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PASTORAL STAFF

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Originally appearing in Volume V20, Page 899 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

PASTORAL See also:
STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)
STAFF , in the See also:

Christian See also:

Church, an See also:

ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign of See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office or dignity. It is some five feet See also:

long, ending at the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top in a crook (See also:

VOLUTE (Lat. volution, volvere, to roll up)

volute) See also:

bent inwards, and made of See also:

metal, See also:

ivory or See also:

wood. If of metal, it is hollow; if of wood, it is usually covered with metal. The crook is usually richly ornamented, and is divided from the See also:

shaft by a See also:

BOSS

boss; the shaft is commonly separated into sections by rings, so that it can be taken to pieces. The pastoral staff is the ensign proper of cardinals (except See also:

CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal-deacons) and bishops; but the former are entitled to use it only in the churches from which they derive their titles, the latter only in their dioceses. The See also:

pope so See also:

early as the See also:

time of See also:

Innocent III. did not carry the pastoral staff, and it would seem never to have been his See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom. The ferula that the Ordo of Cencius See also:

SABELLIUS (fl. 230)

Sabellius (ch. 48) speaks of was not a pastoral staff, but the See also:

SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of authority over the papal See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, with which by its transference he was invested. This ferula, mentioned by Luitprand of See also:

Cremona in his See also:

account of the deposition of See also:

Benedict V., and the baculus aureus of the Historia dedicationis ecclesiae cavensis (Acta Sanctorum, 4 See also:

March, i. 354) are sceptres. Abbots carry the pastoral staff only when specially empowered by the pope to do so, and then only in the territory under the See also:

jurisdiction of their monastery and in the churches subordinated to it. With certain restrictions the pastoral staff is also sometimes conceded to dignitaries of See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral and collegiate churches, but never to abbesses (Sacra Congreg.

See also:

Caesar. Arelat. ii. 18), in Spain at least as early as the 7th, and in See also:

Ireland also in the 7th; in See also:

Italy, so far as the available evidence shows, its introduction was comparatively See also:

LATE

late. It had originally nothing of its See also:

PRESENT

present liturgical See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; this was given to it in the See also:

POST

post-Carolingian period. As regards the development of the See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the pastoral staff, there are four See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal types: (I) staves with a See also:

SIMPLE

simple crook, 4 2 the See also:

OLDEST

oldest form, which survived in Ireland until the 12th century; (2) staves with a See also:

ball or knob at the top, a rare form which did not long survive as a pastoral staff; (3) staves with a See also:

HORIZONTAL

horizontal crook, so-called Tau-staves, used especially by abbots and surviving until the 13th century; (4) staves with crook bent inwards. These last already appear in miniatures of the 9th century; from the 1th onwards they predominated; and in the 13th century they ousted all other forms. Originally See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, the crook was from the 11th century onwards often made in the form of a snake (5), which in richer staves encircled the See also:

Lamb of See also:

God or the See also:

REPRESENTATION

representation of a figure. Since the 13th century the snake, under See also:

GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, See also:

DEVELOPED

developed into a boldly designed tendril set with leaves, which usually encircled a figure or See also:

GROUP

group of figures, and the knob dividing shaft and crook into an elegant See also:

CHAPEL

chapel (6 and 7). Finally, at the See also:

close of the See also:

MIDDLE

middle ages, the See also:

LOWER

lower See also:

PART

part of the crook was bent outwards so that the actual volute came over the middle of the knob, the type that remained dominant from that time onwards (8). As a decoration, rather than for See also:

PRACTICAL

practical reasons, a See also:

FINE

fine folded See also:

CLOTH

cloth (pannisellus, sudarium, velum, Eng. See also:

VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil), was from the 14th century onward often suspended from the knob of the pastoral staff. This was done both in the See also:

case of bishops' and of abbots' staves, but is now confined to the latter (Cerem. episc. 5; See also:

Deer.

Alex. VII. 27 See also:

SEPT

Sept. 1659; Sacr. Congr. Rit. 27 Sept. 1847). From the pastoral staff must be distinguished the staff of the chorepisco pus (director of the See also:

CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir) and cantors, which is still in use here and there. This, which is also known as bordonus, was developed out of the choir-staves, originally no more than sticks to lean on during the long services. The See also:

Reformation abolished the pastoral staff almost every-where.' In the Church of See also:

England, however, it was retained among the episcopal ornaments prescribed by the first See also:

Prayer-See also:

BOOK

book of See also:

EDWARD

Edward VI., and, though omitted in the second Prayer-book, its use seemed once more to be enjoined under the Ornaments See also:

RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

Rubric of See also:

Elizabeth's Prayer-book. Whatever the theoretical value of this See also:

INJUNCTION (from Lat. injungere, to fasten, or attach to, to lay a burden or charge on, to enjoin)

injunction may have been, however, in practice the use of the pastoral staff was discontinued until its See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual revival in the last decades of the 19th century.

In the Churches of the See also:

East, a pastoral staff (Gr. ,3&5bos, Russ. possoch, paterissa, Syr. and See also:

NEST

Nest. chutra, See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

Arm. gavazan hayrapetatz, Copt..fbot) is See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne among the Syrians only by the See also:

PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch, in all the other See also:

RITES

rites by all bishops, in the See also:

Greek I Among curious exceptions is the pastoral staff still carried by the Lutheran abbot of Lokkum.899 Church also by archimandrites and abbots, and in the Armenian Church also by the varlapeds (teachers). The staff of Armenian bishops is reminiscent of that of the See also:

West, from which it is apparently derived; that of the vartapeds is encircled at the upper end by one or two See also:

SNAKES

snakes. The Coptic patriarch uses an See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

CROSS

cross-staff. For the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, the pastoral staff in the See also:

ORIENTAL

Oriental rites is T-shaped. It is of wood inlaid with ivory and See also:

MOTHER

mother-of-See also:

pearl. A veil is attached to the staff among the Greeks, Armenians and See also:

COPTS

Copts. The bishops of the Coptic, Syrian and Nestorian Uniate Churches have adopted the See also:

ROMAN

Roman pastoral staff. See Ch. Cahier et A. See also:

Martin, Melanges d'archeologie (See also:

Paris, 1856), iv. 145 seq.; Rohault et See also:

Fleury, La Messe (Paris, 1889), vii.

75 seq. For the See also:

ANGLICAN

Anglican usage see the See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report of the Sub-See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of See also:

Convocation on the Ornaments of the Church, &c. (See also:

LONDON

London, 1908). (J.

End of Article: PASTORAL STAFF

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