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See also:GARDINER, See also:SAMUEL RAWSON (1829–1902) , See also:English historian, son of Rawson Boddam Gardiner, was See also:born near Alresford, Hants, on the 4th of See also:March 1829. He was educated at See also:Winchester and See also:Christ See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford, where he obtained a first class in literae humaniores. He was subsequently elected to fellowships at All Souls (1884) and Merton (1892). For some years he was See also:professor of See also:modern See also:history at See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King's See also:College, See also:London, and devoted his See also:life to See also:historical See also:work. He is the historian of the Puritan revolution, and has written its history in a See also:series of volumes, originally published under different titles, beginning with the See also:accession of See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James I.; the seventeenth (the third See also:volume of the History of the See also:Commonwealth and See also:Protectorate) appeared in 19o1. This was completed in two volumes by C. H. See also:Firth as The Last Years of the Protectorate (1909). The series is History of See also:England from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the See also:Civil See also:War, 1603–1642 (10 vols.); History of the See also:Great Civil War, 1642–1649 (4 vols.); and History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-166o. His treatment is exhaustive and philosophical, taking in, along with See also:political and constitutional history, the changes in See also:religion, thought and sentiment during his See also:period, their causes and their tendencies. Of the See also:original authorities on which his work is founded many of great value exist only in See also:manuscript, and his researches in public and private collections of See also:manuscripts at See also:home, and in the archives of See also:Simancas, See also:Venice, See also:Rome, See also:Brussels and See also:Paris, were indefatigable and fruitful. His accuracy is universally acknowledged. He was perhaps See also:drawn to the Puritan period by the fact of his descent from See also:Cromwell and See also:Ireton, but he has certainly written of it with no other purpose than to set forth the truth. In his judgments of men. and their actions he is unbiassed, and his appreciations of See also:character exhibit a remarkable fineness of See also:perception and a broad sympathy. Among many proofs of these qualities it will be enough to refer to what he says of the characters of James I., See also:- BACON
- BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
- BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
- BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
- BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
- BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
- BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)
Bacon, See also:Laud, See also:Strafford and Cromwell. On constitutional matters he writes with an insight to be attained only by the study of political See also:philosophy, discussing in a masterly See also:fashion the dreams of idealists and the schemes of See also:government proposed by statesmen. Throughout his work he gives a prominent See also:place to everything which illustrates human progress in moral and religious, as well as political conceptions, and specially to the rise and development of the See also:idea of religious See also:toleration, finding his authorities not only in the words and actions of men of See also:mark, but in the writings of more or less obscure pamphleteers, whose essays indicate currents in the See also:tide of public See also:opinion. His See also:record of the relations between England and other states proves his thorough knowledge of contemporary See also:European history, and is rendered specially valuable by his researches among manuscript See also:sources which have enabled him to expound for the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time some intricate pieces of See also:diplomacy.
Gardiner's work is See also:long and See also:minute; the fifty-seven years which it covers are a period of exceptional importance in many directions, and the actions and characters of the See also:principal persons in it demand careful See also:analysis. He is perhaps See also:apt to attach an exaggerated importance to some of the authorities which he was the first to bring to See also:light, to see a See also:general tendency in what may only be the expression of an individual eccentricity, to rely too much on ambassadors' reports which may have been written for some See also:special end, to enter too fully into the details of See also:diplomatic See also:correspondence. In any See also:case the length of his work is not the result of verbiage or repetitions. His See also:style is clear, absolutely unadorned, and somewhat lacking in force; he appeals constantly to the See also:intellect rather than to the emotions, and is seldom picturesque, though in describing a few famous scenes, such as the See also:execution of See also:Charles I., he writes with pathos and dignity. The minuteness of his narrative detracts from its See also:interest; though his arrangement is generally See also:good, here and there the reader finds the See also:- THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)
thread of a subject broken by the intrusion of incidents not immediately connected with it, and does not pick it up again without an effort. And Gardiner has the defects of his supreme qualities, of his fairness and See also:critical ability as a See also:judge of character; his work lacks See also:enthusiasm, and leaves the reader See also:cold and unmoved. Yet, apart from its See also:sterling excellence, it is not withoutbeauties, for it is marked by loftiness of thought, a love of purity and truth, and refinement in See also:taste and feeling. He wrote other books, mostly on the same period, but his great history is that by which his name will live. It is a worthy result of a life of unremitting labour, a splendid See also:monument of historical scholarship. His position as an historian was formally acknowledged: in 1862 he was given a civil See also:list See also:pension of £150 per annum, " in recognition of his valuable contributions to the history of England "; he was honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, LL.D. of See also:Edinburgh, and Ph.D. of See also:Gottingen, and honorary student of Christ Church, Oxford; and in 1894 he declined the See also:appointment of regius professor of modern history at Oxford, lest its duties should interfere with the accomplishment of his history. He died on the 24th of See also:February 1902.
Among the more noteworthy of Gardiner's See also:separate See also:works are: See also:Prince Charles and the See also:Spanish See also:Marriage (2 vols., London, 1869) ; Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution, 1625–166o (1st ed., Oxford, 1889; 2nd ed., Oxford, 1899) ; See also:Oliver Cromwell (London, 1901) ; What See also:Gunpowder See also:Plot was (London, 1897) ; Outline of English History (1st ed., London, 1887; 2nd ed., London, 1896); and Student's History of England (2 vols., 1st ed., London, 189o–1891; 2nd ed., London, 1891–1892). He edited collections of papers for the See also:Camden Society, and from 1891 was editor of the English Historical See also:Review. (W.
End of Article: GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829–1902)
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