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See also:GONCOURT, DE , a name famous in See also:French See also:literary See also:history. EDMOND See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS See also:ANTOINE HUOT DE GONCOURT was See also:born at See also:Nancy on the 26th of May 1822, and died at Champrosay on the 16th of See also:July 1896. JULES See also:ALFRED HUOT DE GONCOURT, his See also:brother, was born in See also:Paris on the 17th of See also:December 1830, and died in Paris on the loth of See also:June 1870.
See also:Writing always in collaboration, until the See also:death of the younger, it was their ambition to be not merely novelists, inventing a new See also:kind of novel, but historians; not merely historians, but the historians of a particular See also:century, and of what was intimate and what is unknown in it; to be also discriminating, indeed innovating, critics of See also:art, but of a certain See also:section of art, the 18th century, in See also:France and See also:Japan; and also to collect pictures and bibelots, always of the French and See also:Japanese 18th century. Their histories (Portraits intimes du X VIII' siecle (1857) , La Femme au X VIII siecle (1862), La du See also:Barry (1878), &c.) are made entirely out of documents, autograph letters, scraps of See also:costume, engravings, songs, the unconscious self-revelations of the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time; their three volumes on L' Art du X VIII siecle (1859—1875) See also:deal with See also:Watteau and his followers in the same scrupulous, minutely enlightening way, with all the detail of unpublished documents; and when they came to write novels, it was with a similar See also:attempt to give the inner, undiscovered, See also:minute truths of contemporary existence, the inedil of See also:life. The same morbidly sensitive noting of the inedit, of whatever came to them from their own sensations of things and See also:people around them, gives its curious quality to the nine volumes of the See also:Journal, 1887-1896, which will remain, perhaps, the truest and most poignant See also:chapter of human history that they have written. Their novels, Swur Philomene (1861), Renee Mauperin (1864), Germinie Lacerteux (1865), Manette Salomon (1865), Madame Gervaisais (1869), and, by Edmond alone, La Fille Elisa (1878), See also:Les Freres Zemganno (1879), La Faustin (1882), Cherie (1884), are, however, the See also:work by which they will live as artists. Learning something from See also:Flaubert, and teaching almost everything to See also:Zola, they invented a new kind of novel, and their novels are the result of a new See also:vision of the See also:world, in which the very See also:element of sight is decomposed, as in a picture of See also:Monet. Seen through the nerves, in this conscious See also:- ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")
abandonment to the tricks of the eyesight, the world becomes a thing of broken patterns and conflicting See also:colours, and uneasy See also:movement. A novel of the Goncourts is made up of an See also:infinite number of details, set See also:side by side, every detail equally prominent. While a novel of Flaubert, for all its detail, gives above all things an impression of unity, a novel of the Goncourts deliberately dispenses with unity in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to give the sense of the passing of life, the See also:heat and See also:form of its moments as they pass. It is written in little chapters, sometimes no longer than a See also:page, and each chapter is a See also:separate notation of some significant event, some emotion or sensation which seems to throw sudden See also:light on the picture of a soul. To the Goncourts humanity is as pictorial a thing as the world it moves in; they do not See also:search further than " the See also:physical basis of life," and they find everything that can be known of that unknown force written visibly upon the sudden faces of little incidents, little expressive moments. The soul, to them, is a See also:series of moods, which succeed one another, certainly without any of the too arbitrary See also:logic of the novelist who has conceived of See also:character as a solid or consistent thing. Their novels are hardly stories at all, but picture-galleries, hung with pictures of the momentary aspects of the world. French critics have complained that the See also:language of the Goncourts is no longer French, no longer the French of the past; and this is true. It is their distinction—the finest of their inventions—that, in order to render new sensations, a new vision of things, they .invented a new language. (A. Sr.)
In his will Edmond de Goncourt See also:left his See also:estate for the endowment' of an See also:academy, the formation of which was entrusted to MM. See also:Alphonse See also:Daudet and See also:Leon Hennique. The society was to consist of ten members, each of whom was to receive an See also:annuity of 6000 francs, and a yearly See also:prize of 5000 francs was to be awarded to the author of some work of fiction. Eight of the members of the new academy were nominated in the will. They were: Alphonse Daudet, J. K. See also:Huysmans, ,Leon Hennique, See also:Octave See also:Mirbeau, the two See also:brothers J. H. See also:Rosny, Gustave See also:Geffroy and See also:Paul See also:Margueritte. On the 19th of See also:January 1903, after much litigation, the academy was constituted,
that of the See also:Negus Yesu II. This was erected about 1736, at which time See also:Gondar appears to have been at the height of its prosperity. Thereafter it suffered greatly from the See also:civil See also:wars which raged in See also:Abyssinia, and was more than once sacked. In 1868 it was much injured by the See also:emperor See also:Theodore, who did not spare either the See also:castle or the churches. After the defeat of the Abyssinians at Debra See also:Sin in See also:August 1887 Gondar was looted and fired by the dervishes under See also:Abu Anga. Although they held the See also:town but a See also:short time they inflicted very See also:great damage, destroying many churches, further damaging the castles and carrying off much treasure. The See also:population, estimated by See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Bruce in 1770 at ro,000 families, had dwindled in 1905 to about 7000. Since the pacification of the See also:Sudan by the See also:British (1886-1889) there has been some revival of See also:trade between Gondar and the regions of the' See also:Blue See also:Nile. Among the inhabitants are See also:numbers of Mahommedans, and there is a See also:settlement of See also:Falashas. See also:Cotton, See also:cloth, See also:gold and See also:silver ornaments, See also:copper wares, See also:fancy articles in See also:bone and See also:ivory, excellent saddles and shoes are among the products of the See also:local See also:industry.
Unlike any other buildings in Abyssinia, the castles and palaces of Gondar resemble, with some modifications, the See also:medieval fortresses of See also:Europe, the See also:style of See also:architecture being the result of the presence in the See also:country of numbers of Portuguese. The Portuguese were expelled by Fasilidas, but his castle was built, by See also:Indian workmen, under the superintendence of Abyssinians who had learned something of architecture from the Portuguese adventurers, helped possibly by Portuguese still in the country. The castle has two storeys, is 90 ft. by 84 ft., has a square See also:tower and circular domed towers at the corners. The most extensive ruins are a See also:group of royal buildings enclosed in a See also:wall. These ruins include the See also:palace of Yesu II., which has several See also:fine See also:chambers. See also:Christian Levantines were employed in its construction and it was decorated in See also:part with Venetian mirrors, &c. In the same enclosure is a small castle attributed to Yesu I. The exterior walls of the castles and palaces named are little damaged and give to Gondar a unique character among See also:African towns. Of the See also:forty-four churches, all in the circular Abyssinian style, which are said to have formerly existed in Gondar or its immediate neighbourhood, See also:Major See also:Powell-Cotton found only one intact in 1900. This See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church contained some well-executed native paintings of St See also:George and the See also:Dragon, The Last Supper, &c. Among the religious observances of the Christians of Gondar is that of bathing in large crowds in the Gaha on the Feast of the Baptist, and again, though in more .orderly See also:fashion, on See also:Christmas See also:day.
See E. Rtippell, Reise in Abyssinien (See also:Frankfort-on-the-See also:Main, 1838-184o); T. von See also:Heuglin, Reise nach Abessinien (See also:Jena, 1868) ; G. Lejean, Voyage en Abyssinie (Paris, 1872); Achille Raffray, Afrique orientate; Abyssinie (Paris, 1876); P. H. G. Powell-Cotton, A Sporting Trip through Abyssinia, chaps. 27-30 (See also:London, 1902); and See also:Boll. See also:Soc. Geog. Italiana for 1909. Views of the castle are given by Heuglin, Raffray and Powell-Cotton.
End of Article: GONCOURT, DE
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