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COYSEVOX,

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Originally appearing in Volume V07, Page 358 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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COYSEVOX, ,See also:CHARLES See also:ANTOINE (164o-1720), See also:French sculptor, was See also:born at See also:Lyons on the 29th of See also:September 164o, and belonged to a See also:family which had emigrated from See also:Spain. The name should be pronounced Coezevo. He was only seventeen when he produced a statue of the Madonna of considerable merit; and having studied under Lerambert and trained himself by taking copies in See also:marble from the See also:Greek masterpieces (among others from the See also:Venus de See also:Medici and the See also:Castor and See also:Pollux), he was engaged by the See also:bishop of See also:Strassburg, See also:Cardinal See also:Furstenberg, to adorn with statuary his See also:chateau at Saverne (See also:Zabern). In 1666 he married See also:Marguerite Quillerier, Lerambert's niece, who died a See also:year after the See also:marriage. In 1671, after four years spent on Saverne, which was subsequently destroyed by See also:fire in 178o, he returned to See also:Paris. In 1676 his bust of the painter Le Brun obtained See also:admission for him to the Academie Royale. A year later he married See also:Claude Bourdict. In consequence of the See also:influence exercised by Le Brun between the years 1677 and 1685, he was employed by See also:Louis XIV. in producing much of the decoration and a large number of statues for See also:Versailles; and he afterwards worked, between 1701 and 1709, with no less facility and success, for the See also:palace at Marly, subsequently destroyed in the Revolution. Among his See also:works are the " See also:Mercury and Fame," first at Marly and afterwards in the gardens of the Tuileries; "See also:Neptune and See also:Amphitrite," in the gardens at Marly; " See also:Justice and Force," at Versailles; and statues, in which the likenesses are said to have been remarkably successful, of most of the celebrated men of his See also:age, including Louis XIV. and Louis XV. at Versailles, See also:Colbert (at See also:Saint-Eustache), See also:Mazarin (in the See also:church See also:des Quatre-Nations), See also:Conde the See also:Great (in the Louvre), Maria See also:Theresa of See also:Austria, See also:Turenne, See also:Vauban, Cardinals de See also:Bouillon and de See also:Polignac, See also:Fenelon, See also:Racine, See also:Bossuet (in the Louvre), the See also:comte d'See also:Harcourt, Cardinal Furstenberg and Charles Le Brun (in the Louvre). Coysevox died in Paris on the loth of See also:October 1720. Besides the works given above he carved about a dozen memorials, including those to Colbert (at Saint-Eustache), to Cardinal Mazarin( in the Louvre), and to the painter Le Brun (in the church of Saint See also:Nicholas-du-Chardon). Among the pupils of Coysevox were See also:Nicolas and See also:Guillaume See also:Coustou.

See See also:

Henry Jouin, A. Coysevox, sa See also:vie, son oeuvre (1883) ; See also:Jean du Seigneur, Revue universelle des arts, vol. i. (1855), pp. 32 et seq. CRAB (Ger. Krabbe, Krebs), a name applied to the See also:Crustacea of the See also:order Brachyura, and to other forms, especially of the order Anomura, which resemble them more or less closely in See also:appearance and habits. The Brachyura, or true crabs, are distinguished from the See also:long-tailed lobsters and shrimps which See also:form the order Macrura, by the fact that the See also:abdomen or tail is of small See also:size and is carried folded up under the See also:body. In most of them the body is transversely See also:oval or triangular in outline and more or less flattened, and is covered by a hard See also:shell, the See also:carapace. There are five pairs of legs. The first pair end in nippers or chelae and are usually much more massive than the others which are used in walking or See also:swimming. The eyes are set on movable stalks and can be withdrawn into sockets in the front See also:part of the carapace. There are six pairs of jaws and See also:foot-jaws (maxillipedes) enclosed within a " buccal cavern," the opening of which is covered by the carrying a See also:mass of eggs beneath it ; e, eggs.

broad and flattened third pair of foot-jaws. The abdomen is usually narrow and triangular in the See also:

males, but in the See also:females it is broad and rounded and bears appendages to which the eggs are attached after spawning (fig. I). As in most Crustacea, the See also:young of nearly all crabs, when newly hatched, are very different from their parents. The first larval See also:stage is known as a Zoea, this name having been given to it when it was believed by naturalists to be a distinct and inde- pendent See also:species of See also:animal. The Zoea is a See also:minute transparent organism, swimming at the See also:surface of the See also:sea. It has a rounded body, armed with long spines, and a long segmented tail. The eyes are large but not set on stalks, the legs are not yet See also:developed, and the foot-jaws form swimming paddles. After casting its skin several times as it grows in size, the young crab passes into a stage known as the Megalopa (fig. 2), also formerly regarded as an See also:independent animal, in which the body and limbs are more crab-like, but the abdomen is large and not filled up. After a further See also:moult the animal assumes a form very similar to that of the adult. There are a few crabs, living on See also:land or in fresh See also:water, which do not pass through a See also:metamorphosis but leave the See also:egg as See also:miniature adults.

Most crabs live in the sea, and even the land-crabs, which are abundant in tropical countries, nearly all visit the sea occasionally and pass through their See also:

early stages in it. Many See also:shore-crabs living between See also:tide-marks are more or less amphibious, and the See also:river-crab of See also:southern See also:Europe or Lenten crab (Potamon edule, better known as Thelphusa fluviatilis) is an example of the fresh-water crabs which are abundant in most of the warmer regions of the See also:world. As a See also:rule, crabs breathe by gills, which are lodged in a pair of cavities at the sides of the carapace, but in the true land-crabs the cavities become enlarged and modified so as to See also:act as lungs for breathing See also:air. Walking or crawling is the usual mode of locomotion, and the See also:peculiar sidelong gait See also:familiar to most See also:people in the See also:common shore-crab, is characteristic of most members of the See also:group. The crabs of the family Portunidae, and some others, swim with great dexterity by means of their flattened See also:paddle-shaped feet. Like many other Crustacea, crabs are often omnivorous and act as the scavengers of the sea, but many are predatory in their habits and some are content with a See also:vegetable See also:diet. Though no crab, perhaps, is truly parasitic, some live in relations of " commensalism " with other animals. The best known examples of this are the little " See also:mussel-crabs " (Pinnotheridae) which live within the shells of mussels and other bivalve See also:mollusca and probably See also:share the See also:food of their hosts. Some crabs live among See also:corals, and one species at least gives rise to hollow swellings on the branches of a See also:coral like the " See also:galls" which are formed on See also:plants by certain See also:insects. Another crab (Melia tesselata) carries in each of its claws a living sea-See also:anemone which it uses as an animated weapon of See also:defence and an See also:implement for the See also:capture of See also:prey. Many of the sluggish spider-crabs (Maiidae) have their shells covered by a See also:forest of growing sea-weeds, zoophytes and See also:sponges, which are " planted " there by the crab itself, and which afford it a very effective disguise. Many of the larger crabs are sought for as food by See also:man.

The most important and valuable are the edible crab of See also:

British and See also:European coasts (See also:Cancer pagurus) and the See also:blue crab of the See also:Atlantic See also:coast of the See also:United States (Callinectes sapidus). Among the Anomura, the best known are the See also:hermit-crabs, which live in the empty shells of Gasteropod Mollusca, which they carry about 'with them as portable dwellings. In these, the abdomen is soft-skinned and spirally See also:twisted so as to See also:fit into the shells which they inhabit. The common hermit-crab of the British coasts (Pagurus or Eupagurus Bernhardus) is sometimes called the soldier-crab from its pugnacity. Small specimens are found between tide-marks inhabiting the shells of periwinkles and other small molluscs, but the full-grown specimens live in deeper water and are usually found in the shell of the whelk (Buccinum). As the crab grows it changes its dwelling from See also:time to time, often having to fight with its See also:fellows for the See also:possession of an empty shell. Sometimes an annelid See also:worm lives inside the shell along with the hermit and often the outside is covered with zoophytes. In some species, as in the British Eupagurus prideauxi, a sea-anemone is constantly found attached to the shell, profiting by the active locomotion of the crab and probably sharing the crumbs of its food, while it affords its See also:host See also:protection by its stinging See also:powers. In tropical countries the hermit-crabs of the family Coenobitidae live on land, often at considerable distances from the sea, to which, however, they return for the purpose of hatching out their spawn. The large robber-crab or See also:cocoa-See also:nut crab of the Indo-Pacific islands (Birgus latro), which belongs to this family, has given up the See also:habit of carrying a portable dwelling, and the upper surface of its abdomen has become covered by shelly plates. The stories of its climbing See also:palm-trees to get the See also:fruit were long doubted, but it has been seen, and even photo-graphed in the act. (W.

T. CA.) Fm. 2.-Zoea of Common Shore-Crab in its second stage. r, Rostral spine; s, Dorsal spine; m, Maxillipeds; t, Buds of thoracic feet; a, Abdomen.

End of Article: COYSEVOX,

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