from a proved high-yielding tree to a seedling one to two years old. After
several months the bud forms a healthy bud shoot termed a scion, which grows to form the new
tree. The seedling is then cut off just above the bud patch." A photograph shows how the foreign
bud has been inserted into a "bark flap."
    Hevea has been grown in African and Asian plantations alongside other crops, notably
cassava, sesame, ground-nuts, tea, coffee, cocoa and tobacco. The EB11 advises against this
interplanting, except in the case of cocoa.
                                                  ***
    The first rubber plantation in southeast Asia raised Ficus elastica (first planted in 1872),
because at that time, before Ridley devised his improved tapping scheme, it yielded more rubber
than did Hevea brasiliensis (Joshi). The most successful Ficus elastica plantations have been in
Asia, in the mountainous districts of Assam, Ceylon and Java. (EB11)
                                                  ***
    The "Angiosperms" article in the modern EB claims that Funtumia elastica has the advantage
that it will grow in parts of tropical Africa which are too dry for Hevea. It nonetheless
discourages the cultivation of Funtumia elastica, declaring that it must be grown for twenty years
before commercial yields become obtainable. However, this source is plainly in error; Christy's
African Rubber provides ample data that Funtumia yields rubber even when it is just five years
old, although he recommends that tapping not commence until the next year. It is regrettable that
this specialist knowledge will not be available in Grantville, and hence the development of
Funtumia plantations in the new timeline may be delayed.
                                                  ***
    There is only limited information available to Grantville on the cost of production and, of
course, the old timeline data is of limited relevance to the hybrid economy created by the Ring of
Fire. For what it is worth, EB11 reports that circa 1911, the cost of Ceylonese plantation
production was about one shilling a pound, for a field planted at a density of 150 trees an acre.
However, another source (unavailable in Grantville) pegs the Asian (Malaysian) plantation cost
somewhat lower; just 0.75 shillings a pound. In contrast, the cost of Brazilian rubber was four
shillings a pound. (Coates, 156)
    The price of rubber was then about 2.5 shillings (US$1.25) per pound.
    For Castilla plantation rubber harvesting in northern tropical America in the Twenties,
Treadwell says that the cost of production was 25 U.S. cents a pound. (32)
The Geopolitics of Foreign Rubber
    One of the problems of developing a post-Ring of Fire (RoF) rubber industry was expressed
in an aside to readers by Mike Stearns: "the natural resources were halfway around the world
under the political control of other nations . . ." (1633, Chap. 34)
    Even the citizens of nations that are allies in Europe (the English and Dutch in the old time
line, "OTL") may take advantage of each other elsewhere. This is an era in which the term
"cutthroat competition" is taken literally, and there is "no peace beyond the line" defining the
bounds of Europe.
    Even if you didn't have to worry about the predatory habits of your fellow humans, there is
the question of disease. Up-timers are perturbed enough by the public health conditions of down-
time Europe, but the rest of the world is worse off. The mortality rates are three to four times
higher in the Indian Ocean area, ten times higher in the American tropics, and fifty times higher
in West Africa. (Landes, 170)

The New World
    Let us first examine the situation in the New World. The Castilla Rubber Tree grows in "New
Spain" (in Mexico and Central America) and in "New Castile" (which includes western South
America). All of these regions are claimed by Spain. Legally, there is a ban on immigration, and
even trade visits, by foreigners. All transatlantic trade leaves from Seville, takes cargoes of
manufactured goods to specified colonial ports (Veracruz in Mexico, Portabello in Panama, and
Cartagena in Columbia), and brings gold, silver and other American products back to Seville.
    Only a Spaniard can buy a licencias de toneladas (the right to ship a certain number of tons of
freight on a ship heading out to Spanish America). However, he could be acting as a front man
(testaferro) for a foreign merchant. A particular kind of testaferro was the cargadore (the word
now means a porter), who actually went on board with the cargo and made sure it was sold for a
good price. A foreign merchant could also have a Spanish agent who was a resident of one of the
American ports of call for the Spanish trade fleets. Another trick was to sell a foreign ship (with a
cargo) to a Spanish figurehead, who would rename it, obtain a sailing license, include it in the
Spanish trade fleet, and ultimately sell it back to the original owner (at a price which included a
profit on the cargo). (Braudel II, 152-3; Solana) As early as 1608, two-thirds of the shipments to
the Indies was of foreign goods (msu.edu).
    These practices were geared toward moving foreign manufactures to the Americas, in return
for gold and silver. However, a resident testaferro could in theory set up a rubber collection
program on behalf of a USE customer. The catch, of course, is that there could be no direct
supervision by a non-Spaniard.
    Mexico, at least, has some degree of native trade in rubber, probably of Yucatan origin. In the
sixteenth century, the Aztecs and Maya used it in making footgear, headgear, game balls, and
incense (Shidrowitz, 2-5, 372-3). Hence, a local agent could put the word out that he was
interested in rubber products, and expect to see some results. The rubber would have to be
shipped overland or by "coaster" to Veracruz.
    Of course, dealing with testaferros—not to mention Spanish officials—is going to cut into
your profit margins, and it is conceivable that, once they recognize the military importance of
rubber, the Spanish government will take pains to prevent the transfer of rubber from Spain to the
USE. (Although Spain and the Netherlands happily traded with each other even while Spain was
trying to reconquer the latter, and the special taxes which they imposed on trade with the enemy
helped finance the war.)
     You have the option of ignoring Spanish law and dealing directly with the Indians (or
collecting the rubber yourself). If you are caught, you will likely to be tortured and put to death.
So, my advice is, don't get caught.
     The secret to success is to travel, preferably in fast, well-armed ships, to areas where the
Spanish are weak, and where the natives, if any, are hostile to them.
     One such area is the eastern half of the Yucatan peninsula.
     Some of the Yucatec Maya have been in a state of revolt since 1610. Moreover, an
independent Mayan state still exists in northern Guatemala (it wasn't conquered until 1697).
     The southeast portion of the Yucatan is essentially uninhabited. Beginning in 1638, it was
infiltrated by British logwood cutters. The Spanish attempted to expel the intruders, but in
general were not successful, and the region ultimately became British Honduras (Belize).
     Another weak point is the Meskito (Mosquito) Coast of Nicaragua. There are no significant
Spanish towns or forts in-between Trujillo (Honduras) and the mouth of the San Juan River
(which divides Nicaragua from Costa Rica). In fact, in our timeline, the English established a
settlement at Cape Gracias a Dios in 1633, and went on to establish an informal alliance with the
local Meskito Indians which endured for two centuries. (Perez-Brignoli, 13, 37, 53; Burns, 209,
362-5)
     The USE could collect rubber from the Castilla trees in the Yucatan, British Honduras,
northern Guatemala, Nicaragua and eastern Honduras. The Indians can be taught how to tap the
rubber, and then we can visit them periodically to collect the material. If hostile forces compel us
to engage in a quick in-and-out operation, we fell the trees and save seed for replanting in a more
secure locale. We can increase our security by allying with the English Puritans on Providencia
Island (about 150 miles off the coast of Nicaragua), and by capturing Jamaica (taken by the
English in 1655). (Burns, 202-211)
     The latex-producing properties of Castilla lend themselves to hit-and-run operations. A single
tree can yield a great deal of latex at one tapping, but it can only be tapped one to three times a
year. The specialist literature reports that Mexican bandits could steal a half-year's yield in a
night, by surreptitious tapping. (Polhamus, 262)
                                                  ***
     While the Castilla tree is the oldest source of natural rubber, the Para Rubber Tree is the most
important commercially. How readily can it be exploited by USE entrepreneurs?
     Consulting an atlas, you will see that Para is the name of the province in Brazil which
includes the mouths of the Amazon. There is also a map in CE which shows sources of wild
rubber in South America. If we compare it with a physical map of the continent, it appears that
the best places to look are along the banks of the Amazon proper, as well as near certain tributary
rivers: the Rio Negro, Japura, Ica, Putumayo, Jurua, Madeira, and Tapajos. (Some of these may
actually be sources of other kinds of wild rubber.)
     The difficulties of navigating these waterways is discussed in the EB11 "Amazon" entry,
which also calls our attention to "the great india-rubber districts of the Mayutata and lower Beni .
. ." It additionally mentions that nineteenth-century rubber traders plied the Negro, the Madeira,
and the Purus, that the "finest quality of india-rubber comes from the Acre and Beni districts of
Bolivia, especially from the valley of the Acre (or Aquiry) branch of the river Purus," and that
35% of the Amazon Basin rubber is from the province of Para. The rest, presumably, is from the
province of Amazonas.
     The hazards of this venture are more political than navigational. The Treaty of Tordesillas
(1494) sought to avoid conflict between Spain and Portugal in pagan territory, giving most of the
Americas to Spain, and reserving Africa, Asia and northeastern Brazil to Portugal. The treaty
actually gave the Amazon region to Spain. However, in 1580, the main royal line of Portugal
came to an end, and Philip II of Spain became king of Portugal. In consequence, the Spanish
rulers allowed the provincial authorities in Lisbon to take responsibility for policing the mouth of
the Amazon.
     In the late sixteenth century, the Portuguese were preoccupied with northeast Brazil, and the
Spanish with Peru and Mexico, permitting the French, Dutch, English and Irish to establish
settlements in the lower Amazon (the Dutch at the mouth of the Xingu river, and the English as
far as 300 miles upriver). However, in the early seventeenth century, the Portuguese reacted
violently to these incursions. They began by establishing the town of Belem, just south of the
Amazon, in 1615. Then, during the period 1623-25, they sallied out and destroyed all of the non-
Iberian holdings. Even the Catholic intruders were massacred. (Furneaux, 49-51; Smith, 141-2)
     A logical question is, why not just send traders to Belem? Unfortunately, this would not be
officially tolerated. Prior to 1591, the Portuguese allowed immigration into their colonies by
anyone of the Catholic religion. However, after that date, they adopted the Spanish law which
excluded all aliens.
     Hence, if the USE wishes to trade openly in Belem, or indeed anywhere in Latin America, it
must do so through Spanish or Portuguese intermediaries. Spanish agents are fine if you want to
use them to arrange shipments of Castilla rubber. However, it is doubtful that they can help you
get Para rubber from Brazil. Despite Spanish rule, it is not clear that the Belem authorities will be
receptive to Spanish agents.
     In 1637, a small Spanish party (two friars and six soldiers), originating in Ecuador, descended
the Amazon. One friar was sent to Lisbon for questioning, the rest of the party was detained, and
later that year Pedro de Teixeira took a force of over 1,000 men upriver, reaching Quito almost a
year later. The obvious purpose of this expedition was to strengthen the Portuguese claim to the
Amazon Basin. (Smith, 143-8)
     Consequently, to set up a quasi-legitimate rubber collecting operation based in Belem, the
USE may need to identify the Portuguese equivalent of the Spanish testaferros. There are
conversos (Jews who converted, at least publicly, to Christianity) in Brazil, and the Nasi family
may be able to identify possible recruits from this community.
     You can avoid this rigmarole if the inhabitants of Belem are willing and able, despite the law,
to trade with foreigners. Such illicit trade was common in the Caribbean. The visitors might land
a party in a secluded cove, and it would then make surreptitious contact with the locals. They
could approach the harbor, and plead that they had been driven off course by a storm. They could
"win their market at sword's point"; make a show of force and then, perhaps after real or
pretended resistance by the local garrison, receive the governor's license to trade. (The foreigners
might even pay duties or license fees.) Or a neglected settlement might welcome them openly,
without coercion, as seems to have occurred on Trinidad in the early 1600s. (Naipaul, 60-70;
Burns, 142-6)
     Even if the local Portuguese are uncooperative, you may be able to infiltrate the Amazon
region. Belem itself is at the mouth of the Para, which lies to the south of the Amazon and is not
directly connected to it. Hence, in order to discourage further foreign activities on the Amazon,
Portuguese also built a new fort at Gurupa (Furneaux, 50), which overlooks the more southerly of
the two main entry channels. Nonetheless, it may be possible to sneak into the Amazon by way of
the northerly channel, the Canal do Norte.
    The odds are improved if we are forearmed with detailed knowledge of its navigational
peculiarities. Grantville's maps of the region are probably not particularly detailed, but Dutch
sailors did serve from time to time on Portuguese ships, and may have some knowledge of these
waters. Or there may be Portuguese mariners who are sufficiently estranged from their native
land (perhaps because it is under Spanish rule) to be willing to guide us through.
    Unfortunately, the Para rubber trees do not lend themselves to snatch-and-run operations.
While they are prolific latex producers, their wound-healing mechanisms assure that only a small
amount of latex is extracted on a given day. Nor has it been found to be productive to fell the
trees in order to get a "one time" bonanza. So that means lingering in the Amazon, for weeks or
months, until one has collected an adequate cargo of rubber. Which, in turn, increases the risk
that native allies of the Portuguese will report your presence, guaranteeing that you have to fight
your way back to the ocean.
    It is safe to say that it is impossible to establish a USE trading post in the lower Amazon, and
supply it on a continuing basis by ships traversing the entrance channels, without either obtaining
the permission of the king of Spain, or overwhelming the Portuguese military forces in the
region.
    While you cannot hope to collect a substantial amount of rubber in the lower Amazon without
your presence becoming known to the authorities in Belem, a stealth run could be made for the
purpose of collecting seeds. However, we then run up against the problem that Hevea seeds have
a very short period of viability. Hence, for such a mission, you really want to have a ship with
both sails and steam engines. It enters and leaves the river quietly, under sail, and it steams home.
(Ocean steamers can navigate the Amazon as far upriver as Iquitos, 2,300 miles from the ocean.)
When Wickham needed to collect Hevea seeds for Britain in 1876, he chartered the steamship
Amazonia. The "seed raid" is probably impractical prior to the conclusion of the Baltic War.
    Another option is to seek out a "back door" into the Amazon basin. The shortest routes are
through the Guyanas, the coastal region between Venezuela and Brazil. The stretch separating the
mouth of the Orinoco River (Venezuela) and the mouth of the Amazon was known in this period
as the "Wild Coast," because of the paucity of European habitation. The Spanish made no effort
to settle it, and minimal effort to control it (Hemming, 182-3; Burns, 173).
    Of the possible routes, the most interesting one is probably the one exploited in our timeline
by the Dutch. Beginning in 1617, they established settlements on the Essequibo River (in British
Guyana). They ascended the Essequibo River, then its tributary, the Rupununi, portaged over to
the Rio Branco (the Rupununi savannah is flooded over during the rainy season), and then sailed
on to the Rio Negro, the Amazon, and the Madeira. Once in the Amazon basin, they traded in
iron and slaves. In OTL, the Portuguese eventually blocked this traffic, first with a fort at Manaus
(1667), and later with a mission at the mouth of the Rio Branco (1720). (Furneaux, 51;
Guyana.org; Burns, 173-6, 196, 214)
    The EB11 entry for "Guiana" warns, "The Essequibo can be entered only by craft drawing
less than 20 ft. and is navigable for these vessels for not more than 50 m., its subsequent course
upwards being frequently broken by cataracts and rapids." So, if we use this route to trade for
rubber, much of the traveling would have to be done by canoes. This would result in much higher
transportation costs and longer transportation times than if we could take full advantage of the
Amazon River.
    There are alternative routes which look shorter on paper, but are less likely to be practicable.
For example, one could ascend the Maroni and Litani Rivers (the border between Suriname and
French Guyana), and portage over to the Paru or the Jari tributaries of the Amazon, but that
requires crossing the Tumucumaque Mountains.
    These routes also allow you to play "Johnny Rubber Seed": collect Hevea seeds in the
Amazon basin; plant them on your return trip, at a marked location, while they are still viable;
and come back four years or so later to collect the seeds from your transplants. Eventually, you
will get the seeds to the coast and onto a ship.
    It is not strictly necessary to cross the Guyana Highlands into the Amazon Basin in order to
find rubber trees; there are some in the Guyanas. These are not the famous Hevea brasiliensis,
but another Hevea species, Hevea guianensis. Hence, USE exploration of the Guyanas could be
somewhat improvisational; we try to use the river system to reach the Amazon Basin, but if we
find rubber trees along the way, we exploit them.
                                                 ***
    The third possible source of natural rubber in the New World is the Ceara Rubber Tree
(Manihot glaziovii). "Ceara" is the name of a province in northeast Brazil (the part that bulges
toward Africa). Ceara was pretty much ignored by Europeans prior to 1649. However, USE
exploration in that region could attract the attention of the Dutch and Portuguese, who are
struggling for control of the sugar plantations farther south. The plant we are seeking is native to
the sertao (the arid highlands), and hence may also occur in the hinterland of Rio Grande del
Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco and Bahia (the first two are confirmed by Polhamus, 51). Keep your
distance from Bahia and Recife if you don't want to be drawn into the Dutch-Portuguese war.
                                                 ***
    We only have a written description of the Pernambuco Rubber Tree (Hancornia speciosa),
and it occurs in the very region that the Dutch and Portuguese are fighting over. If this rubber
enters commerce, it most likely will be the result of their own activity.
                                                 ***
    Finally, there is guayule (Parthenium argentatum). This occurs in the Chihuahua desert
region of Mexico and Texas, and was used during World War II as an emergency source of
rubber. This desert is the largest one in North America, covering over 200,000 square miles, and
including parts of modern Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. There is a map in Collier's
Encyclopedia (CE) which shows where guayule is found in the wild.
    The easiest route into the region is by way of the Rio Grande river. Unfortunately, there are
Spanish settlements on the river, at San Juan Bautista and El Paso del Norte, as well as to the
south, at Janos, Chihuahua, Parral and Monclova (Spanish Bannon, 4). Hence, the least protected
route would be from the northwest, through Apache and Comanche territory. Even to reach that
territory, you will have to make a long journey, most likely up the Llano River and then south.
    Since you could not expect to make this journey repeatedly without interdiction by Spanish
forces, you would mostly like want to do it just to gather seeds and seedlings for transport to a
safer region, perhaps one of the Caribbean islands, or somewhere in Africa or in Italy.
Asia
     The position of Asia in the natural rubber industry is a curious one. While there are native
rubber-producing plants, OTL Asian rubber production is mostly based on the transplanted Hevea
brasiliensis. The up-timers have a great advantage over their late-nineteenth-century forebears;
they know where Hevea production was most successful. The World Book Encyclopedia says,
"more than 80 percent of the world's natural rubber grows on plantations in the Far East, chiefly
in Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia." Natural rubber-producing regions are mapped by both
WBE and CE; they are in rough yet incomplete agreement.
     Based on those maps, OTL Thailand has rubber plantations in the valley of the Chao Phraya.
The early seventeenth-century Siamese capital was on that river, at Ayudhya (Ayutthaya).
Thailand was then a powerful and cosmopolitan kingdom, which traded vigorously, mostly with
Portugal, Spain, the Philippines, China and Japan, but also with England, the Netherlands,
Denmark, and the Muslim states of the Indian Ocean region. There are no European forts in the
Siamese kingdom; Europeans are most likely to be found in Ayudhya or in Pattani, as traders or
in the royal service. (Van der Kraan; Polenghi; Thai MFA). While the Europeans may offer us
competition, they don't dominate the polities of the Thai state, and hence cannot exclude the
USE. As of RoF, Thailand is ruled by an usurper, King Prasat-Thong (1629-1656). Despite the
usurpation, Thailand offers sufficient political and economic stability to make it reasonable to
establish Hevea rubber plantations there, knowing that the trees will not be tappable for five to
seven years. The one problem with Thailand is that it was not densely populated in the 1630s.
     The Grantville encyclopedias also reveal that OTL rubber plantations of Malaysia and
Indonesia are in the Malay peninsula (southern half), Sumatra, Java, and along the coast of
Borneo (principally on the north and west coasts, but there are smaller clusters near Saraminda
and Bandjarmasin). Of these regions, the only one which is densely populated is Java. European
activity is much greater in this region than in Thailand, as the area receives trade from the Spice
Islands (the Moluccas). In 1632, the principal European forts were those of the Portuguese at
Malacca (Malaya), the Dutch in Batavia (Java), and the Spanish in Tidore and Ternate(
Moluccas). You can expect to run into both Dutch and Portuguese traders pretty much anywhere
in Malaysia and Indonesia.
     As is apparent from the Grantville maps, rubber can also be grown in south India, Ceylon,
Burma, Cambodia, south Vietnam, and the Philippines. The Dutch and Portuguese have major
settlements in India and Ceylon, as the Spanish do in the Philippines. The other areas are more
open to infiltration by USE.
     It is important to note that the Dutch are, at least for the time being, the dominant naval power
in both the Indian Ocean and the southeast Asian waters. Before the RoF, the Dutch were in the
process of taking control of the spice trade away from the Portuguese, and were ruthless in their
treatment of trade rivals. However, since the Dutch are not going to be receiving reinforcements
from home any time soon, they are likely to be on the defensive, and low in morale. The second
European power of the region, the Portuguese, is likely to reassert itself. Moreover, the English
may come back in force, looking for revenge for the 1623 Dutch massacre of the English at
Amboina, as well as for profit.
     If the USE tries to establish rubber plantations in the Indian subcontinent or in southeast Asia,
its agents will need to build fortifications and make alliances, lest they be eliminated (like the
English in Amboina in 1623, or the Portuguese in Malacca in 1641). To me, the best bets are in
Thailand, in the southern Malayan state of Johore, in the Mataram kingdom of Java, and in north
Borneo, where other Europeans are either relatively weak, or balanced by a strong indigenous
power.

Africa
    In Africa, the indigenous rubber trees (Funtumia elastica) are said to be in central Africa,
from "Uganda to Sierra Leone" (EB11). You can get a better idea of where to look by consulting
the vegetation map in the Hammond Citation World Atlas (I feel it safe to assume that someone in
Grantville owns a copy.) This shows that there is tropical rainforest in modern-day Senegal,
Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo and Zaire, and
light tropical forest in those countries as well as in Uganda. There are also economic maps in that
atlas, and they show that rubber is presently grown in Liberia, Nigeria, and the middle reaches of
the Congo.
    EB11 also reveals that it is possible to cultivate, not only Funtumia elastica, but also the
Latin American rubber trees, in Africa. The Para and Castilla rubber trees thrive under pretty
much the same conditions as Funtumia, while the Ceara tree is better suited for drier conditions
(compare the Hammond Citation Atlas vegetation maps for Brazil and Africa).
    If the February, 1948, issue of National Geographic can be found in someone's attic or
basement, it will reveal the location of the Firestone Para Rubber plantation in Liberia as being
mostly within the triangle formed by the modern towns of Careysburg, Kakala and Harbel.
    In West Africa, the Europeans don't control large territories. However, they do have forts and
trading posts. The principal Portuguese forts are at Elmina, Axim and Chama in Ghana, Sao
Salvador, Sao Felipe and Sao Jose in the Congo and Luanda/Sao Paulo in Angola. The Dutch are
based in Mouri (Ghana) and the fort of Sao Tome (near Guinea). This would be well-known to
the major down-time merchants. My inclination is that if the USE tries to develop a rubber trade
in Africa, it will look to Liberia and Nigeria first.
    What might be the effect of the rubber industry on the slave trade? It is very likely that if the
down-time Europeans outside USE control awake to the advantages of rubber, that they will use
African slaves to collect it in the New World. If USE citizens employ foreign factors there, they
may unwittingly contribute to this tragedy.
    On the other hand, a West African-based rubber industry might serve as a brake on the slave
trade, by giving the local chiefs an incentive to keep the available labor force home to grow
rubber rather than send it abroad. Besides attempting to grow rubber, we could also have African
partners cultivate cocoa, coffee, oil palms, and so forth, and perhaps we could even drill for oil in
Nigeria (see Drillers in Doublets).
                                                  ***
    Transplanting rubber seeds from one part of the world to another was much practiced in OTL,
and has the advantage that the new home may be more congenial for both the plants (escape
animals, insects and microorganisms which normally prey upon it) and the planters (lower
transportation costs, more easily defended).
    The Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch are certainly able to play this game if they want to
produce rubber for themselves. The Portuguese can transplant Hevea seeds from the Amazon to
their holdings in Africa and Asia. The Spanish can demand those seeds from their Portuguese
subjects, and then plant them in the Philippines. For that matter, they might be able to cultivate
guayule in Spain. The Dutch and Portuguese can establish Manihot or Hancornia plantations in
the drier parts of Africa or Asia. Or raise Funtumia in Brazil, or Trinidad (Christy 237).
    The main limitation on these competitive activities is a subtle one; it is not worth the trouble
of establishing a plantation if you will not be assured of a market for many years. Any down-time
government which is astute enough to realize that natural rubber is desirable is also going to
realize that at some point Grantville will be producing synthetic rubber. We can certainly play on
their fears; they lack the experience in up-time technology which would allow them to estimate
how soon synthetic rubber factories would come online.
    By the same token, it may not be strictly necessary for us to establish rubber plantations.
However, natural rubber is superior to synthetic rubber for tires.

Homegrown Rubber
    The USE in 1632 is in a position somewhat like that of Russia during World War II, and
therefore has an incentive to look at sources of natural rubber which, while they may not be
economical in the long run, are less susceptible to disruption by enemy action.
    CE mentions several rubber plants which grow in temperate regions: guayule, goldenrod
(studied by Edison, it notes), and Russian dandelion. There is no reference in any of the "rubber"
entries to milkweed, but I believe that it is reasonable to assume that Grantville residents would
know that it exudes a latex when cut.
    Guayule isn't likely to grow in northern Europe, and there are problems with obtaining
guayule and Russian dandelion for planting purposes, so I expect that the domestic rubber
production, if any, will be based on milkweed or goldenrod.

Milkweed
    Over 100 species of milkweed are found in the United States. At least thirteen of them are
native to West Virginia. The Monarch is the West Virginia state butterfly, and it lays its eggs on
milkweeds. Thus, it is quite likely that milkweeds were actually cultivated in Grantville gardens,
before the Ring of Fire, in order to attract Monarchs. But even if that was not the case, we can
expect that milkweeds, being hardy and abundant roadside, thicket and pasture plants,
accompanied the up-timers on their involuntary voyage to seventeenth-century Thuringia.
    How many? We can make an estimate using USDA wild milkweed density data: 0.027 to
0.039/m2 (Maryland), 1.052/m2 (Wisconsin), and 3.604/m2 (Ontario), all for nonagricultural
land. If the Ring of Fire had a three mile radius, then that is an area of about 28 square miles, or
about 72,500,000 square meters. If half of that area were nonagricultural, with milkweed at the
lowest density quoted—0.027—that would still add up to almost 1,000,000 plants.
    Milkweeds have several advantages as a source of rubber. First and foremost, they will grow
in the USE; we don't have to worry about running overseas milkweed rubber plantations. They
are also extremely hardy; well suited for machine harvesting because the stalks grow tall and
erect (Whiting, 24); and productive of other useful materials (see below) besides rubber. Finally,
their rubber is equivalent in quality to Para rubber.
    Their principal disadvantage is their relative low rubber productivity. Also, the rubber cannot
be harvested without killing the plant, while Hevea trees can be tapped for several years. This
second disadvantage is somewhat offset by the rapid growth rate of milkweed; the harvested
plants will be quickly replaced, certainly by the following year.
    The Russians experimented with A. syriaca during the Second World War, and they reported
an annual yield of 100-150 kilograms of rubber per hectare, from a crop of two tons of leaves.
(The rubber content is highest in the leaves, especially mature ones.) The necessary seed was
about four to five kilograms per hectare. Of course, the up-timers are going to have to learn all
this the hard way.
     Because of its relatively low rubber yield, milkweed rubber never became a commercial
product. However, the labor costs of producing it are somewhat offset by the possibility of
extracting a second useful product from the crop. In 1746, Germans began using the seed hairs
(floss) as padding material. In 1918, it was suggested that it could be used as a substitute for
kapok, a silky fiber, with excellent buoyancy, used for stuffing and insulation. (Whiting) During
World War II, Americans collected 11 million kilograms of pods, filling 1.2 million "Mae West"
life jackets (Witt). About 24% of the pod is floss. The reported average annual yield of floss from
wild milkweed is, depending on who you ask, 187-349 (Witt), 550 (Whiting) or 1,368 (Duke)
kilograms per hectare.
     Harvesting the widely scattered wild milkweeds would not be productive. However, we can
collect their seeds, and then plant them in rows. Each stalk has four to six seed pods, each pod
contains, on average, 220 viable seeds. One hundred seeds weigh about 42-73 milligrams.
(DeGooyer) Based on the Russian seeding data, we need about 100,000 seeds per hectare—the
seed production of 1,000 stalks. The first plot would probably be an experimental plot where the
up-timers experiment with different spacings, seed times, fertilizers, and so on. They would begin
production farming in the second year.
     The up-timers don't know which parts of the milkweed plant have the highest rubber content,
so they will have to find this out by trial and error. The leaves provide more rubber than the
stems; yellowing leaves provide more than young leaves, and autumn leaves provide more than
spring or summer leaves.
     Milkweed latex has a fairly high resin content (perhaps 9-23%). Several methods of
recovering the rubber were developed in the old timeline. Kassner treated the latex first with
benzene or carbon disulfide, and then with alcohol and caustic lye. After each solvent addition,
he distilled. The rubber was the final residue. Hall and Long used boiling acetone, followed by
boiling benzene. Students in a modern introductory organic chemistry lab used acetone to extract
various impurities and then cyclohexane to extract the rubber. (Whiting, 20-23; Volaric)
     None of this will be known in Grantville. Up-timers will probably first try a simple hot water
treatment of chopped-up plant material. If they don't like the properties of the rubber, they will
probably then just experiment with different solvents until they get results that they like.
     Of course, organic solvents are going to be in short supply until we can extract the necessary
compounds from coal or oil. The most readily available organic solvents will be ethanol and
acetic acid. And any solvent treatment step is going to increase production costs.
     It may be possible to cure the resin content problem at its source by breeding milkweed for
low resin content (this of course assumes that you have a way of measuring resin content!). I
have also come across a hint that in the 1930's, the Russians found a method of chemically
treating the plant so that it produced latex with more rubber and less resin. (Whiting, 18)

Goldenrod
   Thomas Edison devoted the last four years of his life (1927-31) to an attempt to develop a
method of producing rubber from domestic plants. Edison ultimately settled on the goldenrod,
because "it would grow in most parts of the country, it grew to maturity in just one season, and it
could be harvested by machines." He increased goldenrod rubber production several-fold by
breeding methods, although his technique was not "cutting edge" (Vanderbilt 316) and could
certainly be improved upon by a modern breeder with access to a variety of material.
     Goldenrods originated in Europe. There are about two dozen species of goldenrods found in
the wild in West Virginia, and thus, presumably, in the land transported by the Assiti shard. Since
goldenrod is an ornamental plant, there may be additional varieties in Grantville gardens. We can
collect the latex from as many different species as we can find, and decide which species is the
best rubber producer. Edison preferred Solidago rugosa and Solidago leavenworthii, but this
would not be known in Grantville. Nor will anyone know what to expect in terms of yield, unless
someone has an informative Edison biography in his or her personal library. (Edison's results are
set forth in Table 2.)
     Likewise, it will be necessary to reinvent the methods developed by Edison for harvesting the
plants (he wanted to just collect the upper leaves, since they have the highest rubber content) and
for recovering the rubber from the latex (he used acetone to pull out the resin, and then benzene
or benzol to extract the rubber). The solvents can be recycled. (Baldwin, 398; Vanderbilt, 313)
     My thinking is that goldenrod will be grown and harvested primarily as a source of yellow
dye, with any rubber production being strictly a bonus. The trick will be to identify a variety that
is a good dye source and a good latex source.

Rubber Reclaiming
    In 1910, when the price of rubber was high, about half of all of the rubber sold was reclaimed.
(Reschner)
    Rubber is going to be in high demand, and the only immediately available source of rubber is
scrap rubber. Since more than half of all modern rubber goes into tires, the latter are also the
foremost source of scrap. An automobile tire weighs about twenty pounds. Of this, about 60% is
recoverable rubber. (tfhrc.gov). A truck tire weighs twice as much as an automobile tire, and has
a proportionate rubber content.
    The residents of Grantville are likely to look first at tires that have been discarded or set
aside. These may be in dumps, landfills, garages, backyards, and so forth. The rule of thumb is
that modern Americans generate scrap rubber at a rate of one passenger tire equivalent per person
per year.
    Unfortunately, there is a catch. Grantville is based on the real town of Mannington, West
Virginia . . . and its dump was not within the Ring of Fire (Boatright, Grantville Gazette, Vol. 1).
So we have to hope that the GV residents were not efficient about setting out their used tires for
pickup.
    There may also be small amounts of rubber that can be recovered from rubber goods that are
no longer useable for their original purpose. Personally, I think that is going to be a real small
supply.
    Hence, at a relatively early stage, the USE will need to decide whether to scrap some of the
auto tires (figuring that it cannot keep the whole auto fleet running) in order to supply patch
material for the heavy tires used in the USE's military vehicles.
    At the very least, all the spare auto tires in the car trunks can go to the rubber reclaiming
plant. If there are around 1,200 cars (Mannington actually has more than that), then that will
potentially yield 24,000 pounds of tires, and about 14,000 pounds (seven tons) of somewhat
degraded rubber. If we decided to take the working tires off half those cars, that would be another
48,000 pounds of tires, and thus another fourteen tons of secondhand rubber.
     One problem is that the Grantville encyclopedias are not very specific about the methods used
for rubber reclaiming. EA suggests that the rubber is mechanically reduced to scrap, which is
then "heated with steam in the presence of strong chemicals, mainly alkali or acids."
     If someone does have the Microsoft Encarta on CD, that gives additional information. It
mentions the Chapman Mitchell process, in which hot sulfuric acid is used to destroy tire fabric
and restore rubber plasticity, and the Marks "alkaline-recovery process."
     In general, the rubber is not going to be restored to its original unvulcanized state, and hence
it is more difficult to use. Usually, the reclaimed rubber is used as an extender, together with
fresh rubber.


Proposal
    Our initial natural rubber industry development strategy should be:
    (1) use rubber substitutes (e.g., leather) whenever possible;
    (2) conserve and reclaim up-time rubber;
    (3) cultivate milkweed at home;
    (4) send raiding parties into central America to collect Castilla rubber; and
    (5) attempt to reach the Hevea rubber of the Amazon by a back-door route.
    Once we have built enough steamships (warships as well as merchant ships) so we can spare
a few for extra-European ventures, we should send an expedition-in-force to the Amazon to
collect Hevea seeds, and then one to Africa or Asia to establish plantations and collect wild
rubber (and rubber tree seeds). Ideally, we would also have sufficient medical resources so as to
offer this expedition some protection against the many diseases that hamper seventeenth-century
international trade.
    If we are allowed to trade freely for wild Brazilian Hevea rubber, and to promote efficient
tapping practices, it should satisfy our needs for rubber up until annual world consumption
reaches the 30,000 to 40,000 pound range (the peak Brazilian wild rubber production). After that,
the development of alternative rubber sources is essential. Hence, at the end of the first decade,
we need to decide whether to establish Hevea plantations in Africa or southeast Asia, or to pursue
synthetic rubber.
    While an investment in the rubber industry is definitely going to qualify as one of USE's
riskier commercial ventures, investors can at least be confident that if they are successful, the
USE government and private industry will be sitting on their doorstep, anxious to do business.


Table 1: Listed Rubber Sources: Where and How to Find Them
Rubber Plant (Note A)
      Range: Range (to extent known in Grantville); Descriptive Material (as available in
      Grantville (Note B)
Hevea brasiliensis
      Para Rubber Tree (major source in OTL)
      (Often confused with other producing Hevea species, such as H. guianensis, H.
      benthamiana, H. pauciflora; H. spruceana is a poor producer.)
      Range: W: South America (EA). Range depicted in CE (probably includes other Hevea
      species). C: Sri Lanka, Malay Archipelago (EA), Straits Settlements, Malay States,
      Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Burma, south India, West Africa (especially Gold Coast),
      Congo, tropical Australia (EB11) Range depicted in CE and WBE. There are reports of
      Hevea paucifolia [sic, pauciflora] and guianensis in British and French Guiana,
      respectively (EB9)
      Descr: EB11 has 1/4 scale drawing of leaves, fruit and seeds; photo of plantation trees;
      text. EB9 has scale drawings of leaves, male and female flowers, ripe fruit, and seed.

Manihot glaziovii
     Ceara or Manioba Rubber Tree
     Range: W: Brazil (EA): Northeast Brazil (EB11). Ceara is province of modern Brazil.
     C: Ceylon, India (Madras), West Africa, East Africa, Nyasaland, Mozambique (EB11)
     Descr: EB11 has scale drawings of branch with flowers, fruit, seeds; photo of tree; text.
     EB9 has drawings of tree, young leaf, inflorescence, half-ripe capsule, male and female
     flowers, seed, and seed section.

Castilla elastica
        Panama, Castilla, or Ule Rubber Tree
        (Other Castilla species produce rubber, e.g., C. ulei.)
        Range: W: tropical America (EA); Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Cuba,
        Haiti, Panama, Nicaragua and, in South America, west of the Andes, especially Peru
        (EB11) and Ecuador (EB9). Mexican occurrence depicted in CE.
        C: West Indies (esp. Trinidad and Tobago), south India, Ceylon, East and West Africa,
        Nyasaland (EB11)
        Descr: EB11 has scale drawing of leaf, twigs with male and female flowers, seed; photo
        of tree; text. EB9 has drawings of young leaf, seeds, margin of leaf, female flower. EA
        has description under "Castilla Rubber Tree."

Ficus elastica
       Rambong, Assam or Indian Rubber Tree
       Range: W: Southeast Asia (EA); India, Ceylon, Sumatra and Java, Burma, Malay
       archipelago (EB11)
       C: West Africa and Egypt ("but not very successful" in Africa). Also an ornamental in
       Europe.
       Descr: EB11 has scale drawing of leaves on twig; photo; text. EA has description under
       "Rubber Plant."

Funtumia elastica
     Lagos, African or Silk Rubber Tree (F)
     Range: W: central regions of east and west Africa (Uganda to Sierra Leone). Range
     depicted in CE and WBE. C: Gold Coast, south Nigeria.
       Descr: EB11 has scale drawing of twig with flowers, underside of leaf, fruit; photo of
       tree; text.

Rubber Vines (EA, CE, EB11)
      Range: W: Africa (EA) Africa and Asia (EB11, see note D below)
      Descr: EB11 has scale drawing of twig with flowers, fruit. (For the African Landolphia
      owariensis)

Parthenium argentatum
      Guayule (EA, CE, EB11)
      Range: W: Mexico and Texas, Chihuahuan Desert (EA). Range depicted in CE.
      Descr: text (EA, "Guayule")

Raphionacme utilis Ecanda
      Range: W: Portuguese West Africa.
      Descr: None, but "Ecanda" may be the native name.

Bleckrodea tonkinensis
       Range: W: Tonkin (EB11)
       Descr: None, except that it is a large tree.

Hancornia speciosa
      The Pernambuco or Mangabeira Rubber Tree,
      Range: W: the plateau region (3,000 to 5,000 ft. above sea level), from Pernambuco to
      Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. (EB11)
      Descr: text.

Sapium species
      Range: W: Columbia and Guiana, especially S. jenmani of Guiana (EB11).
      Descr: just "large trees resembling Hevea."

Taraxacum kok-saghyz
      Russian Dandelion (EA, CE)
      Range: W: Turkestan (EA)
      Descr: none, but similar to common dandelion.

Solidago
       Goldenrod (CE)
       Range: Familiar American plant.

Asclepias syriaca
       Common Milkweed
       Range: Familiar American plant.
Table 2: Productivity of Identifiable Rubber Plants
Rubber Plant (Note A)
      Collection: Methods
      Density: (Trees per Acre, Tr/Ac); Age in years to First Tapping (y)
      Yield/Tree: Rubber, pounds per tree per year
      Yield/Acre: Rubber, pounds per acre per year (Note C)

Hevea brasiliensis
      Para Rubber Tree (major source in OTL). (Often confused with other producing Hevea
      species, such as H. guianensis, H. benthamiana, H. pauciflora; H. spruceana is a poor
      producer.)
      Collection: Incision tapping by Ridley method on alternate days (56 g latex per tap)[EA];
      V-, herringbone or spiral cuts [EB11], Felling is ineffective for rubber collection.
      Density: W: tap at 10-15y [EB11]1 Tr/Ac [Dean10], C: 150 Tr/Ac; tap 6-7y [EB11]; 150
      Tr/Ha; tap at 5-7y, productive for 30-40 more yrs. [EA]; 100 Tr/Ac [Enc]; 100 Tr/Ac
      [WBE];
      Yield/Tree: W: 10-15 [EB11]; 2-10 [Dean 10], C1910: 1-2 [EB11]; 0.41-6.76 (6-12 yrs,
      Malaysia and Ceylon)[Br 126-7]; C1920: 5 [TW301]; CM: 6 [EA]; 4-5 "ordinary" or 12-
      16 "selected and bud grafted" [CE];
      Yield/Acre: W:2-15 [Calc, EB11+Dean], C1900: 382* kg/Ha [EB], C1910: 128-221 (6-7
      yr., Malaysia) 105-200 (Ceylon) 105-768 (6-12 yr., combined), [Br126-7] C1940: 342-
      513* [PH273]; CM: 800-1,000 (avg), 2000+ (top) [EA]; 400-2,000-3,000
      [Enc];1,800[WBE]; 798-2,280* [PH273]

Manihot glaziovii
     Ceara or Manioba Rubber Tree
     Collection: Tapping
     Density: tap at 5y [EB11]; 700+ Tr/Ac [PH267]; 320 Tr/Ac [Br150-1]
     Yield/Tree: 1+ [EB11]
     Yield/Acre: C: 88-176 Germ E Africa (5-8 yr.)[Br150-1]

Castilla elastica
        Panama, Castilla, or Ule Rubber Tree
        (Other Castilla species produce rubber, e.g., C. ulei.)
        Collection: Incision tapping [EA]; herringbone or spiral cut [EB11]; or felling [PH16]; 1-
        4 taps/y [PH102]
        Density: tap at 6y [PH109] 8y [PH104]; 50 [PH267] or 100-120 Tr/Ac [PH109]; 400-
        700[TW32]; 200/Ac [TW279]
        Yield/Tree: W:12[PH93]; 40 [EB11](tree killing tap?), C:0.93-1.01* [PH109], 0.1-
        1.1*/tap [Br222], 0.38-1/tap [TW150], 0.1-0.4 (6-10y)[TW279]; 0.13/tap [TW32], Felled
        Tr: max 100 [PH16] 51-73* [PH109]; avg 15-20 [TW148]
        Yield/Acre: C:50 [TW279]

Ficus elastica
       Rambong, Assam or Indian Rubber Tree
       Collection: Shredding of leaves and shoots [EA]; tapping [EB11]
       Density: 50 Tr/Ac [PH267]; tap @10y[EB11], can't tap each yr. [Br233]
       Yield/Tree: C: 5-10 [EB11], 0.65-2.3 [Br232]
       Yield/Acre: C: 500-1,000 [calc]; but 13-52 [Br232]

Funtumia elastica
     Lagos, African or Silk Rubber Tree (F)
     Collection: Incision tapping, herringbone [EB11]
     Density: tap at 20y [EB]; at 5y [Ch193]; tap 2-3 times/y [Ch161]; tap 1-2/y [Br161], W:
     up to 150-250 Tr/Ac [Ch36]; C1910: 450-600 [Ch97]
     Yield/Tree: Tapped (3/yr) 0.19@5y, 0.56@ 8y, 0.94@10y [Ch161]; ~1/tp [Br176] Felled
     Tr:0.64 [Ch161] 4.5-6.5[Br176]
     Yield/Acre: W: ~150-375 [150-250 x 2-3 *.5] C: ~450-900 [450-600 x 2-3 *.5]

Rubber Vines (EA, CE, EB11)
      Collection: Cut stems; or macerate roots or rhizomes in hot water [EB11]
      Density: ?
      Yield/Tree: 6-7/Pl [PH40]; 0.06-0.18/Pl [Br197]
      Yield/Acre: ?

Solidago
       Goldenrod (CE)
       Collection: harvest and extract resin with acetone and rubber with benzol [PH268]
       Density: 10-20,000 Pl/Ac [PH268]
       Yield/Tree:
       Yield/Acre: C: 100 in 1929, >300 in 1934 [Van293-300; Bal398, 411]

Asclepias syriaca
       Common Milkweed
       Collection: harvest and extract
       Density: 10-20,000 Pl/Ac [PH268]
       Yield/Tree:
       Yield/Acre: C1940: 114-171* [Whiting]


Productivity of Trees for Which Description Is Limited
Hancornia speciosa
      The Pernambuco or Mangabeira Rubber Tree,
      Collection: Incision Tapping (8 oblique cuts all around trunk)[EB11]
      Density:
      Yield/Tree:
      Yield/Acre:

Parthenium argentatum
      Guayule (EA, CE, EB11)
      Collection: Shredded; leached with hot water [EA]
      Density: C: 3-5y [EA];4-5y [Van284]; 5-9y [PH233]; 8,000-16,000 Pl/Ac
       [PH267];7,000-11,000 Pl/Ac (Van284, 308)
       Yield/Tree:
       Yield/Acre: C: 137-241 [PH233], 325-400 [Van284]

Taraxacum kok-saghyz
      Russian Dandelion (EA, CE)
      Collection: Shredded; leached with hot water[EA]
      Density:
      Yield/Tree:
      Yield/Acre: C1940: 285 (Suomela)



Notes to Tables 1 and 2:
    (A) With the exception of milkweed, the cited plant names appear in the Encyclopedia
Americana (EA), the modern Encyclopedia Britannica (EB), the Eleventh (EB11) or Ninth (EB9)
editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica, the World Book Encyclopedia (WBE), or Collier's
Encyclopedia (CE) as sources of rubber.
    There are three plants which produce nonelastic rubbers which can be used for insulation,
belting, etc. Trees of the genera Palagium and Payena, found in the Malay Archipelago, produce
gutta percha. Manilkaea bidentata, found in tropical America, produces balata. Manilkaea
zapota, the Sapodilla Tree of Mexico and Central America, produces chicle (mostly used in
chewing gum). (EA)
    (B) The wild (W) and cultivated (C) range information is primarily from EA and EB11. Info
on sites of cultivation includes experimental plantings which may not ultimately have proven
successful. Descriptions of the plants are from EB11, unless otherwise stated.
    (C) In general, productivity data is not available in Grantville; the one exception is Hevea.
The encyclopedia data is cited in the main text. "Enc" is Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. The
remaining data was collected from various industry sources. "PH" is Polhamus; "Br" is Brown,
"Ch" is Christy,"TW" is Treadwell, "Van" is Vanderbilt, "Bal" is Baldwin. W: wild production.
C: cultivated. C1910: cultivated production circa 1910. C1940: cultivated production circa 1940.
CM: cultivated production in modern times, shortly before ROF. "Tr" means tree, "Pl" means
plant. In converting metric to English units, I used 2.5 acres per hectare and 2.2 pounds per
kilogram. One kilogram per hectare equates to about 1.14 pounds per acre. Note that productivity
is dependent on the location, the age of the tree, the frequency and method of tapping, and so
forth.
    (D) Various rubber producing vines of the family Apocynaceae, especially (1) the genus
Landolphia, and its species L. owariensis, L. heudelotii, L. kirkii and L. dawei, in tropical Africa,
(2) the genera Clitandra and Carpodinus in West Africa, (3) the Forsteronia gracilis of British
Guiana, (4) the Forsteronia floribunda of Jamaica, (5) the genera Willughbeia and Leuconitis of
Borneo, (6) Parmeria glandulifera of Siam and Borneo, and (7) Urceola esculenta and
Cryptostegia grandiflora of Burma (EB11). Note that EA states that Cryptostegia grandiflora is
found in Africa.
    (E) When guayule is harvested, the plant is usually consumed. Therefore, the annual yield is
the nominal yield—the yield in the year of harvest—divided by the harvesting age. Some sources
appeared to be reporting the nominal yield, rather than the true annual yield. There has been some
experimentation with clipping: harvesting only the part above ground, so the roots can regenerate
a new crop. See PH232-3.


                                           References

General Rubber References
       cited encyclopedias, see Appendix 1
       Brown, Rubber: Its Sources, Cultivation and Preparation (1914)
       Schidrowitz and Dawson, History of the Rubber Industry (1952)
       Coates, The Commerce in Rubber: The First 250 Years (Oxford Univ. Press:
       1987)
       Dean, Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History
       (1987)
       Maclaren, Rubber Tree Book (1913)
       Joshi, "Jungle Rubber"
       Mongabay, "A Brief History of Rubber (based on Wade Davis, One River 1996)
       Polhamus, Rubber: Botany, Production and Utilization (Interscience: 1962)
       Polhamus, "Rubber Content of Miscellaneous Plants," USDA/ARS Production
       Research Report No. 10 (Aug. 1957)(S21.Z2382 no. 10)(USDA 1957)
       (specific gravity)
       Hildebrand, "Our Most Versatile Vegetable Product," National Geographic
       (February 1940).


Rubber Reclaiming
       Reschner, "Scrap Tire Recycling,"


Para Rubber
       Listing of Hevea species and varieties

       International Rubber Research and Development Board (IRRDB), "South
       American Leaf Blight,"
       Villard, "Rubber-Cushioned Liberia," National Geographic (February 1948).
       Akers, Rubber Industry in Brazil and Orient
       Loadman, "Sir Henry Alexander Wickham,"
       Treadwell, Possibilities for Para Rubber Production in Northern Tropical
       America (1926)
Guayule Rubber References
     Ford, "Desert Plant May Put Spring in Natural Rubber Production" (Jan. 2, 2002),
     Perry, Growing Rubber in California (1946)
     Hammond and Polhamus, Research on Guayule
     Vietmeyer, "Rediscovering America's Forgotten Crops," National Geographic
     (May 1981).
     See also Vanderbilt (under Goldenrod)


Castilla Rubber References
     Cokeley, et al., "Fruit Dispersal of Castilla elastica in secondary forest and a
     developed area of the La Selva Biological Preserve, Costa Rica"
     http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/esi/2000/cr2000/Group_1/Research_Project/Ca
     stilla.htm
     Treadwell, supra.


Pernambuco Rubber References
     IPGRI, "Hancornia speciosa Gomes," in "FRUITS FROM AMERICA: An
     ethnobotanical inventory"
     http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Hancornia
     %20speciosa.htm


Goldenrod Rubber References
     TrekEarth, "Edison's Lab"
     http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/North_America/United_States/photo52079.htm
     IEEE Virtual Museum, "High Hopes: Edison's Search for a Rubber Alternative,"
     http://www.ieee-virtual-
     museum.org/collection/event.php?taid=&id=3456957&lid=1
     National Park Service, "Goldenrod to Rubber,"
     http://www.nps.gov/edis/edisonia/virtual%20tour/chemlab/goldenrod.htm
     MSN Encarta, "Thomas Alva Edison,"
     Handel, "Thomas Edison Home and Laboratory" (1998)
     MSN Encarta, "Edison, Thomas Alva"

     see
     Vanderbilt, Thomas Edison, Chemist
     Baldwin, Edison, Inventing the Century
     Israel, Edison: A Life of Invention


Milkweed Rubber References
     Whiting, "A Summary of the Literature on Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) And Their
     Utilization," USDA Biblio. Bull. 2 (Oct. 15, 1943)(SB 618 M5 W5)
     Volaric, Lisa; Hagen, John P., "The Isolation of Rubber from Milkweed Leaves.
     An Introductory Organic Chemistry Lab," J. Chem. Educ. 2002 79 91
     Beckett, "Rubber Content and Habits of a Second Desert Milkweed (Asclepias
     Erosa) of Southern California and Arizona"
     Witt, M.D. and H.D. Knudsen. "Milkweed cultivation for floss production," in: J.
     Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), New Crops 428-31 (Wiley, New York. 1993)
     Duke, James A.. "Asclepias syriaca," Handbook of Energy Crops (online, 1983)
     http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Asclepias_syriaca.html
     "Chemistry for Kids Summer Camp 2001"

     (Ohioan fifth to seventh graders in John Carroll University's "Chemistry for Kids"
     program studied latex from milkweed and dandelions.)
     "Project Science--Ooze Balls Kit"

     (includes instructions for extracting latex from Australian dandelions, milkweed
     (Asclepias curassavica), Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), and Rubber bush
     (Calotropis procera))
     Schuster, "Plant Study of Milkweed"

     DeMarce, Virginia, posting to "Dead Horse: Rubber," 1632 Tech Manual (Nov. 5,
     2004)
     Boatright, Rick, posting to "Dead Horse: Rubber," 1632 Tech Manual
     DeGooyer
     http://www.agron.iastate.edu/~weeds/weedbiollibrary/u4milkw1.html
     http://www.ars.usda.gov/sites/monarch/sect2_5.html


Dandelion Rubber
     Kolachov, "Kok-Saghyz, family 'Compositae,' as a Practical Source of Natural
     Rubber for the United States," National Farm Chemurgic Council Bulletin (1942).
     Whaley, "Russian Dandelion (Kok-Saghyz): An Emergency Source of Natural
     Rubber," USDA Misc. Pub. 618 (June 1947).
      Suomela, On the possibilities of growing Taraxacum kok-saghyz in Finland on
      basis of the investigations conducted in the years 1943-1948 (1950).
      IPNI entry for Taraxacum kok-saghyz, available through quotes Acta Instituti
      Botanici Academicae Scientiarum URSS 1: 137 (1933), "Hab. In montibus Tian-
      schan, in valle flum. Kegen, 19.X.1931, leg. L. Rodin." Remark 99288.
      Plants for a Future Database entry for Taraxacum kok-sahgyz, available through
      See also Vanderbilt (under Goldenrod)


Miscellaneous References
      USDA Plant Profiles

      Schwarcz, That's the Way the Cookie Crumbles: 62 All-New Commentaries on the
      Fascinating Chemistry of Everyday Life (2002)
      "Signal Telegraph of the Civil War and the Wire Used,"

      Finnish Defense Forces, Quartermaster Depot,

      Boschert, Nancy, "Thermoplastic Vulcanizates in Medical Applications," Medical
      Plastics and Biomaterials (January 1997), online at
      Gabriel and Metz, Chap. 6, "Lethality and Casualties," A Short History of War,
      (RSR) "Rubber in Steam Railways,"
      Rubber consumption figures are from Schidrowitz 332-36, U.S. population from
      the World Almanac, British population from , car ownership in the US from .


Geopolitics of Rubber
      Braudel, Wheels of Commerce, Vol. 2 of Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th
      Century (U. California Press: 1992).
      Perez-Brignoli, A Brief History of Central America (U. California Press: 1989)
      Smith, Explorers of the Amazon (U. Chicago Press: 1994)
      Hemming, The Search for El Dorado (Phoenix: 2001)
      Solana, "Dutch Trade with the Spanish West Indies and the Flemish Community
      in Cadiz in the Eighteenth Century: A Community of Shared Interests?"

      Ramerini, '"Dutch Portuguese Colonial History"

      and many satellite web pages.
      "Colonial Expansion: the V.O.C. ((Dutch) United East India Company) 1602-
      1798"
     "Routes of the Silk Road"

     Burns, Alan, History of the British West Indies (George Allen & Unwin: rev. 2d
     ed., 1965).
     "International Commerce and Colonial Spanish America,"
     Van der Kraan, "The Dutch in Siam: Jeremias van Vliet and the 1636 Incident at
     Ayutthaya,"
     and "At the Court of King Prasat-Thong: An Early seventeenth Century Account
     by Jeremias Van Vliet,"
     Polenghi, "The Japanese in Ayudhya in the First Half of the Seventeenth
     Century,"
     Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "The Beginning of Relations with European
     Nations and Japan,"
     "Dutch Portuguese Colonial History,"
     Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (19 )
     Naipaul, The Loss of El Dorado (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.: 1969)
     Bannon, Bolton and the Spanish Borderlands (Univ. Olahoma Press: 1964)


Appendix 1: Grantville Resources

     Public and School Library Holdings
     "Composites," "Plant," "Rubber," "Dandelion," "Guayule," "Castilla Rubber
     Tree," "Rubber Plant," Encyclopedia Americana [in Public Library, per search of
     Mannington Public Library catalog]
     "Industries, Chemical Process—Rubber" and "Angiosperms," Encyclopedia
     Britannica [in Public Library]
     "Rubber," "Amazon," "Ceara," "Fortaleza," "Para," "Para (Belem)," Encyclopedia
     Britannica, 11th ed. (1911), online at
     [two copies in Grantville, one donated post-RoF to Public Library, per email from
     Virginia DeMarce]
     "India Rubber," Encyclopedia Britannica, 9th ed. (1875-1889) [in Round Barn]
     "Rubber," Collier's Encyclopedia [in Junior High School library, per Rick
     Boatright]
     "Rubber," World Book Encyclopedia [in Senior High School library, per Rick
     Boatright]
Probable Personal Library Holdings
       Hammond Citation Atlas (and other atlases)
       "Rubber," Microsoft Encarta CD [per Rick Boatright]
       National Geographic magazines, back to the 1950s at least. [ditto]


Personal Knowledge
    While there are no botanists in Grantville, the Up-timer Grid version 6r reports that Susan
Lisa Beattie was a horticulture major in college. We don't know where she went to school, but the
West Virginia University horticulture program requires 45 hours of agriculture courses. Since she
only attended for three years, I would expect that she has taken perhaps two-thirds of that course
requirement.
    Alden Williams, Sr., Gene Caldwell, Linda Jane Colburn, Fran Genucci, Delia Higgins, Rose
Harris (d. 1635), Dora Mobley, Jessica Booth, Deann Whitney, and Vera Hudson are either
already master gardeners, or are in the apprenticeship program for that honor. West Virginia
Master Gardeners "receive a minimum of 30 hours of instruction. Along with an orientation,
volunteers are given core training in plant science, plant propagation, soil science, plant
pathology, entomology, communication skills, and integrated pest management." See
    And then there are the members of the Garden Club, and, of course, farmers.
    While their knowledge is not going to help you find rubber trees or tap them, these people do
know how to test soils, plant seeds, use twentieth-century garden and farm equipment, control
plant pests, and so forth.


Down-Time Knowledge
    The up-time texts are not our only source of information as to where these rubber trees may
be found. Down-time scholars may well be aware of texts such as Pietro Martire d'Anghiera's De
Orbo Novo Petri Martyris Anglerii Decades Octo (1530; translated into English in 1612) which
says that trees whose "milky juice . . . congeals to form a sort of pitch-like resin" can be found in
the "Valley of Chiribichi."
              On the Design, Construction and
              Maintenance of Wooden Aircraft

                                   by Jerry Hollombe,
                                  Private Pilot (ASEL),
                            Airframe & Powerplant Mechanic


                                           Introduction
     This essay started out to be about what it takes to build an airplane using wood, wire, dope
and fabric. It's still about that, but it's also about why there shouldn't be a down-time aerospace
industry, nor much of an air force, in the first decade or so post Ring of Fire. I say "shouldn't"
because what actually happens is up to the fiction authors and, in my experience, when works of
fiction are created, plot and drama trump the details of reality every time. Still, if you're going to
break the rules, you should at least know what they are.
     I earned my private pilot's license in 1966. At the time, it required a minimum of forty hours
flight time. I qualified for my Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) mechanic's license in 1970—one
of the very last groups of students to be formally trained in maintaining wooden aircraft. To earn
my A&P license I went to school eight hours a day, five days a week, for fourteen months, then
passed long and rigorous written and practical exams. Nearly all of what I learned in that time is
orthogonal to what a pilot learns. The idea that J. Random Pilot from the twenty-first century
would know anything about building and maintaining wooden aircraft is laughable. There were
no A&P mechanics in the Ring of Fire—let alone any of my era—so most of what I'm going to
talk about below is unknown in Grantville.
     Further, as a mechanic I know how to maintain and repair aircraft using mostly off-the-shelf
parts and materials. I don't know how to design one. For that you need an aerospace engineer and
there is only one in the Ring of Fire, Hal Smith. (Mike Spehar managed to grandfather him in
before the Grid became so rigid.) I don't know how to make the precursor chemicals for dope.
For that you need a chemist. I don't know how to make the high quality steel to make the wires,
nuts, bolts, etc., you need to hold an aircraft together. For that you need a metallurgist. Except in
the most general terms, I don't even know how to make a propeller, let alone design one. Trial
and error will have to serve.
    The following description of the building and maintenance of fabric-covered, wood-framed
aircraft is going to include a lot of fiddly details and requirements. Some of them are going to be
difficult to implement in the seventeenth century. Whether they are implemented or not is up to
the fiction authors, but they should be aware of this: A lot of airplanes crashed and a lot of
people died to put those details and standards in place. None of them are entirely frivolous. If
you want your airplanes to be credibly able to fly from Peetle to Pootle without crashing six times
along the way and want your pilots and passengers to be anything but suicidal daredevils, you'll
leave them in place. Also note that even modern private aircraft are inspected annually,
commercial aircraft are also inspected every 100 hours of flight and military aircraft are inspected
daily, so problems can be detected and repaired early. Finally, when feasible, every pilot does a
walk-around inspection of his aircraft before taking it up.
    It's been suggested to me that outside of Jesse Wood's air force, down-time pilots will be
daredevils. Even if you aren't concerned about their safety, consider the safety of your precious
engines, instruments and even rubber tires. You can't afford to build airplanes that crash and burn
at every pause in the conversation.
    So, let's begin.


                                              Tools
    First is a list of the minimum woodworking tools required to maintain a wood framed aircraft.
Most of them should be available or makeable in the seventeenth century. Space limits prevent
me from describing each one and its use. Mechanics learn about them in the practical shop part of
their training.

       Backsaw (14 to 18 teeth per inch)
       Small bucking bar
       Auger bits
       Brace
       C-clamps
       Parallel wood clamps (Jorgenson)
       Scribe compass (10 inch, thumbscrew lock)
       Hand drill
       Twist drills (1/16 to 1/4 inch)
       Flashlight
       Hammer
       Magnetic tack hammer
       Pocket knife
       Block plane
       Jack plane
       Diagonal cutting pliers
       Coarse wood rasp (half round)
       Fine wood rasp (half round)
       Dovetail saw
       Crosscut hand saw (10 to 14 teeth per inch)
       Keyhole saw
       Rip saw (5 to 6 teeth per inch)
       Screwdrivers
       Combination square
       Straightedge (36 to 48 inches)

     The wooden frame is covered with fabric and the tools for working with that are the same as
those used by a tailor or upholsterer. They include assorted needles, scissors, pinking shears,
sewing machines and irons. The fabric, in turn, is covered with dope, which I'll talk more about
under the materials heading. Dope is applied like paint, with brushes or, if available, a paint
sprayer.
     Even wooden airplanes have metal parts and fittings and for them you need the usual
wrenches and screwdrivers and drills (oh my!). To fabricate the parts from raw stock, you'll need
the resources of a machine shop or a blacksmith.
     In addition to these mostly generic tools, there are specialty tools needed for doing things that
only airplanes need done, like tensioning the wires and cables that hold the wings up (and down).
I'll mention them as they come up in context.


                                             Materials

Wood
    Aircraft spruce is the wood most commonly used for wooden aircraft structures. Properly
cured, it is light in weight and has high tensile strength for loads applied parallel to the grain.
"Properly cured" means kiln dried to produce uniform strength and reduce moisture content
evenly. To promote even curing, pieces to go in the kiln should be as small as feasible, given the
parts they are going to be used to make. (Obviously, beams for wing spars and such are going to
be pretty long.) If aircraft quality spruce isn't available, certain other woods may be substituted if
they are of sufficient quality: Douglas fir, noble fir, Western hemlock and white or Port Orford
cedar. Some of these are not available in seventeenth-century Europe.
    In general, the wood should be straight grained and the grain should not deviate more than
one inch in fifteen. Wood for spars and other large structural parts should be quarter sawed such
that the end grain is nearly perpendicular to the sides of the board. The minimum number of
annual rings per inch is six for most woods and eight for Port Orford cedar or Douglas fir. Look
for trees growing on the shady side of a hill or in other conditions that lead to slow growth.
    Aircraft wood must be free of decay, shakes and checks (splits) and compression failures.
Minor defects like small, solid knots and wavy grain are tolerable if they don't appreciably
weaken the part, but should be avoided if at all possible.


Glue
    Most aircraft construction and repair uses glue to join pieces of wood. A glue joint should be
as strong as the surrounding wood. Of the glues available in the seventeenth century, animal and
fish glues cannot be used for aircraft work because they are not waterproof. Until synthetic resin
glues are reinvented, casein glue will have to do. (The familiar white glue is usually a casein
glue. It's made from milk, lime and salt.) It is satisfactory for the purpose as long as it is protected
from fungus, usually by chemical additives (zinc borate or formaldehyde may be suitable). All
glue left over from a job should be discarded.


Fabric
     The most common fabric for modern aircraft is grade A mercerized cotton cloth.
(Mercerizing is a chemical treatment that shrinks the material.) Unfortunately, long staple cotton
isn't readily available in seventeenth-century Europe, so a substitute must be found.
     In the early days of flight, aircraft were covered with Irish linen, which is still acceptable
provided it meets quality standards. The main problem with linen is shrinkage. The material must
be carefully cut and sewn to allow for that factor or it can tighten up enough to break ribs and
damage other aircraft structures.
     The minimum tensile strength for the covering fabric is eighty pounds per inch. I.e., a one-
inch wide strip of cloth must support at least eighty pounds weight without breaking. It must have
a thread count of eighty to eighty-four threads per inch in both length and width and must weigh
four ounces or more per square yard. After weaving, the fabric is calendered (pressed wet
between hot and cold rollers) to lay the nap.
     Fabric may be bias cut (cut diagonally across the weave), which allows a small amount of
stretch for fitting purposes.


Surface Tape
   Surface tape is used as a reinforcement over stress areas, such as the leading and trailing
edges of wings, over rib lacing and seams and around fittings on doped fabric. It is usually cut
from the same fabric used to cover the airplane and has identical physical specifications. The tape
usually has a pinked (sawtoothed) edge, which improves adhesion and helps inhibit raveling. It
should be used to cover all lacing and stitching, but only after the first coat of dope has been
applied.


Reinforcing Tape
    This is used between the fabric covering a rib and the lacing cord to help distribute load and
keep the cord from wearing through the fabric. The material is similar to surface tape, but the
warp thread is larger than the fill and it should have a tensile strength of one hundred fifty pounds
per half inch. Its width should be matched to the width of the rib it is covering.


Sewing Thread and Cordage
   Again, since the customary cotton is not available, linen will have to do.
   Machine sewing thread must have a tensile strength of five pounds per strand and weigh
about one pound per five thousand yards. It is technically described as white, silk-finish, No. 16
four-cord thread with a left or Z twist.
    Hand sewing thread must have a tensile strength of fourteen pounds per strand and weigh one
pound per 1650 yards.
    Lacing cord is used to attach fabric to the structure of the airplane. It should have a minimum
tensile strength of forty pounds single or eighty pounds double. Bee's wax should be used to
lightly coat the cord before use by drawing the cord across a piece of wax.
    Waxed cord is used to attach leather chafing strips (made of russet strap leather) on parts of
the structure that may be subject to rubbing by moving parts such as brace wires and structural
tubing. Chafing strips protect against wear and abrasion and the cord holding them in place must
be double-twist and waxed.


Leather
    Russet strap leather is used for reinforcing where structural parts or controls must pass
through the fabric skin. Horsehide, which is thinner, may be substituted in areas of lesser wear.


Miscellaneous
    Tacks are used during construction to temporarily hold fabric in place, but only rustproof
tacks, made of brass, tinned iron or Monel, should be used for permanently attaching fabric to
wood.
    Where holes are necessary for drainage, inspection or lacing, grommets are used to reinforce
the fabric. Seaplane or marine grommets are shaped to create suction to enhance drainage or
ventilation when necessary.


Dope
    In order to make aircraft fabric airtight and weatherproof, dope is applied. Dope also causes
the fabric to tighten, removing wrinkles. Caution should be exercised here, as too much
tightening can damage underlying structures. Clear and pigmented dopes each have their separate
purposes. Modern dope is often pigmented with powdered aluminum to provide protection from
sunlight. Aluminum is unknown in the seventeenth century. Until powdered aluminum becomes
available, you'll have to live without it and plan extra inspection, maintenance and repair to
compensate. Final coats of dope are mixed with color pigments to achieve any desired
appearance and also provide some protection from sunlight.
    Nitrocellulose dope is made by adding glycol sebacate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate or butyl
alcohol to a solution of nitrocellulose. Ethyl alcohol or benzol can be used to thin the dope to
desired consistency. The main drawback of nitrocellulose dope is extreme flammability. Once
ignited, it burns too fast for fire fighting to be practical, especially in an aircraft aloft. Adding
aluminum, when available, only exacerbates the problem. For reference, the crash of the
Hindenburg is now attributed to its having been coated with nitrocellulose dope pigmented with
aluminum and iron oxide—a combination better known in modern times as "rocket fuel."
    Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) dope is more resistant to fire than nitrocellulose and
penetrates better as well. On the down side, it has a stronger tautening effect, which can damage
fabric or structure if care is not taken. It can be applied over nitrocellulose dope.
    If you want to know about the chemicals that make dope. I haven't a clue and never did. It's
not in my textbooks. As I said at the outset, I'm a mechanic. I know how to maintain and repair
airplanes using mostly off-the-shelf materials. Dope is something I ordered from a parts catalog.
    Modern aircraft coatings also include fiberglass and assorted other plastics, but down-timers
are going to have a hard enough time making the traditional dopes without worrying about up-
time synthetics.

                                  Construction and Repair

Vocabulary
    As with most technical specialties, there is a broad nomenclature for wooden aircraft. It
doesn't exist to keep nonexperts at bay, but rather to precisely specify things that must be so
specified and don't exist in any other context. So, we must deal with spars, stringers, bulkheads,
ribs, formers, longerons and leading edge strips, all of which have definitions unique to wooden
airplanes (as opposed to boats and ships). Then there are the assorted struts and wires that hold
biplanes and triplanes together, if that's what we're building, each with their own type and name.
    Spars are the main beams of the wings and transmit air loads to the fuselage (the body of the
plane). They may go from wing tip to wing tip or from wing tip to fuselage and support the ribs,
compression struts and various attachment fittings. They can be solid wood, solid laminated
wood, or built up into 'I' shapes or boxes.
    Ribs give the wing and other airfoils their shape. What that shape should be is an engineering
problem. Modern engineers go to a NASA database and look up the airfoil contour that will give
them the flight characteristics they desire. Jesse Wood is fortunate that Hal Smith had a book
with the standard NACA airfoils in it. Without that, in the seventeenth century, you would have
to fall back on the Wright brothers' technique of trial and error, using models in a homemade
wind tunnel to test their ideas. However, even without the NACA airfoil book, the up-timers have
brought back an understanding of the principles of how airfoils work well beyond the Wrights'.
    A properly designed and constructed wooden rib can support thousands of times its own
weight when in place on the aircraft.
    Leading and trailing edge strips give the ribs sideways support and shape the respective edges
of the airfoils. Wing-tip bows shape the outer ends of the wings.
    Bulkheads and formers shape the fuselage, or body, of the aircraft. They are held in place by
longerons and stringers—wooden strips that run the length of the fuselage.


Carpentry
    Most of the actual woodworking is well within the capabilities of down-time craftsmen, given
the necessary materials. The ribs are the most complex individual part and they're not all that bad,
even though there are a lot of them. The usual technique is to take a copy of the design blueprint
and attach it to a flat board, then nail small pieces of wood to it to form a jig for assembling the
pieces that form the rib. The ribs themselves are formed from thin strips of wood held together by
glue and thin wood gussets. The gussets are usually nailed in place to hold them while the glue
dries, but the strength of the rib comes from the glue, not the nails. Just about all the other
wooden parts are made using techniques that haven't changed much in centuries.


Metal Work
    This gets trickier. There are a lot of metal parts in a wooden airplane. Just making the screws,
nuts and bolts is going to be a problem in the down-time world, let alone to the standards of
strength and consistency flight safety demands. (Remember, you can't just coast over to the side
of the road, or even to a stop, if a major part breaks in flight.) In the up-time world, that's done
with intense quality control and inspection procedures that use X-rays, Magnaflux™, and
fluorescent penetrating dyes, among other things. X-rays probably won't be an option, but, given
electricity and wire, Magnafluxing is straightforward. Penetrating dyes may also be possible.
Short of this kind of intensive testing, down-time aircraft will be restricted to over-engineering,
using bigger stronger and therefore heavier parts than are really required. This results, of course,
in a heavier aircraft with poorer performance.
    Braided wire cable is also beyond down-time technology for now, so controls and control
surfaces are going to be operated by metal pushrods (which are usually tubes) and bell cranks.
Bell cranks are simple, pivoting pieces of metal shaped to transfer and redirect the motion of
cables and pushrods. They get their name from the crank that converts a straight rope pull to the
swinging motion of a church bell. In airplanes, they move the control surfaces, and may also be
used for engine controls.
    Safety wire is another tricky essential. It's flexible wire, usually made of soft iron or stainless
steel, used to secure nuts, bolts and turnbuckles so the vibrations of flight can't loosen them. That
means nuts and bolts have to have holes drilled through them for the safety wire to pass through.
General purpose safety wire is 0.032 inches in diameter. The holes are barely larger than the
diameter of the wire, so they don't compromise the strength of the nut or bolt. Drilling those holes
is going to be a challenge to down-time technology. You need safety wire and the drilled nuts and
bolts that go with it, unless you can you live with pieces falling off your airplane in flight.


                                          In Conclusion
    Even if, by a miracle, I was inside the Ring of Fire with all my tools and books and class
notes and training and experience still fresh in my head, Grantville still wouldn't know how to
build an airplane from scratch, let alone have—or even know of—all the necessary materials.
Even ignoring the engineering and design gap, every substitution you make of down-time
materials downgrades the safety and reliability of the aircraft and probably its payload as well.
For the first 20 years or so after Kittyhawk, it was considered normal for an airplane to crash
every fifty miles or so. Pilots were daredevils. And they had aluminum, steel, cotton, rubber, etc.
They just didn't have all the safety regulations and standards in place. (As one of my instructors
pointed out, until well after the advent of passenger planes every FAA regulation on the books
was put there for the safety of the people on the ground. Think about that.) Down-time, it's iffy
whether anyone can make safety wire.
    During my mechanic's training, we practiced on an old Stearman biplane. As I recall, its
maintenance manual came in two volumes, each about three inches thick. Just the procedure for
tensioning the wires that held the wings up (and down) took up several pages and there was only
one right way to do it. Some engineer figured out the procedure. Try any other sequence of
installing and tensioning those wires and they would be out of balance, incorrect and unsafe,
depriving the aircraft of much of its structural strength. Did I mention the special tool you need to
measure the tension of the wires? Also, even then, there was only one company left in the entire
country that still made the wires, in case you needed to replace one. I have no idea if they're still
in business today. Again, dealing with this sort of issue might be overcome by overengineering,
using heavier stronger parts than you really need to so that the aircraft can handle the stresses of
down-time construction, but that would result, of course, in a heavier aircraft with lower
performance.
    By the way, once aluminum production comes up to speed, the next thing you need, if you're
going to make airplanes with it, is zinc chromate. That's the green primer you may have seen on
interior airplane parts, if you've ever seen them at all. Without it, aluminum corrodes and
weakens under the vibration and stress of flight and, eventually, pieces start falling off your
airplane. How do you make zinc chromate? I have no idea. It comes in cans.
    Of course, you're also going to need rivets. Time was I could give you a half hour lecture on
rivets alone, covering all the different types, shapes, alloys, purposes, installation procedures, etc.
Get back to me about that when Grantville has aluminum.
    Note that I haven't even mentioned things like flight instrumentation. How many people even
know how an altimeter or air speed indicator works, let alone how to build one? Where are you
going to get the down-time expertise to make them to the necessary precision? Do the Grantville
machine shops have room in their overbooked schedules to make precision gyroscopes and the
associated mechanisms that let them do what a pilot needs them to do? Certainly, no one else
down-time has the tools or the skills to do that.
    Airplanes—useful, reasonably safe airplanes, anyway—are complicated and difficult to make
and they require a lot of industrial infrastructure if they're going to be more than rare curiosities.
The time will come when Grantville has that infrastructure in place and airplanes will begin to be
common again, but, realistically, that's not going to happen overnight, or even over a year or two.
    So, now you have some facts in hand. Go forth and write your tales of down-time
aeronautical adventure, ignoring them as you choose. Just don't come to me when pilot and
mechanic fans start writing in to tell you what you got wrong. I'll only say, "I told you so."



    Mike Spehar, author of the flying scenes in 1633, and creator of Colonel Jesse Woods, head
of the USE Air Force in 1633 replies:

    In general, I agree and sympathize with the author. It would be an engineering feat of unusual
skill and luck to design a successful aircraft from scratch—certainly to the precision that Jerry is
familiar with. In focusing on the airframe, Jerry hasn't discussed the problems related to power
plant design, especially gearing to the propeller, or how to build a suitable landing gear. The
problem of power transfer alone cost me many days of research. I likewise could go on and on
about air intake vents and the proper design of exhaust systems. And his comments about suitable
wood and fabric brought to mind hours of research of my own on the subject. (Parenthetically, I
note that he hasn't mentioned anything about internally braced wooden wing construction. Nor
did he discuss the possibilities of incorporating light wood veneer and parquet techniques for
wing design, though such things are probably not usually taught in the normal A&P courses.)
    But, of course, I cheated. I did include an aeronautical engineer in the Ring of Fire, along
with a professional Air Force pilot with an aero background, as well as thousands of flying hours
(as I have). Most of my personal research led me to believe that there are reasonable workarounds
to many of the problems Jerry's mentioned, if one can live with a "belt and suspenders" approach
to design, generally by making things stronger than they need to be. Naturally, all those
workarounds would add weight to the aircraft, but, as the man says, safety first.
    There are a couple of technical points that can be addressed from the above:
    Re props: Anyone who's looked closely at a WWI prop could probably duplicate one. Our
aero engineer would know the basics and the mathematical formulae for wing and prop design
aren't rocket science.
    Re the construction of instruments: We've mentioned this problem in a number of places, and
even discussed some workarounds. I agree it would be difficult, even impossible, to give any
aircraft a full suite of instruments. But needle, ball, and airspeed worked for decades. It's not for
nothing that we've stressed the dangers of anything but VFR flight. I've several books describing
how to build basic instruments, and I suspect Hal Smith would have them as well. And the
scientific principles upon which they are based are even better known, but gyroscopic
instruments just won't be happening for the foreseeable future.
    In a way, this article validates much of what I've posted in the 1632 tech group on Baen's bar
about aviation down-time. Whereas some posters have enthusiastically, if unofficially, speculated
about fleets of aircraft, I have always maintained that aircraft would be limited to a mere handful
throughout the course of the anticipated series of books. I have stretched things quite a bit with
the design of the Gustav, but not overly much, I think, given the impetus that wartime priority
might create.
    I have read some critiques of 1633 complaining about the amount of time and copy I spent on
aircraft safety and the nuts and bolts of flying. Since I have, of dramatic necessity, skipped much
of the drier bits of aircraft design (as well as skipping the almost unavoidable minor and major
accidents), I suppose this article was inevitable. And welcome, I might add, though I would
suggest that the author and other critics carefully read the flying bits of 1633 again, to see where I
finessed certain problems. I think that he might be surprised at how often I mentioned, or at least
alluded to, the problems and dangers of flight.
    I could also, I suppose, plead the requirements of dramatic pace for skipping much of what
the author has mentioned. I certainly have thousands of words, hundreds of notes, on aircraft
construction and flying hazards that I simply never submitted to Eric, though I have kept it all for
future reference. In one e-mail to Eric, I recall describing the high mortality rate of early pilots, as
well as describing, at considerable length, the usual way in which VFR pilots kill themselves in
sudden IFR conditions. I believe he used two sentences of that thoughtful exposition in the book
and rightly so. Likewise, I suppose I could mention that any such story requires that certain
"willing suspension of disbelief." But I won't. I'm a firm believer in the principle that any
technical detail integral to the story should be based on hard fact, with as few flights of fancy as
can be managed. Failing that, the technical details should at least sound logical, if a few
preliminary assumptions are swallowed. Beyond that, I long ago decided that the proper response
to any real expert's corrections was to plead guilty—and to add him or her in my list of useful
contacts!
    All in all, I congratulate Jerry on his incisive article, though I warn him to be prepared for a
hailstorm of posts to answer from various Barflies!

   V/r, Mike Spehar
                              The Jews of 1632

                                   by Douglas W. Jones

Foreword
    With Jewish characters occupying such a prominent place in the 1632 story universe, it is
important to accurately recreate the Jews of that era. What I have written in the following is
intended as a handy resource for anyone contemplating using Jewish characters in fiction they set
in this world. I have tried to cover issues that would matter most to a writer trying to invent
realistic Jewish characters without more than a cursory glance at matters of theology, except as
these would be seen by an outsider observing the Jews of the era. The one exception to this is in
the area of Kaballah, where I have delved deeper because this was at the center of the largest
controversy in the Jewish world of the era.
    In writing what follows, I have tried to consistently transliterate Hebrew words into English
using natural spellings of the Ashkenazic pronunciation, since this was the dominant
pronunciation in Germany in the seventeenth century. By way of example, consider the word
Sabbath, pronounced Shabbos by most Ashkenazic Jews, with the emphasis on the first syllable.
In contrast, Sephardic Jews pronounce this as Shabbat, with the emphasis on the second syllable.
    Most modern transliterations from the Hebrew follow the Sephardic pronunciation because
that is how modern Israeli Hebrew is pronounced. I will not use any of the standard Hebrew to
English transliteration schemes that are used in scholarly work. Some of these use diacritical
marks unfamiliar to most readers, while others generate bizarre spellings that don't suggest any
widely spoken dialect of post-biblical Hebrew. For example, rendering Sabbath as Shabboth.
    Unfortunately, there is no one-to-one correspondence between the letters of the English
alphabet and the Hebrew aleph-beis. There is one Hebrew letter that can be pronounced as either
b or v, so the name Abrabanel and Abravanel are both reasonable transliterations of the same
Hebrew spelling. Similarly, another letter can be pronounced either s or sh. In both cases, there
are diacritical marks that can be used in the Hebrew to indicate the intended pronunciation, but
these are omitted in most written Hebrew.
    The glottal ch sound found in many Hebrew words has no English analog. This is used in the
words chiam and bruchah, meaning respectively life and blessing, and pronounced as the ch in
Bach or Loch Ness. It should be easy for Germans and Scots to pronounce, but it gives many
English speakers trouble. Some transliterations use the letter h for this sound, others use the
awkward looking kh; given that English readers expect to see ch used for this sound in loan
words from Gaelic and German, it is hard to justify these other alternatives.
    A final reason for irregular transliterations from Hebrew to English lies in places where both
Hebrew and English grammar can be used. Should we construct the plural of mitzvah,
commandment, as mitzvahs, following the English rules for plural formation, or should we
construct the plural as mitzvos or mitzvot, using the Hebrew rules for plural formation? I will do
the latter because it demonstrates how a Jewish character would say the word where a writer
might want to emphasize their Jewishness by having them drop in an occasional Hebrew word. I
recommend doing this in careful moderation except where you want your Jewish characters to
come across as incomprehensible.
    In the context of remarks in the novel 1632 about the American habit of using acronyms, it is
relevant to note that the Jewish world has been using acronyms for a very long time. The Jewish
Bible is known as the Tanach, formed from the initials for Torah, nevi'im (prophets) and ketuvim
(writings), with random vowels added to allow it to be pronounced as a word. Similarly, stam
calligraphy is used for the texts of the Sefir Torah, tefilin and mezuzot. Many more of these
acronyms will be mentioned later, in the section on Jewish names.


Judaism: A Brief Introduction
    Judaism centers on the covenantal obligation of Jews to perform the 613 divine mitzvos that
have been identified in the Torah, the first five books of the Bible. As a result, Judaism has, at its
core, a code of law known as halacha, a word meaning "the path." It is reasonable to compare
this to the canon law of the Church, but where Christianity is a matter of faith and can survive
without its law code, it is difficult to formulate versions of Judaism that are not centered on the
mitzvos.
    Jewish law was considered to be binding on all Jews, and throughout most of the European
Jewish world of the seventeenth century, Jewish courts were empowered by the Christian
authorities to enforce this code of law in all disputes between Jews. Halacha is not just a
religious code, for example, it includes a highly developed code of commercial law, and matters
of doctrine or creed are not addressed in any depth.
    The two primary jobs of a rabbi have traditionally been to serve as a teacher and a judge of
Jewish law. It follows that the Talmud, which is the central text of every rabbinical seminary or
yeshivah, can be thought of as a law text—although it is much more than that. The Talmud is
massive and must be studied in the context of more recent rabbinic rulings. As a result, shorter
codes of Jewish law have long attracted readers. In the seventeenth century, the Shulchan Aruch
by Rabbi Yosef Karo of Safed was the newest compendium, but it was also somewhat
controversial.
    Under Jewish law, all prohibitions can be suspended when doing so will save a life, excepting
the prohibitions against murder, idolatry and sexual immorality. Dietary prohibitions and
modesty rules fall by the wayside if they stand in the way of saving a life, as do the prohibited
categories of work on the Sabbath and even the laws against theft. In times and places where
Jews were subject to serious persecution, many Jews interpreted the obligation to save lives
narrowly, applying it primarily to Jewish life.
    The Jewish world of 1632 was a complex one; broadly speaking, it was divided between the
Ashkenazic and Sephardic communities, but this greatly oversimplifies the picture. The Jews of
Italy, in particular, included an indigenous community dating back to Roman times that was
neither Ashkenazic nor Sephardic. This community had its own ritual tradition dating back to
Roman times, although by the seventeenth century Italy also hosted Ashkenazic and Sephardic
communities, most notably in Venice. The Babylonian and Yeminite communities were also
distinct.
     In general, the division between the different Jewish communities was not one of ideological
disagreement, but one of traditions. The Jews of these communities usually agreed that the
traditions of the other communities were valid and that, within each community, these traditions
had the binding force of law. The greatest differences between these communities were in the
prayer book, where one community or the other had made additions to the basic structure of the
liturgy mandated by the Talmud, and in minor dietary laws—particularly those surrounding
Passover.
     In addition to the traditional and ritual differences between the Ashkenazic and Sephardic
communities, there was significant prejudice. Sephardic Jews still remembered being at the
center of the Jewish world prior to their expulsion from Spain, and tended to think of their
Ashkenazic cousins as uncultured and vulgar. Ashkenazic Jews, in turn, resented this dismissive
attitude.
     There was also, of course, the matter of language. The mamaloschen (mother tongue) of the
Ashkenazic community was Judische Deutsch, formed from German with a liberal admixture of
Hebrew roots (laschon is, for example, the Hebrew word for tongue). In seventeenth-century
Poland, Judische Deutsch was already well on the road to becoming what we now call Yiddish.
In areas where the larger community spoke various local German dialects, it is not clear that
Judische Deutsch should be described as Yiddish, and considered as a distinct language, as
opposed to just another German dialect. The Sephardic community, in contrast, spoke Ladino, or
Judaeo-Spanish, while the Italian community spoke Judaeo-Italian. There was also an indigenous
Jewish community in North Africa that spoke Judaeo-Arabic.
     All of these languages contained numerous Hebrew words and were written in Hebrew
characters. It is fair to say that these languages were mutually incomprehensible with the possible
exception of slowly spoken and carefully enunciated Judaeo-Italian and Judaeo-Spanish. Rabbis,
many laymen and some women in all of these communities would have known enough Hebrew
to overcome any communication difficulties caused by these language differences.
     As already noted, the Ashkenazic and Sephardic communities had distinct Hebrew dialects.
In Ashkenazic, the th sound had become an s, so Ruth was pronounced Roos, and in Sephardic, it
had become a t, so the name became Root. There was also a shift in the pronunciation of some
vowels and a shift in syllable emphasis. Where Sephardic Jews generally emphasized the last
syllable, as in talit or amen, Ashkenazic Jews tended to emphasize the first syllable, talus or
omain.


Jewish names
   Family names, as we know them today, were uncommon in the seventeenth-century Jewish
community. From biblical times to the modern era, all Jews generally have patronymic names, so
Moische ben Aaron is Moses, the son of Aaron, and Frumah bat Yosef is Faith, the daughter of
Joseph. Jewish marriage, divorce and death records will always give the name in this form, as
will Jewish court records. In addition, this form of name is used when a Jew is called up in the
synagogue for any liturgical purpose.
    There is one general exception to this, the family names Cohen and Levi, which are of biblical
origin. The name Cohen, indicating priestly descent, has numerous variants, including Kahn and
Kaplan. In the same way, Levi indicates descent from the biblical Levites and gave us family
names such as Levine. In formal liturgical usage, these names are appended to the patronymic
form, so Samuel son of Moses the Cohen would be known as Schmuel ben Moische haCohain.
When the Torah is read in the synagogue, the first and second sections of the reading are reserved
for the Cohen and Levite, if any are present. This and a few other minor ritual privileges have
ensured the continuity of these family names.
    In the seventeenth century, a few Jewish families were using family names approximately as
we use them today. Most frequently, these were used as a way of calling attention to relationships
with prominent ancestors. For example, many descendants of the noted French Torah
commentator and mathematician Gershonides, or Rabbi Levi ben Gershon used the family name
Ralbag to call attention to their ancestry; Ralbag was simply the acronym for his full name.
    Most of the great Jewish scholars have had their names reduced to acronyms. For example,
the eleventh century French biblical commentator from Troyes known as Rashi was Rabbi
Shlomo ben Yitzach, and the greatest scholar of the twelfth century was the Rambam, Rabbi
Moshe ben Maimon of Cairo, known in the Christian world as Maimonides. Aside from Ralbag,
however, these acronymic names did not generally become family names.
    It was common to use the name of a home town as a last name. For example, the merchant
and Talmudist Simon ben Eliezer was known as Simon Günzburg after his birthplace; he lived in
Ulm for a while and was also known as Simon Ulma. He was famous enough that his
descendants carried on both of these names as family names, giving rise to the modern names
Günzburg and Ginsberg as well as Ulma and Ulman.
    When someone had an extremely common name, for example, Yehudah ben Avraham, there
was a need to distinguish them from others with the same name. The most prominent person with
such a name in any given community generally got to keep the name, while others needed to add
something. The Abravanel family, for example, is probably descended from a prominent resident
of Seville named ben Avraham; other ben Avrahams from Seville would have had to use a
different name. The question of whether it should be transliterated Abravanel or Abrabanel is
fair. The former transliteration is more common, but because the letter v is pronounced more like
an f in German, the latter transliteration would be more likely in German lands.
    In the mid-seventeenth century, Rabbi Schlomo ben Yitzach of Frankfurt had a very common
name. There were many Solomons who were sons of people named Isaac. To distinguish him
from others of that name, he was sometimes called Solomon Rothschild. The name Rothschild, in
turn, was used because his father Isaac, the leader of the Frankfurt Jewish community, lived in a
house with a red shield hanging over the door. These shields were put up in the Frankfurt Jewish
quarter in the early 1600's at the insistence of the Christian authorities. At the time, the name
Rothschild had no special meaning, and in fact, Schlomo ben Yitzach also called himself
Solomon Bacharach and would probably have preferred that name if the Christian authorities had
not imposed the name Rothschild. His descendants, on the other hand, continue to take pride in
the name Rothschild to this day.
    Nicknames were common in the Jewish world of the seventeenth century, and it was common
for Jews to go under variant names in different circles. Yitzach of Frankfurt, for example, was
probably Isaac Frankfurter to his Christian neighbors. To his close friends and colleagues, he was
probably Yitz. In German, if you could address him informally in German as du, you would call
him Yitz; if you had to address him formally, with Sie, he would be Yitzach. To his wife or
mother, he might have been Yitzelle (little Yitz).
    Names in translation also occurred. The name Chiam became Vidal in Judeo-Italian and
Ladino because it means life. The names Tzvi and Ari, meaning deer and lion, became Hirsch and
Loew in Judische Deutsch. The name Loew became a family name as early as the fifteenth
century. Rabbi Yaakov Loew ben Chiam, born around 1480, was Reichsrabbiner or chief rabbi of
the German Jews. The most famous member of this family was the Maharal, Rabbi Judah Loew
ben Bezalel of Prague (1525-1609). Today, the Maharal is remembered as the creator of the
Golem of Prague; this legend may have been unknown in the mid seventeenth century but his
work on whether it was permissible to use automatic mechanisms to do work on Shabbos was
fairly well known.
    The master of the house, baal beis in Hebrew, was known as the balebus in Judische Deutsch.
Any familiar but also highly respected man was likely to be addressed as Reb, used as a title of
respect, but only with his first name. The honorific Reb is close in value to Mister, as it was used
in the nineteenth century, which is to say, as a title for the master of the household; any balebus
was therefore entitled to this honorific. The honorific Rav was appropriate for rabbis only, and
the wife of the rabbi would be the Rebitzin. Tradition discouraged unmarried men from serving as
rabbis.
    Women of the seventeenth-century Jewish community sometimes had Hebrew names but in
other cases, they had German or distinctly Judische Deutsch names. The Maharal's children
included Gitele, Tilla, Rachel, Leah, Vögele and Realina. Some biblical names, such as Eve or
Rebecca would rarely be heard in their German form, but rather, they would be pronounced in
their Hebrew form, Chava and Rivka except in dealings with non Jews.


Jews and Gentiles
    The laws governing the Jews of seventeenth-century Europe encouraged them to support
themselves through the loan business. In exchange for being allowed this one source of income,
Jews were forced to pay special taxes. In areas with significant Jewish populations, these "Jew
taxes" were a major source of income. For the nobility, raising the Jew taxes and having the Jews
pass these on as high interest rates was a safe way of squeezing money out of the their subjects
because borrowers generally directed their anger at the Jews for the high interest rates instead of
blaming the government.
    The Jews of the seventeenth century generally lived within walking distance of synagogues
because of restrictions on the distance a person could travel on the Sabbath and a prohibition on
riding on the Sabbath. When possible, Jews lived in walled and gated compounds within towns
and cities; Jewish law encourages this because the prohibitions on carrying on the Sabbath relax
considerably if you are within a walled area, called an eruv, although the city walls themselves
would suffice.
    Christian law, based on the papal bull of 1555, required that all Jews living under Christian
rule live in the Jewish quarters of their towns and required that the gates to the Jewish quarter be
closed on Sunday, lest the Jews spoil the Christian Sabbath. The gated Jewish quarter provided
some protection from mob violence directed against Jews, particularly around Easter when
attacks against Jews were common enough to be described as traditional.
    The term ghetto itself was relatively new in the 1630's, dating only to 1516, when the
principality of Venice restricted Jewish residence to an area formerly occupied by a foundry, or
ghetto, in Venetian Italian. Many German towns had Jewish districts organized along a single
long street; in most such towns, the district was known as the Judengasse—Jewish lane. The
most famous Judengasse was that of Frankfurt am Main.
    Despite papal and imperial decrees that all Jews be confined to the Jewish quarters of towns,
there were Jews living outside these quarters. Such Jews were known as Shutzjuden, or protected
Jews, and they lived outside the Jewish quarters only because they paid Shutzgeld, protection
money, to the local noble. In effect, this Shutzgeld was a bribe to the noble in his role as
magistrate to have him overlook the decrees he was legally charged to enforce. By the
seventeenth century, status as a protected Jew was generally governed by a contract that could be
inherited. In some areas, Shutzgeld was a major source of income to the local nobility.
    Jewish commerce with non-Jews was strictly limited. Jews were forbidden to sell new goods,
join guilds, bear arms or hold public office. Aside from money lending, the only other businesses
generally permitted were trading in used goods such as scrap and rags.
    In the seventeenth century, the restrictions on Jewish occupations began to soften. Jews had
to be careful about this, carefully constructing legal fictions in order to bend the rules. For
example, where a Jew could not legally buy and then resell some product, he might legally act as
a broker, taking delivery of the product from the seller, delivering it to the buyer and taking care
of the cash transfer for a fee. Restrictions on Jewish commerce were generally more likely to be
enforced in areas with significant Jewish populations; they were weak where Jews were few and
far between.
    The word "gentile" itself is worthy of note. In the Jewish world, the term used would
invariably have been goy, or goyim in the plural. In Hebrew, this word means exactly the same
thing as the Latin gens, a race, a people or a nation. As used in Judische Deutsch, the word goy
became a synonym for gentile; it only had negative connotations because, until recent times, it
was a safe assumption that if a person was a Gentile, he was likely to be anti-Jewish and therefore
dangerous. Jews did trust some Gentiles, but such trust was rare, conditional, and risky. All Jews
were generally familiar with stories about Gentiles who had proven themselves to be trustworthy
through many years and then had betrayed that trust.
    One story, in particular, illustrates the risks of such trust. Over the centuries, there have been
many churchmen who extended considerable protection to the Jews, only to withdraw it. Martin
Luther is the most famous example; early in his career, he urged that Jews be treated with great
respect, but once he concluded that such tolerance would not convince large numbers of Jews to
convert to Christianity, he wrote On the Jews and their Lies (1543), one of the most anti-Semitic
works ever written. Luther went so far as to say "We are at fault in not slaying them." As a result
of this change, the Jewish communities of many of the new Lutheran lands faced persecution so
severe that essentially all of the Jews were driven out.
    Of course, the term "anti-Semite" would be entirely unfamiliar to any resident of the
seventeenth century. It is a nineteenth-century term, coined by Wilhelm Marr when he wanted a
respectable and scientific sounding term for the older Judenhass—literally, "Jew hatred."
    In general, when Jews and Christians interacted, there was a very strong asymmetry.
Christians were urged by their tradition to do everything they could to convert Jews, while Jews
were urged by their tradition not to talk about Judaism to non-Jews. For the past thousand years,
the experience of the Jewish community with such dialogue had been extremely negative. The
Catholic Church had organized many disputations in which Jewish and Christian scholars were
pitted against each other, but the outcome of these disputations was generally preordained and
frequently fatal for the Jewish participant. As a result, genuine interfaith dialogue was extremely
rare and when it occurred, it was almost always conducted in private.
    In the context of 1632, for example, it is quite likely that Rebecca Abrabanel would have
been quite reluctant to say much about the depth of her own allegiance to Judaism to Michael
Stearns for several years after she married him. He might not even notice small observances she
maintains while living with him, and when he does, he may completely misunderstand their
significance.


Jewish Dress
    In general, in every age, Jews have dressed more or less like their neighbors. Examination of
medieval illuminated manuscripts makes this quite clear, as does examination of the works of
several seventeenth-century artists. There are, however, some distinctively Jewish elements to
clothing.
    The first of these is the response to the commandment to wear "tassels on the corners of your
garments" (Numbers 15:37). This has led to the universal Jewish custom of men wearing a tallus
or prayer shawl during morning prayers. In the Sephardic dialect, this was pronounced tallit.
Medieval persecution and pietism combined to lead Jews of the medieval Ashkenazic community
to convert this to an undergarment that could be worn all day without being obvious. The big
tallus gadol was still worn during morning prayers. Only the four tzitzis, or tassels of the little
tallus katan undergarment hung out into public view. To any Jew or to any Gentile who came in
regular contact with Jews, these fringes served as a badge that the wearer was Jewish. German
Jews frequently referred to the talus katan undergarment as a tzitzis, after the fringes it carried.
    By the seventeenth century, the Ashkenazic tradition was that all men, starting in cheder or
elementary school, wore tzitzis, but only married men wore the tallus gadol. The story in the
Sephardic world is less clear; Jews in the Ottoman Empire were wearing the talit katan, but it is
difficult to identify evidence that the Sephardic Jews of Amsterdam wore this undergarment.
Certainly, "secret Jews" living in Spain or Portugal would be risking their lives to wear such a
garment.
    In 1434, imperial law required German Jews to wear a Jew badge, in keeping with the papal
bull of 1425. The requirement that Jews wear the Jew badge was rigorously enforced, although
some exceptions were made by noble decree, usually for court Jews or physicians and sometimes
for their families. In rare cases, the badge laws were abolished for an entire community; for
example, in 1541 Charles V annulled them in the county of Öttingen. Generally, though, badge
laws remained in effect until the Emperor Joseph II abolished them in 1781.
    The most common form for the Jew badge was a yellow ring two to three inches in diameter
worn on the left breast of the outer garment. Some illustrations show a ring that looks like it
might have been a brass hoop, perhaps pinned onto the garment, but the instructions that have
survived for making the badge describe a yellow cloth ring that was to be sewn on.
    By the late seventeenth century, when ruffed collars were in vogue, a yellow collar, or a
collar with a yellow edge, became a common form for the badge, but the legal requirement of a
yellow ring remained in force to the end of the century in much of the Holy Roman Empire. In
many cases, women wore the same badge, but Jewish women's headdresses were also distinctive
and served the same purpose in many communities.
    During prayer, all Jewish men have traditionally covered their heads with a hat, although this
is generally agreed to be a matter of tradition and not law. In the Sephardic community, some
Jews only wore hats during prayer, but the Ashkenazic tradition was to wear head coverings at all
times. By the seventeenth century, as several portraits by Rembrandt make clear, many of the
Sephardic Jews of Amsterdam were wearing an essentially modern yarmulke at all times, and
wearing it under other, more fashionable hats when out in public. There is no reason to believe
that the Ashkenazic tradition was any different, as this certainly conforms to the practices of
Eastern European Jews into the twentieth century.
    During the middle ages, Ashkenazic Jews developed the custom of wearing peaked felt hats
that came to be known as "Jews' hats." For two centuries prior to 1425, German Jews were
required to wear such hats, and they remained in occasional use even after the enactment of the
badge laws. There is no evidence, however, that these hats were worn in the seventeenth century,
and one apparent reason for the introduction of the Jew badge was the decline in popularity of the
distinctive Jew's hat.
    Broadly speaking, Jewish law forbids shaving, although the use of scissors to cut the hair very
closely is permitted. More detailed analysis of Jewish law shows that shaving of parts of the head
and face are permitted, but not the sideburns, chin or upper lip. Generally, prior to modern times,
few Jews would have shaved except secret Jews, who would have followed the shaving customs
of their Christian neighbors. In the Ashkenazic world of the seventeenth century, many men
would have trimmed their facial hair closely with scissors, while others, particularly rabbis,
would grow full beards. The tradition of growing long peyos—sidelocks—as a sign of piety was
distinctly Ashkenazic, with medieval origins. Sidelocks could be pushed behind the ear or
allowed to hang free. Documentation of the age of these traditions is found in illuminated
manuscripts.
    The modesty code of Jewish law has generally been interpreted as requiring Jewish women to
cover their arms and legs, and also requiring that married women cover their hair. This was not
materially different from the conventions of the Christian world of the seventeenth century, but it
is noteworthy that Jewish women of seventeenth-century Germany frequently wore a headdress
that took a two-horned or two-paddled form, possibly supported by a pair of combs set into a
single bun at the rear, or possibly covering a "double bun" hairdo similar to that worn by Princess
Leia of Star Wars fame. The veil worn over the buns and hair combs was frequently marked by
two blue stripes, and the badge laws of some regions recognized such a veil as a variant Jew
badge.
    Remember that the folk costumes of European women frequently involved elaborate
headdresses that clearly identified their regional or ethnic origins; the distinctive Jewish women's
headdress fit into this more general pattern. In sixteenth-century Italy, Jewish women began to
wear wigs as head coverings, but this fashion spread slowly, and it was only centuries later that
most Ashkenazic women began to wear wigs in order to technically cover their hair while
following bareheaded fashions of the era.
    Finally, note that the modesty code of Jewish law was generally interpreted as forbidding men
and women from touching in public. As an example, for a Jewish man to shake hands with a
Jewish woman would have been considered quite improper in the seventeenth century. To use
modern terminology, initiating such contact would have been seen as sexual harassment. There
was also a tradition that a Jewish man should not give something directly into the hands of a
Jewish woman other than his wife; instead, men would set things down where the woman could
pick it up. This tradition avoided the risk of touching and it avoided coming close to the marriage
ritual, since one way to create a legally binding marriage involved the groom giving an item of
even nominal value into the bride's hand. Similarly, for a man and a woman other than his wife to
enter a room and close the door behind them could create the impression of sexual impropriety,
so this too was prohibited.


Jewish Travel
     Jewish law forbids work and travel on Shabbos, the Sabbath or Saturday; Yom Kippur, the
Day of Atonement; the two-day holy days of Rosh Hashanah, the New Year, Shavuos, Pentecost;
and the first and last two days of each of the eight-day festivals of Succos and Pesach, Passover).
The dates of the festivals are fixed in the Jewish lunar calendar, and Shabbos and all of the
festivals run from sunset the night before to nightfall of the final day. Authors interested in
writing historical fiction that involves Jewish characters should use a perpetual calendar to locate
the dates of the festivals for the year in question. The resources section at the end of this essay
lists several good perpetual calendars available on the Web.
     The travel restrictions for the Sabbath allow walking 2000 amos (cubits) beyond the border of
the city walls, and they forbid carrying anything, even something as small as a housekey, outside
the border of the eruv or walled Jewish district. Many modern commentators arbitrarily define
2000 amos as one kilometer, although 3000 feet would be more accurate. The restrictions on
travel and carrying during the festivals are only slightly less restrictive.
     The complexities of the general requirements for observing the spring festival of Pesach are
such that Jews of the seventeenth century would not begin a long trip until Pesach was over.
Where Easter falls after Pesach, it would generally not be safe to begin the trip until after Easter,
as a matter of self-protection. Long trips during the winter would be unlikely because of the
weather and lack of all-weather roads, but if a Jew set out on such a trip, he would generally
attempt to return home at least a week before Pesach in order to have the time to prepare for the
festival.
     Similar constraints surround the fall holiday season, which for Jews, runs from Rosh Hashana
through the Days of Awe to the fast day of Yom Kippur and then through the festival of Succos,
which ends with Simchas Torah. Jews on a long trip would generally plan to reach their
destination before Rosh Hashana, and they would rarely start a major trip until after Simchas
Torah. Long distance travel after these fall holidays would be rare because of the weather.
     As a result, except in the case where war or expulsion forced Jews onto the road
involuntarily, the Jewish travel season would have been from the end of Pesach or Easter,
whichever came later, until Rosh Hashana.
     In general, long-distance travelers would hope to reach the safety of the Jewish quarter of a
town by Friday of each week, and they would almost certainly avoid travel on Sunday because of
the threat of persecution. The gates of many Jewish quarters were locked on Sundays. Thus, a
typical traveler would have five days per week available for travel, and there are typically 109
days available for travel between Pesach and Rosh Hashana. Because Shavuos fell in midweek in
1632, long-distance travelers might well elect not to travel that week, and many travelers would
not travel during the fast day of Tisha Bav in August, because travel on an empty stomach is
uncomfortable.
    Thus, a typical Jewish merchant would plan on about a hundred days of travel per summer. If
we assume that this is done on foot with a loaded pack at about fifteen miles a day, this gives the
traveler a range of fifteen hundred miles per year. As the crow flies, it is about five hundred miles
from Frankfurt to Lodz, Poland, but it is dangerous to measure distances that way. On foot along
the roads of the seventeenth century, the path could easily have been twice this long. A round trip
to Lodz would thus be unlikely in a year, but a one-way trip could easily be planned. Any traveler
planning such a trip would be well advised to leave soon after Pesach in order to allow for
difficulties along the way, but such a traveler would not worry overly about the loss of a week
here or there along the road. A well-to-do traveler on horseback or traveling by carriage could
easily double this travel radius, planning on a visit to Poland and return in one summer with time
to spare.
    The biggest special financial difficulty faced by Jewish travelers was paying the Jew taxes
required for entry or temporary residence in various communities along the way. This tax varied;
sometimes Jews entering a city paid the same head tax as livestock. Foreign Jews in the county of
Öttingen were required to pay an eighteen kreuzen daily poll tax set in 1623. The annual rate was
eight thalers in eighteenth-century Berlin, seven gulden in late seventeenth-century Oldersum. In
addition to their use as a source of revenue, Jews taxes were used to prevent entry of Jewish
refugees into a community and to discourage them from staying if they were passing through,
although there were occasions when these taxes were waived on humanitarian grounds.


Jobs in the Jewish community
    Whatever the source of income for the Jewish community as a whole, the internal economy of
the community generally created a number of jobs. There were teachers, or malmuds, in the
cheder—elementary school, and rabbis for the yeshivah—secondary school or seminary. Only the
more important communities had yeshivos. In general, all Jewish communities dating back to
Roman times had an established system of public education. The obligation to provide for
schooling is placed squarely on the community in the Talmud, and there is ample evidence of
public funding for schools in both the Ashkenazic and Sephardic worlds.
    It is worth noting here that the Talmud, which is written in Aramaic, was the central subject
of study in the yeshivah, so any yeshivah graduate was literate in both Hebrew and Aramaic. In
general, yeshivah graduates are entitled to be addressed as rabbi, although not all of them are
entitled to sit as judges on a rabbinical court. Not all yeshivos were organized formally, and some
rabbis of the seventeenth century took on individual students for private study leading to
ordination.
    Because of the need for kosher meat, any Jewish community, even a small one, would have
someone who was trained as a shochet, a specialist in kosher slaughter and butchering; the
Yiddish word shechter, from the same Hebrew root, is also used, and it eventually became a
family name. The training required for a shochet centered around study of the laws of kosher
slaughter in the yeshivah, but of course, it also included practical training in the care and use of
the specialized tools of kosher slaughter, how to properly salt the blood out of the meat, and other
aspects of the butcher's art. The most notable tool of the shochet is the knife used for slaughtering
cattle; this has a 2-foot square-ended razor-edged blade that must be perfectly sharp and free of
defects before each use.
     The laws of kashrus generally place no restrictions on whole fruits and vegetables, but there
are very strong prohibitions about drinking wine (or other grape products) that have been made
with the intent that it be used by idolaters. This prohibition dates back to the times of the cult of
Bacchus, but the use of wine as a Christian sacrament guaranteed the extension of this prohibition
to the present day. Because of this, Jews generally have used kosher wines, that is, wines made
by Jews. Kosher wine could be made by the individual homeowner, starting with whole grapes or
raisins. However, there were many kosher winemakers in Europe; the great Torah commentator
Rashi supported himself as a winemaker, and the better kosher wines were shipped over fairly
long distances.
     The laws of kashrus also forbid the eating of bread baked by a non-Jew, and they forbid
cooking over a fire lit by a non-Jew. The concern about bread is that the bread may have been
baked using lard or non-kosher tallow and that the oven itself may have been non-kosher because
of contamination with food residues from non-kosher cooking. While anyone can bake bread at
home, home ovens were still uncommon in the seventeenth century, so most communities relied
on Jewish bakers or communal ovens. It was not uncommon for the communal ovens to be part
of the synagogue complex.
     The torah scroll required for a public worship service and the smaller scrolls enclosed in
mezuzot and tefillin, to be discussed in a moment, were all required to be handwritten on
parchment prepared from the skin of a kosher animal, usually calfskin velum. Every Jewish
community of any significant size would have a sofer, a scribe trained in the copying of these
texts. The sofer was generally a yeshivah graduate, and his practical training included the making
of pens, ink, parchment and hide glue, as well as the copying of texts. With the advent of
printing, it is highly likely that the first typesetters and proofreaders involved with Hebrew
printing were soferim. A Jewish marriage contract, a ketubah, generally required the services of a
sofer, as did divorce papers.
     Every Jew is commanded "to write these words on the doorposts of your house"
(Deuteronomy 11:21), and this commandment has been taken almost literally since biblical times
by affixing a small handwritten parchment scroll containing Deuteronomy 6:4-9 and 11:13-21 to
the doorpost of the entrance to a Jewish house. The case containing this scroll is called a
mezuzah, and the most visible sign that a house is occupied by Jews is generally the presence of a
mezuzah on the doorpost. On passing through a door marked by a mezuzah, essentially all
seventeenth-century Jews would give it a symbolic kiss, touching it with their fingers and kissing
their fingertips.
     As mentioned previously, all Jewish men would wear some form of talus, or prayer shawl
during daily morning prayers. In addition, essentially all adult Jewish men of the seventeenth
century would wear tefillin on weekdays but not on Shabbos or the festivals. Some writers prefer
to translate the word tefillin as phylacteries; the latter is technically an English word, but it is so
rare that there is no good reason to prefer it to the Hebrew.
     Tefillin are cubical leather cases containing small parchment scrolls with the texts of Exodus
13:1-10, 11-16, Deuteronomy 6:4-9, and 11:13-21, in fulfillment of the commandment to "Bind
them as a sign on your hand and let them serve as a frontlet between your eyes." The tefillin worn
on the forehead is held on by a leather strap with a complex quatrefoil knot at the back, while the
tefillin worn on the upper arm is held in place by a long leather strap that is wound around the
arm, hand and fingers in a complex way.
The Synagogue and Jewish Community
     By the middle ages, all Jewish communities in Europe had fairly well-defined communal
structures. Communities were generally led by an elected council, and the head of this council,
the Parnas, could properly be called the president of the community. Under Jewish law, the
community was responsible for providing schools, a synagogue, a cemetery, a burial society, a
bath house or mikvah, and financial support for widows and orphans. Ovens were also frequently
constructed by the community since it was difficult for individual families to afford the large
brick ovens of the pre-modern era. The community had the legal mandate under Jewish law to tax
its members to support these institutions. These obligations were reinforced by the Christian
authorities, who frequently demanded that the Jewish community administer the Jew taxes and
provide for the Jewish poor so that they would never burden Christian charities.
     As a result of all of this, synagogue buildings frequently served many purposes beyond
worship. They provided classroom and meeting space, and they frequently incorporated
community facilities such as a mikvah or bath house and ovens. Backing the oven up against the
wall of the mikvah was a good idea in areas where the winters were cold! Some mikvos even
appear to have had Roman style hypocaust heating systems. Given that the Jewish community in
the Rhineland dates back to Roman times, this should not be surprising, but of course, each time
a community was expelled or slaughtered, such complexities tended to be simplified or lost.
     Because ten adult men (age 13 or older) were required for a full religious service, the
presence of a synagogue in a town generally implied the presence of around ten families.
Similarly, two synagogues implied the presence of around twenty, although unless there was an
ideological or liturgical dispute, it would usually take a much larger population before a second
synagogue was founded. The Christian authorities generally regulated the foundation of
synagogues, but where there was no legally constituted synagogue, congregations frequently met
in private homes.
     The sanctuary of the synagogue or schul would always contain an ark, or cabinet along the
eastern wall to hold the Torah scrolls. The ark would have both a cloth curtain and a wooden
door, so you must open both to expose the Torah. When these are open, tradition demanded that
the congregation stand as they would in the presence of royalty because the Torah is the word of
God. It takes a Torah scroll to hold a full service, but a synagogue would hope to own at least two
because many services had readings from different parts of the Torah that would require long
pauses to wind and rewind the scroll if there was only one. The larger wealthier synagogues of
the seventeenth century usually had many Torah scrolls.
     The Torah scroll was handwritten on parchment, and it was wound around two posts, called
the eitz chiam or trees of life. No other Jewish scroll was ever wound on two posts. The complete
Torah scroll was big, with pages about two feet tall sewn side by side, with text written in
columns about eighteen inches tall by six inches wide. Posts and all, a Torah scroll weighs ten to
fifteen pounds, depending on how thin the parchment was scraped. Lighter scrolls on thin
parchment with smaller lettering would cost more than big scrolls on thick parchment with big
lettering. When stored in the Ark, Torah scrolls are always stored vertically, resting on their eitz
chiam and leaning back against the back of the ark.
     Torah scrolls were dressed differently in the Sephardic and Ashkenazic world, but the
Amsterdam Sephardic world followed Ashkenazic customs. Sephardic scrolls were typically
permanently bound into a wooden clamshell case with a silver cover. These cases are cylindrical,
and when opened, they expose just enough of the scroll to be read. Ashkenazic scrolls were
dressed in a cloth cover, typically the most expensive cloth available, with lots of fine
embroidery, and then armed with a breastplate and crown. The crown, if there is just one, would
look like what you expect a king to wear. If there were two, they would be called rimonim, and
would be tall and narrow, sometimes resembling gothic spires, with one set over each of the eitz
chiam. The armament for a Torah scroll would typically weigh several pounds, and it would be
made of silver as befits royalty. The fact that the Frankfurt Jewish community had to sell its
synagogue silver in the winter of 1631-32 is evidence of how desperate that community was,
since this is close to the last thing a community would sell off in hard times.
    Synagogues of the seventeenth century were generally built in the round, with a central
reading table large enough to unroll the Torah scroll for reading and still have space for several
open books on each side. This was necessary because, during the Torah reading, the reading table
needed to accommodate not only the reader and the person called up for the honor of saying the
blessing over the reading, but also two checkers who follow along in their printed copy of the text
and correct the reader when he makes mistakes. The reading table sits on a raised platform in the
center of the room, called the bimah, and it faces the ark. In the seventeenth century, it was very
rare to put the bimah anywhere but the center of the room.
    During the Torah reading, everyone would typically sit facing the Bimah, and many would
follow along with the reading if they had a copy of the Chumash, the printed text of the Torah.
Except during a few special prayers, notably the standing prayer or Amidah, it was not unusual to
find quiet conversations while the service was in progress. During the Amidah, everyone was
expected to stand and face east.
    With extremely rare exceptions, women and men never prayed together in the seventeenth
century. The Talmud states that the voice of a woman is indecent, and where some interpreters
held that this applied broadly, it was generally agreed that this applied in the context of prayer. A
notable exception to this rule is that after successfully giving birth, a woman was required to
stand before the congregation to say a thanksgiving blessing. What would become a standard
synagogue layout, with women's galleries above the main level, was developed in Amsterdam
around 1639. Prior to this, for many centuries, many synagogues had included a women's gallery
off to the side or in back. The minimum separation between the women's gallery and the main
sanctuary was a railing, but many synagogues had lattices. Technically, women had no obligation
to pray in the synagogue, but there is ample evidence that many did.


Jewish Religious Practice
    In general, observant Jews would pray three times a day; in Jewish communities of the
seventeenth century, one of the jobs of the synagogue shamus (sometimes translated as sexton or
beadle) was to bang on shutters in the morning in order to rouse his congregation for morning
prayers. The longest prayer of the day was the morning prayer, which was traditionally said
before breakfast and could take an hour. There were traditional short forms of this prayer that
could be said if work was pressing, and in a real pinch, it could be reduced to just the Shema,
"Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One" (Deuteronomy 6:4). There was a strong
emphasis on saying the morning prayers with the congregation if at all possible. The Shema was
also said in the evening, and traditionally, Jews hoped that the Shema would be on their lips as
their last breath.
    The afternoon prayer had to be said before sunset, and the evening prayer had to be said after
sunset. When these were said communally, particularly in the winter, they were frequently said in
quick sequence, one after the other at sunset.
    A central element of all three daily prayers was the Amidah or standing prayer, a sequence of
bruchas or blessings said while standing. In the morning and afternoon prayers, the tradition for
communal worship was to recite the Amidah privately, silently, in a whisper or in a quiet voice,
and then have the chazzan, the cantor, chant it aloud when everyone had finished their private
recitation. As a general rule, when a Jew heard someone say a blessing, he was required to
respond Amen, or Omain, as an Ashkenazi Jew would likely have pronounced it. It follows that
the congregation would respond with an Amen after each of the blessings in the Amidah. The
evening Amidah was said privately, without a cantoral repetition. During the Amidah in
particular, but while standing at prayer in general, Jews traditionally sway back and forth. This
practice is ancient and well documented in medieval sources.
    All services contained psalms. One psalm in particular is said as part of every service, Ashrei,
which is Psalm 145 expanded with a few borrowed verses of other psalms. The preliminary
segment of the morning service included a block of psalms ending with Psalm 150 before the
introduction to the Borochu, the call to worship.
    After each section of each service, some version of the Kaddish would be said. This prayer is
in Aramaic, not Hebrew, and there is the short or half Kaddish, the long Kaddish, and the
mourner's Kaddish. The Sephardic community has a slightly different version of the long
Kaddish than the Ashkenazic, and some Jews speculate that the Lord's Prayer of the Christian
world began as yet another version of the Kaddish. The mourner's Kaddish, it should be noted, is
said by those who have lost a spouse, parent, child or teacher in the past year, or on the yartzeit
(anniversary) of the death. All other Kaddishes would be said by the Chazzan. Different
communities had their own traditons about standing or sitting, but in general, in the seventeenth
centuries, most communities would stand during the Kaddishes.
    Every Jew had the legal right to stop the service in the synagogue immediately before the
Torah reading in order to present a grievance and demand justice. While this right was never
widely exercised, it provided an important check against injustices being perpetrated by the
community leadership.
    Readings from the Torah Scroll would be included in the morning and afternoon services on
Shabbos, the Sabbath or Saturday, as well as on Mondays and Thursdays, but only when a
minyan of ten men is present. The readings are traditionally chanted to a rather complex trope, so
the practice has long been to have a expert in Torah trope do the readings. Because the Torah
scroll contains no vowels, it is also traditional to have two others at the bimah (lectern) to check
the reading and offer corrections to any error. During the reading, members of the congregation
are called up to the Torah, nominally to read their portion, but in fact, merely to say the blessings
before and after their portion while the reader does the actual work. The Shabbos morning
reading is the longest, broken into eight sections, while the other readings are shorter, with only
three. After the Shabbos morning Torah reading, the final person called up reads the Haftorah, a
selection from the prophets selected to complement the Torah reading. By the seventeenth
century, the Haftorah readings and the text used by the checkers would both come from printed
copies of the Chumash, not from scrolls.
    As a rule, was is not possible to conduct a full worship service without a minyan, a quorum of
ten men over age 13. If a minyan was not present, the Chazzan could not repeat the Amidah, the
Kaddishes could not be said, and the Torah and Haftorah could not be chanted. These parts of the
service were simply omitted, both in the synagogue, if less than ten were present, and in private
prayer. If ten men were present, whether or not they were in a synagogue, these parts of the
service would become obligatory, although if there was no Torah scroll available, obviously it
could not be read.
    A rabbi was not required for the conduct of any Jewish worship service. Any knowledgeable
Jew could lead services. Of course, as the most knowledgeable member of the community, the
rabbi was likely to be called on to lead services. Synagogue services in the seventeenth century
rarely contained anything resembling a sermon. In general, public preaching was dangerous
because an attempt to explain the Torah in a context where a Christian might be listening could
contradict some biblical interpretation of the Church, bringing down the wrath of the Christian
authorities on the Jews.
    Whether in public or private, the worship service was supposed to be read and not recited
from memory. Every observant Jew hoped to own a copy of the Siddur, or prayerbook, along
with a Chumash, an annotated copy of the Torah. Typically, many students would complete their
own handwritten copy of the Siddur as part of their schoolwork in premodern times, but by the
seventeenth century, printed prayerbooks were common. The standard printed form of the
Chumash in the seventeenth century included Rashi's commentary along with the Aramaic
translation of Onkelos; some editions of the Chumash and Siddur were available that offered
Judische Deutsch translations as well.
    After the Shabbos evening service Friday night, the men would go home to their families for
dinner. The women of the household were responsible for having the table ready, with specially
baked bread, known as challah, and wine and candles. All cooking was required to be completed
and the candles lit about half an hour before sundown, although food could remain in a warm
oven or over a banked fire for as long as needed.
    Both the Shabbos evening and morning services would end with making kiddush, that is, the
chazzan or some member of the congregation would say bruchas over wine and then over the
bread. These were said for the benefit of travelers who might be staying and eating in the
synagogue, which sometimes served as a community guesthouse. Outsiders may think these
bruchas are blessing the wine and bread, but they do not bless the food, they give thanks for it. In
some cases, kiddush was expanded into a full meal in the synagogue.
    The home was also an important center of Jewish worship. Before eating a meal, it was
traditional to say a very brief brucha for the food being eaten. On Shabbat, kiddush was said,
even if the men had already said it in the synagogue. The birkas or grace after meals is much
longer and in the Ashkenazic world; it was generally read from a bentscher, a small book of
prayers for the table, and chanted to a rollicking melody that invites a family sing-along.
    In general, the Ashkenazic community had the most developed musical system, while the
Ashkenazic stereotype of the Sephardic community was that their melodies for prayer and Torah
trope were loud and toneless. Like other stereotypes, this is not entirely fair, but the greatest
Sephardic melodies are reserved for hymns and nonliturgical music. Where the Ashkenazic
worship service centered on the solo performance of the cantor, with congregational responses,
the Sephardic service was more likely to include congregational singing. Some tunes span the
Sephardic-Ashkenazic gap and probably date back to the Roman era and possibly before that;
these include some of the melodies for the Kaddish and the Song of the Sea (Exodus 15:1-21), as
well as the basic melodic framework of the Torah trope.


Kaballah
    The greatest controversies sweeping through the Jewish world of 1632 centered on the
Kaballah. The term "Kaballah" refers to the received mystical tradition that kabalists insist can be
traced back to Moses. Skeptics trace large elements of this tradition to Moses de Leon who lived
and wrote in thirteenth-century Spain. Whether Moses de Leon was inventing, creating a new
synthesis or transmitting received wisdom, his book, the Zohar, played a central role in the
development of Kaballah.
    Traditional Judaism imposes strict limits on who may delve into the esoteric world of
mysticism. A man was not to study mysticism or metaphysics until he reached age forty, until he
was married, and until he had mastered Talmud. In addition, these subjects were never to be
studied alone, but were to be studied under the direction of a wise teacher. These restrictions are
found in the Talmud.
    Rabbi Isaac ben Shlomo Luria Ashkenazi, the son of German Jews living in Jerusalem,
changed much of this in the mid sixteenth century. In his early twenties, he studied the Zohar on
his own while living in Egypt. While there, he had visions of meetings with the prophet Elijah.
These meetings led him to move to Safed, in the Galilee, where he joined the community of
Sephardic kabalists there.
    Luria became a leader of this community and was hailed as the Ari or the Lion. The Lurianic
Kaballah he taught spread like wildfire after his death in 1570 and its publication by Luria's
student Chiam Vital. In short, the Lurianic Kaballah teaches an expanded version of the creation
story, it gives reasons for prayer and piety, and it teaches that the coming of the Messiah is
imminent.
    Under Luria, the kabalists of Safed created new liturgy, weaving kabalistic elements into the
service, notably the Kabalat Shabbat element of the Friday evening service, which receives the
Sabbath with psalms and the beautiful hymn Lecha Dodi that uses imagery from the Song of
Songs, likening the arrival of the Sabbath to the arrival of a bride at the wedding.
    The kabalistic creation story begins before creation, when God was initially all that there was,
indivisible, unchanging and free of all properties. Neither space nor time existed in this state,
known as the Ayn Sof, meaning without end. In order to allow creation, God underwent a process
of withdrawal, creating the void in which creation could occur, walled off from the divine light so
that we in the created universe can have free will.
    Kabalists hold that the sephiros were created to channel or contain the divine energy. The
Zohar identified ten sephiros, and kabalistic imagery frequently arranges these into a pattern as
the tree of life. The word sephiros, pronounced sephirot in Sephardic, has been translated as
numbers, from Hebrew, or explained as a borrowing from the Greek for spheres.
    The kabalistic creation story continues that the sephiros were smashed during God's first
attempt at creation, scattering divine sparks or shards throughout the universe. The creation story
in the book of Genesis must therefore describe God's second attempt. The kabalists go on to
explain that the reason God created humanity was to create agents to aid in the repair of a fallen
world, bringing about the original intent of creation by finding and liberating the divine sparks.
We do this by performing the mitzvot or obeying God's commandments.
    Kabalistic mysticism frequently focused on contemplation of the Ayn Sof, but unlike many
streams of mystical thought, the emphasis was on action in this world, reaching up to bring the
divine down instead of seeking to escape this world into the divine. Kabalists taught that, when a
person perfors a mitzvah, a divine spark is released, and that the release is more effective if the
person performs that mitzvah knowingly and in the right state of mind.
    From this teaching, kabalists concluded that we personally can play a role in bringing the
Messiah, redeeming the world and bringing about the final judgement. This new teaching found
fertile soil in the world of European Judaism in the early seventeenth century. It is reasonable to
describe the spread of Kaballah as a wave of pietist religious revival through a people who felt
helpless in the face of an obviously broken world. By midcentury, kabalistic thought had become
normative throughout the european Jewish world.
    Resistance to the acceptance of the Lurianic Kaballah was based on some fairly obvious
grounds. Opponents held that kabalists were violating Talmudic restrictions on the study of the
esoteric and that kabalists were telling a creation story that could not be found in Torah or
Talmud. Perhaps the most important objection, though, is that the mystical explanation of the
reason for performing the mitzvos was wrong on at least three counts.
    The first problem opponents would raise is that Judaism had long held that one should
perform God's commandments for their own sake, not in order to influence God. Second, the idea
that one could force God's hand by sufficient piety struck some as sacreligious. Finally, the idea
that human piety could force the coming of the Messiah has a dark side, allowing believers to
hold the community responsible if the Messiah does not come. Indeed, this led some kabalists,
when they became community leaders, to take an extremely rigid attitude toward any lapses in
personal piety within their communities.
    Opponents would say that the downside of the Lurianic Kaballah was realized when Rabbi
Nathan of Gaza proclaimed Shabbatai Zvi of Smyrna to be the Messiah, the fulfillment of the
Messianic hopes of the kabalists. This story spread through Europe starting in 1665, and many
communities were deeply divided between believers in Shabbati and scoffers. When Shabati Zvi
confronted the Sultan and was forced to convert to Islam, the news embarrassed huge numbers of
Jews throughout Europe and shattered the faith of many.


The Sephardic World
    Sephardic Jews originally come from Sepharad, the Jewish name for Spain, or Al-Andalus, as
it was known to Muslims of the time. During the four centuries before the Christian Reconquista,
this community flourished as the intellectual center of the Jewish world, producing great poets
such as Solomon Ibn Gabriol; renaissance men such as Judah Halevi, known both for his poetry
and his theology, and Abraham ibn Ezra, physician, theologian and astronomer; Rambam—
Maimonides—known for his philosophical and medical works as well as his theology; Ramban,
also known as Nachmanides, renowned both as a physician and theologian; and Isaac Abravanel,
who was court Jew to Alfonso V of Portugal and to Ferdinand and Isabella of Aragaon and
Castile, as well as a theologian of note.
    Prior the expulsion of 1492, Jewish life in Spain and Portugal varied from idyllic to terrible,
with enough of the former to keep alive the dream of coexistence, but enough of the latter to keep
this dream in doubt.
    The Almohad, or Berber, dynasty of the twelfth century forced many Jews and Christians to
chose between flight, conversion to Islam or death; at around the same time in Christian Spain,
Jews were forbidden to hold public office, and royal debts to Jews were cancelled. Christians
instigated pogroms in 1391 that led to widespread forced conversions and massacres of Jews
throughout Christian Spain. The Spanish inquisition, begun in 1478, began to systematically hunt
down Marannos, or secret Jews, who had publicly converted to Christianity to avoid persecution,
and in 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella signed their order of expulsion.
    After their expulsion from Spain, huge numbers of Jews fled to Portugal, where their refuge
lasted just long enough to separate them from what money they had managed to bring out of
Spain. Written accounts by refugees in this period suggest that the death rate among refugees was
extremely high, with shiploads of Jews turned away from port after port as they sought food and
shelter.
    Large refugee communities made it to the Ottoman empire, settling from Ottoman Palestine
to the Balkans. Salonika became the new commercial center of Jewish life, and Tzefat (Safed) in
the Galilee became a new spiritual center. Sephardic refugees also came to dominate many of the
old Jewish communities of northern Africa, notably those of Morocco and Algeria.
    Converseros or Marannos were followed by the inquisition wherever they went within the
Catholic world. Whatever degree of personal piety they preserved, they were forced to behave in
public as more Christian than the Christians. Only in Protestant or Islamic lands could
Converseros "come out" as Jews.
    With the Protestant Reformation and the Dutch rebellion, Marannos from Portugal found
refuge in Amsterdam starting in 1593. It was a very rocky start; the first Jewish settlers were
captured by English pirates before they finally made it to their destination. The first communal
worship service in Amsterdam was held in 1595 at the home of the Moroccan ambassador, Don
Samuel Palache. In the years that followed, a small Ashkenazic community also settled in
Amsterdam, but these communities had little to do with each other.
    The Beit Yaakov (house of Jacob) synagogue was founded in 1596 in rented space, and in
1608, a second synagogue was founded, Nevi Shalom (prophet of peace). The latter was not a
peaceful synagogue; it was torn by internal dissent under Rabbi Isaac Uzziel of Fez; in 1622,
Uzziel's student, Menasseh ben Israel succeeded him. The controversy under Rabbi Uzziel led to
the founding of the Beit Yisrael (House of Israel) synagogue in 1618 by Abraham Farrar, a man
known as a freethinker. Beit Yisrael was headed by another student of Isaac Uzziel, Rabbi Isaac
Aboab de Fonseca from about 1626 to 1638. Rabbi Uzziel and his students were all kabalists.
    Jewish worship in Amsterdam was not formally legalized until 1615, when laws were passed
allowing Jewish worship and forbidding Jews to speak publicly or publish anything against the
Christian religion or to intermarry with Christians. From 1615 to 1638, the Jews of Amsterdam
were governed by a community council that included representatives of all three synagogues. The
three congregations merged in 1638, with the Beit Yisrael building converted to a school while
Nevi Shalom, with city approval, became the Sephardic synagogue.
    Menasseh ben Israel printed the first Hebrew book in Amsterdam in 1627, and the
Amsterdam printers set new standards for the quality of their Hebrew typography, eclipsing the
printers of Venice, who had set the standard up to this time.
    In the 1580's, Sephardic Jews began to settle in Hamburg, where they were welcome and
treated as if they were Christians. Among them were a spice merchant, a trader with Brazil and a
sugar importer. In 1603, the community was first recognized as Jewish, with an immediate
demand for their expulsion. This demand was repeated by the clergy in the following decades. By
1612, the community had grown to 125, and the Senate of Hamburg issued a residence permit
good for a period of five years for a cost of 1000 Marks, simultaneously forbidding the practice
of Judaism. The fee was converted to an annual tax, and restrictions against the practice of
Judaism began to lift gradually. In 1611, the Jewish community was allowed to appoint a rabbi;
in 1623, kosher slaughter was permitted, and in 1628, they were granted a prayer hall. Jews were
not permitted to live in the inner city, but were allowed to live freely in the developed area
outside that. There were only a few Ashkenazi Jews, with that community growing to fifteen
families between 1600 and 1649 when the Ashkenazi Jews were expelled. This is one of the rare
cases where the Christian government authorities made distinctions between the Sephardic and
Ashkenazic communities.


The Ashkenazic World
    Ashkenazic Jews come from Ashkenaz, the Jewish name for the Rhineland. Jewish settlement
of Ashkenaz dates back to the late Roman era, but we know that there was a major influx from
northern Italy between the eighth and the twelfth centuries. By the time of the Crusades, the
Ashkenazic community was vibrant, spreading from Paris to Prague.
    The Crusades were the first of a series of great disasters to befall this community, killing a
sizable fraction of the entire Ashkenazic community. The seventeenth century was an equally
severe disaster, and between the Crusades and the seventeenth century, stories of massacre and
expulsion were an everpresent element of Ashkenazic life. Most towns in Ashkenaz appear to
have suffered a major massacre or expulsion about once per century. The Rindfleisch massacres
of 1298 swept a large part of the Rhineland, as did the persecutions of the fourteenth century
surrounding the Black Death. The Protestant Reformation brought yet another wave of expulsions
from newly Protestant cities in the sixteenth century.
    The Ashkenazic community of the seventeenth century was well connected to the larger
Jewish world. For example, the false messiah David Reuveni from Yemin and his disciple
Solomon Molcho from Portugal came to Regensburg to see Emperor Charles V, and emissaries
of the Sephardic community of Safed, in the Galilee, came to many Ashkenazic communities to
spread the teachings of the Kaballah. Jewish merchants frequently crossed the Alps from Italy,
and there were also open commercial routes between Salonika in the Ottoman empire and Prague
to the north. There is ample evidence of rabbis trained in Poland serving French or German
communities as well as the reverse. Not too many years after the Thirty Years' war, news of the
false messiah Shabatai Zvi swept north from the Ottoman world to attract attention throughout
the Ashkenazic world.


Ashkenazic Communities of the Seventeenth Century
    In response to persecution over past centuries, many Jews had already fled east into Poland,
and by the last quarter of the sixteenth century, a unique new living arrangement had emerged
there. The Polish government granted a degree of autonomous self-government to the Jews that
they had not seen since the Romans destroyed Jerusalem. The "Council of Four Lands," as it was
called, met at Lubin between Purim and Passover in the spring, and in Yaroslav during the month
of Av or Elul, and was composed of representatives of each Jewish community in Poland,
Lithuania, Podolia (Polish Russia), Volhynia and Galicia. Polish documents refer to this as the
Congressus Judaicus or Seim (Diet) of the Jews. The governing structure included a supreme
rabbinical court, with jurisdiction over all civil cases between Jews, as well as the congress,
which had control over taxation within the Jewish community and budgetary responsibility for
supporting schools and other community institutions.
    With each new hardship for the Jews of the various German states, new waves of Jews moved
east, but the Ashkenazic heartland was still fairly populous until the Thirty Years' War. Outside
of the heartland, there were healthy Ashkenazic communities in France, Austria and Hungary,
and the Alsatian community spread south into northern Switzerland. The following brief
descriptions focus on the Jewish communities within a few weeks travel from the
Thueringerwald:


The Ashkenazic Heartland
    Worms had a Jewish community before the year 1000, and suffered the usual massacres and
expulsions, with the most recent expulsion in 1615. By imperial order, Jews were readmitted to
Worms in late January 1616. The winters of 1632 and 1635 brought "pestilence," probably
plague, and the taxes imposed on the community drove it into extreme poverty. Many Jews were
imprisoned for nonpayment of taxes until an imperial order in 1636 cancelled the taxes and
ordered their release.
    Mainz or Mayence had a Jewish community in the early tenth century, but the usual
expulsions and massacres ended with the massacre of 1349. A new Jewish community was not
started there until 1583. This community grew by the addition of refugees from Frankfurt-am-
Main in 1614 and from Worms after the expulsion there in 1620. In November 1620, Pappenheim
stormed Mainz and gave no quarter to its residents, but the Jewish community continued, and in
1630, a rabbi was officially appointed.
    Speyer had a walled Jewish quarter by the end of the eleventh century, but after the usual
atrocities, there were fewer than ten Jewish families in Speyer during the early seventeenth
century.
    Metz had a Jewish community as far back as the first century, and this was one of the most
secure Jewish communities in the region. By 1614, there were 500 Jews, and in 1624, 120
families and 600 individuals under the leadership of Rabbi Moses Cohen of Prague. At that time,
the Jews had considerable freedom under letters patent granted by Henry IV in 1605, and Louis
XIII enlarged these freedoms in 1632.


Ashkenazic Communities along the Main
    Frankfurt am Main may have had a Jewish community in 1175, and after the usual ups and
downs, this grew between 1543 and 1612 from 43 to 454 Jewish families. In August 1614,
Fettmilch, the leader of the town's guilds, instigated riots that slaughtered a good fraction of the
Jews of Frankfurt and led to the expulsion of the survivors. Fettmilch was tried, convicted and
hanged for this crime, evidence of a sense of justice that was not typical of previous centuries.
Although 1,380 Jews survived, it was not until 1616 that the community was allowed to
reestablish itself under the protection of the emperor. In 1618, there were 370 families living in
195 houses, served by two synagogues, one built in 1462, one in 1603. Jews lived under the usual
economic restrictions, and at times, the interest rate was reduced to a very modern sounding eight
percent. The vastly overcrowded Jewish quarter was decimated by epidemics in the winter of
1632, when the entire town was impoverished by payments to Gustavus Adolphus. Rabbi
Shabbethai Hurwitz was the elected chief rabbi and Rabbi Joseph Juspa Hahn was a rising star at
the time. By 1694, Frankfurt had 109 Jewish money lenders, 106 dry-goods merchants, twenty-
four spice merchants, nine retail beer and wine merchants, three innkeepers and two restaurants.
    Hanau saw its first Jewish settlement in the thirteenth century, with the atrocities leading up
to expulsion in 1592. Count Philipp Ludwig II reopened the town to Jews in 1603 and permitted
the construction of a synagogue on the Judengasse. Initially, there were only ten families, but by
1707, the number had grown to 111, with a significant number being refugees from the Fettmilch
riot in Frankfurt. A Christian printer in Hanau, Hans Jacob Hene, produced about thirty Jewish
works in Hebrew between 1610 and 1630; he must have cut his own type, because the letter shin
in his typography was distinctive. He published a Jewish prayerbook in 1628, a number of works
on theology and Jewish and popular works in Judische Deutsch. Among his typesetters, we know
he employed the Günzburg family, and Mordecai ben Jacob of Prossnitz. Rabbi Menachem ben
Elhanon was a noteworthy scholar in town, until his death in 1636; his school was the foundation
of the yeshivah of Hanau.
    Aschaffenburg, or Aschaff on some maps of the era, was home to a considerable Jewish
community in the seventeenth century, but by the end of the century, only twenty members or
twenty families remained. Rabbi Meïr Grotwohl is the only name I can find from the seventeenth
century. In addition to the town Jews of Aschaffenburg, there were Shutzjuden in many of the
surrounding towns.
    Wertheim readmitted Jews in 1449, and they rebuilt their synagogue in the 1590's. In 1622,
there were sixteen Jewish families.
    Würzburg expelled its Jews in 1565. As was occasionally the case elsewhere, the community
moved only a short distance, settling in Heidingsfeld, just across the river Main. Heidingsfeld's
Jewish community had a charter dating back to 1498, which permitted seven families of
schutzjuden to remain for a yearly payment of 120 florins. By the fifteenth century, the
community had a rabbi, and with the expulsion of the Jews from Würzburg, it became the seat of
the chief rabbi for the Würzburg region. Throughout the seventeenth century, the Jews of
Heidingsfeld lived in a well-defined ghetto, probably limited to the land held by the seven charter
families.
    Schweinfurt closed all Jewish schools, and annulled all debts owed to Jews in 1544.
    Bamberg had a Jewish community that was reestablished around 1500, although the threat of
expulsion was constant during the sixteenth century. The community was devastated during the
Thirty Years' War, but not destroyed; the community was wealthy enough, in 1683, to ransom
itself in the face of a demand for expulsion. Their oldest surviving synagogue in the seventeenth
century was a building dating back to before the expulsion of 1478, and starting in 1561, the
community rented space in the rear of a building for another synagogue.
    Nürnberg's Jews were expelled in 1499, and the evidence of Jewish settlement from then until
1824 consists largely of restrictive ordinances designed to suppress interaction with the Jews of
Fürth and to prevent resettlement. From the mid 1500's to 1693, Jews were permitted to do
business in public fairs outside the city but forbidden to enter the city.
    Fürth, a suburb of Nürnberg, rose to importance when the Jews were expelled from the city.
The Jews of Fürth at the end of the sixteenth century were privileged, living under the direct
protection of the emperor, administered through the chief rabbi of the empire and subject to
special taxes. The usual economic restrictions were applied, although Jews could buy and sell
real estate and close contracts. By 1617, there were 1,500 Jews in Fürth, with a new synagogue
built on land purchased from the cathedral provost of Bamberg. The synagogue was severely
damaged by Mansfeld's troops in 1621, and Tilly used it as a prison. In 1634, the synagogue was
used by the Croat cavalry as a stable. Trade between Christians and Jews was prohibited in 1623,
and this prohibition was repeated in 1627, although by that time, trade was at a standstill because
of the war. Fürth was home to a yeshivah, headed by Menachem Man Ashkenazi, who died in
1655.


Communities along the Frankische Saale
    Hammelberg had a synagogue as far back as 1487; in the sixteenth century, a cemetery was
purchased across the Frankische Saale, in the suburb of Pfaff, now the stadteil of Paffenhausen.
A new mikvah and synagogue were built in town in the seventeenth century, prior to the
expulsion of the Jews in 1671, when the Jewish community relocated to Pfaff.
    The Kissengen region, now Bad Kissengen, must have had some Jewish residents during the
Thirty Years' War, because there is a monument in the town hall to a bearded and helmeted man
who is purported to be a Jew who helped in the defense of the town against the Swedes by casting
bullets that never missed their mark. There are records of schutzjuden in the region; in 1650 and
again in 1656, the butchers of Kissingen complained about competition from Jews living in the
region.
    Neustadt an der Saale, now Bad Neustadt, had a Jewish community at the time of the Black
Death, as recorded in the Memorbuch of Nürnberg. I can find no evidence of Jewish settlement in
the seventeenth century.


Saxon communities
    Saxony in general had few Jews; there was a general expulsion in 1559 that included the Jews
of Thuringia. Jews were forbidden to live in cities, and only at the end of the seventeenth century
were they were permitted to settle on the estates of the nobility. There may have been a few
exceptions, however, and there is some evidence that some of the Jews expelled from the cities
settled in rural areas. Most, however, would have fled to Poland.
    Schmalkalden became the home to Rabbi Meïr ben Jacob Schiff in 1636, a noted scholar of
Talmud, Kaballah and Torah. It is likely that he settled there with a small community, most likely
a community invited to fill the vacuum created by the Thirty Years' War. Similar resettlements
occurred in many Saxon communities after they had been depopulated by the war. In general, the
nobility hoped that by settling Shutzjuden in their villages, they could increase their revenue flow.
    Arnstadt expelled its Jews in 1496 and 1532, but there is evidence of two Jewish converts to
Christianity in the seventeenth century, suggesting that some Jews must have been present in the
region to convert.
    Dessau allowed Jewish settlement in 1621, but this community was destroyed in the Thirty
Years' War.
    Leipzig banished its Jews in 1439, but starting in the mid fifteenth century, while no Jews
were allowed to settle there, Jews were important participants in the Leipzig fairs. These were
held twice yearly at Easter and Michaelmas. Statistics on Jewish participation at the fairs dates
back to 1675, by which time, hundreds of Jewish merchants participated, many from outside
Germany.


An Academic Question
    Suppose that, in the spring of 1631, the town of Grantville, West Virginia, was plunked into
the Thueringerwald. When would the first Ashkenazi Jews arrive? For the sake of this discussion,
I will ignore what is said in the novel 1632 and focus on the Jewish and larger worlds of the
period. One thing is clear, and that is that the winter of 1631-32, with the passage of the war
down the Main valley to Frankfurt, would have let loose a flood of refugees; it also seems clear
that some part of this flood would have been likely to end up in Grantville, since by that time, it
would be fairly well known that Grantville treated refugees well and was genuinely serious about
nondiscrimination. Here, though, I am not interested in the time of the arrival of the peak of this
flood, but rather, the arrival of the first scattered Ashkenazic refugees.
    Consider what the Jews of the lower Main valley knew in the spring of 1631. Taxes were
extremely high everywhere in German lands, with the Jew-taxes even higher. Trade was at a
standstill, inflation was out of control, and most of the Jewish community had recent memory of
war, starvation or disease. There was excellent reason to leave. Lands under French rule to the
east were relatively stable and home to an established Jewish community, but they were not
anxious to accept poor Jewish refugees. Amsterdam was in a state of near perpetual war fending
off the Spanish, but it was a haven to Jews. Some Jews were certainly traveling to these lands to
the north and west.
    Poland was another interesting destination. With the withdrawal of Gustavus Adolphus,
Poland was largely at peace. The system of Jewish self-government was functional, so that,
although there were Jew taxes, they were administered in a relatively fair manner. As a result, in
early 1631, Poland would have looked very attractive.
    For a Jew from Frankfurt or Aschaffenburg contemplating the journey to Poland, there would
be several obvious routes. By Passover, everyone in Frankfurt would have heard that Gustavus
was on the move west of Berlin and that the Imperial army was besieging Magdeburg. Travelers
would therefore avoid the route north of the Franconian highlands and the Thueringerwald. The
middle route, up the Fränkische Saale river would be direct, requiring crossing through the
Thueringerwald, but putting the travelers on the road to Leipsig, while a southern route via
Prague would be longer but probably safer.
    The middle route would be likely to attract at least some Jewish travelers in the spring of
1631, with some travelers from as far south as Würzburg likely to come this way. The economic
appeal of travel through the hills of the Spessart and Thueringerwald might have been significant,
since both were centers of mining and industry. The entry of new traffic along this route would
stop as soon as news of the fall of Magdeburg arrived, since at that point, the Imperial troops
moved south and travel across the southern Saxon plains would have become far too dangerous.
    Fast travelers from the lower Main valley, those on horseback or able to afford carriages,
would likely manage about 20 to 30 miles a day. If we assume they travel to the east in the week
after Passover, they would have passed the Ring of Fire before it happened. Once past, the news
of the Ring of Fire would catch up with them only slowly, and if they did hear the news, they
would be unlikely to turn back. With good transportation, they would be in a position to flee any
soldiers they encountered, so they would likely make it to Poland and would be unlikely to arrive
in Grantville.
    Slow travelers from Frankfurt and fast travelers leaving later are another story. If we assume
travelers on foot or with slow carts for their baggage, they will make from ten to twenty miles a
day. Travel would be even slower if they are subsisting off the land within the limits imposed on
Jews by Christian law, for example by buying rags and scrap metal to sell to the paper mills and
iron foundries along the way.
    That from one to three such slow-moving groups would pass through the upper Fränkische
Salle valley at about the time of the Ring of Fire, hearing rumor both of the fall of Magdeburg
and of the Ring of Fire at some point between Neustadt and Hildburghausen seems not only
plausible but likely.
    This news would drive them to veer south to avoid Tilly's mercenaries on the Saxon plains
and to avoid the new and strange city of Grantville. Working through this schedule suggests that
such groups would encounter rumor of the "court Jews" of this new community as they began
their dodge to the south, and news that Grantville was actively recruiting refugees and attempting
to impose law and order on its little corner of the world could easily reach them as they were
about a day's travel from Grantville.
    The most likely avenue of approach for such a refugee group would be down the Schwarza
valley, which would bring them to the border of the Ring of Fire sometime not too long before or
after Shavuos. The festival would force them to camp in one place for a minimum of three
consecutive nights, no matter what, and this camp will be either in Grantville, for example, at the
refugee camp just being built near the power plant described by the novel 1632, or not too far
outside the ring if they are on a somewhat later schedule. However this develops, by the end of
Shavuos, they will have heard detailed accounts of the arrival of bands of mercenaries in the
plains to the east, and there is a high likelihood that they would elect to stay in the Grantville
region.
    The interaction between these refugees and the new town of Grantville will be interesting,
although an author contemplating writing such a story must solve the problem of including these
Jews in the population of Grantville without their coming afoul of the established canon for this
series.


Resources for Writers
    Those considering writing Jewish characters into their fiction should consult a Jewish
calendar for the year they are writing so they can keep their characters' behavior in line with the
Jewish liturgical year. There are excellent interactive web sites that will generate custom
calendars for any year.
    http://www.hebcal.com/hebcal/
    http://www.hebrewcalendar.net/
    These calendars all show holidays, fast days, and the Torah portion for each Sabbath, as well
as the connection between the Jewish and Gregorian dates for that year. It is worth noting that all
Jewish months begin with the new moon, so the fourteenth of the month is always a full moon.
    If your Jewish characters are moderately observant, they might study the Torah portion for
the coming week. If you want to know what pithy biblical quotes they are likely to come up with,
read the relevant Torah portion. Ask for the weekly sedrot to be included in a calendar generated
by the Hebcal web site listed above, and then click through from the calendar to the biblical text
and commentaries from several rabbinical organizations.
    Look up the history of the Jewish communities of each nonfictional town that is visited. The
Jewish Encyclopedia, published in 1901, is entirely available on-line and has well researched
entries on the Jewish communities of the world, including many small German communities.
    http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/
    The web site includes a search engine but it is sometimes slow. Unfortunately, for those
interested in German cities, there are multiple ways to enter text containing diacritical marks, and
as a result, searching for city names containing umlauts is not always easy.
    Many German cities have their own historical web sites that also contain a wealth of
information. True gems can be found by blind searching with Google. Try searches on the word
Jews or Juden plus the city name in question; these will frequently find the Jewish Encyclopedia
entry where the built-in search engine did not because Google is much smarter about umlauts.
    The Jewish Theological Seminary library has an extensive web site that includes several
exhibits that pertain to this era. Their exhibit on culture and costume and on the synagogues of
Amsterdam includes some very useful material from the seventeenth century.
    http://www.jtsa.edu/library/exhib/pastexhib.shtml
    There are a few extraordinarily good works of fiction that portray Jewish life not too far
before this era remarkably well. Francis Sherwood's The Book of Splendor, set in the Prague of
Rudolf II (1601), does a good job of painting the Jewish community of that time and place in
relationship to the larger community. Richard Zimler's The Last Kabbalist of Lisbon paints an
intriguing picture of the Sephardic community of Lisbon in the era when the inquisition was on
the rise and Jews faced the choice of fleeing or going underground.
                                       IMAGES

Note from Editor:

    There are various images, mostly portraits from the time, which illustrate different aspects of
the 1632 universe. In the first issue of the Grantville Gazette, I included those with the volume
itself. Since that created downloading problems for some people, however, I've separated all the
images and they will be maintained and expanded on their own schedule.
    If you're interested, you can look at the images and my accompanying commentary at no
extra cost. They are set up in the Baen Free Library. You can find them as follows:


       1) Go to www.baen.com
       2) Select "Free Library" from the blue menu at the top.
       3) Once in the Library, select "The Authors" from the yellow menu on the left.
       4) Once in "The Authors," select "Eric Flint."
       5) Then select "Images from the Grantville Gazette."
                   Submissions to the magazine
    If anyone is interested in submitting stories or articles for future issues of the Grantville
Gazette, you are welcome to do so. But you must follow a certain procedure:
    1) All stories and articles must first be posted in a conference in Baen's Bar set aside for the
purpose, called "1632 Slush." Do not send them to me directly, because I won't read them. It's
good idea to submit a sketch of your story to the conference first, since people there will likely
spot any major problems that you overlooked. That can wind up saving you a lot of wasted work.
    You can get to that conference by going to Baen Books' web site www.baen.com. Then select
"Baen's Bar." If it's your first visit, you will need to register. (That's quick and easy.) Once you're
in the Bar, the three conferences devoted to the 1632 universe are "1632 Slush," "1632 Slush
Comments," and "1632 Tech Manual." You should post your sketch, outline or story in "1632
Slush." Any discussion of it should take place in "1632 Slush Comments." The "1632 Tech
Manual" is for any general discussion not specifically related to a specific story.
    2) Your story/article will then be subjected to discussion and commentary by participants in
the 1632 discussion. In essence, it will get chewed on by what amounts to a very large, virtual
writers' group.
    You do not need to wait until you've finished the story to start posting it in "1632 Slush." In
fact, it's a good idea not to wait, because you will often find that problems can be spotted early in
the game, before you've put all the work into completing the piece.
    3) While this is happening, the assistant editor of the Grantville Gazette, Paula Goodlett, will
be keeping an eye on the discussion. She will alert me whenever a story or article seems to be
gaining general approval from the participants in the discussion. There's also an editorial board to
which Paula and I belong, which does much the same thing. The other members of the board are
Karen Bergstralh, Rick Boatright, and Laura Runkle. In addition, authors who publish regularly
in the 1632 setting participate on the board as ex officio members. My point is that plenty of
people will be looking over the various stories being submitted, so you needn't worry that your
story will just get lost in the shuffle.
    4) At that point—and only at that point—do I take a look at a story or article.

   I insist that people follow this procedure, for two reasons:
   First, as I said, I'm very busy and I just don't have time to read everything submitted until I
have some reason to think it's gotten past a certain preliminary screening.
   Secondly, and even more importantly, the setting and "established canon" in this series is
quite extensive by now. If anyone tries to write a story without first taking the time to become
familiar with the setting, they will almost invariably write something which—even if it's
otherwise well written—I simply can't accept.
    In short, the procedure outlined above will save you a lot of wasted time and effort also.
    One point in particular: I have gotten extremely hardnosed about the way in which people use
American characters in their stories (so-called "up-timers"). That's because I began discovering
that my small and realistically portrayed coal mining town of 3500 people was being willy-nilly
transformed into a "town" with a population of something like 20,000 people—half of whom
were Navy SEALs who just happened to be in town at the Ring of Fire, half of whom were rocket
scientists (ibid), half of whom were brain surgeons (ibid), half of whom had a personal library the
size of the Library of Congress, half of whom . . .
    Not to mention the F-16s which "just happened" to be flying through the area, the Army
convoys (ibid), the trains full of vital industrial supplies (ibid), the FBI agents in hot pursuit of
master criminals (ibid), the . . .
    NOT A CHANCE. If you want to use an up-time character, you must use one of the
"authorized" characters. Those are the characters created by Virginia DeMarce using genealogical
software and embodied in what is called "the grid."
    You can obtain a copy of the grid from the web site which collects and presents the by-now
voluminous material concerning the series, www.1632.org. Look on the right for the link to
"Virginia's Up-timer Grid." While you're at it, you should also look further down at the links
under the title "Authors' Manual."

    You will be paid for any story or factual article which is published. The rates that I can afford
for the magazine at the moment fall into the category of "semi-pro." I hope to be able to raise
those rates in the future to make them fall clearly within professional rates, but . . . That will
obviously depend on whether the magazine starts selling enough copies to generate the needed
income. In the meantime, the rates and terms which I can offer are posted below in the standard
letter of agreement accepted by all the contributors to this issue.




Standard letter of agreement

    Below are the terms for the purchase of a story or factual article (hereafter "the work") to be
included in an issue of the online magazine Grantville Gazette, edited by Eric Flint and published
by Baen Books.
    Payment will be sent upon acceptance of the work at the following rates:
    1) a rate of 2.5 cents per word for any story or article up to 15,000 words;
    2) a rate of 2 cents a word for any story or article after 15,000 words but before 30,000 words;
    3) a rate of 1.5 cents a word for any story or article after 30,000 words.
    The rates are cumulative, not retroactive to the beginning of the story or article. (E.g., a story
40,000 words long would earn the higher rates for the first 30,000 words.) Word counts will be
rounded to the nearest hundred and calculated by Word for Windows XP.
    In the event a story has a payment that exceeds $200, the money will be paid in two
installments: half on acceptance, and the remaining half two months after publication of the story.
    You agree to sell exclusive first world rights for the story, including exclusive first electronic
rights for five years following publication, and subsequent nonexclusive world rights. Should
Baen Books select your story for a paper edition, you will not receive a second advance but will
be paid whatever the differential might be between what you originally received and the advance
for different length stories established for the paper edition. You will also be entitled to a
proportionate share of any royalties earned by the authors of a paper edition. If the work is
reissued in a paper edition, then the standard reversion rights as stipulated in the Baen contract
would supercede the reversion rights contained here.
    Eric Flint retains the rights to the 1632 universe setting, as well as the characters in it, so you
will need to obtain his permission if you wish to publish the story or use the setting and
characters through anyone other than Baen Books even after the rights have reverted to you. You,
the author, will retain copyright and all other rights except as listed above. Baen will copyright
the story on first publication.
    You warrant and represent that you have the right to grant the rights above; that these rights
are free and clear; that your story will not violate any copyright or any other right of a third party,
nor be contrary to law. You agree to indemnify Baen for any loss, damage, or expense arising out
of any claim inconsistent with any of the above warranties and representations.