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See also:LEO VIII ., See also:pope from 963 to 965, a See also:Roman by See also:birth, held the See also:lay See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of proloscrinius when he was elected to the papal See also:chair at the instance of See also:Otto the See also:Great by the Roman See also:synod which deposed See also:John XII. in See also:December 963. Having been hurried with unseemly haste through all the intermediate orders, he received See also:consecration two days after his See also:election, which was unacceptable to the See also:people. In See also:February 964, the See also:emperor having withdrawn from the See also:city, Leo found it necessary to seek safety in See also:flight, whereupon he was deposed by a synod held under the See also:presidency of John XII. On the sudden See also:death of the latter, the populace See also:chose See also:Benedict V. as his successor; but Otto, returning and laying See also:siege to the city, compelled their See also:acceptance of Leo. It is usually said that, at the synod which deposed Benedict, Leo conceded to the emperor and his successors as See also:sovereign of See also:Italy full rights of See also:investiture, but the genuineness of the document on which this allegation rests is more than doubtful. Leo VIII. was succeeded by John- XIII.
LEo IX., pope from 1049 to 1054, was a native of Upper See also:Alsace, where he was See also:born on the 21st of See also:June 1002. His proper name was See also:Bruno; the See also:family to which he belonged was of See also:noble See also:rank, and through his See also:father he was related to the emperor See also:Conrad II. He was educated at See also:Toul, where he successively became See also:canon and (1026) See also:bishop; in the latter capacity he rendered important See also:political services to his relative Conrad II., and afterwards to See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry III., and at the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he became widely known as an See also:earnest and reforming ecclesiastic by the zeal he showed in spreading the See also:rule of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of See also:Cluny. On the death of See also:Damasus H., Bruno was in December 1048, with the concurrence both of the emperor and of the Roman delegates, selected his successor by an See also:assembly at See also:Worms; he stipulated, however, as a See also:condition of his acceptance that he should first proceed to See also:Rome and be canonically elected by the See also:voice of See also:clergy and people. Setting out shortly after See also:Christmas, he had a See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting with See also:- ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
- ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
- ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
- ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
- ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)
abbot See also:Hugo of Cluny at See also:Besancon, where he was joined by the See also:young See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
monk See also:Hildebrand, who afterwards became Pope See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory VII.; arriving in See also:pilgrim garb at Rome in the following February, he was received with much cordiality, and at his consecration assumed the name of Leo IX. One of his first public acts was to hold the well-known See also:Easter synod of 1049, at which See also:celibacy of the clergy (down to the rank of subdeacon) was anew enjoined, and where he at least succeeded in making clear his own convictions against every See also:kind of See also:simony. The greater See also:part of the See also:year that followed was occupied in one of those progresses through Italy, See also:Germany and See also:France which See also:form a marked feature in Leo's pontificate. After presiding
Over a synod at See also:Pavia, he joined the emperor Henry III. in See also:Saxony, and accompanied him to See also:Cologne and See also:Aix-la-Chapelle; to See also:Reims he also summoned a meeting of the higher clergy, by which several important reforming decrees were passed. At See also:Mainz also he held a See also:council, at which the See also:Italian and See also:French as well as the See also:German clergy were represented, and ambassadors of the See also:Greek emperor were See also:present; here too simony and the See also:marriage of the clergy were the See also:principal matters dealt with. After his return to Rome he held (29th See also:April roso) another Easter synod, which was occupied largely with the controversy about the teachings of See also:Berengarius of See also:Tours; in the same year he presided over provincial synods at See also:Salerno, Siponto and See also:Vercelli, and in See also:September revisited Germany, returning to Rome in time for a third Easter synod, at which the question of the reordination of those who had been ordained by simonists was considered: In 1052 he joined the emperor at See also:Pressburg, and vainly sought to secure the submission of the Hungarians; and at See also:Regensburg, See also:Bamberg and Worms the papal presence was marked by various ecclesiastical solemnities. After a See also:fourth Easter synod in 1053 Leo set out against the See also:Normans in the See also:south with an See also:army of Italians and German See also:volunteers, but his forces sustained a See also:total defeat at Astagnum See also:pear Civitella (18th June 1053); on going out, however, from the city to meet the enemy he was received with every token of submission, See also:relief from the pressure of his See also:ban was implored and fidelity and See also:homage were sworn. From June 1053 to See also:March 1054 he was nevertheless detained at See also:Benevento in See also:honourable captivity; he did not See also:long survive his return to Rome, where he died on the 19th of April 1054. He was succeeded by See also:Victor II.
End of Article: LEO VIII
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