XUV . 14stones, with thin limestones towards the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

Another isolated patch occurs among the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

Red sandstones and conglomerates, probably of the same See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

They have been uncovered, indeed, only at a comparatively See also:

• RECENT

They are a prolongation of the Cretaceous deposits of See also:

• ANTRIM
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1636)
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1609-1683)

That the volcanic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

(A. GE.; J. A. M.) See also:

• CLIMATE

Thus the See also:

• LINE

It thus happens that the driest climates in the east are those which have to south-westwards the broadest extent of mountainous ground, and that the wettest eastern climates are those which are least protected by high lands on the west. The breakdown of the See also:

• WATERSHED

The increase at succeeding decades has been continuous though fluctuating in amount, and in 1901 the population amounted to 4,472,103 (See also:

• FEMALES

See also:

• SHETLAND, or ZETLAND

2,695,037 90,12I 90,104 21 4,671,744 168,848 166,554 23 7. See also:

• NAIRN

243,974 35,492 40,923 107 2,317,773 433,838 460,941 127 IV. East Midland. 559,171 277,735 284,082 325 12. See also:

• FORFAR

Kinross 52,410 6,673 6,981 85 16. Clackmannan . 34,927 33,140 32,029 587 2,565,126 630,098 665,215 166 V. West Midland. 288,842 118,021 142,291 315 17. Stirling . 18. Dumbarton 157,433 98,014 113,865 463 19. See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

. 139,658 18,404 18,787 86 2,576,404 308,524 348,585 87 VI. South-Western. 153,332 230,812 268;980 1123 21. Renfrew . . 22. Ayr . 724,523 226,386 254,468 225 23. See also:

• LANARK

Berwick . . 292,577 32,290 30,824 67 28. See also:

• PEEBLES

. 311,609 36,062 32,685 67 See also:

• GRAND

1891. 1901. 1891. 190I. Towns 1 . . . 2,631,298 3,120,241 65.37 69.77 Villages 1 465,836 466,053 I I.57 10.42 Rural districts . 928,513 885,809 23.06 19.81 Total 4,025,647 4,472,103 100.00 100.00 Mainland . . 3,865,748 4,316,551 96.03 96.52 Islands . . . 159,899 155,552 3.97 3.48 Total 4,025,647 4,472,103 10000 I0o•oo 1 Villages have populations of from 300 to 2000; towns from 2000 upwards. Table III. gives the population of towns with more than 30,000 inhabitants.

See also:

• TOWN

Welsh See also:

• NATIONALITY

184,807 4'84 205,064 4,585 England . . . 108,736 2.70 131,350 2'937 See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

. 706,195 763,948 743,582 781,860 Marriages 224,222 253,550 259,388 298,664 Illegitimate Izo,o6, 108,260 102,128 90,981 births . . The counties in which the highest percentages of illegitimate births were found were Wigtown, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright and Peebles in the south; Elgin, Banff and Aberdeen in the north-east, and Caithness in the north; the shires showing the lowest percentages were Clackmannan, Dumbarton and Shetland. Percentages of Illegitimacy to total Births. Rate. (inclusive) 1871-1880 1881-1890 1891-1900 ive). (inclusive). (inclusive). (inclusive). Birth . . 3.48 3.47 3.22 3'01 See also:

• DEATH

Poor See also:

• RELIEF

y' English. Scotland . . . . 4,472,103 28,106 0.63 202,700 4'53 Northern portion . 1,753,470 27,854 1.59 160,915 9.18 Southern portion 2,718,633 252 0.01 41,785 1.54 Northern division 112,175 489 0.43 17,084 15.23 North-western „ 166,554 23,893 14'34 82,573 49'58 North-eastern „ 460,941 20 o•oI 5,125 I•II East-midland „ 665,215 95 o•oI 13,818 2.06 West-midland „ 348,585 3,357 0'96 42,315 12.14 South-western „ 1,862,775 162 0.01 34,289 1.84 South-eastern „ 662,415 89 0.01 7,002 i•o6 Southern „ 193,443 I 0.00 494 o•26 Number engaged in each Class of Occupation. Percentage engaged in each Class of Occupation. Occupations. 1891 190I . 1891. 1901. Males. Females.

Total. Males.. Females. Total. Males. Females. Males. Females. Total occupied and 1 "" unoccupied (aged lo years and up- 1,446,209 1,599,453 3,045,662 1,656,081 1,790,242 3,446,323 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 wards) J Engaged in occu- 1,203,909 543,828 1,747,737 1,391,188 591,624 1,982,812 83.25 34.00 84.00 33.05 pations . . . Retired or unoccu- 242,300 1,055,625 1,297,925 264,893 1,198,618 1,463,511 16.75 66•oo 16•oo 66.95 pied . . .

• Classes. 59,053 23,051 82,104 67,827 33,234 loi,o61 4.08 1'44 4'IO 1.86 r. Professional 2. Domestic 29,163 190,057 219,220 26,755 174,475 201,230 2.02 11.88 1.61 9'75 3. Commercial 174,558 10,276 184,834 221,579 24,136 245,715 12.07 0.64 13.38 1'35 4. Agriculture and 205,827 30,018 235,845 196,581 40,730 237,311 14'23 1.88 11.87 2.27 Fishing . 5. Industrial 735,308 290,426 1,025,734 878,446 85 IH•16 17'82 6. Unoccupied and 319,49 1,970 1 50 53'04 ,495 non-productive 242,300 1,055,625 1,297,925 264,893 1,198,618 1,463,511 16.75 66•oo 16•oo 66.95 towns, and poorhouses, where those indigent who are alone in the See also:

• WORLD

For 150 years nothing was done to systematize poor relief, and even in 1842 about See also:

• HALF

At first an adoptive act was introduced, under which the Commissioners of See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

They were under the supervision of the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

See also:

• ADVANTAGE

St Mungo's College, Glasgow, incorporated in 1889 under a Board of Trade licence, has medicinal and law faculties, and See also:

• ANDERSON
• ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
• ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
• ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
• ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
• ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
• ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
• ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
• ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)

But the abolition of the law of See also:

• HYPOTHEC (Lat. hypotheca, Gr. vaoOi7Kf)

After that year a continuous fall set in, and in 1901-1902 the amount returned was only £5,911,836, a drop in twenty-five years of £1,857,467. These figures refer to land, whether cultivated or not, including ornamental grounds, gardens attached to houses when exceeding one See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

The average holding in 1905 was 61.7 acres. Table X. shows the total area, the cultivated area and the area under See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

1,302,384 Total 1,084, 983 ,450,726 Arable Land . 3,475,842 3,430,259 Grain Crops- 122,513 48,641 See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Other Crops . 2,699 Total 693,821 617 ,941 See also:

• CLOVER

Estimate Total Produce. Average Average Yield to Yield to the Acre. the Acre. 1885. i9o5. 1885. 1905. Wheat-Bushels 1,893,501 2,065,381 34.33 42.46 Barley „ 8,245,820 8,004,446 34.72 37.73 Oats „ 33,407,127 35,277,807 31'93 36'63 Beans „ 709,577 364,818 30.67 36.76 Peas 37,464 17,108 21.41 27.16 Potatoes-Tons 803,523 979,541 5.39 6.97. Turnips and 15'39 16•o8 Swedes-Tons 6,496,189. , 7,162,794 See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

The See also:

• SPECIAL

34,673 ... 23,055 ... 27, 8 ... 19' an the fine-woolled of Shetland, the blackfaced of the Highlands, the Cheviots, natives of the hills from which they are named, a favourite breed in the south, though Border Leicesters and other English Stock. Average 1905. 1871-1875. Horses 156,520 Used for agricultural purposes, in- cluding mares kept for breeding Unbroken . .. 49,668 Total 178,652 206,188 Cattle 392,252 437,138 Cows and heifers in See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

2,426,114 2,722,467 Total 7,161,122 7,024,211 Pigs 166,148 130,214 breeds, as well as a variety of crosses, are kept for winter feeding on lowland farms. The principal breeds of horses are the Shetland and Highland ponies, and the Clydesdale See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

See also:

• HARES

In 1905 the total catch of fish of all kinds (excepting See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

These provisions had reference chiefly to what afterwards came to be known as " See also:

• STATUTE

It was begun in 1761 and opened for traffic in 1792. The Forth and Clyde canal was authorized in 1767 and opened from sea to sea in 1790. In 1846 its proprietors bought the Monkland canal, and in 1867 the combined undertaking passed into the hands of the Caledonian Railway Company. The Union canal, 312 M. long, starts from Port Downie, on the Forth and Clyde canal near Falkirk, and runs to Port Hopetoun in Edinburgh. Begun in ;818 it was completed in 1822, and in 1849 was vested in the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway Company, which in turn was absorbed by the North British Railway Company in 1865. The Forth and Clyde canal has a revenue of about £120,000 a year, including receipts from the docks at Grangemouth, and the expenditure on management and maintenance is about £40,000. The Union canal earns between £2000 and £3000, and its expenditure is but little less than its revenue. Three other canals formerly existed in Scotland. The Aberdeen canal, 184 m. long, See also:

• RUNNING

The Caledonian railway, which acquired it together with the Forth and Clyde canal in 1867,- obtained powers to abandon it in 1893. Railways.—The first railway in Scotland for which an act of parliament was obtained was that between Kilmarnock and Troon (94 m.), opened in 1812, and worked by horses. A similar railway, of which the chief source of profit was the passenger traffic, was opened between Edinburgh and See also:

• DALKEITH

1857 1243 14,733,503 £916,697 £1,584.78! £2,501,478. 1874 2700 38,220,892 2,350,593 3,884,424 6,235,017 1884 2999 54,305,074 2,931,737 4,426,023 7,357,760 1888 3097 68,413,349 3,163,195 4,564,627 7,727,822 1900 3485 122,201,102 4,715,592 6,431,693 11,147,285 1905 3804 I15,580,000 5,014,452 6,803,286 11,817,738 The total capital of all the Scots companies in 1888 was £114,120,11 by 1910 it exceeded £185,000,000. Since the passing of the Light Railways Act 1896, the Board of Trade has sanctioned several light railways. By 1910 the total railway mileage was 3844. See also:

• MINING

In 1905 there were 492 coal and iron mines in operation, employing 109,939 hands (89,516 below ground and20,423 above). The total output in that year amounted to 35,839,297 tons, valued at £10,369,433. The total quantity worked up to the end of 1898 was 1,514,062 tons, the quantity then remaining to work being estimated at 4,634,785,000 tons. The quantity of coal exported in 1905 from the principal Scottish ports was 7,863,511 tons, and the quantity shipped coast-See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Linlithgowshire yields nearly three-fourths of the total output, Midlothian produces nearly one-fourth, a small quantity is obtained from See also:

• LANARKSHIRE

The Foyers See also:

• INSTALLATION

See also:

• CARPET

The Union gave a considerable impetus to the manufacture, as did also the establishment of the Board of Manufactures in 1727, which applied an annual sum of f2650 to its encouragement, and in 1729 established a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

As compared with England, however, the manufacture has stagnated. The nurnber of hands employed in 185o was 34,325, in 1875 it was 35,652 and in 1901 (including bleachers, dyers, printers, calenderers, &c.) it was 34,057. (d) See also:

• SILK

More than four-fifths of the distilleries at work in the United Kingdom are situated in Scotland. The leading distilling counties are Argyll, Banff, Elgin, Inverness and Aberdeen, Perth and Ross and Cromarty, while the industry is found in seventeen other shires. In 1893-1894 the total See also:

• NET

After 1893-1894, when the number of brewers licensed to brew for See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. Sailing vessels 3432 491,395 3172 552,212 2715 727,942 2065 827,295 1104 709,430 918 578,340 See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

169 30,827 314 71,579 582 209,142 1403 866,78o 198o 1,528,032 2330 3,139,558 regarding the number and See also:

• TONNAGE

Table XV. illustrates the development that took place in the shipping trade with foreign countries and British possessions, as well as the expansion of the See also:

• COASTING

(d. 1093), and the enjoyment of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Entered. Cleared. Entered. Cleared. 1855 1,963,552 2,057,936 668,078. 840,150 2,631,630 2,898,086 188o 6,628,853 5,691,136 2,700,915 3,001,897 9,329,768 8,693,033 1889 7,188,763 6,998,516 3,931,010 4,412,607 11,119,773 11,411,123 1898 9,256,233 8,937,481 5,510,927 6,296,555 14,767,160 15,234,036 1900 7,213,574 6,791,959 5,657,200 6,602,545 12,870,774 113~,394,504 1905 9,928,674 9,500,160 6,268,745 7,478,579 16,197,419 16,978,739 Table XVI. exhibits the growth of the foreign and colonial trade at specified dates since 1755, showing how it advanced by leaps and bounds during the latter part of the 19th century. Though the value of imports into Scotland is less than one-See also:

• ELEVENTH

Exports. 1755 464,411 535,576 1874 31,012,750 17,912,932 1790 1,688,337 1,235,405 188o 34,997,652 18,243,078 1795 1,268,520 976,791 1884 30,600,258 20,322,355 1800 2,212,790 2,340,069 1889 36,771,016 22,310,006 1815 3,447,853 6,997,709 1898 36,224,982 23,643,143 1825 4,994,304 5,842,296 1900 38,691,245 32,166,561 1851 8,921,108 5,o16,116 1903 40,396,280 32,301,198 consumed in Scotland, for the obvious See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

At several of the ports on the lower firth, as at Ardrossan and Fairlie, famous for its yachts, the industry is also carried on. On the east coast the leading yards are at Leith, Kirkcaldy, Grangemouth, Dundee, Peterhead and Aberdeen, which, in the days of sailing ships, was renowned for its clippers built for the tea trade. There are yards also at Inverness. Postal Service.—Towards the end of the 16th century the practice arose of regular communication by See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

The Inner House has two divisions, with four judges each, the first being presided over by the lord president of the whole court, and the second by the lord See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

1124), when the greater part of the kingdom was divided into twenty-five sheriffdoms. In the latter part of the 13th century they numbered thirty-four, but now there are only fifteen sheriffs in all, who, excepting the sheriff for Lanark-shire, need not reside in the counties to which they are appointed and are not prohibited from private practice. They are assisted by sheriffs-substitute upon whom the bulk of the work falls, who must be residential and are debarred from private practice. At one time the functions of the sheriff-principal were confined to one county, but by an act passed in 1855 it was arranged that as sheriffdoms fell vacant certain counties should be grouped under the control of one sheriff-principal. Thus Aberdeen, Kincardine and Banff form one group, and the three Lothians with Peebles another. The public prosecutor for counties is the See also:

• PROCURATOR (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

Tonnage In and Out. In and Out. Glasgow . . I 38,291,762 I 4,472,071 I 4,257,957 Leith 2 17,975,978 2 2,210,015 4 1,410,160 Grangemouth . 3 6,273,317 4 1,425,978 6 859,177 Dundee . . 4 5,657,583 7 32o,io3 7 807,159 Greenock . . 5 2,046,457 10 202,336 2 3,348,928 Methil . . . 6 1,127,931 3 1,716,355 8 542,244 Aberdeen . . 7 1,035,233 8 217,410 3 1,613,966 Granton 8 933,48o 9 202,901 10 230,458 Burntisland 9 846,74I 5 1,305,945 9 294,261 Ardrossan . . io 651,124 6 326,356 5 1,094,439 initiative in regard to suspected cases of sudden death, although in this respect the law of Scotland is less strict than that of England. Justices of the peace, who are unpaid and require no special qualification, but as they are recommended by the lord-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Local Government.—The largest administrative unit is that of the county, but the areas of counties may be adapted to meet various public or political requirements. They may be altered for the purposes of the registrar-general, and for police purposes part of the area of one county may be brought into the area of another. For parliamentary purposes some counties have been united, as Clackmannan and Kinross, Elgin and Nairn, Orkney and Shetland, and Peebles and Selkirk, and others divided, as Aberdeen, Ayr, Lanark, Perth and Renfrew, while others retain in certain respects their old subdivision, Lanarkshire for assessment purposes being still partitioned into the upper, middle and lower wards. Originally the counties were synonymous either with sheriffdoms or stewartries. Stewartries ceased with the abolition of hereditary jurisdictions in 1748, though Kirkcudbrightshire still bears the designation. The counties are thirty-three in number, Ross and Cromarty constituting one, while Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Dundee are each a county of a city. The highest county dignitary is the lord-lieutenant, the office dating from 1782. Nominated by the crown, he holds office See also:

• AUT

Being small and unimportant, these burghs were not affected by the act of 1833, but in 1892 were required to adopt the constitution of police burghs. Towns that received their charters from bishops were burghs of barony, their magistrates and council being appointed by the superior. When the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

The corporation of the burghs consists of the See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

M.) Scotland, to political observers of the middle of the 16th century, seemed destined by nature to form one homogeneous kingdom with England. The outward frontiers of both were the sea; no difficult physical barriers divided the two territories; the majority of Scots spoke an intelligible form of English, differing from northern English more in spelling and See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

There are also traces of the persistence of descent in the female line, especially in the case of the Pictish royal See also:

• FAMILY

They fought with courage, but were no match for Roman discipline; it was, however, impossible to follow them into their mountain fortresses, nor were the difficulties of pursuit 'thoroughly overcome till after the battle of See also:

• CULLODEN

But in the struggle for existence it chanced that the early English invaders secured a kingdom, See also:

• BERNICIA

Such, roughly speaking, were the divisions of the country which arose as results of the obscure wars of the 5th, 6th and 7th centuries. As regards Christianity in these regions, Protestantism, Presbyterianism and patriotism find here a battle-ground. The See also:

• MISSION

In 563—565 he founded his mission and monastery in the isle of See also:

• IONA

The results would be the severance of these regions from the main current of western ecclesiastical ideas. Conceivably these sentiments of Columbanus never wholly died out in the Scottish kingdom of later history, whose kings were always See also:

• APT

Old legends represent him as having exterminated the Picts to the last man; and the Picts become, in popular tradition, a mythical folk, hardly human, to whom great feats, including the building of Glasgow See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Thus (924) the English See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

On looking at the genealogical tree of the manlao of dynasty of Kenneth MacAlpine, we see that from the iI date of his death (859) to the accession of See also:

• DUNCAN
• DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1731-1804)
• DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN (1824-1891)
• DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807—1845)

After the death of Gilcomgain, Gruach wedded See also:

• MACBETH

William the Conqueror's earl of Northumberland, Robert de See also:

• COMINES, or COMMINES (Flem. Komen)

Malcolm would have been succeeded by his eldest son by Margaret, Edward, but he fell beside his father at Alnwick, and the succession was disputed between Duncan, son of Malcolm by his first wife; See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

With Anglo-Norman aid he repelled a Celtic rising—the right Qf Alexander l. the claimants to represent the blood of Lulach is exquisitely complex and obscure in this case—but in the end David annexed to the crown the great old sub-kingdom or province of Moray, and made grants therein to English, Norman and Scottish followers. Some of the most eminent of his southern allies could not stand by David when, in the reign of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Where Anglo-Normans obtained lands in Moray and Renfrewshire, there seems to have been no displacement of the population: though a FitzAlan was dominant in Renfrewshire, the " good men," or gentry, still See also:

• BORE

Scotland was as yet, and in fact remained, destitute of constitutional history as it appears in England. There was, technic-ally speaking, no taxation. The king " lived on his own," on rent of crown lands, feudal fines and aids, wardships, marriages, and the revenues of vacant bishoprics. Opposition used the mechanism of conspiracies; and changes of administration were effected by the seizure of the king's person, especially during the many royal minorities. In the matter of justice, royal succeeded to tribal authority. Offences were no longer against the individual and his See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

Malcolm the Maiden, before his early death in 1165, had put down the menacing power of Somerled, lord of the Isles, a chief apparently of mixed Celtic and Scandinavian blood, the founder of the great See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

with a rental of £200 yearly. His death in 1249 left the crown to his son, Alexander III., a child of eight, in whose minority began the practice by which parties among the See also:

• NOBILITY

The first step of the Scottish noblesse (mainly men of Norman names), after Alexander's death, was to send a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

These seven earls appear to represent the old rulers of the seven provinces of Pictland, and asserted ancient claims to elect a king. The Bruces placed themselves under Edward's protection. In March 1291 he ordered See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

Baliol declined to follow his standard and negotiated for a French alliance. Edward ordered Baliol's English property to be confiscated; Baliol renounced his fealty, and English merchants were massacred at Berwick. The Comyns failed in an attack on Carlisle, and (3oth of March 1296) Edward took Berwick, seized William See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

The Lanercost contemporary chronicler writes that the bishop of Glasgow. and the Steward began the broil, and called in Wallace as the leading brigand in the country-side. Wallace, in fact, was a gentleman of good education. See also:

• PERCY (FAMILY)
• PERCY, SIR HENRY
• PERCY, THOMAS (1729-1811)
• PERCY, THOMAS (c. 156o-16os)

By June 1298 Robert Bruce is active in the service of Edward, in Galloway. Edward was moving on Scotland, and on the nand of July he found Wallace in force, and in a strong position, guarded by a morass, at Falkirk. The Scottish horsemen fled from the English See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

On the 9th of February 1304 Comyn with his companions submitted; they hunted Wallace, who had returned from the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

He aimed at a union of the two countries, and Scottish representatives were chosen to sit in the English parliament. The laws of David I. were to be revised. Eight justices were appointed, the sheriffs were mainly Scots of the kingdom; the bishop of St Andrews was one of the Scottish representatives. The country was being re- organized, ruined churches and bridges were being rebuilt. The " commons," the populace, were eager for peace; nobles like Bruce were Edward's men. Bruce had been actively en-gaged in the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

Heedless of the See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)