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NORTH WALSHAM
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See also:NORTH WALSHAM , a See also:market See also:town in the eastern See also:parliamentary See also:division of See also:Norfolk, See also:England; 131 M. N.E. by N. from See also:London by the See also:Great Eastern railway. Pop. of See also:urban See also:district (Igor) 3981. It lies in a See also:pastoral district near the See also:river See also:Ant, a tributary of the Bure. The See also: These are of various See also:dates from See also:Norman onwards, but are incorporated with See also:farm buildings. The See also:rood of Bromholm was a reputed fragment of the See also:Cross which attracted many pilgrims. To the south of North Walsham is North Walsham See also:Heath, whither in See also:June 1381 a See also:body of insurgents in connexion with the Peasants' Revolt were driven from before See also:Norwich by See also: 1. Hazara District.—The district of Hazara extends north-eastwards into the See also:outer Himalayan Range, tapering to a narrow point at the See also:head of the Kagan valley. The See also:mountain chains which enclose Kagan sweep southward into the broader portion of the district, throwing off well-wooded spurs which break up the country into numerous isolated glens. Approaching See also:Rawalpindi district the hills open out, and See also:rich See also:plain lands take the place of the terraced hillsides and forests of the more See also:northern uplands. The Babusar Pass at the head of the Kagan valley marks the most See also:direct approach to See also:Chilas and See also:Gilgit from the plains of India. (See HAZARA). 2. The Settled Districts.—The tract between the Indus and the hills consists of four open districts, Peshawar, Kehat, Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan, divided one from the other by See also:low hills. The vale of Peshawar is for the most See also:part highly irrigated and well wooded, presenting in the See also:spring and autumn a picture of waving cornfields and smiling orchards framed by rugged hills. It has, however, an evil name for malarial See also:fever. Adjoining Peshawar, and separated from it by the Jowaki hills, lies the district of Kohat, a generally hilly tract intersected by narrow valleys. The largest of these traverses the district from See also:Kushalgarh on the Indus to Thal on the Kurram, narrowing in places, but usually opening out into wide cornlands and pastures dotted with the See also:dwarf See also:palm. This district affords striking contrasts of scenery, from the sheltered See also:fields of Miranzai to the barren desolation of the See also:salt mines. The See also:southern spurs of the Kohat hills gradually subside into the Bannu plain. Where irrigated from the Kurram river, especially See also:round Bannu itself, this tract is well cultivated and forms a great contrast to the harsh desolation of the Kohat hills. But beyond the See also:sphere of See also:irrigation, where the See also:land is dependent on the rainfall, there is much rough stony ground broken by great fissures cut by See also:flood-See also:water from the border hills. To the See also:east this gives way to the broad level plain of Marwat, which in favourable years presents a See also:uniform expanse of rich cultivation extending from Lakki to the See also:base of the Shekh Budin hills. These hills consist of a broken range of See also:sandstone and See also:conglomerate dividing the Bannu plain from the cultivated flats of Dera Ismail Khan. 3. The Country of the Independent Tribes.—Turning to the mountainous region between the settled districts and Afghanistan, to the extreme north lies the agency of Dir, Swat and Chitral. Chitral itself consists of a narrow valley enclosed between rugged mountains. Below Chitral are found the thickly timbered forests of Dir and See also:Bajour, and the fertile valleys of the Panjkora and Swat See also:rivers. Between this agency and the Khyber Pass See also:lie the See also:Mohmand hills,a rough country with but little cultivation, under the political control of Peshawar. West and south-west of the Khyber again is the country of the Afridis and the Orakzais. The boundary of the province here follows the See also:line of the Safed Koh, which overlooks the See also:Afridi See also:Tirah and the upper Kurram valley. Dotted with towered hamlets and stately chinar groves the valley of the Kurram runs south-east from the Peiwar Kotal (below the great See also:peak of Sikaram), past Thal in the Miranzai valley, through the southern Kohat hills to Bannu. South of the Kurram is the Tochi valley, separating it from See also:Waziristan, an isolated mountainous district bounded on the south by the See also:Gomal and the See also:gorges that See also:lead to the Wana plain. The See also:lower ridges of the frontier mountain See also:system are usually See also:bare and treeless, but here and there, as in the Kaitu valley, in northern Waziristan and round Kaniguram in the south, are See also:forest clad and enclose narrow but fertile and well-irrigated dales. In places, too, as, for instance, round Shawal, the summer grazing ground of the Darwesh Khel Waziris, and on the slopes of Pir Ghol, there is See also:good pasturage and a See also:fair sprinkling of deodars. The valleys of the Tochi and Wana are both fertile, but are very different in See also:character. The former is a See also:long narrow valley, with a rich fringe of cultivation bordering the river ; the latter is a wide open alluvial plain, cultivated only on one.See also:side, and for the See also:rest rough stony See also:waste. South of the Gomal the Suliman Range culminates in the famous Takht-i-Suliman in the Largha See also:Sherani country, a political dependency of Dera Ismail Khan district. The Kaisargarh peak of the Takht-i-Suliman is 11,300 ft. above See also:sea-level. Mountain Systems.—The mountains of the Hindu Kush See also:running from east to west See also:form the northern boundary of the province, and are met at the north-east corner of the Chitral agency by the continuation of an outer See also:chain of the Himalayas after it crosses the Indus above the Kagan valley. From this chain See also:minor ranges run in a south-See also:westerly direction the whole length of Bajour and Swat, till they See also:merge into the Mohmand hills and connect the See also:mid-Himalayas with the Safed Koh. The range of the Safed Koh flanks the Kurram valley and encloses the See also:Kabul See also:basin, which finds its outlet to the Indus through the Mohmand hills. The Suliman system lies south of the Gomal unconnected with the northern hills. To the east the Safed Koh extends its spurs into the Kohat district. The Salt Range crosses the Indus in the See also:Mianwali tahsil of the Punjab, and forms the boundary between Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan, merging eventually in the Waziri hills. The See also:chief peaks in the province are Kaisargarh (11,300 ft.) and Pis Ghol (11,580 ft.) in Waziristan; Shekh Budin (4516 ft.), in the small range; Sikaram (15,621 ft.) in the Safed Koh; Istragh (18,900 ft.), Kachin (22,641 ft.) and Tirach Mir (25,426 ft.), in the Hindu Kush on the northern border of the Chitral agency; while the Kagan peaks in Hazara district run from 1o,000 ft. to 16,700 ft. Rivers.—With the exception of the Kunhar river, which flows down the Kagan valley to the See also:Jhelum, the whole drainage of the province eventually finds its way into the Indus. The Indus enters the province between tribal territory and Hazara district. After leaving Hazara it flows in a southerly direction between the Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province, till it enters Mianwali district of the Punjab, from which it emerges to form again the eastern boundary of the province. From the east it is fed by three or four rivers of Hazara district (see INDUS). At See also:Attock the Kabul river brings down to the Indus the whole drainage of See also:Kafiristan, Chitral, Panjkora, Swat and Peshawar district (see KABUL RIVER). The Kurram river rises in the southern slopes of the Safed Koh, and after leaving the Kurram valley passes through the Kohat hills and enters Bannu district. Three See also:miles below Lakki it is joined by the Tochi or Gambela, which carries the drainage of North Waziristan. The Kurram then empties itself into the Indus. From this point until it leaves the province the Indus receives no tributary of any importance. The Gomal river drains a large area of central Afghanistan and forms the most important See also:povindah (or Kafila) route on the frontier. The See also:Pathan Races.—The North-West Frontier Province as now constituted may be described as the country of the Pathans (q.v.). The true Pathan is possibly of See also:Indian extraction. But around this See also:nucleus have collected many tribes of See also:foreign origin. The whole have now become blended by the See also:adoption of a common See also:language, but, remain tribally distinct; all alike have accepted See also:Islam, and have invented traditions of common descent which See also:express their See also:present association. For centuries these tribes maintained their See also:independence in the rugged hills which flank the present See also:kingdom of Afghanistan. In the 15th century they began to See also:settle in the plains. The 16th century saw the Pathan tribes established in their present homes. The spirit of independence which always characterized them soon brought them into collision with the See also:Mogul See also:empire. In the 17th century, after a long struggle, the settlers in the plains wrested from See also:Aurangzeb terms which See also:left them almost as independent as their See also:brothers in the hills. The invasion in 1738 of See also:Nadir Shah, who traversed the province from Peshawar to Dera Ismail Khan, NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES lation speak servile Indian dialects, called See also:Hindki in the north and Jatki in the south, while Gujari is spoken by the large Gujar See also:population in the hills of Hazara and north of Peshawar. Crops and See also:Climate.—The area under cultivation represents an See also:average of 1.3 acres per head of the See also:total, and of nearly 1.5 acres per head of the rural population. The limit of profitable cultivation has almost been reached. It is therefore from an improvement in the methods of See also:agriculture rather than to an See also:extension of the area under cultivation that recourse must be had to See also:supply the needs of a rapidly increasing population. The Pathan, however, is a slovenly See also:cultivator and slow to adopt any new methods which involve increased effort. The See also:principal crops are—in the See also:cold See also:weather, See also:maize and bajra; in the spring, See also:wheat, See also:barley and See also:gram. See also:Rice and See also:sugar-See also:cane are largely grown on the irrigated lands of Hazara, Peshawar and Bannu districts, and the well and See also:canal irrigated tracts of Peshawar district produce fine crops of See also:cotton and See also:tobacco. In the trans-border agencies the valleys of the Swat, Kurram and Tochi rivers yield abundant rice crops. The province is mainly a mountainous region, but includes the Peshawar valley and the broad riverain tract of the Indus in Dera Ismail Khan district. The See also:climatic conditions are hence extremely diversified. Dera Ismail Khan district is one of the hottest areas in the Indian See also:continent, while over the mountain region to the north the weather is temperate in the summer and intensely cold in the See also:winter. The See also:air is generally dry, and hence the daily and See also:annual range of temperature is frequently very large. There are two seasons of rainfall over the province: the See also:monsoon See also:season, when supplies of moisture are brought up by the ocean winds from the Arabian Sea and the See also:Bay of See also:Bengal; and the winter season, when storms advancing eastwards from See also:Persia and the See also:Caspian districts occasion winds, widespread See also:rain and See also:snow-fall. Both See also:sources of supply are See also:precarious, and instances are not infrequent of the almost entire failure of either the winter or the summer rainfall.
Irrigation.—Canals are the See also:main source of irrigation in the province, and fall under three heads: (1) Private canals in the various districts, the See also:property of the See also:people and managed on their behalf; (2) the Michni Dilazak and Shabkadar branch in Peshawar, constructed by the district See also:board, which receives water rates; and (3) the Swat and Kabul river canals, which were constructed by and are the property of See also:government, and are managed by the irrigation See also:department.
About 20% of the cultivated area is irrigated by canals, 2 % by See also:wells and 3% by perennial streams. Throughout the province the area in which well-cultivation is possible is extremely limited, and the See also: H. H. *) NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. The North-West Territory was at first a general name given to all the districts of British North See also:America lying N.W. of the St See also:Lawrence basin. In the British North America See also:Act of 1867 See also:provision was made for the See also:admission to See also:Canada of " See also:Rupert's Land and the North-West Territory." See also:Manitoba was formed out of this district in 187o. The territory remaining was then called the " North-West Territories," and until other arrangements were made was to be under the governor of Manitoba. In 1876 the district of See also:Keewatin was established; in 1881 the limits of Manitoba were enlarged; and in 1882 four new districts—See also:Assiniboia, See also:Saskatchewan, See also:Alberta and See also:Athabasca—were organized. In 1905 the two first of these with some modification became the province of Saskatchewan, and the two last the province of Alberta. The territories of Canada outside of the eight provinces and See also:Yukon district of the mainland are now organized as the North-West Territories, and are under an See also:administrator or acting governor. They include the districts of Keewatin, See also:Ungava, See also:Mackenzie and See also:Franklin. These territories have an Indian population of about 85oo, the is a landmark in the See also:history of the frontier. From his See also:death to language is See also:Pushtu (q.v.). The conquered strata of the poputhe rise of Ranjit Singh, the frontier districts remained an
appendage of the See also:Durani empire. Little control was exercised by the rulers of Kabul, and the country was administered by See also:local chiefs or Afghan Sirdars very much as they pleased. The See also:Sikh invasions began in 1818, and from that date to the See also:annexation by the British government the Sikhs were steadily making themselves masters of the country. After the Second Sikh See also:War, by the See also:proclamation of the 29th of See also: Twenty-three years elapsed before the See also:idea was revived and successfully brought to completion by Lord Curzon, whose See also:scheme was on a more modest See also:scale than Lord Lytton's. It omitted Sind altogether, and See also:con-fined the new province to the Pathan trans-Indus districts north of the Gomal. The purpose of the See also:change was to subject all the independent tribes from Chitral to the Gomal Pass to the control of a single See also:hand, and to ensure a See also:firm and continuous policy in their management. The See also:administration of the province is conducted by a chief Commissioner and Agent to the Governor-General. Population.—In the See also:census of 19o1 the operations were extended for the first time to the Kurram Valley and the Sherani country, trans-frontier territories containing a population of 66,628 souls, which had not been previously enumerated. The military cantonments and- posts in Malakand, Dir, Swat and Chitral were also enumerated, as were those in the Tochi Valley (the Northern Waziristan Agency) and in the Gomal (the Southern Waziristan Agency), the former figures being included in the census returns of Bannu district, and those of the latter in the returns of Dera Ismail Khan. The total population of the province was 2,125,480; but this figure omits the great See also:majority of the frontier tribes. The province is almost wholly agricultural. The urban population is only one-eighth of the total, and shows no tendency to increase. There are no large See also:industries to attract the population to the towns; these, except Peshawar and Dera Ismail Khan, are either expansions of large agricultural villages or bazaars which have grown up round the many cantonments of the province. The great majority of the population are Pathan by See also:race and See also:Mahommedan by See also:religion. The predominant See also:Indians throughout the southern part being chiefly Chipewyans, or, as they are sometimes called, Tinne. The northern parts are inhabited by See also:Eskimo. In these territories a See also:short hot summer is followed by a long cold winter with extremely low temperatures, the spirit thermometer at times showing 6o° to 65° F. below zero. The following observations may be quoted:
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