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See also:KLOPSTOCK, GOTTLIEB See also:FRIEDRICH (1724–1803) , See also:German poet, was See also:born at Quedlinburg, on the and of See also:July 1724, the eldest
son of a lawyer, a See also:man of See also:sterling See also:character and of a deeply only occasionally relieved by association with his most intimate See also:friends, busied with philological studies, and hardly interesting himself in the new developments of German literature. The See also:American See also:War of See also:Independence and the Revolution in See also:France aroused him, however, to See also:enthusiasm. The See also:French See also:Republic sent him the diploma of honorary citizenship; but, horrified at the terrible scenes the Revolution had enacted in the See also:place of See also:liberty, he returned it. When 67 years of See also:age he contracted a second See also:marriage with Johanna Elisabeth von Winthem, a widow and a niece of his See also:late wife, who for many years had been one of his most intimate friends. He died at See also:Hamburg on the 14th of See also:March 1803, mourned by all See also:Germany, and was buried with See also:great pomp and ceremony by the See also:side of his first wife in the See also:churchyard of the See also:village of Ottensen.
religious mind. Both in his birthplace and on the See also:estate of Friedeburg on the See also:Saale, which his See also:father later rented, See also:young Klopstock passed a happy childhood; and more See also:attention having been given to his See also:physical than to his See also:mental development he See also:grew up a strong healthy boy and was an excellent horseman and skater. In his thirteenth See also:year Klopstock returned to Quedlinburg where he attended the gymnasium, and in 1739 proceeded to the famous classical school of Schulpforta. Here he soon became an See also:adept in See also:Greek and Latin versification, and wrote some meritorious idylls and odes in German. His See also:original intention of making the See also:emperor See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry I. (" The See also:Fowler ") the See also:hero of an epic, was, under the See also:influence of See also:Milton's See also:Paradise Lost. with which he became acquainted through See also:Bodmer's See also:translation, abandoned in favour of the religious epic. While yet at school, he had already drafted the See also:plan of Der Messias, upon which his fame mainly rests. On the 21st of See also:September 1745 he delivered on quitting school a remarkable " leaving oration " on epic See also:poetry—A bschiedsrede fiber See also:die epische Poesie, kultur- undliterar= geschichtlich erldutert—and next proceeded to See also:Jena as a student of See also:theology, where he elaborated the first three cantos of the Messias in See also:prose. The See also:life at this university being uncongenial to him, he removed in the See also:spring of 1746 to See also:Leipzig, and here joined the circle of young men of letters who contributed to the See also:Bremer Beitrage. In this periodical the first three cantos of the Messias in hexameters were anonymously published in 1748. A new era in German literature had commenced, and the name of the author soon became known. In Leipzig he also wrote a number of odes, the best known of which is An meine Freunde (1747), afterwards recast as Wingolf (1767). He See also:left the university in 1748 and became a private See also:tutor in the See also:family of a relative at See also:Langensalza. Here unrequited love for a See also:cousin (the " Fanny " of his odes) disturbed his See also:peace of mind. Gladly therefore he accepted in 1750 an invitation from See also:Jakob Bodmer (q.v.), the translator of Paradise Lost, to visit him in See also:Zurich. Here Klopstock was at first treated with every kindness and respect and rapidly recovered his See also:spirits. Bodmer, however, was disappointed to find in the young poet of the Messias a man of strong worldly interests, and a coolness sprang up between the two friends.
At this juncture Klopstock received from See also:Frederick V. of See also:Denmark, on the recommendation of his See also:minister See also:Count von See also:Bernstorff (1712-1772), an invitation to See also:settle at See also:Copenhagen, with an See also:annuity of 400 talers, with a view to the completion of the Messias. The offer was accepted; on his way to the Danish See also:capital Klopstock met at Hamburg the See also:lady who in 1754 became his wife, Margareta (See also:Meta) Moller, (the " Cidli " of his odes), an enthusiastic admirer of 'his poetry. His happiness was See also:short; she died in 1758, leaving him almost broken-hearted. His grief at her loss finds pathetic expression in the 15th See also:canto of the Messias. The poet subsequently published his wife's writings, Hinterlassene Werke von Margareta Klopstock (1759), which give See also:evidence of a See also:tender, sensitive and deeply religious spirit. Klopstock now relapsed into See also:melancholy; new ideas failed him, and his poetry became more and more vague and unintelligible. He still continued to live and See also:work at Copenhagen, and next, following Heinrich Wilhelm von See also:Gerstenberg (q.v.), turned his attention to See also:northern See also:mythology, which he conceived should replace classical subjects in a new school of German poetry. In 1770, on the dismissal by See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Christian VII. of Count Bernstorff from See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, he retired with the latter to Hamburg, but retained his See also:pension together with the See also:rank of councillor of See also:legation. Here, in 1773, he issued the last five cantos of the Messias. In the following year he published his See also:strange See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme for the regeneration of German letters, Die Gelehrtenrepublik (1774). In 1775 he travelled See also:south, and making the acquaintance of See also:Goethe on the way, spent a year at the See also:court of the See also:margrave of See also:Baden at See also:Karlsruhe. Thence, in 1776, with the See also:title of Hofrat and a pension from the margrave, which he retained together with that from the king of Denmark, he returned to Hamburg where he spent the See also:remainder of his life. His latter years he passed, as had always been his inclination, in retirement,
Klopstock's nature was best attuned to lyrical poetry, and in it his deep, See also:noble character found its truest expression. He was less suited for epic and dramatic See also:representation; for, wrapt up in himself, a stranger to the See also:outer See also:world, without See also:historical culture, and without even any See also:interest in the events of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, he was lacking in the See also:art of plastic representation such as a great epic requires.
Thus the Messias, despite the magnificent passages which especially the earlier cantos contain, cannot satisfy the demands such a theme must necessarily make. The subject See also:matter, the Redemption, presented serious difficulties to adequate epic treatment. The See also:Gospel See also:story was too scanty, and what might have been imported from without and interwoven with it was rejected by the author as profane. He had accordingly to resort to Christian mythology; and here again, circumscribed by the dogmas of the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, he was in danger of trespassing on the fundamental truths of the Christian faith. The See also:personality of See also:Christ could scarcely be treated in an individual See also:form, still less could angels and devils—and in the See also:case of See also:God Himself it was impossible. The result was that, despite the groundwork—the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the See also:Revelation of St See also:John, and the See also:model ready to See also:hand in Milton's Paradise Lost—material elements are largely wanting and the actors in the poem, Divine and human, lack plastic form. That the poem took twenty-five years to See also:complete could not but be detrimental to its unity of See also:design; the original enthusiasm was not sustained until the end, and the earlier cantos are far See also:superior to the later. Thus the intense public interest the work aroused in its commencement had almost vanished before its completion. It was translated into seventeen See also:languages and led to numerous imitations. In his odes Klopstock had more See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope for his See also:peculiar See also:- TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental
talent. Among the best are An Fanny; Der Zfirchersee; Die tote Klarissa; An Cidli; Die beiden Musen; Der Rheinwein; Die fruhen Graber; Mein Vaterland. His religious odes mostly take the form of See also:hymns, of which the most beautiful is Die Fruhlingsfeier. His dramas, in some of which, notably Hermanns Schlacht (1769) and See also:Hermann and die Fzirsten (1784), he celebrated the deeds of the See also:ancient German hero See also:Arminius, and in others, Der See also:Tod See also:- ADAMS
- ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
- ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
- ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
- ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
- ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
- ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
- ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
- ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
- ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
- ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)
Adams (1757) and Salomo (1764), took his materials from the Old Testament, are essentially lyrical in character and deficient in See also:action. In addition to Die Gelehrtenrepublik, he was also the author of Fragmente fiber Sprache and Dichtkunst (1779) and Grammatische Gesprache (1794), See also:works in which he made important contributions to See also:philology and to the See also:history of German poetry.
Klopstock's Werke first appeared in seven See also:quarto volumes (1798-1809). At the same time a more complete edition in twelve See also:octavo volumes was published (1798-1817), to which six additional volumes were added in 183o. More See also:recent See also:editions were published in 1844-1845, 1854-1855, 1879 (ed. by R. Boxberger), 1884 (ed. by R. Hamel) and 1893 (a selection edited by F. Muncker). A See also:critical edition of the Odes was published by F. Muncker and J. Pawel in 1889; a commentary on these by H. See also:Duntzer (186o; 2nd ed., 1878). For Klopstock's See also:correspondence see K. See also:Schmidt, Klopstock and See also:seine Freunde (181o) ; C. A. H. See also:Clodius, Klopstocks Nachlass (1821); J. M. See also:Lappenberg, Briefe von and an Klopstock (1867). Cf. further K. F. See also:Cramer, Klopstock, er and fiber ihn (1780-1792); J. G. See also:Gruber, Klopstocks Leben (1832); R. Hamel, Klopstock-Studien (1879-188o) ; F. Muncker, F. G. Klopstock, the most authoritative See also:biography, (1888); E. See also:Bailly, Etude sur la See also:vie et See also:les oeuvres de Klopstock (See also:Paris, 1888).
End of Article: KLOPSTOCK, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH (1724–1803)
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