|
See also:JOHN See also:FREDERICK I . (1503-1554), called the Magnanimous, elector of See also:Saxony, was the See also:elder son of the elector, John the Steadfast, and belonged to the Ernestine See also:branch of the See also:Wettin See also:family. See also:Born at See also:Torgau on the 3oth of See also:June 1503 and educated as a Lutheran, he took some See also:part in imperial politics and in the business of the See also:league of See also:Schmalkalden before he became elector by his See also:father's See also:death in See also:August 1532. His lands comprised the western part of Saxony, and included Thuringia, butin 1542 See also:Coburg was surrendered to See also:form an apanage for his See also:brother, John Ernest (d. 1553). John Frederick, who was an ardent Lutheran and had a high regard for See also:Luther, continued the religious policy of his father. In 1534 he assisted to make See also:peace between the See also:German See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king See also:Ferdinand I. and See also:Ulrich, See also:duke of See also:Wurttemberg, but his See also:general attitude was one of vacillation between the See also:emperor and his own impetuous See also:col-league in the league of Schmalkalden, See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip, See also:landgrave of See also:Hesse. He was often at variance with Philip, whose See also:bigamy he disliked, and his belief in the pacific intentions of See also:Charles V. and his See also:loyalty to the See also:Empire prevented him from pursuing any definite policy for the See also:defence of Protestantism. In 1541 his kinsman See also:Maurice became duke of Saxony, and See also:cast covetous eyes upon the electoral dignity. A cause of See also:quarrel soon arose. In 1541 John Frederick forced See also:Nicholas See also:Amsdorf into the see of See also:Naumburg in spite of the See also:chapter, who had elected a See also:Roman See also:Catholic, See also:Julius von Pflug; and about the same See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time he seized See also:Wurzen, the See also:property of the See also:bishop of See also:Meissen, whose see was under the See also:joint See also:protection of electoral and ducal Saxony. Maurice took up arms, and See also:war was only averted by the efforts of Philip of Hesse and Luther. In 1542 the elector assisted to drive See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry, duke of See also:Brunswick-See also:Wolfenbuttel, from his duchy, but in spite of this his relations with Charles V. at the See also:diet of See also:Spires in 1544 were very amicable. This was, however, only a See also:lull in the See also:storm, and the emperor soon began to make preparations for attacking the league of Schmalkalden, and especially John Frederick -and Philip of Hesse. The support, or at least the See also:neutrality, of Maurice was won by the See also:hope of the electoral dignity, and in See also:July 1546 war See also:broke out between Charles and the league. In See also:September John Frederick was placed under the imperial See also:ban, and in See also:November Maurice invaded the electorate. Hastening from See also:southern See also:Germany the elector drove Maurice from the See also:land, took his ally, See also:Albert See also:Alcibiades, See also:prince of See also:Bayreuth, prisoner at Rochlitz, and overran ducal Saxony. His progress, however, was checked by the advance of Charles V. Notwithstanding his valour he was wounded and taken prisoner at See also:Muhlberg on the 24th of See also:April 1547, and was condemned to'death in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to induce See also:Wittenberg to surrender. The See also:sentence was not carried out, but by the See also:capitulation of Wittenberg (May 1547) he renounced the electoral dignity and a part of his lands in favour of Maurice, steadfastly refusing however to make any concessions on religious matters, and remained in captivity until May 1552, when he returned to the Thuringian lands which his sons had been allowed to retain, his return being hailed with See also:wild See also:enthusiasm. During his imprisonment he had refused to accept the See also:Interim, issued from See also:Augsburg in May 1548, and had urged his sons to make no peace with Maurice. After his See also:release the emperor had restored his dignities to him, and his See also:assumption of the electoral arms and See also:title prevented any arrangement with Maurice. However, after the death of this prince in July 1553, a treaty was made at Naumburg in See also:February 1554 with his successor See also:Augustus. John Frederick consented to the See also:transfer of the electoral dignity, but retained for himself the title of " born elector," and received some lands and a sum of See also:money. He was thus the last Ernestine elector of Saxony. He died at See also:Weimar on the 3rd of See also:March 1554, having had three sons by his wife, Sibylla (d. 1554), daughter of John III., duke of See also:Cleves, whom he had married in 1527, and was succeeded by his eldest son, John Frederick. The elector was a See also:great See also:hunter and a hard drinker, whose brave and dignified bearing in a time of misfortune won for him his surname of Magnanimous, and See also:drew eulogies from See also:Roger See also:Ascham and See also:Melanchthon. He founded the university of See also:Jena and was a benefactor to that of See also:Leipzig.
See Mentz, Johann See also:Friedrich der Grossmutige (Jena, 1903) ; Rogge, Johann Friedrich der Grossmutige (See also:Halle, 19o2) and L. von See also:Ranke, Deutsche Geschichte See also:im Zeitalter der See also:Reformation (Leipzig, 1882).
End of Article: JOHN FREDERICK I
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!