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See also:BULL RUN , a small stream of See also:Virginia, U.S.A., which gave the name to two famous battles in the See also:American See also:Civil See also:War.
(1) The first See also:battle of Bull Run (called by the Confederates See also:Manassas) was fought on the 21st of See also:July 1861 between the See also:Union forces under Brigadier-See also:General Irvin McDowell and the Confederates under General See also:Joseph E. See also:Johnston. Both armies were newly raised and almost untrained. After a slight See also:action on the 18th at See also:Blackburn's See also:Ford, the two armies prepared for a battle. The Confederates were posted along Bull Run, guarding all the passages from the See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
Stone See also:Bridge down to the railway bridge. McDowell's forces rendezvoused around Centreville, and both commanders, sensible of the See also:temper of their troops, planned a battle for the 21st. On his See also:part McDowell ordered one of his four divisions to attack the Stone Bridge, two to make
See also:Emery See also:- WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
- WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
- WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
- WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
- WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
- WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
- WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
- WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
- WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
- WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
- WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
- WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)
Walker Sc.
a turning See also:movement via Sudley Springs, the remaining See also:division (partly composed of See also:regular troops) was to be in reserve and to See also:watch the See also:lower fords. The See also:local Confederate See also:commander, Brigadier-General P. G. T. See also:Beauregard, had also intended to advance, and General Johnston, who arrived by See also:rail on the evening of the loth with the greater part of a fresh See also:army, and now assumed command of the whole force, approved an offensive movement against. Centreville for the 21st; but orders miscarried, and the Federal attack opened before the movement had begun. Johnston and Beauregard then decided to fight a defensive battle, and hurried up troops to support the single See also:brigade of See also:Evans which held the Stone Bridge. Thus there was no serious fighting at the lower fords of Bull Run throughout the See also:day. The Federal See also:staff was equally inexperienced, and the divisions
engaged in the turning movement met with many unnecessary checks. At 6 A.M., when the troops told off for the frontal attack appeared before the Stone Bridge, the turning movement was by no means well advanced. Evans had See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to See also:change position so as to command both the Stone Bridge and Sudley Springs, and he was promptly supported by the brigades of See also:Bee, Bartow and T. J. See also:Jackson. About 9.30 the leading Federal brigade from Sudley Springs came into action, and two See also:hours later Evans, Bee and Bartow had been driven off the See also:Matthews See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill in considerable confusion. But on the See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:House hill Jackson's brigade stood, as General Bee said to his men, " like a stone See also:wall," and the defenders raffled, though the Federals were continually reinforced. The fighting on the Henry House hill was very severe, but McDowell, who dared not See also:halt to re-See also:form his enthusiastic See also:volunteers, continued to attack. About 1.30 B.M. he brought up two regular batteries to the fighting See also:line; but a Confederate See also:regiment, being mistaken for friendly troops and allowed to approach, silenced the guns by See also:close See also:rifle See also:fire, and from that time, though the hill was taken and retaken several times, the Federal attack made no further headway. At 2.45 more of Beauregard's troops had come up; Jackson's brigade charged with the See also:bayonet, and at the same time the Federals were assailed in flank by the last brigades of Johnston's army, which arrived at the See also:critical moment from the railway. They gave way at once, tired out, and conscious that the day was lost, and after one rally melted away slowly to the See also:rear, the handful of regulars alone keeping their See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order. But when, at the See also:defile of the Cub Run, they came under See also:- SHELL
- SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)
shell fire the See also:retreat became a panic See also:flight to the See also:Potomac. The victors were too much exhausted to pursue, and the U.S. regulars of the reserve division formed a. strong and steady rearguard. The losses were—Federals, 2896 men out of about 18,5oo engaged; Confederates, 1982 men out of 18,000.
(2) The operations of the last days of See also:August 1862, which include the second battle of Bull Run (second Manassas), are amongst the most complicated of the war. At the outset the Confederate general See also:- LEE
- LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
- LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
- LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
- LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
- LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
- LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
- LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
- LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
- LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
- LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
- LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
- LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
- LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)
Lee's army (See also:Longstreet's and Jackson's See also:corps) See also:lay on the Rappahannock, faced by the Federal Army of Virginia under See also:Major-General See also:John See also:Pope, which was to be reinforced by troops from McClellan's army to a See also:total strength of 150,000 men as against Lee's 6o,000. Want of supplies soon forced Lee to move, though not to retreat, and his See also:plan for attacking Pope was one of the most daring in all military See also:history. Jackson with See also:half the army was despatched on a wide turning Movement which was to bring him via See also:Salem and Thoroughfare See also:Gap to Manassas Junction in Pope's rear; when Jackson's task was accomplished Lee and Longstreet were to follow him by the same route. See also:Early on the 25th of August Jackson began his See also:march See also:round the right of Pope's army; on the 26th the See also:column passed Thoroughfare Gap, and Bristoe Station, directly in Pope's rear, was reached on the same evening, while a detachment drove a Federal See also:post from Manassas Junction. On the 27th the immense magazines at the Junction were destroyed.
On his See also:side Pope had soon discovered Jackson's departure, and had arranged for an immediate attack on Longstreet. When, however, the direction of Jackson's march on Thoroughfare Gap became clear, Pope See also:fell back in order to engage him, at the same time ordering his army to concentrate on Warrenton, See also:Greenwich and See also:Gainesville. He was now largely reinforced. On the evening of the 27th one of his divisions, marching to its point of concentration, met a division of Jackson's corps, near Bristoe Station; after a See also:sharp fight the Confederate general, See also:Ewell, retired on Manassas. Pope now realized that he had Jackson's corps in front of him at the junction, and at once took steps to attack Manassas with all his forces. He See also:drew off even the corps at Gainesville for his intended battle of the 28th; McDowell, however, its commander, on his own responsibility, See also:left Ricketts's division at Thoroughfare Gap. But Pope's See also:blow was struck in the See also:air. When he arrived at Manassas on the 28th he found nothing but the ruins of his magazines, and one of McDowell's divisions (See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King's) marching from Gainesville on Manassas Junction met Jackson's See also:infantry near Groveton. The situationhad again changed completely. Jackson had no intention of awaiting Pope at Manassas, and after several feints made with a view to misleading the Federal scouts he finally withdrew to a hidden position between Groveton and Sudley Springs; to await the arrival of Longstreet, who, taking the same route as Jackson had done, arrived on the 28th at Thoroughfare Gap and, engaging Ricketts's division, finally drove it back to Gainesville. On the evening of this day Jackson's corps held the line Sudley Springs–Groveton, his right wing near Groveton opposing King's division; and Longstreet held Thoroughfare Gap, facing Ricketts at Gainesville. On Ricketts's right was King near Groveton, and the line was continued thence by McDowell's remaining division and by See also:Sigel's corps to the Stone Bridge. At Centreville, 7 M. away, was Pope with three divisions, a See also:fourth was See also:north-See also:east of Manassas Junction, and See also:Porter's corps at Bristoe Station. Thus, while Ricketts continued at Gainesville to See also:mask Longstreet, Pope could concentrate a See also:superior force against Jackson, whom he now believed to be meditating a retreat to the Gap. But a See also:series of misunderstandings resulted in the withdrawal of Ricketts and King, so that nothing now intervened between Longstreet and Jackson; while Sigel and McDowell's other division alone remained to See also:face Jackson until such time as Pope could bring up the See also:rest of his scattered forces. Jackson now closed on his left and prepared for battle, and on the See also:morning of the 29th the Confederates, posted behind a high railway See also:embankment, repelled two sharp attacks made by Sigel. Pope arrived at See also:noon with the divisions from Centreville, which, led by the general himself and by See also:Reno and See also:- HOOKER, JOSEPH (1814–1879)
- HOOKER, RICHARD (1553-1600)
- HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH DALTON (1817— English botanist and traveller, second son of the famous botanist Sir W.J.Hooker, was born on the 3oth of June 1817, at Halesworth, Suffolk. He was educated at Glasgow University, and almost immediately after taking his M.
- HOOKER, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON (1785–1865)
- HOOKER, THOMAS (1586–1647)
Hooker, two of the bravest See also:officers in the Union army, made a third and most desperate attack on Jackson's line. The latter, repulsing it with difficulty, carried its See also:counter-stroke too far and was in turn repulsed by Grover's brigade of Hooker's division. Grover then made a fourth See also:assault, but was driven back with terrible loss. The last assault, gallantly delivered by two divisions under See also:Kearny and See also:Stevens; drove the Confederate left out of its position; but a Confederate counter-attack, led by the brave Jubal Early, dislodged the assailants with the bayonet.
In the meanwhile events had taken See also:place near Groveton which were, for twenty years after the war, the subject of controversy and recrimination (see PORTER, FITZ-JOHN). When Porter's and part of McDowell's corps, acting on various orders sent by Pope, approached Gainesville from the See also:south-east, Longstreet had already reached that place, and the Federals thus encountered a force of unknown strength at the moment when Sigel's guns to the northward showed him to be closely engaged with Jackson. The two generals consulted, and McDowell marched off to join Sigel, while Porter remained to hold the new enemy in check. In this he succeeded; Longstreet, though far superior in See also:numbers, made no forward move, and his advanced guard alone came into action. On the See also:night of the 29th Lee reunited the wings of his army on the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of battle. He had forced Pope back many See also:miles from the Rappahannock, and expecting that the Federals would retire to the line of Bull Run before giving battle, he now decided to wait for the last divisions of Longstreet's corps, which were still distant. But Pope, still sanguine, ordered a " general pursuit " of Jackson for the 3oth. There was some ground for his suppositions, for Jackson had retired a See also:short distance and Longstreet's advanced guard had also fallen back. McDowell, however, who was in general See also:charge of the Federal right on the 3oth, soon saw that Jackson was not retreating and stopped the " pursuit," and the attack on Jackson's right, which Pope had ordered Porter to make, was repulsed by Longstreet's overwhelming forces. Then Lee's whole line, 4 M. See also:long, made its See also:grand counter-stroke (4 P.M.). There was now no hesitation in Longstreet's attack; the Federal left was driven successively from every position it took up, and Longstreet finally captured Bald Hill. Jackson, though opposed by the greater part of Pope's forces, advanced to the Matthews hill, and his See also:artillery threatened the Stone Bridge. The Federals, driven back to the See also:banks of Bull Run, were only saved by the gallant See also:defence of the Henry House hill by the Pennsylvanian division of See also:Reynolds and the regulars
under Sykes. Pope withdrew under See also:cover of night to Centreville. Here he received fresh reinforcements, but Jackson was already marching round his new right, and after the action of See also:Chantilly (1st of See also:September) the whole Federal army fell back to See also:Washington. The Union forces See also:present on the field on the 29th and 3oth numbered about 63,000, the strength of Lee's army being on the same See also:dates about 54,000. Besides their killed and wounded the Federals lost very heavily in prisoners.
End of Article: BULL RUN
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