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See also:LAVIGERIE, See also:CHARLES See also:MARTIAL ALLEMAND (1825-1892) , See also:French divine, See also:cardinal See also:archbishop of See also:Carthage and See also:Algiers and See also:primate of See also:Africa, was See also:born at See also:Bayonne on the 31st of See also:October 1825, and was educated at St Sulpice, See also:Paris. He was ordained See also:priest in 1849, and was See also:professor of ecclesiastical See also:history at the See also:Sorbonne from 1854 to 1856. In 1856 he accepted the direction of the See also:schools of the See also:East, and was thus for the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time brought into contact with the See also:Mahommedan See also:world. " C'est la," he wrote, " que j'ai connu enfin ma vocation." Activity in missionary See also:work, especially in alleviating the distresses of the victims of the See also:Druses, soon brought him prominently into See also:notice; he was made a See also:chevalier of the See also:Legion of See also:Honour, and in October 1861, shortly after his return to See also:Europe, was appointed French auditor at See also:Rome. Two years later he was raised to the see of See also:Nancy, where he remained for four years, during which the See also:diocese became one of the best administered in See also:France. While See also:bishop of Nancy he met See also:Marshal See also:MacMahon, then See also:governor-See also:general of See also:Algeria, who in 1866 offered him the see of Algiers, just raised to an archbishopric. Lavigerie landed in Africa on the 11th of May 1868, when the See also:great See also:famine was already making itself See also:felt, and he began in See also:November to collect the orphans into villages. This See also:action, however, did not meet with the approval of MacMahon, who feared that the See also:Arabs would resent it as an infraction of the religious See also:peace, and thought that the Mahommedan See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, being a See also:state institution in Algeria, ought to be protected from proselytism; so it was intimated to the See also:prelate that his See also:sole See also:duty was to See also:minister to the colonists. Lavigerie, however, continued his self-imposed task, refused the archbishopric of See also:Lyons, which was offered to him by the See also:emperor, and won his point. Contact with the natives during the famine caused Lavigerie to entertain exaggerated hopes for their general See also:conversion, and his See also:enthusiasm was such that he offered to resign his archbishopric in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to devote himself entirely to the See also:missions. See also:Pius IX. refused this, but granted him a coadjutor, and placed the whole of See also:equatorial Africa under his See also:charge. In 1870 Lavigerie warmly supported papal See also:infallibility. In 1871 he was twice a See also:candidate for the See also:National See also:Assembly, but was defeated. In 1874 he founded the See also:Sahara and See also:Sudan See also:mission, and sent missionaries to See also:Tunis, See also:Tripoli, East Africa and the See also:Congo. The order of See also:African missionaries thus founded, for which Lavigerie himself See also:drew up the See also:rule, has since become famous as the Peres Blanes. From 1881 to 1884 his activity in See also:Tunisia so raised the See also:prestige of France that it drew from See also:Gambetta the celebrated See also:declaration, L'Anticlericalisme n'est pas un See also:article d'exportation, and led to the exemption of Algeria from the application of the decrees concerning the religious orders. On the 27th of See also:March 1882 the dignity of cardinal was conferred upon Lavigerie, but the great See also:object of his ambition was to restore the see of St See also:Cyprian; and in that also he was successful, for by a See also:bull of loth November 1884 the See also:metropolitan see of Carthage was re-erected, and Lavigerie received the See also:pallium on the 25th of See also:January 1885. The later years of his See also:life were spent in ardent See also:anti-See also:slavery propaganda, and his eloquence moved large audiences in See also:London, as well as in Paris, See also:Brussels and other parts of the See also:continent. He hoped, by organizing a fraternity of armed laymen as pioneers, to restore fertility to the Sahara; but this community did not succeed, and was dissolved before his See also:death. In 1890 Lavigerie appeared in the new See also:character of a politician, and arranged with See also:Pope See also:Leo XIII. to make an See also:attempt to reconcile the church with the See also:republic. He invited the See also:officers of the Mediterranean See also:squadron to lunch at Algiers, and, practically renouncing his monarchical sympathies, to which he clung as See also:long as the See also:comte de See also:Chambord was alive, expressed his support of the republic,
and emphasized it by having the Marseillaise played by a See also:band of his Peres Blancs. The further steps in this See also:evolution emanated from the pope, and Lavigerie, whose See also:health now began to fail, receded comparatively into the background. He died at Algiers on the 26th of November 1892. (G. F. B.)
LA VILLEMARQUE, See also:THEODORE See also:CLAUDE See also:HENRI, VICOMTE HERSART DE (1815-1895), French philologist and See also:man of letters, was born at Keransker, near See also:Quimperle, on the 6th of See also:July 1815. He was descended from an old See also:Breton See also:family, which counted among its members a Hersart who had followed See also:Saint See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis to the Crusade, and another who was a See also:companion in arms of Du Guesclin. La Villemarque devoted himself to the elucidation of the monuments of Breton literature. Introduced in 1851 by See also:Jacob See also:Grimm as correspondent to the See also:Academy of See also:Berlin, he became in 1858 a member of the Academy of See also:Inscriptions. His See also:works include: Conies populaires See also:des anciens Bretons (1842), to which was prefixed an See also:essay on the origin of the romances of the See also:Round Table; Essai sur l'histoire de la langue bretonne (1837); Poemes des bardes bretons du sixieme siecle (1850); La Legende celtique en Irelande, en Cambrie et en Bretagne (18J9). The popular Breton songs published by him in 1839 as Barzaz Breiz were considerably retouched. La Villemarque's work has been superseded by the work of later scholars, but he has the merit of having done much to arouse popular See also:interest in his subject. He died at Keransker on the 8th of See also:December 1895.
On the subject of the doubtful authenticity of Barzaz Breiz, see Luzel's See also:Preface to his Chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, and, for a See also:list of works on the subject, the Revue Celtique (vol. v.).
End of Article: LAVIGERIE, CHARLES MARTIAL ALLEMAND (1825-1892)
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