See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

From the mountainous eastern See also:

• DISTRICT

The north bank of the Orange, from the Kornet Spruit confluence to a point a little east of the spot where the railway from Cape See also:

• TOWN

See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

At Vierfontein a seam of See also:

• COAL

The See also:

• AVERAGE

Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. 1., 1894; F. H. Hatch and G. S. Corstorphine, The Geology of South Africa (2nd ed. See also:

• LONDON

The western part of the province is driest, as the rain clouds often pass over the lower levels but are caught by the eastern hills. The average See also:

• ANNUAL

The fauna has undergone a See also:

• GREAT

Inhabitants.—The See also:

• BUSHMEN, or BOSJESMANS

According to the 1904 census See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

Of the 'population above fifteen years old 55.87% of the men and 33'69% of the See also:

• WOMEN

All these towns are separately noticed. Other towns on the trunk railway, going from south to north, are Springfontein, Iwo, an important railway junction; Trompsburg, 1378; Edenhurg, 1562, and Brandfort, 1977. In the S.E. Thaba'nchu, 1134, Zastron, 1157, Dewetsdorp, 971 (named after the See also:

• FATHER

In the S.W. are: Philippolis, 809, at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

The first system consists of a trunk line, formed by the junction of lines from Cape Town and See also:

• PORT

There is an extensive telegraphic system and a well-organized postal service. Agriculture.—The chief See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

Fruit farming engages See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

A government See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

It dropped to 470,000 in 1909 owing to loss of railway contracts. Of other minerals See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

The See also:

• VOLUME

This See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

In 1870-1871, when the province was an independent state and possessed neither railways nor diamond mines, the revenue was £78,000 and the See also:

• EXPENDITURE

Nearly 33 % of the population, 127,67 persons, were re-turned officially at the census of 1904 as of ' no religion," under which head are classed the natives who retain their See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Further, ministers of the various denominations might give, on the special See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

At Bloemfontein is a high school for girls, the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

In 1824 Dutch farmers from Cape Colony seeking pasture for their flocks settled in the country. They were followed in 1836 by the first parties of the Great Trek. These emigrants left Cape Colony from various motives, but all were animated by the See also:

• DESIRE

Dissensions speedily arose among the emigrants, whose numbers were constantly added to, and Retief, Potgieter and other leaders crossed the Drakensberg and entered Natal. Those that remained were divided into several parties intensely jealous of one another. Meantime a new power had arisen along the upper Orange and in the valley of the Caledon. Moshesh, a Bechuana chief of high descent, had welded together a number of scattered and broken clans which had sought See also:

• REFUGE

Trouble first arose, however, between the Boers and the Griquas in the Philippolis district. Many of the white ,Early relations with British, Basutos and Griquas. farmers in this district, unlike their See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

In 1846 Major Warden See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

The frontier towards the Sovereignty was thereafter known as the Warden line. A little later the reserves of other chieftains were precisely defined. The British Resident had, however, no force sufficient to maintain his authority, and Moshesh and all the neighbouring clans became involved in hostilities with one another and with the whites. In 1851 Moshesh joined the republican party in the Sovereignty in an invitation to Pretorius to recross the Vaal. The intervention of Pretorius resulted in the Sand River Convention of 1852, which acknowledged the independence of the Transvaal but left the status of the Sovereignty untouched. The British government (the first See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

The majority of the whites still wished for the continuance of British rule provided that it was effective and the country guarded against its enemies. The representations of their delegates, who drew up a proposed constitution retaining British control, were unavailing. Sir George Clerk announced that, as the elected delegates were unwilling to take steps to form an independent govern- fndepena. ment, he would enter into negotiations with other ence persons. " And then, " writes Dr Theal, " was seen forced on the See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

R. C.) On the abandonment of British rule representatives of the people were elected and met at Bloemfontein on the 28th of March 1854, and between that date and the 18th Qepubtt of April were engaged in framing a constitution. The can flue country was declared a republic and named the Orange Free State. All persons of European blood possessing a six months' residential qualification were to be granted full burgher rights. The See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

the voortrekkers, who had previously taken an active part in the affairs of Natal. Distracted among themselves, with the formidable Basuto power on their southern and eastern flank, the troubles of the A Trans- See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

The conduct of Pretorius was stigmatized as " blameworthy. " Several of the malcontents in the Free State who had joined Pretorius permanently settled in the Transvaal, and other Free Staters who had been guilty of high treason were arrested and punished. This experience did not, however, heal the party strife within the Free State. In consequence of the dissensions among the burghers President Boshof tendered his resignation in February 1858, but was for a time induced to remain in office. The difficulties of the state were at that time (1858) so great that the volksraad in December of that year passed a See also:

• RESOLUTION

Boshof again tendered his resignation (February 1859) and retired to Natal. Many of the burghers would have at this time welcomed union with the Transvaal, but learning from Sir George Grey that such a union would nullify the conventions of 1852 and 1854 and necessitate the reconsideration of Great Britain's policy towards the native tribes north of the Orange and Vaal rivers, the project dropped. Commandant Pretorius was, however, elected president in place of Mr Boshof. Though unable to effect a durable peace with the Basutos, or to realize his ambition for the creation of one powerful Boer republic, Pretorius saw the Free State begin to grow in strength. The fertile district of Bethulie as well as Adam Kok's territory was acquired, and there was a considerable increase in the white population. The burghers generally, however, had not learned the need of discipline, of confidence in their elected rulers, or that to carry on a government taxes must be levied. Wearied like Mr Boshof of a thankless task, and more interested in affairs in the Transvaal than in those of the Free State, Pretorius resigned the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

The Boers gained considerable successes, and this induced Moshesh to See also:

• SUE, EUGENE [JosEPH MARIE] (1804—1857)

It lies at an altitude of nearly 6000 ft., and is well watered by the Caledon and its tributaries. It has ever since been known as the Conquered Territory, and it forms to-day one of the richest corn-growing districts in South Africa. A year after the addition of the Conquered Territory to the state another boundary dispute was settled by the See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

The difference between proprietorship and sovereignty was confused or ignored. That Waterboer exercised no authority in the disputed district was admitted. When the British annexation took place a party in the volksraad wished to go to war with Britain, but the wiser counsels of President Brand prevailed. The Free State, however, did not abandon its claims. The See also:

• MATTER

The diamond fields offered a ready market for stock and other agricultural produce. See also:

• MONEY

In spite of the neutral attitude taken by their government a number of the Free State Boers, living in the northern part of the country, went to the Transvaal and joined their brethren then in arms against the British. This fact was not allowed to See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

The Free State retained the right to purchase this See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

The Free State, in fact, from its See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

In 1881 Mr Reitz had, in conjunction with Mr Steyn, come under the influence of a See also:

• CLEVER

After the British occupation of Bloemfontein he See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

Help us: if you See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

The Colony would destroy us. It is not the Dutch there we are fighting against. Time shall show what we mean to do with them; for the See also:

• PRESENT

At a later date in the conference (see TRANSVAAL) President Brand apparently changed his policy, and himself drafted a constitution Tesembling that of the United States. This constitution appears to have been modelled on terms a great deal too liberal and enlightened to please Mr Kruger, whose one idea was to have at his command the armed forces of the Free State when he should require them, and who pressed for an offensive and defensive alliance. Brand refused to allow the Free State to be committed to a suicidal treaty, or dragged into any wild policy which the Transvaal might deem it. expedient to adopt. The result of the whole conference was that Kruger returned to Pretoria completely baffled, and for a time the Free State was saved from being a party to the fatal policy into which others subsequently drew it. Independent power of action was retained by Brand for the Free State in both the railway and Customs Union questions. After Sir John Brand's death, as already stated, a series of agreements and measures gradually subordinated Free State interests to the mistaken ambition and narrow views of the Transvaal. The influence which the Kruger party had obtained in the Free State was evidenced by the presidential election in 1896, when Mr Steyn received See also:

• FORTY

These measures suggest that a slight reaction against the extreme policy of President Kruger had set in. But. events were moving rapidly in the Transvaal, and matters had proceeded too far for the Free State to turn back. In May 1899 President Steyn suggested the conference at Bloernfontein between President Kruger and Sir See also:

• ALFRED

Free State to the British dominions under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

To a certain extent the leading ex-burghers co-operated with the administration in the work of reconstruction. The loss of their independence was, however, See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

He was originally an See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

The previous (Conservative) government spoilable had in March 1905 made public a form of representative govern-government, intended to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

E. W. See also:

• RAMSBOTTOM

The educational system had been placed on a See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

In this convention Mr Steyn took a leading and conciliatory part, and subsequently the Orange River legislature agreed to the terms drawn up by the convention for the unification of the four self-governing colonies. Under the imperial act by which unification was established (May 31, 1910) the colony entered the union under the style of the Free State Province. (For the union See also:

• MOVEMENT

Failing to obtain redress the English-`speaking See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )