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See also:BLUNTSCHLI, JOHANN KASPAR (18o8—1881) , Swiss jurist and politician, was See also:born at See also:Zurich on the 7th of See also:March 18o8, the son of a See also:soap and See also:candle manufacturer. From school he passed into the Politische Institut (a See also:seminary of See also:law and See also:political See also:science) in his native See also:town, and proceeding thence to the See also:universities of See also:Berlin and See also:Bonn, took the degree of See also:doctor See also:juris in the latter in 1829. Returning to Zurich in 1830, he threw himself with ardour into the political strife which was at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time unsettling all the cantons of the See also:Confederation, and in this See also:year published Uber See also:die Verfassung der Stadt Zurich (On the Constitution of the See also:City of Zurich). This was followed by Das See also:Volk and der Souverdn (1830), a See also:work in which, while See also:pleading for constitutional See also:government, he showed his See also:bitter repugnance of the growing Swiss radicalism. Elected in 1837 a member of the Grosser See also:Rath (See also:Great See also:Council), he became the See also:champion of the moderate conservative party. Fascinated by the metaphysical views of the philosopher See also:Friedrich Rohmer (1814—1856), a See also:man who attracted little other See also:attention, he endeavoured in Psychologische Studien fiber Staat and Kirche (1844) to apply them to political science generally, and in particular as a See also:panacea for the constitutional troubles of See also:Switzerland. Bluntschli, shortly before his See also:death, remarked, " I have gained renown as a jurist, but my greatest See also:desert is to have comprehended Rohmer." This philosophical See also:essay, however, coupled with his uncompromising attitude towards both radicalism and See also:ultramontanism, brought him many enemies, and rendered his continuance in the council, of which he had been elected See also:president, impossible. He resigned his seat, and on the overthrow of the Sonderbund in 1847, perceiving that all See also:hope of See also:power for his party was lost, took leave of Switzerland with the pamphlet Stimme eines Schweizersiiber die Bundesreform (1847), and settled at See also:Munich, where he became See also:professor of constitutional law in 1848.
At Munich he devoted himself with See also:energy to the See also:special work of his See also:chair, and, resisting the temptation to identify himself with politics, published Allgemeines Staatsrecht (1851—1852); Lehre vom modernen Staat (1875—1870 ; and, in See also:conjunction with Karl See also:Ludwig Theodor Brater (1819—1869), Deutsches Stoatsworterbuch (11 vols., 18J7—1870; abridged by See also:Edgar Loening in 3 vols., 1869-1875). Meanwhile he had assiduously worked at his See also:code for the See also:canton of Zurich, Privatrechlliches Gesetzbcch See also:fur den Kanton Zurich (4 vols., 1854—7856), a work which was much praised at the time, and which, particularly the See also:section devoted to contracts, served as a See also:model for codes both in Switzerland and other countries. In 1861 Bluntschli received a See also:call to See also:Heidelberg as professor of constitutional law (Staatsrecht), where he again entered the political See also:arena, endeavouring in his Geschichte See also:des allgemeinen Staatsrechts and der Politik (1864) " to stimulate," as he said, " the political consciousness of the See also:German See also:people, to cleanse it of prejudices and to further it intellectually." In his new See also:home, See also:Baden, he devoted his energies and political See also:influence, during the Austro-Prussian See also:War of 1866, towards keeping the See also:country neutral. From this time Bluntschli became active in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of See also:international law, and his fame as a jurist belongs rather to this See also:province than to that of constitutional law.
His Das moderne Kriegsrecht (1866) ; Das moderne V olkerrecht (1868), and Das Beuterecht See also:im Krieg (1878) are likely to remain invaluable See also:text-books in this See also:branch of the science of See also:jurisprudence. He also wrote a pamphlet on the "See also:Alabama" See also:case.
Bluntschli was one of the founders, at See also:Ghent in 1873, of the See also:Institute of International Law, and was the representative of the German See also:emperor at the See also:conference on the international See also:laws of war at See also:Brussels. During the latter years of his See also:life he took a lively See also:interest in the See also:Protestantenverein, a society formed to combat reactionary and ultramontane views of See also:theology. He died suddenly at See also:Karlsruhe on the 21st of See also:October 1881. His library was acquired by Johns See also:Hopkins University at See also:Baltimore, U.S.A.
Among his See also:works, other than those before mentioned, may be cited Deutsches Privatrecht (1853--18J4); Deutsche Staatslchre fur Gebildete (1874); and Deutsche Staatslehre and die heutige Staatenwelt (188o).
For notices of Bluntschli's life and works see his interesting autobiography, Denkwurdiges aus meinem Leben (1884) ; von See also:Holtzendorff, Bluntschli and See also:seine Verdienste um die Staatswissenschaften (1882); See also:Brockhaus, Konversations-See also:Lexicon (19o1); and a See also:biography by See also:Meyer von Kronau, in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie.
End of Article: BLUNTSCHLI, JOHANN KASPAR (18o8—1881)
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