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Santos and 308 m. by rail W. of Rio de Janeiro. Pop. (189o) 64,934; (1902, estimate) 332,000. Sao Paulo is connected with Santos, its port, by a See also:

double-track railway built, owned and worked by a See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

COMPANY

company (S. Paulo Railway Co.); with Rio de Janeiro, by the Sao Paulo See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Central do Brazil See also:

LINE

line; with See also:

CAMPINAS

Campinas and other inland cities by the Sao Paulo and Paulista See also:

RAILWAYS

railways; with the N.E. See also:

PART

part of the state, See also:

MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

Minas Geraes, and See also:

GOYAZ

Goyaz by the Mogyana line starting from Campinas; and with Sorocaba and the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern parts of the state, See also:

PARANA

Parana, and with See also:

SANTA

Santa Catharina and Rio Grande, by the Sorocabana line and the Sao Paulo and Rio Grande line. In See also:

GREAT

great part the city occupies an elevated open stretch of tableland commanding extensive views of the surrounding See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; and a small part of it is in the See also:

low alluvial See also:

LAND

land bordering the Tiete. The upper part has several slight elevations forming healthy residential districts. The elevations above See also:

sea-level are 2382 ft. at the Central do Brazil railway station in the See also:

LOWER

lower See also:

TOWN

town, 2418 ft. at the Sao Paulo railway station, 2841 ft. in the Consolacao suburb, and 2953 ft. in See also:

VILLA

Villa See also:

MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624)

Mariana. The city is just within the tropics, but its See also:

ELEVATION

elevation above the sea gives it a temperate See also:

CLIMATE

climate, bracing in the cool See also:

SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season and yet with high See also:

sun temperatures in summer. The broad eroded See also:

bed of the Tiete is swampy and is subject to extensive inundations causing malarial and intestinal disorders; otherwise the city is singularly healthy, though its sanitary See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is poor. The picturesqueness of the city is heightened by the See also:

RAVINE

ravine of a small stream passing through it and spanned by viaducts and See also:

bridges. The city squares are commonly open places with an occasional statue but without ornamental gardens.

The Public See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden, near the Sao Paulo railway station in the Luz See also:

section, is a recreation ground embellished with tropical See also:

PLANTS

plants and an artificial See also:

lake. The streets are well paved and lighted with See also:

gas and See also:

ELECTRICITY

electricity, and have electric tramways. Although there are still many old structures and residences to be seen in the old town, most of the public and business buildings and private residences are of the See also:

MODERN

modern See also:

ITALIAN

Italian and See also:

French type. See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

Brick is used to some extent, but the See also:

BUILDING

building material most used is broken See also:

stone and See also:

MORTAR

mortar, plastered outside, and covered with See also:

STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco See also:

MOULDINGS

mouldings and ornaments. The private residences of the city are the finest in the See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic. There is much See also:

WEALTH

wealth in the state, especially among the large See also:

COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee planters, and the city is their favourite See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence. Some of their palatial dwellings are surrounded with beautiful gardens and parks. The See also:

WATER

water-See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is derived from Cantareira hills, and there is a modern See also:

SEWERAGE

sewerage See also:

SYSTEM

system, constructed by an See also:

ENGLISH

English company. The more important public buildings are the new See also:

government See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, the palaces of See also:

agriculture, See also:

FINANCE

finance and See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, the executive residence, the immense See also:

POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

Polytechnic School, the Normal School, the School of Agriculture, the public See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital called the Isolamento, the charity hospital, the Sao Paulo railway station with a beautiful stone See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, and the See also:

THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, rivalling some of the best in See also:

EUROPE

Europe. Like other Brazilian cities Sao Paulo has a number of old religious buildings. There are also several excellent educational and scientific institutions which are in great part supported by the state, among which are the See also:

Mackenzie See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, created through the See also:

GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of an See also:

AMERICAN

American capitalist, a school of See also:

law, a See also:

PASTEUR, LOUIS (1822-1895)

Pasteur See also:

INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute, and a bacteriological institute. The See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police force of the state is a military organization and consists of a See also:

BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade of about 5000 men (See also:

INFANTRY

infantry, See also:

CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry, civic See also:

GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards, firemen, and a See also:

BODY

body of hospital attendants for public emergency cases), under a See also:

COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of the See also:

REGULAR

regular See also:

army.

Manufactures include textiles, footwear, clothing, See also:

food products, See also:

BEER

beer, artificial liquors, See also:

FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, domestic utensils, &c. The Sao Paulo See also:

LIGHT

Light and See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

Power Co., whose See also:

WORKS

works are situated at the falls of the Tiete a considerable distance N.W. of the city, supplies about 8000 See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-power to See also:

LOCAL

local See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries in addition to what is needed for the electric railway (Io8 m.), the See also:

OLDEST

oldest enterprise of this See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character in Brazil. The city has a large Italian See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population and many Italian shops and industries. Sao Paulo was founded by the See also:

JESUITS

Jesuits under Manoel de Nobrega in 1554 and at first See also:

BORE

bore the name of Piratininga. In 1681 it succeeded Sao See also:

VICENTE, GIL (147o-1540)

Vicente as the capital of the captaincy. The See also:

DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of Brazilian See also:

independence occurred on See also:

SEPT

Sept. 7, 1822, on the See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Ypiranga, near the city, where a See also:

MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument commemorates the event.

End of Article: SAO PAULO

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