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OLYNTHUS , an See also:ancient See also:city of Chalcidice, situated in a fertile See also:plain at the See also:head of the Gulf of Torone, near the See also:neck of the See also:peninsula of Pallene, at some little distance from the See also:sea, and about 6o stadia (7 or 8 m.) from Potidaea. The See also:district had belonged to a Thracian tribe, the Bottiaeans, in whose See also:possession the See also:town of Olynthus remained till 479 B.C.' In that See also:year the See also:Persian See also:general Artabazus, on his return from escorting See also:Xerxes to the See also:Hellespont, suspecting that a revolt from the See also:Great See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King was meditated, slew the inhabitants and handed the town over to a fresh See also:population, consisting of Greeks from the neighbouring region of Chalcidice (See also:Herod. viii. 127). Olynthus thus became a See also:Greek polis, but it remained insignificant (in the See also:quota-lists of the Delian See also:League it appears as paying on the See also:average 2 talents, as compared with 9 paid by Scione, 8 by See also:Mende, 6 by Torone) until the synoecism (oTUVOCKu6µbs), effected in 432 through the See also:influence of King See also:Perdiccas of Macedon, as the result of which the inhabitants of a number of See also:petty Chalcidian towns in the neighbourhood were added to its population(Thucyd. i. 58). Henceforward it ranks as the See also:chief Hellenic city See also:west of the Strymon. It had been enrolled as a member of the Delian League (q.v.) in the See also:early days of the league, but it revolted from See also:Athens at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of its synoecism, and was never again reduced. It formed a See also:base for See also:Brasidas during his expedition (424). In the 4th See also:century it attained to great importance in the politics of the See also:age as the head of the Chalcidic League (rd Kocvbv Tiav XaX,aS wv). The league may probably be traced back to the See also:period of the See also:peace of See also:Nicias (421), when we find the Chalcidians (oi $irl OP4L,c c XaXKu54 c) taking See also:diplomatic See also:action in See also:common, and enrolled as members of the Argive See also:alliance. There are coins of the league which can be dated with certainty as early as 4o5; one specimen may perhaps go back to 415-420. Unquestionably, then, the league originated before the end of the 5th century, and the See also:motive for its formation is almost certainly to be found in the fear of Athenian attack. After the end of the Peloponnesian See also:War the development of the league was rapid. About 390 we find it concluding an important treaty with Amyntas, king of Macedon (the See also:father of See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip),2 and by 382 it had absorbed most of the Greek cities west of the Strymon, and had even got possession of See also:Pella, the chief city in See also:Macedonia (See also:Xenophon, See also:Hell. v. 2, 12). In this year See also:Sparta was induced by an See also:embassy from See also:Acanthus and See also:Apollonia, which anticipated See also:conquest by the league, to send an expedition against Olynthus. After three years of indecisive warfare Olynthus consented to dissolve the confederacy (379). It is clear, however, that the See also:dissolution was little more than formal, as the Chalcidians (XaAKCbi c gird Oparcrls) appear, only a year or two later, among the members of the Athenian See also:naval confederacy of 378-377.3 Twenty years later, in the reign of Philip, the See also:power of Olynthus is asserted by See also:Demosthenes to have been much greater than before the Spartan expedition.' The town itself at this period
' If Olynthus was one of the early colonies of See also:Chalcis (and there is numismatic See also:evidence for this view; see Head, Hist. Numorum, p. 185) it must have subsequently passed into the hands of the Bottiaeans.
2 For the inscription see See also:Hicks, See also:Manual of Greek See also:Inscriptions, No. 74. 2 Hicks, No. 81; C.I.A. ii. 17. ' Demosthenes, De falsa See also:legation, §§ 263-266.is spoken of as a city of the first See also:rank (rats ,uapiuvapos), and the league included See also:thirty-two cities. When war See also:broke out between Philip and Athens (357), Olynthus was at first in alliance with Philip. Subsequently, in alarm at the growth of his power, it concluded an alliance with Athens; but in spite of all the efforts of the latter See also:state, and of its great orator Demosthenes, it See also:fell before Philip, who razed it to the ground (348).
The See also:history of the confederacy of Olynthus illustrates at once the strength and the weakness of that See also:movement towards federation which is one of the most marked features of the later stages of Greek history. The strength of the movement is shown both by the duration and by the extent of the Chalcidic League. It lasted for something like seventy years; it survived defeat and temporary dissolution, and it embraced upwards of thirty cities. Yet, in the end, the centrifugal forces proved stronger than the centripetal; the sentiment of See also:autonomy stronger than the sentiment of See also:union. It is clear that Philip's victory was mainly due to the spirit of dissidence within the league itself, just as the victory of Sparta had been (cf. Diod. xvi. 53, 2 with Xen. Hell. v. 2, 24). The See also:mere fact that Philip captured all the thirty-two towns without serious resistance is sufficient evidence of this. It is probable that the strength of the league was more seriously undermined by the policy of Athens than by the action of Sparta. The successes of Athens at the expense of Olynthus, shortly before Philip's See also:accession, must have fatally divided the Greek See also:interest See also:north of the See also:Aegean in the struggle with Macedon.
End of Article: OLYNTHUS
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