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Marius, is now generally supposed to be Menander (although some distinguished archaeologists dispute this), and has been identified with his statue in the See also:

THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre at Athens, also mentioned by Pausanias. Menander was the author of more than a See also:

HUNDRED

hundred comedies, but only gained the See also:

PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize eight times. His See also:

RIVAL

rival in dramatic See also:

art and also in the affections of Glycera was See also:

Philemon (q.v.), who appears to have been more popular. Menander, however, believed himself to be the better dramatist, and, according to Aulus See also:

GELLIUS, AULUS (c. A.D. 13o-I8o)

Gellius, used to ask Philemon: " See also:

Don't you feel ashamed whenever you gain a victory over me? " According to See also:

CAECILIUS

Caecilius of Calacte (See also:

PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

Porphyry in See also:

Eusebius, Praep. evan. x.

3, 13) he was guilty of See also:

PLAGIARISM

plagiarism, his AecacSaL uov being taken bodily from the Otwvearis of See also:

ANTIPHANES

Antiphanes. But, although he attained only moderate success during his lifetime, he subsequently became the favourite writer of antiquity. Copies of his plays were known to Suidas and See also:

Eustathius (loth and 11th centuries), and twenty-three of them, with commentary by See also:

PSELLUS (Gr.'I' XXor)

Psellus, were said to have been in existence at See also:

Constantinople in the 16th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. He is praised by See also:

Plutarch (Comparison of Menander and See also:

Aristophanes) and See also:

QUINTILIAN [MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS] (C. A.D. 35-95)

Quintilian (Instil. x. 1. 69), who accepted the tradition that he was the author of the speeches published under the name of the See also:

ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic orator See also:

CHARISIUS, FLAVIUS SOSIPATER

Charisius. A See also:

GREAT

great admirer and imitator of See also:

EURIPIDES (48o–4o6 B.C.)

Euripides, he resembles him in his keen observation of See also:

PRACTICAL

practical See also:

LIFE

life, his See also:

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the emotions, and his fondness for moral See also:

MAXIMS, LEGAL

maxims, many of which have become proverbial: " The See also:

PROPERTY

property of See also:

friends is See also:

COMMON

common," " Whom the gods love See also:

die See also:

young," " Evil communications corrupt See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners " (from the See also:

THAIS

Thais, quoted in ' See also:

Cor. xv. 33). These maxims (chiefly monostichs) were afterwards collected, and, with additions from other See also:

SOURCES

sources, were edited as Mev6,vbpov yvWµac FcovbariXoc, a See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of moral textbook for the use of See also:

SCHOOLS

schools. Menander found many See also:

ROMAN

Roman imitators. The Eunuchus, See also:

ANDRIA

Andria, Heautontimorumenos and Adelphi of See also:

TERENCE

Terence (called by See also:

Caesar " dimidiatus Menander ") were avowedly taken from Menander, but some of them appear to be adaptations and combi- - ,nations of more than one See also:

PLAY

play; thus, in the Andria were combined Menander's 'Avtpia and llepu'OLa, in the Eunuchus the EbvoirXos and K6XaE, while the Adelphi was compiled partly from Menander and partly from See also:

DIPHILUS

Diphilus. The See also:

ORIGINAL

original of Terence's Hecyra (as of the Phormio) is generally supposed to be, not Menander, but See also:

APOLLODORUS

Apollodorus of Carystus.

The Bacchides and Stichus of See also:

PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus were probably based upon Menander's Dis'Etanarwv and cftMbeXcoc, but the Poenulus, does not seem to be from the KapXribbvcos, nor the Mostellaria from the 'I o sa, in spite of the similarity of titles. Caecilius See also:

STATIUS, PUBLIUS PAPINIUS (c. A.D. 45-96)

Statius, Luscius Lavinius, Turpilius and Atilius also imitated Menander. He was further credited with the authorship of some epigrams of doubtful authenticity; the letters addressed to Ptolemy Soter and the discourses in See also:

PROSE

prose on various subjects mentioned by Suidas are probably See also:

SPURIOUS

spurious. Till the end of the 19th century, all that was known of Menander were the fragments collected by A. See also:

MEINEKE, JOHANN ALBRECHT FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1790-1870)

Meineke (1855) and T. See also:

KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE (1793-1871)

Kock, Comicorum atticorum fragmenta, iii. (1888). They consist of some 165o verses or parts of verses, in addition to a considerable number of words quoted expressly as from Menander by the old lexicographers. From 1897 to 1907 papyri were discovered in different parts of See also:

EGYPT

Egypt, containing fragments of considerable length, amounting to some 1400 lines. In 1897, about eighty lines of the rEwpy6s; in 1899, fifty lines of the IIEpiKeLpOOPn; in 1903, one hundred lines (See also:

HALF

half in a very mutilated See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition) from the Kbaa ; in 1906, two hundred lines from the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the HEpu sipop. v, , the See also:

PART

part previously discovered containing the denouement; five hundred lines from the 'Eiirpi rovr€i, generally well preserved; sixty-three lines (the See also:

PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue, See also:

list of characters, and the first See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene), from the "Hews; three hundred and See also:

FORTY

forty lines from the See also:

Eaµta (the See also:

IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of the two last plays is not considered absolutely certain); and twenty lines from an unknown comedy. Subsequently, part of a third copy of the HEpucsipop. vat was found in Egypt, some one hundred and forty lines, half of which were already known, while the See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder were new (Abhandlungen der konigl.-sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig), 1908. It is doubtful whether these fragments, which are of sufficient length to afford a basis for the See also:

CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the merits of Menander as a writer of comedies, justify the great reputation enjoyed by him in See also:

ancient times.

With the exception of a scene in the 'EaLrpeaovrsc, which would See also:

APPEAL

appeal to the litigious Athenians, they contain little that is witty or humorous; there is little variety in the characters, the situations are conventional, and the plots, not of a highly edifying See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, are lacking in originality. Menander's chief excellences seem to be facility of See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, accurate portrayal of manners, and naturalness of the sentiments which he puts into the mouth of his dramatis personae. It is remarkable that the maxims, which See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the chief part of the earlier collections of fragments, are few in the later. On Menander generally see monographs by C. See also:

BENOIT, PETER LEONARD LEOPOLD (1834—1901)

Benoit (1854) and G. See also:

GUIZOT, FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME (1787-1874)

Guizot (1855) ; J. See also:

GEFFCKEN, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1830-1896)

Geffcken, Studia zu Menander (1898) ; H. See also:

Lake, Menander and See also:

seine Kunst (1892); J. See also:

Denis, La Comedie grecque' (1886), vol. ii. ; H. Weil, Etudes sur l'antiquite grecque (1900). See also:

EDITIONS

Editions of the fragments: rswpy6s, by J.

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