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<DATE>2014-01-30</DATE>
<RESPSTMT>
<NAME>Olivia Bottum</NAME>
<RESP>MURP</RESP>
</RESPSTMT>
<ITEM>Proofed text and corrected markup.</ITEM>
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<STC T="C">S107648</STC>
<BIBNO T="umi">99843345</BIBNO>
<VID>177111</VID>
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<TEXT LANG="eng">
<FRONT>
<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
<PB REF="1">
<P>AN OLDE THRIFT NEWLY REVIVED.</P>
<P>WHEREIN IS DECLA|RED THE MANNER OF PLANTING, PRESERVING, AND Husbanding yong Trees of diuers kindes for <HI>Timber and Fuell.</HI></P>
<P>AND OF SOWING ACORNES, CHESNVTS, BEECH-MAST, THE SEEDES OF Elmes, A&s;hen-keyes, &amp;c. With the Commodities <HI>and Di&s;commodities of Inclo&s;ing decayed</HI> Forre&s;ts, Commons, and wa&s;te GROVNDS.</P>
<P>And al&s;o the v&s;e of a &s;mall portable In&s;trument for mea&s;u|ring of Board, and the &s;olid content and height of any Tree &s;tanding.</P>
<P><HI>Di&s;cour&s;ed in Dialogue betweene a Surueyour, Woodward,</HI> Gentleman, and a Farmer.</P>
<P>Diuided into foure parts, by <HI>R. C.</HI></P>
<P><HI>Tout pour L'Egli&s;e.</HI></P>
<P><HI>LONDON.</HI> Printed by <HI>W. S.</HI> for <HI>Richard Moore,</HI> and are to be &s;old at his &s;hop in St. Dun&s;tanes Churchyard.</P>
<P>1612.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="dedication">
<PB REF="2">
<PB REF="2">
<HEAD>To the Nobilitie, Gentrie, and <HI>Yeo+manrie of great Britatine.</HI></HEAD>
<P>_IT eyther is, or &s;hould be the dutie of euery man to inuent, publi&s;h, and act &s;ome thing that might be|nefit his countrey: accor|ding to which, I pre&s;ent to your noble, approued, and di&s;creet iudgements, a wil|ling mind, in &s;etting forth that, which I a&s;&s;ure my &s;elfe (if the conclu&s;ions heerein be carefully practi&s;ed) will proue mo&s;t profitable to you and your po&s;teritie for euer. The good that I doe heere intend to &s;peake of, is an increa&s;e of wood in generall: which vpon my employment in the late Surueyes and Sales of diuers his Maie&s;ties Copies and Woods, wherein I found la|mentable &s;carcitie, and exceeding abu&s;es (which I feare to be vniuer&s;ally as wel ouer the Realme, as in the &s;aid particular places) I then began (as dutie <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">bound me) &s;eriou&s;ly to con&s;ider of &s;uch notes which I had ob&s;erued in tho&s;e &s;eruices, as well for redre&s;&s;e of mi&s;|demeanors
<PB REF="3"> as al&s;o for planting of wood, and pre&s;er|uing of &s;pring-wood and timber for increa&s;e of timber and fuell, which I &s;aw in mo&s;t places too apparantly decay. And hauing dige&s;ted the&s;e collections into &s;ome forme, I then conceiued that the publi&s;hing of them might be very beneficiall to the Realme. And the rather was I incouraged hereunto, becau&s;e I perceiued &s;uch prudent care in the right noble Lord Priuy Seale the Earle of Northampton, who mo&s;t freely endea|uoured him&s;elfe to haue the &s;eruice carefully perfor|med, as well for the carriage of tho&s;e whome hee employed in that affaire: as al&s;o to be re&s;pectiue of &s;uch who were any manner of waies to bee intere&s;&s;ed in that &s;eruice concerning tho&s;e Surueyes and Sales, and al&s;o for maintenance and increa&s;e of Wood: which when I had diligently noted in that Honorable and worthy per&s;on, I then re&s;olued to diuu<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ge them a|broad. And were it not pitie&punc; nay more than time, that this worke of pre&s;eruing or &s;urueying his Maie&s;ties woods, being with that graue con&s;ent of &s;uch worthy Peeres &s;o adui&s;edly begun, &s;hould now by inferiour of|ficers be reiected, or not carefully co~tinued, the pre&s;ent nece&s;&s;itie being &s;o great and markable? For if Coale &s;hould faile (as it is too apparant it beginneth to grow deere and &s;carce, and in many places there is none to be had) how then &s;hould we doe for this materiall of fuell? for doe we thinke that wood alone can beare the brunt to &s;atisfie euery mans chimney? a&s;&s;uredly no, ex|cept it were more plentifull. Then mu&s;t there needs be &s;ome &s;peedy means v&s;ed for preuentio~ of felling whole woods of timber, and grubbing vp of Copies at plea|&s;ure
<PB REF="3"> to conuert them into pa&s;ture, arrable, or meadow grounds, el&s;e in &s;hort time, this wa&s;te and &s;carcitie will grow to a con&s;ummation of the whole: which preuen|tion mu&s;t be as well the execution of the law, prouided for &s;uch abu&s;es, committed to hone&s;t and di&s;creet offi|cers, by puni&s;hing or complaining of &s;uch who wilful|ly offend in this kind, as al&s;o willing minds to propa|gate and aduance this mo&s;t needfull thrift of planting young trees, and &s;owing of their &s;eeds (where &s;carce of wood is) for increa&s;e of Timber and Fuell: both which combined together, will in &s;hort time make a plentifull harue&s;t. I write not the&s;e in&s;tructions to of|fend any, but as well to plea&s;e all, de&s;irous that all &s;hould reape benefit hereby: as al&s;o to incourage o|thers to take paines hereafter to collect and publi&s;h &s;ome more ample in&s;tructions concerning this &s;ubiect; wherein if I haue omitted any thing that might fully aduance this <HI>Old thrift:</HI> I craue pardon, and doe com|mend it to your honorable, fauorable, and husbandlie cen&s;ures, and willing minds to practi&s;e. Alwaies re|&s;ting in my &s;eruice, friend&s;hip, and true loue, as it will plea&s;e you to account of him.</P>
<CLOSER><SIGNED>R. Ch.</SIGNED></CLOSER>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="table of contents">
<PB REF="4">
<HEAD>The generall Contents of this Booke.</HEAD>
<P N="1">1 THe fir&s;t part treateth of planting trees of diuers kindes for timber and fuell, and of &s;owing their &s;eedes, preparing the ground, husbanding and pru|ning the young plants and trees, and of diuers other things.</P>
<P N="2">2 The &s;econd part di&s;cour&s;eth of the commodities and di&s;commodities of inclo&s;ing decayed Forre&s;ts, Commons and wa&s;te grounds.</P>
<P N="3">3 The third part &s;heweth the difference of diuers kinds of trees for timber and fuell, and &s;uch as are mo&s;t apt to grow and pro&s;per in our clymate: and al&s;o a di&s;cour&s;e concerning &s;ome new law to be made for the increa&s;e and pre&s;eruation of wood.</P>
<P N="4">4 And in the fourth part is expre&s;&s;ed the v&s;e of a &s;mall portable In&s;trument for mea&s;uring of board, and the &s;oild content and height of any tree &s;tanding.</P>
</DIV1>
</FRONT>
<BODY>
<DIV1 TYPE="text">
<PB N="1" REF="4">
<HEAD>OF PLANTING and pre&s;eruing for Timber <HI>and Fuell.</HI></HEAD>
<DIV2 N="1" TYPE="part">
<HEAD>THE FIRST PART,</HEAD>
<ARGUMENT>
<P>Which treateth of planting Trees of diuers kinds for Timber and Fuell, and of &s;owing their &s;eedes, preparing the ground, husbanding and pruning the young Plants and Trees, and of diuers other things.</P>
</ARGUMENT>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Surueyor.</SPEAKER>
<P>_MA&s;ter <HI>Woodward</HI> you are well met, I hope you haue now &s;ufficiently dige&s;ted tho&s;e doubts concerning woods and wooddie grounds, which at our la&s;t m&eacute;eting I was de&s;irous to &s;ati&s;fie you of.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Woodward.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, I mu&s;t con|fe&s;&s;e, that &s;ince my la&s;t conference with you I haue better apprehen|ded that &s;ubiect then I did at the fir&s;t: for to tell you true, though by Patent I am his Maie&s;ties Woodward in the&s;e parts, and according to the opinion and vnder&s;tanding of euery man, I &s;hould not be ignorant in the particulars concerning my office, yet &s;o ambitious we are of prefer|ment
<PB N="2" REF="5"> and gaines, as if we can deui&s;e to make a &s;ecret commoditie to our &s;elues, we thinke we haue vnder&s;tan|ding &s;ufficient for the executing of the place.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Suru.</SPEAKER>
<P>It &s;&eacute;emeth then you little re&s;pect either diligence or art, in planting and well hu&s;banding of woods and wooddie grounds within your office, but all &s;&eacute;emeth to be well done by you, if it be done with profit to your &s;elfe.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Not &s;o M. Surueyor, you tax me too farre: for though I am content, partly by cu&s;tome, and partly (I mu&s;t confe&s;&s;e) out of a de&s;ire of gaines to make &s;ome ho|ne&s;t thrift of my office, yet notwith&s;tanding (though I doe not plant or &s;et young tr&eacute;es) I haue a &s;peciall care that none of his Maie&s;ties Timber or Dottard tr&eacute;es be taken or felled, but by &s;peciall authoritie: and as for vnderwood and Coppies, they are &s;o carefully pre&s;erued, as not any cattell commeth in them vntill fiue or &s;ixe yeares after the fall.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>If you doe &s;o, you doe rea&s;onable well, though yet to be blamed: for by Statute, Copies of diuers growthes newly felled, &s;hould bee pre&s;erued according to their growthes. For the Statute &s;ayth, <HI>Woods felled at or vnder 14 yeares growth, &s;hall be pre&s;erued 6 yeares: Woods felled aboue 14 yeares growth, and vnder 24, &s;hall be pre&s;erued 8 yeares: Common Woods inclo&s;ed &s;hall be kept in &s;euerall 9 yeares following.</HI> And al&s;o the Statute further &s;ayth,<NOTE PLACE="marg">35. H. 8. 13. Eliz.</NOTE> <HI>It &s;hall not be lawfull for any per&s;on to put any manner of cattell into Copies wood, to be pre&s;erued from the time of the &s;ale thereof, vntill the end of fiue yeares, nor from the end of fiue yeares any other cattell, but Calues and yeareling Colts onely vnto the end of &s;ix yeares, if the wood was vn|der the age of 14 yeares at the la&s;t fall, or vntill the age of 8 yeares, if the wood was aboue the age of 14 yeares at the la&s;t fall.</HI> But ind&eacute;ed the be&s;t way for pr<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">&s;eruing of Spring wood, is not to put any cattell into &s;uch Copies at all: and the be&s;t time to fell them is in Ianuarie &amp; Februarie, at the fir&s;t quarter of the Moone. But yet there be &s;ome
<PB N="3" REF="5"> Woodwards, Baylifes, and Tenants of Woods, who are not &s;o carefull in their office as you are, yet will they for fa&s;hion &s;ake pre&s;erue the Spring rea&s;onably well for one yeare or two after the fall and hagging of them, but after|wards they grow couetous and carele&s;&s;e, and will make it as common for their cattell as any the re&s;t of their grounds. And truely though the Statute of 35. of H. 8. doth &s;&eacute;eme a little to helpe the imperfections of the former Statutes, for &s;eueraltie in common &s;oyles, where replan|tation is to be made, yet God knowes it commeth farre too &s;hort to cure the &s;poyles and deu<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">&s;tations that &s;ince hath been made in Woods. For my &s;elfe haue knowne certaine grounds, vpon which within this twentie or thir|tie yeares was growing great &s;tore of Vnderwood and Timber, and did yearely pay to the late Qu&eacute;ene a rent, but now the wood is all gone, the &s;oyle turned to a Com|mon, and the rent quite lo&s;t, and not any paid: and truely more is like to follow in this kind, if the headie and head|long clamour of the vulgar &s;ort be not (by &s;ome adui&s;ed cour&s;e of &s;uperiour officers) moderated in the balance of equitie. There be al&s;o other officers of Woods, who, as they doe accidentally trauaile by &s;uch Woods that are within their office (pretending a &s;peciall care of pre&s;er|uing the Wood) will before they depart commonly claime &s;ome Timber tr&eacute;es (and tho&s;e not of the wor&s;t) for their &s;&eacute;e tr&eacute;es as they call them.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, that where woods haue b&eacute;en &s;poiled, and that the inhabitants do find a benefit by the herbage of the &s;oyle, they will neuer endure (by their good wils) to heare of any replantation or inclo&s;ure, m&eacute;et for it, but with a generall clamor they crie for their <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ommon, their Com|mon, forgetting altogether by whom the Woods haue bin &s;o &s;poiled and de&s;troied, and as though the Common were their owne inheritance. Well, leauing the&s;e matters to tho&s;e that chiefely manage &s;uch and the like affaires, and to an&s;were you concerning tho&s;e F&eacute;e tr&eacute;es you &s;peake of,
<PB N="4" REF="6"> which ind&eacute;ed is a cu&s;tome (but by what authoritie I know not) that many of vs commonly chalenge &s;uch Fee trees: and al&s;o when his Maie&s;tie maketh any &s;ale of Timber or<NOTE PLACE="marg">Fee trees vn|iu&s;tly chalen|ged.</NOTE> Dottard trees, we likewi&s;e claime (and are our owne caruers, for who may controll vs) one tree in euery &s;core.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, it is both a cu&s;tome and an abu&s;e among diuers others, by &s;ome maintained, by not being complai|ned of, e&s;pecially by &s;ome officers, who&s;e names I will conceale: for one of them hauing a few yeares pa&s;t a war|rant directed to him for the felling of an hundred Timber trees, for the repayre of a Parke-pale of the Kings, and which was at that in&s;tant in repairing, by wood growing in the &s;aid Parke, this hone&s;t officer did cau&s;e to be felled, and marked to be felled 140. which was 40. more then he had warrant for. The &s;ame officer did al&s;o, by vertue of his office, or el&s;e by warrant (at two &s;euerall times for the repaire of another Parke-pale of his Maie&s;ties, which had a &s;ufficient &s;tone wall about it, and which was about 30. miles di&s;tant from the &s;aid Wood) cau&s;ed to be deliuered about 30. Timber trees, which, as it was &s;aid, were &s;old vnto townes not farre from the &s;aid Wood, and the money pur&s;ed vp, and not any be&s;towed about the &s;aid Parke, be|cau&s;e ind<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ed it needed no paling, but &s;tone to make and mend the wall, of which was great &s;tore hard by.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>If this be true, this officer doth ill de&s;erue his place, much le&s;&s;e any allowance of his fees.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You would &s;ay &s;o, if you knew all: but leauing the&s;e abu&s;es of &s;uch officers of Woods. not much im|pertinent<NOTE PLACE="marg">The abu&s;es of Woodden offi|cers.</NOTE> to the &s;ubiect in hand (for to &s;peake the truth, many of them haue beene &s;peciall in&s;truments, that by their conniuencie, neglect, and couetou&s;ne&s;&s;e, great &s;poyle hath been made in the Kings Woods) let vs, if you plea&s;e, proceed to the reuiewing of the que&s;tion con|cerning<NOTE PLACE="marg">The que&s;tion.</NOTE> Woods and wooddie grounds, as well for pre|&s;eruing of Timber trees of diuers kinds, as al&s;o of plan|ting, &s;owing, and repleni&s;hing of wooddie grounds, as
<PB N="5" REF="6"> well for encrea&s;e of Timber as Fuell.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, your que&s;tion is mo&s;t excellent and profi|table for the Commonwealth, therefore I pray proc&eacute;ed as di&s;tinctly as you may, for as well my &s;elfe, as many other &s;uch ignorant Woodwards as I am, yea and who not, &s;hall greatly be benefited hereby.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>But &s;tay, what two are tho&s;e who come yonder?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Marry it is M. <HI>Peregrine,</HI> one who holdeth di|uers Copies of the Kings in Lea&s;e, and the other is al&s;o a Farmer, called <HI>Ienings.</HI></P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Peregrine.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ienings, doe&s;t know the gentleman that is yonder with the Woodward?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ienings.</SPEAKER>
<P>Know him, I God knowes; doe not you Sir?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Oh&punc; I perceiue it is the Surueyor: gentleman God &s;aue you.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>M. <HI>Peregrine,</HI> you are welcome, and happily now arriued, for this hone&s;t Woodward and I were beginning a di&s;cour&s;e, concerning the pre&s;eruing and encrea&s;ing of Wood, which &s;ubiect (if you plea&s;e) will not be altogether vnprofitable for you to heare.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Your di&s;cour&s;e will &s;&eacute;eme very nece&s;&s;arie and plea&s;ing, con&s;idering how forward euerie man is in the&s;e dayes to fell downe Timber, and grub vp Copies, &amp; none endeuours to plant any, whereby in time mu&s;t n&eacute;edes fol|low a generall wa&s;t of all.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, that it is many mens humors &s;o to doe, and the rea&s;on thereof as I conceiue is, fir&s;t, they de&s;ire to make profit of the tr&eacute;e by felling it: &s;econdly, that in plan|ting young tr&eacute;es, or &s;owing of their &s;&eacute;edes, they thinke not to liue to reape any profit thereby during their liues, be|cau&s;e it &s;&eacute;emeth a long time before they come to any growth: and thirdly, becau&s;e not any of late haue as yet written of this &s;ubiect, whereby they want rules and in|&s;tructions how to begin, and proc&eacute;ed: in all which I hope to giue them good &s;ati&s;faction, and &s;o farre to encourage them herein, as where now euerie one &s;&eacute;emeth to draw by
<PB N="6" REF="7"> the plough tayle, they will I doubt not, after more diuul|ging of this &s;ubiect, and duly con&s;idering hereof, vniforme|ly apply their minds and labours to this generall and pro|fitable bu&s;ine&s;&s;e. Omitting then all circum&s;tances, and to &s;ati&s;fie your de&s;ires, you &s;hall vnder&s;tand, that to plant wood, or &s;ow their &s;&eacute;edes, you mu&s;t con&s;ider the fatne&s;&s;e or<NOTE PLACE="marg">The qualitie of the ground mu&s;t be con&s;i|dered for the planting of trees, or &s;ow|ing of their &s;eedes.</NOTE> leanne&s;&s;e of the &s;oyle, as whether it be of a good depth of earth, grauelly, &s;andie, or of a watrie &s;oyle, and &s;o accor|ding to the nature of the ground you mu&s;t plant tr&eacute;es or &s;ow their &s;&eacute;edes: as, the Oake commonly will pro&s;per well in all kind of grounds, but in a watrie and moori&s;h place; the Aller, A&s;pe, and Willow tr&eacute;es doe be&s;t like of a low and watrie ground; and &s;o of euery &s;ort of tr&eacute;es, you mu&s;t according to their nature and qualitie of the &s;oyle, ap|plie your &s;elfe to fit it with &s;uch plants and &s;&eacute;ed, as &s;hall be mo&s;t profit and plea&s;ure to you.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>You begin well. I perceiue then that all man|ner of tr&eacute;es are not to be planted in all &s;orts of grounds, but the nature of the tr&eacute;e con&s;idered, it mu&s;t &s;o be &s;uited with &s;uch a ground, that the plant and &s;&eacute;ed may the better come vp and pro&s;per, be it Timber, Fruit tr&eacute;es, or any o|ther kind of wood.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is &s;o, for if you plant an Oake in a wet moori&s;h ground, a Willow vpon a grauellie, drie, and barren hill, or an Appletr&eacute;e in an open, cold, and bleake field, they may well grow, but &s;o poorely, as neither their fruit or tr&eacute;es them&s;elues, in manie yeares, will counteruaile the fir&s;t yeares charge of planting them; therefore the nature of the plant and &s;eed mu&s;t wel be con&s;idered of, to corre&s;pond with the qualitie and condition of the ground. And now<NOTE PLACE="marg">Foure &s;orts of Timber trees growing in England.
<TABLE>
<ROW>
<CELL>Oake</CELL>
<CELL ROWS="4">tree.</CELL>
<CELL>Elme</CELL>
<CELL>A&s;h</CELL>
<CELL>Beech</CELL>
</ROW>
</TABLE></NOTE> to proc&eacute;ed concerning&punc; Timber&punc; tr&eacute;es, it is well knowne, that there grow in England foure &s;orts of &s;peciall Tim|ber tr&eacute;es, and they al&s;o exc&eacute;eding one another in goodne&s;&s;e, and the&s;e are the Oake, the Elme, the A&s;h, and B&eacute;ech tr&eacute;e, and they are all excellent in their kinds; but the chiefe&s;t of them for durable building of hou&s;es and &s;hipping, is the
<PB N="7" REF="7"> Oake: next to that is the Elms which &s;erueth to like good v&s;es: the third is the A&s;h; which &s;ometime al&s;o is v&s;ed for building, but mo&s;t commonly for Coupers, Wh&eacute;ele|wrights, and Ploughwrights: and the fourth, which is the Beech tr&eacute;e, is the wor&s;t, yet often employed for Timber, and much v&s;ed among Ioyners, and al&s;o for manie other good purpo&s;es. There is al&s;o a fift kind of Timber tr&eacute;e, of which few grow in England, and which is little inferiour to any the re&s;t, and that is the Che&s;nut tr&eacute;e, which beareth<NOTE PLACE="marg">Che&s;nut tree.</NOTE> good fruit, that poore people in time of dearth may with a &s;mall quantitie of Oa<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">s or Barley make bread of, and the bole thereof is large and excellent good Timber: and this tr&eacute;e when you begin fir&s;t to plant it, wil grow more in one yeare (if you hu&s;band it well at the fir&s;t) than an Oake will doe in two; as tho&s;e of &s;ome part of Fraunce, who haue great &s;tore of wooddie grounds of this kind, doe find it t<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">e by experience. There may al&s;o a &s;ixt tr&eacute;e be equali|zed with any the be&s;t formerly <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">amed, and that is a Firre<NOTE PLACE="marg">Firre tree.</NOTE> tr&eacute;e; and though they are rarely found to grow in Eng|land, yet I haue &s;&eacute;ene them grow and pro&s;per well here in diuers places; as namely at Sion, within &s;euen myles of London (but now they are cut downe) and at Newhall in E&s;&s;ex, and in diuers other places. How nece&s;&s;arie the&s;e kinds of tr&eacute;es are, I report me to all Seamen; and now of late, for want of other Timber, we begin to v&s;e them for building of hou&s;es: and I &s;&eacute;e no rea&s;on to the contra|rie, but that in time we might haue as goodly tr&eacute;es and whole Woods of this kind growing in our owne countrey, (if men would endeuour to get them, as ea&s;ily they may) as is in that famous Wood of <HI>Hyrcania Silua,</HI> which enui|roneth that fertile kingdome of Bohemia, where the pe|&s;ants of that countrey, in their trauaile there, doe often chop fliues or chips of tho&s;e tr&eacute;es with their hatchets, (which v&s;ually they do walke withall, as we do here with &s;taues) and bring them home and v&s;e them in &s;tead of can|dles to do their bu&s;ine&s;&s;e about the hou&s;e in the night time,
<PB N="8" REF="8"> which by rea&s;on of the abundance of gumme that is in them, they will burne exc&eacute;eding well and cl&eacute;ere: and the&s;e kinds of tr&eacute;es might well be had and made to grow and pro&s;per here in England, if men would with a fr&eacute;e de&s;ire apply them&s;elues to be ingenious and carefull herein. And the rather am I confirmed in this opinion, becau&s;e (as I haue credibly heard) the Marque&s;&s;e of Huntley, and many other, haue diuers Woods of this kind growing in the Countie of Aberd&eacute;ene in Scotland. And al&s;o one Ma&s;ter <HI>Thomas Bowen</HI> of Trefloine in the County of Pembroke, a Gentleman of good worth, had about fift&eacute;ene or &s;ixt&eacute;ene yeares pa&s;t manie young and &s;mall plants of this kind brought him home by Saylers from the Newfound land, with &s;ome of the earth wherein they did formerly grow, and planted them together with the &s;aid earth in conueni|ent places about his hou&s;e, where they haue &s;ince &s;o well pro&s;pered, that many of them at this pre&s;ent are about foure foot in circuit, and al&s;o very high and tapering. And they will grow vpon mountaines, grauellie &s;oyles, or in good earth, either by planting the young tr&eacute;e, or &s;owing of the &s;&eacute;ed.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>The&s;e Firre tr&eacute;es, as I haue heard trauaylers report, will al&s;o grow verie well in a heath or lingie &s;oyle, which if they would, what a benefit might we haue there|by in planting the young tr&eacute;es, or &s;owing of the &s;&eacute;edes in &s;uch grounds, from whence en&s;ueth (as it is) &s;carce a thought of any profit.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, and I haue &s;&eacute;ene them grow vpon &s;uch land as you &s;peake of, and that exc&eacute;eding large and tall; and if &s;ome indu&s;trious man would apply him&s;elf to make triall thereof in Wind&s;or Fore&s;t, or &s;ome &s;uch like heathie barren ground, his endeauour were worthily to be re&s;pec|ted, and no doubt would proue very acceptable to the Commonwealth.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>I like your di&s;cour&s;e &s;o well, that if you would here make an end, I thinke you haue &s;aid ynough to make
<PB N="9" REF="8"> me an excellent hu&s;band in my owne Woods, for I now per|ceiue that better &s;kill and hu&s;bandrie is v&s;ed about woods and wooddie grounds than v&s;ually is knowne.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I am glad you conceiue &s;o well of my &s;p&eacute;eches, I tru&s;t before we end our di&s;cour&s;e, to make it plainely appeare to you the excellencie and great commoditie of this new kind of indu&s;trie, or rather an old thrift newly reuiued. But what &s;aith goodman <HI>Ienings</HI> to this conference? it &s;&eacute;emeth nothing plea&s;ing to him, becau&s;e he hath b&eacute;ene &s;o long &s;ilent.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ienings.</SPEAKER>
<P>It may be you hit the nayle vpon the head: for the&s;e are matters beyond my capacitie or profit, and there|fore I intend not to trouble my &s;elfe with them.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>And why &s;o? is it not better for you to haue your Co|pies and Hedgrowes well &s;et and growne with tr&eacute;es, wher|by you may at ea&s;e &amp; with little co&s;t haue Hou&s;eboote, Fire|boote, &amp;c. more then &s;ufficient to &s;upply your wants, rather than that for want of them you perhaps doe &s;end two or thr&eacute;e myles, yea it may be tenne or twelue myles, or more, to fur|ni&s;h your &s;elfe therewith.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>I Sir, I graunt all that to be true; but if wee poore Farmers take paines to plant young tr&eacute;es and &s;ow Acornes, the&s;e great Landlords will be &s;ure to haue the crop thereof: &s;o that we haue nothing but our labours for our hire, which ind&eacute;ed doth greatly di&s;courage all hone&s;t men in that kind.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Herein you &s;ay but iu&s;t and rea&s;on: for if by your good meanes &amp; indu&s;trie you enrich your Landlords ground with any commoditie, there is al&s;o iu&s;t cau&s;e why the Lord &s;hould by d&eacute;ed &s;hew him&s;elfe thankfull to you for it. But to proc&eacute;ede, the nature of the plant and qualitie of the ground con&s;idered, you are then to enclo&s;e this circuit of ground, which you intend to plant or &s;ow, with a good ditch &amp; quick|&s;et<NOTE PLACE="marg">Ditch and quick&s;et.</NOTE> of White thorne, Crabtr&eacute;e, or Hollin mixed together, or el&s;e any one of them (and by no meanes, if you can chu&s;e, &s;et any Blacke thorne among&s;t it, for that it will grow into the fields ward, and &s;poyle pa&s;ture, and teare the wooll of the Sh&eacute;epes backe, though otherwi&s;e the Sloes of that bu&s;h are excellent for many di&s;ea&s;es, as al&s;o it will make a rea&s;onable
<PB N="10" REF="9"> good kind of drinke for poore people, by depre&s;&s;ing the iuice out of them) which done, let no cattell come thereinto: and when you begin to &s;et your plants, &s;et them &s;ix or eight foot di&s;tant the one from the other, and that al&s;o by a liue, which di&s;tance is &s;ufficient for them to pro&s;per well&punc; and al&s;o they being &s;et in that regular manner, it will be much plea&s;ing to the eye, e&s;pecially when they grow &amp; begin to beare leaues: and then to plant them well, you mu&s;t haue the ground well digged or ploughed, and ca&s;t vp like vnto the ridges of a corne<NOTE PLACE="marg">Ground dig|ged for ridges.</NOTE> field, about &s;ix or &s;euen foot wide, and about one foot high, and make furrowes betw&eacute;ene euerie row of plants of two yards wide: which &s;o done, the ayre, raine, and &s;now will much battell and mellow it, to the great comfort and pro&s;pering of the plant, e&s;pecially if at the fir&s;t you ca&s;t into the place where the plant &s;hall be &s;et good earth, whereby the root may nou|ri&s;h and f&eacute;ed it &s;elfe therein, without raunging to fa&s;ten it &s;elfe vpon other bad mould, which may cau&s;e the tr&eacute;e to pro&s;|per ill.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>This &s;&eacute;emeth an infinite labour and charge, the gaines had n&eacute;ed be great.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, that vpon the fir&s;t view or apprehen&s;ion thereof the labour and charge &s;&eacute;emeth &s;omewhat great, but with patience, and vpon &s;ome few yeares expectancie, the gaines will greatly ouertop the charge, as hereafter &s;hall be further declared.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray Sir at what time of the yeare is it be&s;t to plant in?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is a good time for planting, from about the fift&eacute;enth of Februarie to the beginning of Aprill; or generally, as &s;ome rather thinke it be&s;t, about the later end of September<NOTE PLACE="marg">The be&s;t time of planting.</NOTE> vntill the beginning of Ianuarie following, for then the chie|fe&s;t nouri&s;hment is in the root of the tr&eacute;e, and towards the &s;pring it a&s;cendeth to the vpper part of the plant&punc; and at &s;uch time mu&s;t you plant it, when the wind is neither in the Ea&s;t or North, and fr&eacute;e&s;eth not, but calme and warme, and in the encrea&s;e of the Moone, when the is in <HI>Taurus, Virgo,</HI> or <HI>Ca|pricorne.</HI></P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="11" REF="9">
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>And I pray in what &s;ort &s;hould we make choice of our plants to be planted?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;hall vnder&s;tand, there is no man who either in|tendeth or maintaineth a br&eacute;ed of Hor&s;es, but de&s;ireth to fur|ni&s;h him&s;elfe with faire proportionable Stallions, and an|&s;werable Mares, by which he expecteth like foales. And &s;o in planting, I would wi&s;h euery man that planteth tr&eacute;es to<NOTE PLACE="marg">The choice and v&s;ing of the plant.</NOTE> haue a &s;peciall care that the plant be taken vp with as many roots as may be, and if any be broken, let them be cut off, and tho&s;e not broken, cut the ends al&s;o of &s;ome little quantitie, as you thinke good, whereby they wit be the better refre&s;hed: and al&s;o make choi&s;e of your plant, to haue a &s;mooth &amp; cleane barke, not rough or mo&s;&s;ie, and that the &s;temme be &s;trai<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ht and long, without galles or frets, and then &s;et it in the earth as plum as you can, and couer the rootes with good mould, and pre&s;&s;e it downe ea&s;ily with your hand and foot, that the root may not lie hollow from the mould, and haue no ayre at all, whereby it will be the better nouri&s;hed, to take root in this good earth; which otherwi&s;e, the earth lying hollow from the root, it would bee in danger to die, or el&s;e like to &s;earch the firme and bad ground, which it &s;hould not do: and if it wanteth good nouri&s;hment, it would proue but a runti&s;h or &s;hrubbie tr&eacute;e. After all this is done, make vp your ridge &s;loping, that the raine and wet weather may not too much ann<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">y it, yet &s;o, that you make a little gutter at the foot of the plant, for receiuing of the water in drie weather, to nouri&s;h the root thereof. You mu&s;t al&s;o cut off the top of the &s;temme, and leaue it to be about fiue or &s;ix foot long out of the earth, and care mu&s;t be taken, that they be planted the &s;ame day, or the next day after they are taken vp, i<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> it may be. And before<NOTE PLACE="marg">The ground twice tille<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">.</NOTE> you begin to make the&s;e digged ridges, or plant your tr&eacute;es, the ground mu&s;t be twice tilled, once in Aprill, and then a|gaine in the later end of Iuly, after &s;ome great raine; and al&s;o you mu&s;t bee carefull to cleare them from Caterpillers, if any fall vpon them when they are planted, and begin to &s;pring.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Though I hate your profe&s;&s;ion, becau&s;e you pry into
<PB N="12" REF="10"> our liuings, yet I begin to conceiue well of your &s;p&eacute;eches: but you Surueyors are &s;hroade and terrible men to deale withall, when you come among vs poore Farmers, and therefore I dare not approue your conceit herein too much.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I pray my friend wherein are we &s;hroade and terri|ble men to deale withall&punc; for if we be employed in a Suruey of land, and doe according to truth and equitie make an ex|act and iu&s;t certificat to the Lord of the Manor of all the par|ticulars incident in the &s;aid Suruey, what &s;hroade or terri|ble dealing is this? Againe, if other men, and tho&s;e perhaps your neighbours, &s;hould out of malice (as many do) informe your Lord, that your Farme were better worth by twentie pounds the yeare than it is, whereby the Lord perhaps, &s;omewhat too couetous to aduance his own thrift, is drawne by their reports to prize it accordingly: and hereupon he em|ployeth a man of good &s;ufficiencie, both in &s;kill and hone&s;tie, to &s;uruey it: this man vpon the &s;urueying of euerie parti|cular hereof, certifieth the Lord in an vpright con&s;cience, that this your neighbours information was fal&s;e, and groun|ded altogether vpon malice and &s;pl&eacute;ene: if this then be &s;o, as commonly it is, it cannot be called terrible dealing in the Surueyor, but good and vpright iu&s;tice; and who then may be iu&s;tly &s;aid to be a &s;hroade and terrible man, this your ma|litious neighbour, or the hone&s;t Surueyor? And this haue I certainely knowne by experience, that vpon &s;urueying of a Manor, wherein I haue had power and authoritie from the Lord both to &s;et and &s;ell lands; during which time, diuers men haue come to me to deale for them by way of hiring and buying, wherein I haue found &s;uch apparant malice, as they would not onely in priuat importune me to outbid each other, but al&s;o euen publikely, and that with great earne&s;t|ne&s;&s;e affirme the &s;ame; and what then &s;hould I doe, but ac|cording to the tru&s;t repo&s;ed in me, informe the Lord thereof, and why al&s;o &s;hould not the Lord, without any imputation of racking his T<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">nants, take what willingly is offered him. And truly I mu&s;t n&eacute;edes &s;ay this of mo&s;t Tenants, that by <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ea&s;on of this gr&eacute;edine&s;&s;e and &s;pl&eacute;ene one again&s;t the other of
<PB N="13" REF="10"> hyring and buying land, they are more their owne enemies<NOTE PLACE="marg">Tenants are mo&s;t their own enemies.</NOTE> than is either the Surueyor or their Landlord; &s;o that hither vnto I &s;&eacute;e no &s;hroade or terrible dealing in the Surueyor: yet I will not denie but that there may be &s;ome &s;uch offici|ous men as you &s;peake of, who account them&s;elues &s;kilfull Surueyors, and who al&s;o to win a reputation in the world, will &s;&eacute;eme to e&s;timate land &s;o immea&s;urably d&eacute;ere, as there is no po&s;&s;ibilitie the Lord &s;hould euer get that rate for it. O|thers there may al&s;o bee, who doe value land at &s;o meane a price, as the Lord is greatly preiudiced thereby: which is a lamentable thing, and much detriment commeth to the buy|er as &s;eller thereof, and great pitie it is, that there is no re|dre&s;&s;e therefore. Neither is it po&s;&s;ible for a Surueyor to va|lue<NOTE PLACE="marg">What belon|geth to a&punc; skil|full Surueyor.</NOTE> lands truly, except he know the Tenure, Rents, Cu|&s;tomes, Seruices, Repri&s;es, and haue &s;ome vnder&s;tanding in the law; and al&s;o he mu&s;t be very iudicious in the qualitie and quantitie of the land, or el&s;e his error mu&s;t n&eacute;edes bee great: Therefore I would wi&s;h all Surueyors to bee verie carefull in this important matter of Suruey, which &s;hould with great iudgement &amp; indifferencie be managed betw&eacute;ene the Lord and Tenant. And now I tru&s;t I haue well &s;ati&s;fied you in the&s;e few words.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Well Sir, I am content for this pre&s;ent to take your &s;p&eacute;eches for payment, but I tru&s;t before we depart, to make you confe&s;&s;e your owne &s;hroade and terrible doings.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>If you can doe that iu&s;tly, let me then be proclaimed, not onely &s;hroade and terrible, but al&s;o di&s;hone&s;t and trea|<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">herous.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ma&s;ter <HI>Peregrine,</HI> our Farmer here is too conten|tious and cholericke, I pray let this idle controuer&s;ie be en|ded vntill &s;ome other time, and let vs proceede in our former di&s;cour&s;e of planting wood. Therefore Sir we mu&s;t entreat you to beare with this hone&s;t Farmers imperfection: for it is likely hee &s;peaketh according as hee hath found by &s;ome &s;uch officious men you &s;pake of euen now, who haue certified the value and goodne&s;&s;e of his Farme to be much better than the rent he now payeth; and therefore I pray
<PB N="14" REF="11"> haue patience, and let vs continue our &s;ubiect of Plan|ting.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Mo&s;t willingly, if it will plea&s;e this angrie Farmer to haue patience, and not to interrupt me, I will willingly frame my &s;elfe to a peaceable di&s;cour&s;e, and would be glad to &s;ati&s;fie him in any thing I can, and therefore &s;peake fr&eacute;ely, if you conceiue any doubt. And now to our planting againe. Next after you haue thus planted your tr&eacute;es, and that they are well and firmely &s;etled in the ground the whole Sum|mer and Winter, then towards the Spring you mu&s;t begin to trimme and hu&s;band them, which is a &s;peciall helpe and<NOTE PLACE="marg">Dre&s;&s;ing and husbanding of young trees.</NOTE> comfort to young tr&eacute;es for their better pro&s;pering, if it bee done in conuenient and due time: for the more they are trim|med and dre&s;&s;ed, the more will they pro&s;per and grow, and e&s;pecially the fir&s;t thr&eacute;e or foure yeares they mu&s;t bee mo&s;t carefully, and that twice in the yeare dre&s;&s;ed and trimmed, &s;omewhat like vnto your Hoppe grounds (I meane for the wel hu&s;banding of the mould, and howghing vp of the w&eacute;eds, the not doing whereof would endanger their de&s;truction) and that about the midde&s;t of Aprill, when they begin to put forth their buds, and then againe towards the end of Iune; and this mu&s;t be done as n&eacute;ere as you can after &s;ome raynie weather, and not in hot or drie weather, becau&s;e the earth being then drie and turned downeward towards the rootes, it mu&s;t n&eacute;eds be, that tho&s;e clods of earth will lye hollow, and not clo&s;e vpon the root, &s;o that for want of earth and moi&s;ture the plants mu&s;t of force die: which to the contrarie being digged in moi&s;t weather, the earth will then lye more n&eacute;er<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> and firme to the root, and the water that falleth will the ra|ther more ea&s;ily enter vnto it; which nouri&s;hment plants greatly de&s;ire. And the chiefe&s;t labour about young tr&eacute;es that are newly planted, is to k&eacute;epe the ground cleane from w&eacute;edes; which if they be &s;uffered to grow, they will in &s;uch<NOTE PLACE="marg">Weeding is nece&s;&s;arie for the Spring.</NOTE> &s;ort take away the &s;appe and heart of the ground from the plants, as it will much hinder them from growing to that hand&s;ome and full forme, as otherwi&s;e they would be, and perhaps proue to be wind &s;haken and galled tr&eacute;es, by rea&s;on
<PB N="15" REF="11"> they want that good nouri&s;hment as they expect: and as is daily &s;&eacute;ene in Hoppe grounds, which except they be well and orderly hu&s;banded in opening the hils, putting good moul<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> vpon the roots, and cleane kept from w&eacute;edes, you are like to haue but bad Hoppes. And &s;o will it proue in the&s;e plants, that being orderly hu&s;banded, as afore&s;aid, in due and &s;ea&s;o|nable times, you &s;hall find the profit double by the encrea&s;e of the &s;temme and branches; &s;o that then one of the greate&s;t cares is (after their planting, e&s;pecially if they be very young and &s;mall plants) to k&eacute;epe them cleane from w&eacute;eds for foure or fiue yeares: for if they be choaked or &s;mothered by them, how po&s;&s;ibly can they pro&s;per?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>This mu&s;t n&eacute;edes be a mo&s;t excellent cour&s;e and manner of planting, onely that the charge thereof will &s;ome|what di&s;may men from entring thereinto, which if it &s;hould, then we are &s;till like to haue all manner of wood goe downe, which at la&s;t mu&s;t n&eacute;edes make an end of all.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I tell you againe, the charge is little to be re&s;pected in regard of the profit, which within thr&eacute;e or foure yeres men &s;hall apparantly &s;&eacute;e come on&punc; which &s;hort time ended, the charge and labour is then pa&s;t for euer: for after the plants be growne to a &s;ufficient height &amp; &s;teadine&s;&s;e in the ground, that w&eacute;edes &amp; bu&s;hes cannot ouertop or &s;way them downe, then to the contrarie, the young tr&eacute;es &s;o growne, the &s;hadow of them will k&eacute;epe the Sunne and ayre from the w&eacute;edes, that they cannot get vp, or at lea&s;t very poorely: and if this were but once put in practi&s;e by &s;ome indu&s;trious men, and a diligent care had therein, as is afore&s;aid, I doe not thinke the contrarie, but that the vndertakers thereof would grow more ambitious and iealous in concealing the profit therein than the Marchant, who aduentureth great &s;ummes of mo|ney vpon vncertaine and de&s;perate hazards.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Why, I pray M. Surueyor, is it not daily &s;&eacute;ene, that young trees grow vp and pro&s;per well without &s;uch paines and charge, and that onely by the naturall nouri&s;hment and fruitfulne&s;&s;e of the ground or climate? And if &s;o, what then n&eacute;edes all this paines &amp; co&s;t: and therefore I &s;hould thinke
<PB N="16" REF="12"> (if men will n&eacute;edes be at co&s;t and charges) that &s;owing of A|cornes, and other &s;uch Timber &s;&eacute;edes, is much better, le&s;&s;e charge, and will grow vp as timely.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, many plants or young &s;iences or &s;prings grow vp naturally to goodly tall &amp; &s;traight tr&eacute;es, but where one doth come vp &s;o well without art, there doe an hundred peri&s;h for it, being either ouergrowne by w&eacute;edes or bu&s;hes, or<NOTE PLACE="marg">Trees &s;et by art doe grow &s;ooner and better than wild trees.</NOTE> eaten and bitten by cattell while they are young and tender, or el&s;e by &s;ome other ca&s;uall mi&s;chance they mi&s;carrie in this their infancie. And for that you thinke &s;owing of Acornes and other Timber &s;&eacute;eds more profitable, becau&s;e le&s;&s;e charge|able, I will pre&s;ently &s;peake &s;omewhat in approuing your o|pinion, the more fully to &s;ati&s;fie and encourage you &amp; others therein: for there is no doubt, but that they will grow and pro&s;per excellent well, and the tr&eacute;e that commeth vp of &s;uch &s;&eacute;edes, doe grow to their full height and top, which the plant doth not: but yet I hold planting to be more &s;ure, and as pro|fitable: yet would I not haue men &s;o farre to in&s;i&s;t vpon planting, as that they &s;hould expect, that not any &s;hould die: but this I &s;ay, that if the ground be well and orderly hu&s;ban|ded, and the plant carefully cho&s;en, and &s;et in the ground as afore&s;aid, that then in ordinarie vnder&s;tanding, not one in a hundred of them will die, as experience &s;heweth it true in many places, and particularly in Moorefields at London: and to that end I would wi&s;h ingenious and willing mindes to make tryall both of the plant &s;et thus by art, and the wild tr&eacute;e growing of his owne accord, and I make no doubt, but that they will confe&s;&s;e with me, that the plant thus orderly &s;et, will grow more in one yeare, and that al&s;o more comely than the wild tr&eacute;e will doe in two yeares.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Your di&s;cour&s;e is verie plea&s;ing, and probably may effect well, if it were put in practi&s;e: and of this you &s;aid &s;ufficiently, and therefore I thinke there n&eacute;edeth not any thing el&s;e to be done concerning the &s;etting and hu&s;banding of plants.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes, there is yet more to be &s;aid and done concerning this practi&s;e, which I &s;hall now &s;peake of. Before then you
<PB N="17" REF="12"> goe in hand to plant any young tr&eacute;es, you are fir&s;t to con&s;ider of two things; namely, the &s;oyle where you intend to plant,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Two things to be con&s;idered of in planting.</NOTE> and the &s;oyle where the plant did formerly grow: for if you intend to plant vpon a barren &s;oile, and take your plant from a fat &s;oyle, that tr&eacute;e will hardly pro&s;per at all: but contrari|wi&s;e, if you take your plant from a barren &s;oyle, and plant it in a fertile &s;oyle, that tr&eacute;e by all likelyhood will in time proue<NOTE PLACE="marg">Remouing of trees from a barren &s;oyle to a fat &s;oyle, and &s;o of the con|trarie.</NOTE> large and beautifull: for the firtler the ground is, the better will the tr&eacute;e thriue and beautifie, as well in his verdure, as bole and boughes, if it be well ordered at the fir&s;t, as is to be &s;&eacute;ene in euery place where great tr&eacute;es are, which &s;heweth they haue b&eacute;ene well and carefully hu&s;banded. And there|fore I would adui&s;e, that before any doe plant young tr&eacute;es, or &s;ow their &s;&eacute;edes, well to ob&s;erue the qualitie and &s;pecies of the &s;oyle, as whether the production or ve&s;ture thereof, either which now is, or formerly hath b&eacute;ene of a comely and large proportion; namely bigge bodies, large &s;preading branches and armes, &s;moothly growing, and high tapering tr&eacute;es; for in &s;uch layers one may with exc&eacute;eding plea&s;ure and comfort aduenture to plant or &s;ow, becau&s;e it is to be expected (order|ly ob&s;eruing the fore&s;aid pre&s;criptions) that the habitude or fertilitie of the ground will againe in time produce like growthes. And it were al&s;o good, that at the taking vp of the plant you made a marke vpon it, to know which &s;ide &s;tood to|wards the South Sunne, becau&s;e you may al&s;o &s;o &s;et it a|gaine, and it will pro&s;per &s;o much the better. Being thus planted, during the fir&s;t two or thr&eacute;e yeares, their boughes or &s;mall &s;prigges newly &s;hooting out (as &s;ome are of opinion) would gently and better be taken away with the hand (be|cau&s;e<NOTE PLACE="marg">Pruning of young Plants.</NOTE> tho&s;e &s;uperfluous twigges doe hinder the growth of the tr&eacute;e) rather then to cut them with a knife, or any edged toole: and in this &s;ort they mu&s;t be v&s;ed vntill the fourth yere, &amp; af|ter they are come to that growth, then v&s;e altogether an ed|ged toole to prune them withall, if you perceiue they &s;pring too thicke, and that they hinder each others growth, and leaue onely &s;ome few of the principall branches in the top: and this pruning mu&s;t be done in March, the Moone
<PB N="18" REF="13"> being in <HI>Taurus, Virgo,</HI> or <HI>Capricorne.</HI></P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ind&eacute;ed I like well of this pruning or &s;hredding of tr&eacute;es, e&s;pecially when they grow to &s;ome good bigne&s;&s;e of Timber, for then the D&eacute;ere haue their fill of brou&s;ing, the tr&eacute;e much pro&s;pereth, and we poore officers make &s;ome lit|tle commoditie of the remnant of &s;uch brou&s;e wood: and al|&s;o now and then for want of &s;ufficient brou&s;e for our fuell, we take a poore old doted tr&eacute;e or two to &s;upply our wants.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>M. <HI>Woodward,</HI> I bel&eacute;eue you without &s;wearing: for vnder the colour for brou&s;e for the D&eacute;ere, you make hauocke of loppes, and manie times fell branches or armes of Tim|ber tr&eacute;es, wherein my &s;elfe haue &s;&eacute;ene &s;ixt&eacute;ene or twentie foot of good Timber in many &s;uch loppings, wherein ind&eacute;ed you &s;hould fell boughes for brou&s;ing no bigger than the D&eacute;ere may well turne ouer with his hornes. And further, where you thinke it cau&s;eth the Timber tr&eacute;e to grow tall and large, therein you greatly deceiue your &s;elfe, for the boughes once cut from &s;uch a Timber tr&eacute;e, in that manner as you &s;peake of, be it either cut n&eacute;ere the bodie, or farre off, the wet and rainie weather doth then &s;traight begin to enter in, and euen from the highe&s;t of euerie &s;uch bough &s;o cut off, to the foot of the tr&eacute;e, the water will &s;lide and &s;oke downe betw&eacute;ene the<NOTE PLACE="marg">Lopping of Timber trees do quite &s;poile them.</NOTE> barke and the bole of the tr&eacute;e, and the longer that tr&eacute;e &s;tan|deth, the wor&s;e it will be, and within twelue or &s;ixt&eacute;ene yeres after that Timber tr&eacute;e will grow to bee little better than a very Dottard: yet it is good euerie twelue or fourt&eacute;ene yeres to lop and crop Dottard or Pollard tr&eacute;es, becau&s;e it will not hurt tho&s;e kind of tr&eacute;es, but be a meanes for them to beare more boughes; but yet lop not any tr&eacute;e in &s;ap time, lea&s;t that tr&eacute;e be in danger to peri&s;h within a &s;hort time after. But I per&s;uade my &s;elfe the chiefe&s;t cau&s;e why you make &s;uch large loppes, is neither for brou&s;e for the D&eacute;ere, nor yet that the tr&eacute;e &s;hould the better pro&s;per, but it is ind&eacute;ed out of a de&s;ire of gaines to &s;ell the loppes. And as for the taking of tr&eacute;es, which you are content to e&s;t&eacute;eme Dottard tr&eacute;es, I imagine many of you are as laui&s;h therein, as you are in cropping of Timber tr&eacute;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="19" REF="13">
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Why, I pray what is a Dottard tr&eacute;e? may we not call tho&s;e doted tr&eacute;es which are dead in the top?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Now good God, what an age is this! how plea&s;ingly men doe a&s;&s;ume to them&s;elues any thing which &s;auoureth of profit, how vniu&s;t &s;oeuer! But Sir, you &s;hall vnder&s;tand, that all tr&eacute;es decaied in the top are not accounted Dottards, though it be apparant that they are in declining, for in &s;uch tr&eacute;es happily there may be thr&eacute;e or foure loades of very good Timber. But a Dottard tr&eacute;e, as I conceiue, is any old tr&eacute;e<NOTE PLACE="marg">What is a do|ted tree.</NOTE> that beareth little or no verte, nor in which is &s;carce any tim|ber, nor yet good for little el&s;e but for the fire: and therefore you mu&s;t be carefull what manner of tr&eacute;es you take, lea&s;t that afterward, vpon complaint, you be called in que&s;tion to an&s;wer your offence: and if tho&s;e f&eacute;es and allowances were prohibited as well from taking as felling, and to be allowed no more than &s;hould &s;ufficiently &s;erue for your owne fuell, the Kings Timber would be much the better pre&s;erued.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>What Ma&s;ter Surueyor, haue we all this while approued your &s;p&eacute;eches for good and commendable, and will you now oppo&s;e your &s;elfe again&s;t poore Woodwards, K&eacute;e|pers, and other officers of Woods, who now &amp; then get &s;ome &s;uch poore f&eacute;es? I had thought you had b&eacute;en a man of a more charitable and friendly di&s;po&s;ition.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Charitable! I: let men of his profe&s;&s;ion be but a lit|tle countenanced by &s;ome great man, and you will in&s;tantly &s;&eacute;e how they will domin&eacute;ere ouer &s;uch poore men as we be.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ind&eacute;ed Ma&s;ter Surueyor, where lawfull f&eacute;es haue b&eacute;ene of cu&s;tome due to Officers, I &s;&eacute;e no cau&s;e why they &s;hould be abridged of them, they clayming but the auncient and ordinarie f&eacute;es, which for many yeares their predece&s;&s;ors haue had.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Why I pray what hurt haue I &s;aid? which though by way of di&s;cour&s;e I &s;pake of &s;uch an abu&s;e; yet it lyeth not in me to determine it, neither are they the <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">urther from it, nor is it my meaning, that the&s;e officers &s;hould lo<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e hereby, if it &s;hould be taken from them: but directly I &s;ay it is an abu&s;e, and the Timber is much impayred thereby, and I could wi&s;h a
<PB N="20" REF="14"> reformation thereof, as al&s;o that &s;uch officers &s;hould haue competent f&eacute;es or allowances in mony in &s;tead of loppes and brou&s;e wood, whereby the Kings Timber might be the bet|ter pre&s;erued.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>You doe well to &s;alue what you haue &s;aid: but how I pray, What competent f&eacute;es can bee allowed them? What likelyhood is there in that?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Marry thus: where a Woodward or K&eacute;eper perhaps doe make yearely of &s;uch brou&s;e wood tenne pounds (either by &s;elling the wood, or burning of it to a&s;hes) I would haue them &s;trictly prohibited from felling but &s;o much, and &s;uch as will &s;ufficiently &s;erue the D&eacute;ere for brou&s;ing, and that &s;uch loppings &s;hould not any way annoy or impayre the tr&eacute;e, and tho&s;e &s;o felled, that when the D&eacute;ere haue done brou|&s;ing of them, that the Keeper haue a competencie thereof for his fuell, and the remaine &s;hould be &s;old to the Kings v&s;e by &s;ome other officer appointed for that purpo&s;e: and then, for that the Keeper is thus abridged of the&s;e fees, which he can|not in right chalenge, yet I would wi&s;h that h&eacute;e might &s;till haue the &s;ame proportion <HI>per annum</HI> in money, not becau&s;e I hold it a thing due vnto him, but becau&s;e it will encourage him to be more carefull in his office, as well in looking to the Game, that no idle per&s;ons range vp and downe with dogs, Cro&s;&s;ebowes, or Gunnes; and al&s;o to the Wood, that no &s;ticke-carriers or other p<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">rloyning people doe abu&s;e them|&s;elues therein by hacking and mangling of the trees: and though this may &s;eeme a charge to the King, by paying yere|ly a certaine &s;umme out of his cofers, where before he payed none, yet vpon good con&s;ideration (vnder correction) hee &s;hould greatly gaine hereby: for this tenne pounds the yeare which you get by &s;elling this brou&s;e wood, is perhaps richly worth twentie pounds (for you cannot po&s;&s;ibly get the full price thereof, but you mu&s;t needes &s;ell it greatly vnder the value, as glad to haue it gone, for that you dare not approue the &s;ale thereof) &s;o that his Maie&s;tie &s;hall &s;aue one way by the bargaine in not lopping of any trees, becau&s;e the tree &s;hall then &s;till haue his full burthen, and he &s;hall &s;aue much
<PB N="21" REF="14"> more another way by the well pre&s;eruing his Timber treees, if no &s;uch Loppes bee felled at all: For as I &s;aid before, &s;uch loppings or &s;hreddings doe vtterly &s;poile ma|ny good Timber trees. For if your tree at the Lopping or Shredding thereof were worth fortie &s;h<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">lings, that tree within twelue or &s;ixteene yeares following will in|cline to be a Dottard tree, and worth perhaps not aboue fifteene or twentie &s;hilings. I &s;peake not this vpon coniec|ture, but vpon certaintie which I know to be true, part|ly vpon my owne ob&s;eruation, and partly vpon confe|rence which I haue had with diuers Woodwards and Baylifes in my late circuit Northward for Suruey and &s;ale of &s;ome of his Maie&s;ties Woods. And now I pray what hurt haue I &s;aid again&s;t Woodwards, Keepers, or other Officers belonging to Woods? Nay, haue I not to the contrarie, &s;poken with good indifferencie betweene the King and them?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ienings.</SPEAKER>
<P>Indeed you haue now made &s;ome amends, and I conceiue better of you for your plaine &s;peeches, then I did at the fir&s;t: For to tell you true, mo&s;t of you Surueyors are odious to Farmers.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Suruey.</SPEAKER>
<P>As I will not endeuour to approoue all Sur|neyors hone&s;t men, &s;o I would not haue hone&s;t and di&s;|creete Surueyors condemned, but as they are &s;o I leaue them. But now againe to our Planting, wherein wee haue &s;omewhat (though not altogether vnnece&s;&s;arily) digre&s;&s;ed. I told you before, that it is fit to prune <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ong Plants vntill three or foure yeares after they are Plan|ted, and al&s;o after, if you &s;ee cau&s;e and this pruning mu&s;t<NOTE PLACE="marg">The time to prune yong trees or plants.</NOTE> be about March, when the cold weather and Fro&s;ts are pa&s;t, for if you &s;hould prune them in Winter time, it would greatly endanger the Plants: And you may thus continue pruning of them, till towards the midde&s;t of Aprill, at what time the B<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">d beginneth to put forth. And after they are come to the growth of thr&eacute;e or foure yeares, they mu&s;t be cut finely and neately with a &s;harpe hooke
<PB N="22" REF="15"> or Hatchet, in doing which you mu&s;t v&s;e great care from &s;haking or loo&s;ing the Roote of the Plant, and this cour&s;e of pruning you may v&s;e yearely for a long or &s;hort time, if need be, and many of tho&s;e little &s;prigges, or boughes &s;o cut off, may &s;erue to Plant in other places, making choice of the &s;traighte&s;t or hand&s;ome&s;t among them, they may al|&s;o in time proue faire tall trees. And &s;ome do write, that if you will haue an Oake, or any other tr&eacute;e to continue<NOTE PLACE="marg">A &s;ecret.</NOTE> greene all the Summer and Winter, you mu&s;t graft it vpon a Colewort &s;tock: which kind of experiment I leaue to the ingenious to practi&s;e.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pe.</SPEAKER>
<P>Now tru&s;t me your di&s;cour&s;e of Planting is verie plea&s;ing, and happily may proue very profitable; and I pray giue me leaue al&s;o to adde one other benefit thereun|to, which is, that by this manner of hu&s;bandry, poore men &s;hall now and then helpe them&s;elues by earning a peny.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, and they may al&s;o, when Wood is growne to be more plentiful, keep better fires, with much le&s;&s;e co&s;t, and your Hedges are like to &s;tand longer.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray what circuite or quantitie would you haue this peece of ground to be which &s;hould be thus planted.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Becau&s;e it &s;hould not &s;&eacute;eme tedious or chargeable to y^<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> vndertakers of this good worke. I would wi&s;h it were not aboue eight or ten Acres more or le&s;&s;e, according as the parties ability &amp; de&s;ire is to haue it, &amp; that either to be within one hedge, or el&s;e in &s;euerall, little, and conuenient places about the ground, for be it great or little, when they once begin this worke, they will haue as great de&s;ire and plea&s;ure in &s;&eacute;eing of it kindly to pro&s;per and grow, as they haue in their Hoppe grounds, or rather much more. For though Hops do now &amp; then y&eacute;eld a good commoditie, yet in re&s;pect of the continuall great charge of them, &amp; vncer|taintie of the y&eacute;ere, I haue known many a man, who haue giuen ouer planting of them; which is not &s;o in this cour&s;e of planting trees: for after the fir&s;t thr&eacute;e or foure yeares
<PB N="23" REF="15"> charge and labour, there is then no more to be done to them, or at lea&s;t very little, but onely a diligent care to bee had in pre&s;eruing of what is already well done, and which will al|wayes remaine to po&s;teriti<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ie.</SPEAKER>
<P>I now begin to like your di&s;cour&s;e well of Planting tr&eacute;es, according as you haue &s;aid: and I thinke it were al&s;o very fit to Plant in Hedgrowes, and &s;o quick&s;et euery ditch, where already are none, or perhaps but thinne Hedges of boughes, or bu&s;hes; for this once well done, they would &s;ufficiently &s;trengthen one another, hee a great &s;auing of Wood, and al&s;o be a Fence to the worlds end, and we fr&eacute;e from hauing our Hedges broken downe; the repayring of which, is daily a charge to vs, and many times br&eacute;edes much di&s;content and &s;uite betw&eacute;ene neighbours.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, and therefore I maruaile at tho&s;e Land|lords, who doe graunt many E&s;tates either for liues or y&eacute;eres of their Land, doe not condition with &s;uch per&s;ons to Plant tr&eacute;es and Quick&s;et ditches in connenient places of the Farme &s;o graunted, and e&s;pecially in Champian Countries where Wood is &s;carce. And al&s;o it were mo&s;t nece&s;&s;arie that when the Lord felleth any Timber tr&eacute;es in his Farme or demeane Lands, that he doe for euery tr&eacute;e &s;o felled, cau&s;e to be &s;et thr&eacute;e or foure yong Plants fit and likely to proue to be Timber, in &s;t&eacute;ede thereof, which cour&s;e would not be &s;<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> chargeable as profitable. For by this meanes al&s;o we &s;hould haue Wood and Timber perpetually without want.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pe.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay well, if Tenants would be carefull therein to &s;&eacute;e them pro&s;per: and for my part I intend to make triall thereof vpon the next Farme which falleth to me. But now Sir, that you haue thus probably &s;poken of Planting yong tr&eacute;es, I would de&s;ire you if you plea&s;e, to begin to &s;peake &s;omewhat of &s;owing Acornes, Che&s;nuts, B&eacute;echma&s;t, &amp;c. For if you &s;peake with that good likelyhood of the one, as you haue done of the other, I &s;&eacute;e no rea&s;on to the contrarie, if men would apply them&s;elues hereunto, and be indu&s;trious, but that we might in very few y&eacute;eres haue the whole Realm &s;ufficiently furni&s;hed with Wood, to &s;erue our &s;elues and po&s;teritie for euer.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="24" REF="16">
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>No que&s;tion but it would be &s;o, if men would not al|together be &s;o &s;lacke in their owne profit of this nature, but that they would bee plea&s;ed to plant yearely one hundred or two hundred of young tr&eacute;es, more or le&s;&s;e, and that for foure or fiue yeares together, in conuenient places about their grounds (the charge of which would not be &s;o much, as the profit thereof would bee plea&s;ing and commodious) they &s;hould then bee their owne Iudges to con&s;ider, whether it were profitable or no: to which I will leaue them, and will now, if you plea&s;e, &s;peake a little of &s;owing Acornes, Che&s;|nuts, B&eacute;echma&s;te, and A&s;hen keyes.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>I pray doe; for hetherunto you haue &s;poken well of planting, and I long to heare an end of your opinion in this kind.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, mo&s;t willingly, and I will now begin to &s;ati&s;fie your de&s;ire. You mu&s;t then fir&s;t let your ground be of a good and fertile &s;oyle, neither too wet, drie, or barren, and that it be<NOTE PLACE="marg">Preparing of ground for &s;owing of Acornes.</NOTE> &s;eated in a warme place, and towards the South Sunne, if it may be, and let it be wel digged or ploughed, as you would doe if it were to &s;et or &s;<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">w Wheat in; and make choi&s;e of your Acornes to be ripe, but not ouerdrie, faultie, or corrup|ted. Then mu&s;t you haue a Firre boord, which mu&s;t haue &s;ix or eight rea&s;onable big woodden pinnes fa&s;tened in it, a foot di&s;tant the one from the other, of fiue or &s;ix ynches long, and when you begin to &s;et your &s;&eacute;ed, you mu&s;t lay this boord vpon the ground, and pre&s;&s;e it &s;o downe, that euery of tho&s;e pinnes make holes in the ground of that depth the pinnes are long; and then let another (for more expedition) goe along with you, to carrie and put the &s;&eacute;ed into tho&s;e holes, and alwayes when hee hath &s;o done, let him then couer tho&s;e holes with a little loo&s;e earth: and you mu&s;t &s;et them euen and &s;traight by a long line; and which mu&s;t be done in Nouember, in the de|crea&s;ing of the Moone in moi&s;t grounds, and encrea&s;ing of the Moone in drie grounds, &s;hee being then in <HI>Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Libra, Capricorne, Aquarius,</HI> or <HI>Pi&s;ces:</HI> and the be&s;t time to gather your Acornes for k&eacute;eping and &s;owing of them is in October. And after they are thus &s;et in the ground&punc; let
<PB N="25" REF="16"> them then be watered <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">uening and <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 word">, it conueniently you can, and that there be <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 word"> thereof. And al&s;o be carefull, that the Birds and Crowes be kept away from eating the &s;eed or yong &s;prigges which grow vp: and the&s;e &s;&eacute;edes when they are come vp and growne to be tr&eacute;es, will bee more high and tall (by rea&s;on they haue alwaies the full height of their tops) than your Plant, that is thus &s;et as afore&s;aid, becau&s;e his top at the &s;etting or planting thereof, is cut <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">f. Some men al&s;o doe v&s;e to &s;ow Acornes, Che&s;nuts, &amp;c. (as they ca<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> it) vnder <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">urrough with the hand, as you do ca<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e, and which al&s;o is good: both which &s;orts of &s;etting and &s;<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">wing the A|corne I will leaue to your practi&s;e.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I ma<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">uaile why you would haue &s;uch good ground, charge, &amp; paines be&s;towed thereon, for the planting of your Oake, con&s;idering that it is not vnknowne to you, that a<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">ll in this, as many other Counties of England,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Trees growing vpon rockie grounds.</NOTE> great and <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">ll Timber tr&eacute;es doe grow and pro&s;per excellent well vpon Rockie grounds, and where &s;uch Rockes are, I would rather haue them employed for tho&s;e purpo&s;es than our good land.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>The rea&s;on why tr&eacute;es grow vpon Rockie grounds, as I conceiue, is this: Your Rockes or Mountaines that bring forth great tr&eacute;es, it is to be intended, that they are not firme or &s;olide, but haue many veines in them, where the ve|rie heart and mother of the &s;oyle lyeth, and where happily &s;uch tr&eacute;es doe chaunce to grow, by being either planted or <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">owne of Acornes, there with<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">t all doubt they will as well encrea&s;e and fructifie, as vpon any other <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">oyle what&s;oeuer, becau&s;e in th<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">&s;e veines the whole nouri&s;hment of the &s;oyle doth more abundantly a&s;cend vp and f&eacute;ede the tr&eacute;e, th<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">n it doth in any open fertile grounds. And I can giue you an in|&s;tance thereof by Vines growing along the Riuer of Rhine vpon the &s;ides of Rockes, where tho&s;e countrey people doe more e&s;t&eacute;eme &s;uch a Vine garden, both for quantitie &amp; good|ne&s;&s;e of the grape, than they doe a garden planted in a large and battable ground: yet though we &s;&eacute;e &s;<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">me rock<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e grounds to beare large tr&eacute;es, I would not adui&s;e any to be&s;tow much
<PB N="26" REF="17"> co&s;t in planting them vpon &s;uch hard and de&s;perate aduen|tures, though yet not ami&s;&s;e to trie conclu&s;ions, how or whe|ther they will there pro&s;per or no.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, I commend your rea&s;ons why tr&eacute;es doe grow vpon Rockie grounds, but your opinion concerning the di|&s;tance of &s;etting Acornes I cannot approue, becau&s;e you al|low but one foot di&s;tance betw&eacute;ene euerie Acorne thus &s;et, which I thinke too little by much: for con&s;idering that when they are growne vp to bee tr&eacute;es, the longer they grow, the greater they will be, &s;o that in the end there will bee no legges to beare the&s;e bodies, I meane all the ground will be tr&eacute;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay well: for if there were no larger di&s;tance al|lowed for the &s;etting of them than one &s;quare foot, the ground ind&eacute;ed would not bee able to beare them: therefore as you leaue long&s;twayes but one foot di&s;tance, &s;o al&s;o &s;idewayes you &s;hall leaue fiue or &s;ix f&eacute;et, which will be di&s;tance &s;uffici|ent: and yet notwith&s;tanding that di&s;tance, if all of them doe not pro&s;per well, and grow &s;traight and &s;&eacute;emely when they are come vp (as perhaps many of them will not doe) you may then make a culling of the mo&s;t vnhand&s;ome&s;t of them, from the other of finer and <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">eater growth, and then tho&s;e re|maining, the greater they grow, the better they will pro&s;per. And this Garden or Nurcerie thus made, you may, when they are growne to thr&eacute;e foot high, remoue of them how ma|ny you plea&s;e, and to what other conuenient place about your ground you thinke fit; and begin to remoue them from the change to the full, or in the la&s;t quarter of the Moone, &s;he<NOTE PLACE="marg">The be&s;t time to remoue young plants.</NOTE> being in <HI>Taurus</HI> or <HI>Capricorne,</HI> and let it be done in Septem|ber, October, or Nouember, before the rootes grow to be too &s;trong, and then being planted, they will pro&s;per much the better. And when you doe remoue and &s;et the&s;e young plants anew, if you cut off the toppes and prune them, they will pro&s;per the better to beare Ma&s;te; but if you intend to re&s;erue them for Timber tr&eacute;es, then meddle not at all with the toppes of them, becau&s;e they will be more &s;traight, &s;&eacute;eme|ly, and higher for that purpo&s;e.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="27" REF="17">
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>This is &s;poken to great rea&s;on: for there is no que|&s;tion but if you remoue your young plants to a firtler &s;oyle, they will in &s;hort time <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">reatly aduance them&s;elues in their growth: and if we did not in liue &s;ort trium<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e and dre&s;&s;e our Hoppes, by pulling away &s;prigges and rootes, which &s;uper|fluou&s;ly grow out of them, and al&s;o put &s;h&eacute;epe into our wheat grounds which grow too ranke, to eat it downe, wee &s;hould haue as bad Hoppes as Corne, and little profit &s;hould wee haue by either: &s;o that this cour&s;e of hu&s;banding yong plants mu&s;t n&eacute;edes be very good.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You are likewi&s;e to con&s;ider, to &s;et w&eacute;eders on worke, that the &s;&eacute;edes be not &s;mothered by w&eacute;edes, nor that the ayre,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Weeding.</NOTE> Sunne, or heart of the earth be taken away by them, which e&s;pecially in wet weather will grow apace among the &s;&eacute;edes and plants: for if the&s;e nouri&s;hments and comforts doe not fr&eacute;ely come to the &s;&eacute;ed and tender plants, newly &s;et or come vp, as I haue alreadie &s;aid, there is no doubt but that it will endanger the whole Croppe; which otherwi&s;e by this good meanes and labor of w&eacute;eding the<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">, wi&s;t cau&s;e th<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">m to grow and pro&s;per &s;o well, as that within &s;hort time they will haue the greater power of the w&eacute;edes: and if there were no &s;uch labour in this kind, the w&eacute;edes would a&s;&s;uredly ouer grow, and &s;poile them, and cau&s;e them to come vp a<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters"> grow &s;o abortiue and ill fauoured, as you would neither find plea|&s;ure or profit therein.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay true: for as I &s;aid before of Hoppes and Corne, if they be not in their kinds well pruned, hu&s;banded, and w&eacute;eded, in faith we were like to haue poore Croppes, and therefore w&eacute;eding of the&s;e &s;&eacute;edes and young &s;prigges newly come vp, mu&s;t needes be mo&s;t excellent for their better pro&s;|pering.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>The&s;e trees and &s;eedes thus let, you mu&s;t be care|full that the ground be well fenced, that no manner of cattell<NOTE PLACE="marg">The ground fenced.</NOTE> may come in for &s;poyling the Speing, and pa&s;&s;engers would be kept out, becau&s;e they &s;hould not touch or handle th<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">&s;e tender &s;prigges. And this manner of &s;etting Acornes, Che&s;|nuts, B&eacute;echma&s;te, or any other &s;eed for trees, may <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters"> in voide
<PB N="28" REF="18"> places, wooddie grounds, or betw&eacute;ene <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">re<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">s where there is<NOTE PLACE="marg">Seed or plants may al&s;o be &s;et in void places o<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> in wooddie grounds.</NOTE> any roo<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">re or &s;cope &s;ufficient, or in Hedgrowes, as well as in this appointed and hu&s;banded place made of purpo&s;e, &s;o that there bee a diligent care had in trimming the ground and well pre&s;eruing them afterward.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pe.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is very true: for we were much better to employ vacant places and Ga<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">les in Springs and woodie grounds, and in Hedgrowes to &s;ome good profit, then to let them li<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> and be nurceries for weedes and tra&s;h without any conund|ditie. And &s;urely this cour&s;e of &s;etting or &s;owing Acornes is very nece&s;&s;arie for tho&s;e who dwell in Champian Coun|tries, and can hardly come by any Plants either for loue or money, and I doe much wonder that men of good woorth, and al&s;o Farmers &amp; Hu&s;bandmen, where Wood is &s;carce, and al&s;o at exce&s;&s;iue pri&s;es, doe not take this cour&s;e of &s;etting Acornes, A&s;hen-keyes, Withies, &amp;c.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ie.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir it is no wonder. For men of worth haue common|by a good Spring where&s;oeuer they goe, I meane, their pur|&s;es are well and thickly &s;et with Crownes, &s;o that they may at all times k&eacute;epe good firing. And as for the poore Tenant, I haue giuen a &s;ufficient rea&s;on before, why he is vnwilling to be&s;tow that labour and co&s;t: and M. Surueyour, I thanke him, d<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters"> approue my rea&s;on to be good and hone&s;t.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>In deede you &s;peake to good purpo&s;e, and I could wi&s;h that many Land-lords were better re&s;pectiue of their poore T<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">ants, a&s;well for the Land-lords owne profit and honour, as for the Tenants better reliefe of him&s;elfe and family.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ie.</SPEAKER>
<P>God I giue him thankes that I heare a man of your prefe&s;&s;i<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">s &s;o charitably affected towards poore men, for I did &s;urely agree with the common opinion, you all were great enemies to vs poore Farmers; but now vpon better con&s;ideration I &s;&eacute;e it otherwi&s;e: But well, I pray proceede.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>A <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 word"> might likewi&s;e an&s;were you, according to common opinion, that all Farmers de&s;ire to conceale th<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> quantitie, qualitie, and value of their Farmes from the knowledge of the Lord: yet I am not of that opinion, but
<PB N="29" REF="18"> thinke the contrarie, that all hone&s;t Farmers will truely certifie the Lord the truth of euery the former particulars. But lea<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ing euery man to his own con&s;cience&punc; let vs againe returne to the &s;ubiect of our di&s;cour&s;e. The place &amp; ground thus fenced, and the Spring now growen to ten or twelue yeares of age, both plea&s;ure and profit will now begin a|pace to come on. And fir&s;t for the plea&s;ure thereof, it great|ly<NOTE PLACE="marg">Plea&s;ures of the Spring.</NOTE> delighteth the fight with the varietie of his greene and plea&s;ant colours; the harmonie and Mu<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">de of the Birds i<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> plea&s;ant to the eare; the Ha<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e and Fore hunted with a ke|nell of good mouthed Dogges doth al&s;o greatly reioyce the &s;pirits and minds of man with an excellent re&s;ounding crie; fine and plea&s;ant cooling walkes in the heate of Summer are there to be had, as well to keepe t<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">m from the heate of the Sunne, as al&s;o to &s;ol<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ce them&s;elues in priuate from be|ing di&s;tracted in their other affaires. With the&s;e plea&s;ures and many more not here &s;poken of (which commeth by plan|ting or &s;owing of this Wood) there may by para<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">el<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> as ma|ny<NOTE PLACE="marg">Commoditie of the Spring.</NOTE> profitable commodities: as namely by putting in of Cat|tle (for at the&s;e yeares the Spring is pa&s;t all danger by be|ing annoyed with their f&eacute;eding there) in the heate of Sum|mer, which by rea&s;on of the great &s;tore of &s;hadow in this Spring, the Cattle will feede and like the better, and it is al&s;o in the Winter time, good <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 word"> and &s;helter for them, and which al&s;o will greatly enrich and battle the ground: Then may you at fifte<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ne or &s;ixteene yeares growth, make a fell either of the whole or part of the Spring, which happe|ly you may f<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ll for foure or fiue pounds the Acrs, or accor|ding as the valu<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> and vent for W<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">d is in that place whers it grow<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">th: and you are al&s;o like to haue &s;tore of Ma&s;te of as many kinds as you <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ew, to fat your Swine withall, and for other good purpo&s;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>The plea&s;ure &amp; profit no doubt of &s;uch a Spring, is very great, but I pray what number of Standils for Tim|ber tr&eacute;es are to be left vpon euery Acre at the time of f<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">lling the Spring?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>As I intend not now to &s;peake of the whole cour&s;e
<PB N="30" REF="19"> of the Statutes concerning Wood, yet I would bee glad to &s;ati&s;fie you in any thing I can: therefore you &s;hall vnder|&s;tand that euery Spring &s;o felled, the Owners or buyers thereof are bound by Statute, to leaue twelue yong Trees, commonly called Standils for Timber trees, vpon euery Acre, which Standils mu&s;t not be afterward felled, vntill they are growen to bee ten ynches &s;quare within thr&eacute;e foote<NOTE PLACE="marg">The number of Standils to be left vpon euery Acre of Wood-land.</NOTE> of the ground (except it bee for needfull v&s;e of repaire) in which leauing of Standils, I would adui&s;e the feller to haue a &s;peciall care that he maketh choy&s;e of the &s;traighte&s;t and neate&s;t growen Standils for that purpo&s;e.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Your adui&s;e herein is good, for as the Plant is, &s;o is the Tree like to proue: and I perceiue, the ground which beareth Wood, con&s;idering the great plea&s;ure, pro|fit,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Wood-ground as profitable as Corne ground.</NOTE> and little charge thereof, is little inferiour in commodi|tie to the ground which is employed in bearing of Corne or Hoppes.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay well, but if any difference be in the profit of them, I thinke it rather in the Wood-ground, e&s;pecially if it be hu&s;banded and pre&s;erued accordingly as I haue &s;aid, and that the vent for Wood where it groweth be deare: For it is true, that though the profit of Woods be longer in com|ming to a mans pur&s;e, then Corne or Hops are, yet in the end it maketh a double recompence, becau&s;e the fir&s;t three or foure yeares charge once defrayed, nature then of it &s;elfe, without further charge or labour, will abundantly bring forth the Crop: which is not &s;o in Corne or Hop grounds, becau&s;e they beare not without continuall charge of Til|lage, Hop-poles, digging and deluing, &s;eruants, and good hu&s;bandrie. But now if you plea&s;e I will begin to draw to an end, wherein I haue b&eacute;ene the more prolixe to &s;et downe the cour&s;e of Planting yong Tr&eacute;es, and &s;owing Acornes, as al&s;o in &s;peaking &s;omewhat of the plea&s;ure and profit which commeth by Woods, to the end that tho&s;e who are indu&s;tri|ous, may hereby be the rather encouraged to begin and pro|c&eacute;ede in this profitable cour&s;e; and let none euer thinke the
<PB N="31" REF="19"> time large in reaping profit hereby, but let them be &s;orie that they haue lo&s;t &s;o much time, becau&s;e they Planted and Sowed no &s;ooner. And note, that all Timber tr&eacute;es which grow vpon high grounds, though they will not be &s;o large,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Note.</NOTE> tall, and tough, yet will they bee of a more beautifull, and plea&s;ing graine, then tho&s;e which grow in low Valleyes, and al&s;o it will la&s;t and endure longer. And as you &s;ow Acorns, &s;o mu&s;t you d<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e B&eacute;eth-ma&s;t, and A&s;hen-keyes; and as for the maner of &s;owing and &s;etting of Che&s;nuts, I will hereaf|ter more at large &s;peake of, and in the meane time I will onely acquaint you with the difference of &s;ome &s;euerall tr&eacute;es for Timber, and what grounds are mo&s;t apt for them to pro|&s;per: And al&s;o &s;et downe &s;ome briefe Rules to take the Sol|lid content of any Timber-tr&eacute;e &s;tanding, together with the height thereof, performed by a &s;mall portable In&s;trument which is both facill and plea&s;ant, (and which may be caried in one pocket) fitting that purpo&s;e.</P>
</SP>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="2" TYPE="part">
<PB N="32" REF="20">
<HEAD>THE SECOND PART,</HEAD>
<ARGUMENT>
<P><HI>Di&s;cour&s;ing of the Commodities and Di&s;|commodities</HI> of inclo&s;ing decayed Forre&s;ts, Commons, and Wa&s;t grounds.</P>
</ARGUMENT>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Peregrine.</SPEAKER>
<P>_MA&s;ter Surueyor, you haue formerly &s;poken &s;o well of planting and &s;owing in this kind, as I long to heare your opinion concerning the differences and qualities of Tr&eacute;es, that here|by we might compo&s;e of this our Di&s;cour&s;e &s;ome ample introduction to this your new kind of Hu&s;bandrie. And the rather mo&s;t abundantly to ad|uance this kind of thrift by planting of tr&eacute;es, and &s;owing of their &s;&eacute;edes for encrea&s;e of Timber and Fuell, or rather to haue it linked with a benefit equalling, or farre exc&eacute;eding it in a generall profit, I &s;hould thinke it not ami&s;&s;e, that decayed<NOTE PLACE="marg">Taking in of decayed Fo|re&s;ts, Com|mons, and Wa&s;t grounds.</NOTE> Fore&s;ts, Commons, and Wa&s;t grounds might bee taken in and diuided into &s;euerals, with good ditches, which &s;hould be &s;et with Quick&s;et, and al&s;o planted with young Tr&eacute;es, ac|cordingly as my neighbor <HI>Ienings</HI> did &s;peake of euen now.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, your memorie is good, and it is true that I &s;pake of quick&s;etting and planting ditches about a Farme or De|meane grounds, but not to haue decaied Fore&s;ts, Commons, or Wa&s;t grounds inclo&s;ed: for hereby the King &s;hould bee greatly &s;canted in his plea&s;ure, euery man wronged, the poore generally be vndone&punc; and all would be in an vprore.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="33" REF="20">
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>That is but as you conceiue it: for it is not inten|ded that any Fore&s;ts &s;hould bee inclo&s;ed where is &s;tore of Game, or n&eacute;ere to any place where v&s;ually his Maie&s;tie ma|keth any progre&s;&s;e for his plea&s;ure, but I would haue onely &s;uch decayed Fore&s;ts inclo&s;ed which haue few or no D&eacute;ere in them, and which are farre remote from any &s;uch his High|ne&s;&s;e places of progre&s;&s;e or plea&s;ure, and which al&s;o are a charge to his Maie&s;tie, by paying officers their f&eacute;es, and yet neither profit or plea&s;ure commeth by them. And though this name of inclo&s;ing and taking in of Commons and wa&s;t grounds be odious to the Communaltie, and therefore may &s;&eacute;eme dangerous, yet if they did rightly apprehend it, that as well the rich as the poore might reape a generall good hereby (as mo&s;t a&s;&s;uredly they would) no doubt they would vni|formely importune, that all &s;uch decaied Fore&s;ts, Commons, and Wa&s;t grounds might be taken in.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yea, when there is any apparance of &s;uch a generall benefit, then it is likely they will y&eacute;eld thereunto, but in my opinion there is neither benefit or con&s;cience to be expected hereby.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Nay there you &s;peake &s;omewhat too vnadui&s;edly: for<NOTE PLACE="marg">By inclo&s;ing of Commons is both benefit &amp; con&s;cience.</NOTE> by inclo&s;ing of Wa&s;t grounds there is both benefit and con|&s;cience. And fir&s;t in generall for the benefit, it conuerteth all &s;uch bad and Wa&s;t grounds to be good and profitable to all tho&s;e who haue any intere&s;t in &s;uch kind of grounds: and as for v&s;ing a con&s;cience in this bu&s;ine&s;&s;e, when all thinges are done with indifferencie and conueniencie in allotting (with the approbation of the Commoners) an equall portion ac|cording to their Fr&eacute;ehold, Copyhold, and Cottage, and that at an ea&s;ie rate, I hope then you will confe&s;&s;e there is good con&s;cience v&s;ed therein.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yet by your fauor M. Surueyor this plaine Far|mer in my opinion hath &s;poken hone&s;tly: for if your Com|mon be taken away, how &s;hall the poore Farmer and Cotta|ger liue? Or &s;hall they not rather, by being thru&s;t out of it, both them&s;elues and whole familie liue in extreame penuri<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> and famine?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="34" REF="21">
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, that the poore inhabitants of &s;uch a Com|mon would be much impou<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ri&s;hed, if they &s;hould be wholly abridged thereof, which God forbid. But by inclo&s;ing decay|ed<NOTE PLACE="marg">What is in|tended by in|clo&s;ing decay|ed Fore&s;ts, Commons, and wa&s;t grounds.</NOTE> Fore&s;ts, Commons, and Wa&s;t grounds, as I vnder&s;tand by M. <HI>Peregrine,</HI> is wholly intended &s;uch communitie, that both the rich and the poore &s;hould be allotted equall portions thereof, according to their Fr&eacute;ehold, Copyhold, and Cottage; the good whereof, in euery mans vnder&s;tanding, would bee greatly beneficiall and plea&s;ing to all.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is &s;o: for who doubteth, that if any &s;uch Fore&s;t, Common, or Wa&s;t ground were inclo&s;ed, but that they would plentifully y&eacute;eld a treble benefit: euery one &s;hould<NOTE PLACE="marg">The benefit of inclo&s;ing wa&s;t grounds.</NOTE> haue more certaine &s;cope and fr&eacute;edome to their Farmes, Co|pyholds, and Cottages than they had before, to &s;ell, let, or v&s;e them them&s;elues; many idle per&s;ons would be oftner &s;et on worke; and Church liuing<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> would bee exc&eacute;edingly ad|uanced.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>You haue &s;poken well and briefely in commendation of this vnplea&s;ing worke, if euery one would applaud it. But Sir, becau&s;e you n&eacute;erely touch my poore liuing (a great profit whereof is in re&s;pect of the Common) you mu&s;t giue me leaue as briefely as I can to an&s;wer you. And therefore<NOTE PLACE="marg">1 The di&s;com|modities of inclo&s;ing wa&s;t grounds.</NOTE> fir&s;t for the treble profit you &s;peake of, I thinke the charge con&s;idered about Surueying, Ditching, Quick&s;etting, and Planting this Inclo&s;ure, and other hu&s;banding of it, before it co<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 span">th to y&eacute;eld any profit, and then the not any charge of the other, as it lyeth in common, and where is a daily profit, both compared together, I bel&eacute;eue your treble profit will f<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 span">e be ca&s;t vp, &s;carce to make you a &s;ingle &s;auer. <MILESTONE N="2"> And then for the &s;cope and <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 span">do<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters"> which they &s;hould haue to their Farmes, Copyholds, and Cottages by this Inclo&s;ure, that the Owners or Farmers thereof may fell, let, or v&s;e them at plea&s;ure, I <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 word"> <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">one but the rich Fr&eacute;eholders &s;hall reape any benefit thereby: for as for the Copyholder, Far|mer, and C<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 span">r, they mu&s;t &s;till be vnder the protection or hazard of their Lord, either to continue the fir&s;t rent, which is vnlikely, or el&s;e (after the expiration of their fir&s;t taking of
<PB N="35" REF="21"> them) to improue their rents at an extreame rack&punc; by which the lo&s;&s;e of inclo&s;ing this wa&s;t ground is then mo&s;t apparant, in pay|ing at the end of that expiration a racked rent for that which they were wont to haue <HI>gratis</HI> among their other grounds. <MILESTONE N="3"> As for idle per&s;ons to be v&s;ed in this bu&s;ines, you do well to prouide &s;ome em|ployment for them, whom you would vndoe, by taking away their Commons, which when they are once gone, you mu&s;t the~ either &s;et them on worke, or el&s;e they mu&s;t be forced to beg or &s;teale, and &s;o be in danger of the law: &s;o that indeed this is a nece&s;&s;ary employment for them, meerely vpon nece&s;&s;itie. <MILESTONE N="4"> And as for Church liuings tho&s;e we &s;ee are alreadie &s;ufficient: for whereas in our forefathers daies (as I haue heard old men &s;ay) the Church men then, with tho&s;e li|uings as they had, kept good ho&s;pitalitie, and relieued the poore, but now ours forgetting &s;uch charitie (though their liuings be farre greater) keepe little ho&s;pitalitie, and relieue few poore people; and thinke them&s;elues &s;ufficiently charged to prouide for them&s;elues, their wiues, children and familie.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>How now Ma&s;ter <HI>Peregrine,</HI> I thinke our hone&s;t Far|mer hath rea&s;onably well an&s;wered you: <MILESTONE N="5"> to which I will adde one other e&s;peciall motiue for the not enclo&s;ing of Commons: and that is, that by this kind of depre&s;&s;ion it will mightily vrge the people to a tumult, as hath often been &s;eene, and that namely by the late Le|uellers in Northampton &s;hire.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ma&s;ter <HI>Woodward,</HI> the Farmer hath &s;poken well accor|ding<NOTE PLACE="marg">1 The di&s;com|modities of in+clo&s;ing wa&s;te&punc; grounds an|&s;wered, and a<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> further <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ene<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters"> thereof ex|pre&s;&s;ed.</NOTE> to his vnder&s;tanding, yet in my opinion not very materiall, and your motiue of the peoples tumult is of as little validitie as his; and to an&s;were you both, this I &s;ay, That the profit will bee treble by inclo&s;ing, as afore&s;aid, yea and much more, if the &s;<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">y<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e be any thing good: for after the charge is pa&s;t (which &s;uppo&s;e it be great and chargeable) of inclo&s;ing this pe<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">c<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> of wa&s;t ground accor|dingly as the Farmer hath &s;aid: doth any man doubt to let it for not aboue, or make thereof three &s;hillings the Acre, which before was not worth &s;ix pence the Acre? nay rather may the<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> not a&s;&s;ure them&punc; &s;elues it will be worth eight &s;hillings or ten &s;hillings the Acre, or perhaps more, within one or two yeares after the inclo&s;ing there|of? And then for their &s;cope and freedome: is any man &s;o poorely conceited, but that he would be glad to enlarge his Farme by ta|king
<PB N="36" REF="22"> more ground, and e&s;pecially when he may haue it at a verie ea&s;ie rate, and for a good tearme, and according to the tenure of his e&s;tate, &s;o may he either &s;ell, let, or v&s;e it him&s;elfe, without any pre|iudice to him&s;elfe, or wrong to his Lord? And where you thinke that none but rich Fr&eacute;e holders &s;hould get hereby, if you had &s;aid the contrarie, you had &s;poken with better iudgement: for where the&s;e Free-holders haue Common, there without all doubt they greatly oppre&s;&s;e poore Copy holders, Farmers, and Cottagers, by ouercharging the Common with Sheepe and other Cattell, which is more than they can iu&s;tifie by law or con&s;cience: and yet who dare complaine, or what redre&s;&s;e thereof? whereas if this Common were inclo&s;ed as afore&s;aid, the&s;e rich Free-holders &s;hould then haue certainely their equall portions as other men haue, without wrong to any the poore&s;t Cottager. And whereas I perceiue you are apt enough to put a buzze into poore mens heads, by telling them, their Lord may prooue hard to them in the end, by racking of what th<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">y haue formerly had <HI>gratis:</HI> which though he &s;hould doe &s;o, what is that to the purpo&s;e? when as be|fore the enclo&s;ing of it, this poore man made not certainely of this Wa&s;te ground &s;ixe pence the Acre (and yet al&s;o couertly doth pay for it) and liued mo&s;t penuriou&s;ly thereon, he &s;hall now vpon the inclo&s;ing thereof, as I &s;aid before, if the &s;oile be any thing good; make ten &s;hillings or twelue &s;hillings the Acre, or &s;o much, that he may well and better liue, and pay the Lord his rent, than hee did before. And doe not all men know, where Common is, there the Lord doth let his Farmes and Tenements not according to their owne proper values, but according to their true values, by rea&s;on of the Common? &s;o that then heere is an apparance, that euerie man payeth a portion of rent for his Common lying open. <MILESTONE N="3"> And further, where you thinke it not a bu&s;ine&s;&s;e but vpon nece&s;&s;itie, for idle per&s;ons to be &s;et on worke, in my opinion you doe not well con|ceiue of the matter. For who doubteth but that by the&s;e inclo&s;ures of Pa&s;tures, arable, or medow, planting yong Trees, or &s;owing of their &s;&eacute;edes, quick &s;etting, and other labouring worke, will be a great meanes that poore men &s;hall more often and daily bee &s;et on worke to earne a penie, for the reliefe of them&s;elues and familie, and al&s;o liue more plentifully (hauing al&s;o their portion of inclo|&s;ure
<PB N="37" REF="22"> allowed them) than po&s;&s;ibly they can doe vpon a mi&s;erable bare Common: and al&s;o they may with more ea&s;e, profit, and plea&s;ure hu&s;band and manage fiue or &s;ixe Acres, more or le&s;&s;e, of &s;uch inclo&s;ure, by &s;owing it with &s;ome profitable graine, grazing, planting fruit-trees, Hoppes, rootes, or take a yearely rent for it, than to liue vpon a bare and hard Common in extreame want, where is neither plea&s;ure nor certaintie of gaine, and where poore people doe daily encrea&s;e in number and pouertie vpon &s;uch wa&s;te grounds, and which may &s;eeme rather to &s;tarue Sheepe and other Cattell grazing vpon them, than any way bee compared to inclo|&s;ures, where they may daily haue their fill, and grow large and &s;ound. <MILESTONE N="4"> And for Church liuings it cannot be denied, but that they al&s;o will be exceedingly and mo&s;t nece&s;&s;arily aduanced by the&s;e in|clo&s;ures: and the better by this cour&s;e of inclo&s;ing wa&s;te grounds. And now Sir to an&s;were your obiection of the peoples tumult, <MILESTONE N="5"> I a&s;&s;ure my &s;elfe, the matter being temperately and with di&s;cretion managed, in allotting euerie one his due, as afore&s;aid, all men would rather with an applaud de&s;ire it, than any take occa&s;ion to oppugne it: and the late Leuellers in Northampton-&s;hire is no iu&s;t pre&s;ident again&s;t this: for it &s;eemeth they were po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ed with a confu&s;ed feare, that all tillage (which they &s;ought to maintaine) &s;hould bee conuerted to pa&s;ture, which indeed is again&s;t the law. But by this cour&s;e of inclo&s;ing decayed Fore&s;ts, Commons, and wa&s;te grounds, is intended nothing el&s;e, as I haue &s;aid, than con|uerting &s;uch wa&s;te grounds of little or no profit to bee made arable, pa&s;ture and medow, and that as well for the good and benefit of his Maie&s;tie, as al&s;o for priuate Lords, Tenants, and poore Cot|tagers. And if the law doe puni&s;h men for depopulation: how much the rather &s;hould they bee commended and rewarded, who ende|uour to conuert &s;uch wa&s;te grounds to more profitable v&s;es, for encrea&s;e of &s;trong and able Subiects, whereby the Realme &s;hall be much &s;trengthened, his Maie&s;tie enriched by many more Sub&s;i|dies and other Taxes, and his people farre more wealthie and con|tented? And where &s;uch decayed Fore&s;ts, Cha&s;es and Commons are, there the Inhabitants doe often take in and encroch vpon &s;uch grounds, and that without any leaue, per&s;wa&s;ion, or enforcement, but onely vpon their owne accord and agreement, and neuer pay Rent to the King therefore: whereupon it may be inferred, that if
<PB N="38" REF="23"> they did not plentifully find both ea&s;e and profit <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">herein, they would neuer vndergoe that labour and charge of inclo&s;ing &s;uch Com|mons: wherefore if the Subiects in regard of this profit doe thus, and daily take in &s;uch Zi<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">crochments, which by law they cannot iu&s;tly; who doubteth but that the King may more freely make v&s;e and profit of his owne by inclo&s;ing and diuiding, as afore&s;aid? Fur|ther more, Commons that lye open are much &s;ubiect to ill weather, &s;o as Cattell which graze vpon them are not able to continue there about foure or fiue moneths in the yeare; but if once they be made into &s;eueralties, they will then become warme, and the hedges and walles which do mound them, will mightily pre&s;erue and de|fend the Cattell both from wind and weather, and which will bat|ten the &s;oile and make the Cattell grow more fat, to the great com|fort and profit of the owners. And would you not thinke it a good and plea&s;ing &s;ight to &s;&eacute;e a large decayed Fore&s;t, or wild and ruinous piece of ground, which as it lieth is not worth perhaps &s;ixe pence the Acre, to be now inclo&s;ed with ditches and quick&s;et, and planted with many yong tr&eacute;es of diuers kinds, to proue worth eight &s;hil|lings or ten &s;hillings the Acre? What &s;hould I &s;ay more? the Sub|iects pouertie will be turned into wealth, his Royall Maie&s;tie a|bundantly &s;upported, without any burthen or charge to his Sub|iects, and &s;uch a flouri&s;hing e&s;tate will be, both to Prince and peo|ple, as the like will not be parallelled in all Chri&s;tendome. If all this may probably be true which I haue &s;aid: what hurt or depre&s;|&s;ion is there offered herein to the poore man? or could I po&s;&s;ibly haue &s;poken more for his greater benefit?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Indeed I mu&s;t now confe&s;&s;e you haue &s;ati&s;fied mee with better rea&s;ons than I did euer heretofore dreame of. But yet Sir I pray giue mee leaue (a little by the way) after all your di&s;cour&s;e of inclo&s;ing, now to fall to di&s;clo&s;ing; I meane not leuelling or pulling downe of Ditches or Hedges, but &s;omewhat more amply to di&s;clo&s;e to you the true &s;tate and di&s;like of vs Hu&s;band-men and Farmers, concerning this point of taking in wa&s;te grounds. It is true, and cannot bee denied, that which you &s;ay, of the benefits of inclo&s;ed Counties, if they bee compared with cham|paine and open Counties, for which wee need no further proofes, than to compare Rent, E&s;&s;ex, Suffolke, Middle&s;ex, Hartford-&s;hire, Hereford-&s;hire, and diuers other Counties and particular places&punc;
<PB N="39" REF="23"> with tho&s;e of Buckingham, Oxford, Northampton, Cam|bridge, Lincolne, Rutland, and &s;undrie others; what plentie of all thinges mo&s;t nece&s;&s;arie for &s;u&s;tenance of life (farre a|boue other Counties) are in tho&s;e inclo&s;ed Counties, is &s;o in|fallible a truth, as it cannot be denied: and the rea&s;on is, the agilitie and indu&s;trie of man (concurring with Gods grace) from whence en&s;ueth abundance and plentie of all thinges. But hence (alas) is our mi&s;erie, when inclo&s;ures once bee made, &s;traight waies &s;ome, yea very many mercile&s;&s;e Land|lords, that e&s;t&eacute;eme it be&s;t to liue Lordlike, doe p&eacute;ecemeale in|gro&s;&s;e and re&s;ume &s;uch Inclo&s;ures, and expell their poore te|nants, leauing them in wofull &s;tate, either to begge, &s;teale, or &s;tarue. This in my opinion is not onely now, but &s;till like to be, the very Gangrene of Inclo&s;ures. I mu&s;t confe&s;&s;e that<NOTE PLACE="marg">Ingro&s;&s;ement &amp; Re&s;umption the Gangrene of Inclo&s;ures.</NOTE> we poore Farmers (beating Iacke for Itlls fault) doe ex|claime again&s;t Inclo&s;ures, in which we (in my con&s;cience) are rather led, becau&s;e of the mi&s;chiefe of Re&s;umption, which doth mo&s;t commonly follow it, than by any euill that we can iu&s;tly find in the Inclo&s;ure it &s;elfe. For I mu&s;t fr&eacute;ely con|fe&s;&s;e, that if we could be a&s;&s;ured from tho&s;e two Cankers, <HI>Ingro&s;&s;ement</HI> and <HI>Re&s;umption,</HI> and in equall di&s;tribution haue portions in &s;uch Inclo&s;ures, at ea&s;ie rates and vpon good tearmes, as you haue before &s;poken of, neuer was there any thing more wealefully propounded, nor a better meanes to fr&eacute;e England from idle Rogues and wandring Beggers; of which kind of people &s;ome one champaine Countie hath a greater number re&s;ident therein, than I thinke can be found in any foure of the inclo&s;ed Counties. And now hauing &s;omething di&s;clo&s;ed my opinion concerning the inclo&s;ing of decayed Fore&s;ts, Commons, and Wa&s;t grounds, in which al&s;o great difficultie would be in managing of it, by diuiding the &s;euerals with indifferencie and conueniencie, as al&s;o to lay out high wayes and conuenient pa&s;&s;ages for the country, I pray if you plea&s;e proc&eacute;ede in your Di&s;cour&s;e where you left.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You haue &s;poken herein as much as po&s;&s;ibly can bee &s;aid, to which alreadie &s;ufficient is an&s;wered: and for the
<PB N="40" REF="24"> managing of this bu&s;ine&s;&s;e, there is no difficultie in it at all, in giuing good &s;ati&s;faction to euery one, both for conuenient and &s;euerall Clo&s;es, as al&s;o for commodious highwayes and pa&s;&s;ages for the good and ea&s;e of the countrey, as formerly hath b&eacute;ene di&s;cour&s;ed of. But let vs now clo&s;e vp this our inclo&s;ing Di&s;cour&s;e, and happily expect by a generall con&s;ent and applaud of euery one the practi&s;ing thereof, which in my opinion would be the greate&s;t benefit that hath come to our countrey the&s;e many yeares, and let vs now againe returne to our Planting.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, though you haue made a long di&s;cour&s;e of inclo&s;ing Commons and wa&s;t grounds (to which argument this our good Farmer <HI>Ienings</HI> hath added, in his opinion, the true rea&s;ons why it is to be feared and hated of the Commu|naltie) yet it hath b&eacute;ene very plea&s;ing, and you haue al&s;o con|ceiued good con&s;iderations to approue your opinion; and if the actors of this bu&s;ine&s;&s;e could with that indifferencie ma|nage the&s;e affaires accordingly as you haue &s;poken, I &s;&eacute;e no cau&s;e to the contrarie, but that it might be generally de&s;ired of all Commoners. But yet Ma&s;ter Surueyor there is one<NOTE PLACE="marg">One obiection more again&s;t Inclo&s;ures.</NOTE> ob&s;tacle more concerning this bu&s;ine&s;&s;e of inclo&s;ing Com|mons, which in my opinion is vnan&s;werable; and that is, when the King or any priuate Lord haue graunted Lea&s;es to their Tenants who dwell (and haue Common <HI>&s;ans</HI> num|ber) in &s;uch decayed Fore&s;ts and Wa&s;ts, how can this Com|mon be iu&s;tly taken in and inclo&s;ed? Or how can you giue them &s;ati&s;faction, but that their Common <HI>&s;ans</HI> number &s;hal be abridged and drawne into a &s;tinted number, and &s;o their libertie contracted and dimini&s;hed, to their great lo&s;&s;e? for betwixt finite and infinite there is no proportion: What pro|portion then will you in your Diui&s;ion and Inclo&s;ures make to him or them, who being <HI>&s;ans</HI> number, are <HI>&s;ans</HI> proportion? and who al&s;o haue good Lea&s;es, and the Kings broad Seale for many yeares &s;o to enioy the &s;ame.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ma&s;ter <HI>Woodward,</HI> you haue put me to the narrow|e&s;t pinch that yet I was driuen vnto, and I maruaile you did not &s;peake of this difficultie before, but &s;uffered me qui|etly
<PB N="41" REF="24"> to runne on, as though you had b&eacute;ene well &s;ati&s;fied, and yet now &s;uddainely doe pull me backe, as men doe wilde Colts, giuing them a little libertie, and with a &s;uddaine ierke giues them a twitch readie to ouerthrow, when thin|king them&s;elues fr&eacute;e, they little expected &s;uch a checke.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir it is true, I was content of purpo&s;e to let you runne on in your owne conceits, vntill I &s;aw you, in a manner, fully to determine it. But for that I &s;&eacute;e it concer|neth my poore neighbors &s;o much, and generally mo&s;t Com|moners, I then thought it fitting to put you to your greate&s;t plunge by this my la&s;t refuge, and greate&s;t difficultie: which if you can deui&s;e to &s;olue, or make any probable or &s;ati&s;facto|rie an&s;wer, I will then &s;ay, you haue brought the matter to an excellent conclu&s;ion.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Well Sir, although this your in<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ricate point, which you haue now moued, be of mo&s;t difficultie, yet you &s;hall now perceiue I will ea&s;ily re&s;olue you of it. For it was my<NOTE PLACE="marg">An an&s;wer to the former ob|iection.</NOTE> chance of late to conferre with a Councellor at law, of good vnder&s;tanding and iudgement, about this very &s;ubiect of graunting Communage by Lea&s;e among&s;t other landes, who&s;e opinion was, That Tenants who haue &s;uch graunts either from the King, or any priuat Lord, that they mu&s;t not &s;o farre extend their chalenge of Common, <HI>&s;ans</HI> number, in putting on &s;o many Cattell, that they mu&s;t eat vp the whole profit thereof, whereby the poorer &s;ort of Commoners &s;hould liue in penurie and want. But the Law (&s;aid he) doth intend, that his Farme con&s;idered (that is, what Cattell is nece&s;&s;a|rie for Tillage, what for manuring his land, what for a con|uenient number of br&eacute;eders of all &s;orts of Cattell, to &s;upply his &s;tocke, and what for him to &s;pend in his owne hou&s;e, and other nece&s;&s;aries) he &s;hall not be debarred or limited. And &s;o you &s;&eacute;e, that although he &s;hall not be &s;tinted in putting on of Cattell in that order, and as afore&s;aid; yet if hee doe ex|c&eacute;ede that proportion of a rea&s;onable number, the re&s;t of the Commoners, who haue al&s;o Common there <HI>&s;ans</HI> number as well as he, may very iu&s;tly endeuour to depre&s;&s;e his oppre&s;&s;i|ons,
<PB N="42" REF="25"> and draw him to a kind of meane and orderly proporti|on, which yet &s;hall liberally &s;erue, with re&s;pectiue regard as well of his Farme, as Rent.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, I mu&s;t confe&s;&s;e you haue giyen me very good &s;ati&s;<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">action, and mo&s;t effectually haue you deliuered your o|pinion herein. And truly, if euery Tenant might (the infe|ries or contents of his Farme con&s;idered) with an indiffe|rent or rather liberall allowance, be&s;et out Inclo&s;ures of decayed Fore&s;ts, Commons, and Wa&s;t grounds, as wee haue &s;poken of, that as well for his Milc<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> Kine, young Cat|tell, Oxen and Sh&eacute;epe; as with any pr<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 span">ion or rea&s;on (the re&s;t of his fellow Communers con&s;idered) might &s;uffice and agr&eacute;e with the quantitie of his Farme and Rent there were then great probabilitie and hope of effecting what you &s;peake of. But alas the &s;inne of Couetou&s;ne&s;&s;e doth &s;o much po&s;&s;e&s;&s;e the&s;e kind of people, as they thinke the libertie of their whole Common, <HI>&s;ans</HI> number, too little for them, and therefore can hardly endure to heare of any abridgement, or withdrawing any part thereof; when yet vpon propor|tions ca&s;t, allowed, and ratified at a very ea&s;ie rate, and that for many yeares, with a dayly and more encrea&s;e of profit, together with a liberall proportion allotted them for all the &s;orts of their Cattell which their Farmes are able to maintaine and beare, or that they can any way de|&s;ire of the Lord, and that they al&s;o &s;&eacute;e a re&s;ulting Surplage remaining, then happily they may &s;&eacute;eme more tractable and willing, that any who haue right to &s;uch Wa&s;t grounds, &s;hould di&s;po&s;e of them as they plea&s;e; to which I thinke our hone&s;t Farmer will agr&eacute;e.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Mo&s;t willingly: for you haue &s;poken to good pur|po&s;e. And if the Law doe intend that men &s;hall be &s;tinted (as I could wi&s;h it might be &s;o) to put on no more Cattell into a Common, than what conueniently their Farmes or Fr&eacute;ehold can beare and maintaine all the yeare, many rich Fr&eacute;eholders in our pari&s;h will giue you little thankes for this <HI>Item,</HI> becau&s;e ind&eacute;ed they greatly ouerlay the Common,
<PB N="43" REF="25"> to the preiudice of the re&s;t of their poore neighbours, and they will mo&s;t a&s;&s;uredly &s;purne, although it be again&s;t the pricke.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>The more are they in danger to offend and hurt them&s;elues: for if the Commoners doe combine in an ho|ne&s;t and lawfull manner again&s;t &s;uch abu&s;es, they may ea&s;i|ly force the&s;e rich Fr&eacute;eholders to a more neighbourly cour&s;e of Commoning.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay true: but leauing this matter of inclo|&s;ing Wa&s;t grounds to men more eminent in the State, let vs make an end hereof, and proceede in our Di&s;cour&s;e of Timber tr&eacute;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Mo&s;t willingly, and doe &s;ubmit my opinion herein to all hone&s;t and di&s;cr&eacute;et Hu&s;bandmen.</P>
</SP>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="3" TYPE="part">
<PB N="44" REF="26">
<HEAD>THE THIRD PART,</HEAD>
<ARGUMENT>
<P><HI>Shewing the difference of diuers kinds of</HI> Trees for Timber and Fuell, and &s;uch as are mo&s;t apt to grow and pro&s;per in our Climate. And al&s;o a di&s;cour&s;e concerning &s;ome new law to be made for the encrea&s;e and pre&s;eruation of Wood.</P>
</ARGUMENT>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Woodward.</SPEAKER>
<P>_MA&s;ter Surueyor, wee le&s;t as I remember, a|bout the differences of &s;ome &s;euerall Tr&eacute;es for Timber, and what ground is mo&s;t apt for them to pro&s;per in: and al&s;o &s;ome Rules concerning how to take the content of any Timber tr&eacute;e, &s;tanding or growing vpon the ground, which is a thing that will be much plea&s;ing and hel|ping to vs Woodwards, who are none of the ingeniou&s;e&s;t men in that facultie, but we are onely content to ob&s;erue the ordinarie cu&s;tome of looking to the Wood, by pre&s;enting at the next Court day or Swanimote Court tho&s;e who offend by purloyning of Tr&eacute;es, hacking of Boughes and Standils, and carrying them away: But when wee are demaunded, how many Tunne, Load, or &s;quare f&eacute;et of Timber is con|tained in &s;uch a Timber tr&eacute;e (which I thinke fit that euerie Woodward &s;hould know) we mu&s;t then an&s;were with &s;i|lence, or make &s;ome &s;l&eacute;euele&s;&s;e reply, and &s;o pa&s;&s;e it ouer to other talke.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="45" REF="26">
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>In d&eacute;eds I thinke many of you are &s;o &s;kilfull there|in, as many be who are Surueyours of Counties by Pa|tent, for which they haue more f&eacute;e then knowledge to di&s;|charge that Office. But it is fit that Woodwards, &s;hould haue &s;ome &s;kill and vnder&s;tanding in the mea&s;uring of the&s;e Sollid bodies, or el&s;e how can they &s;ufficiently di&s;charge that tru&s;t and credit which is repo&s;ed in them; when a Warrant is directed to them for the felling and deliuerie of a hundred Tunnes or Loades more or le&s;&s;e of Timber for repaire of Bridges, Parke-pales, Hou&s;es, &amp;c. And when perhaps they neuer know how many &s;quare f&eacute;ete make a Tunne or Load of Timber, nor yet how many Tr&eacute;es, they mu&s;t cau&s;e to bee felled to haue as n&eacute;ere as may be, the number of Tunnes or Loades &s;pecified in their Warrant, but cuts downe at an aduenture perhaps ten or twelue Tunne or Load, more or le&s;&s;e, then they had Warrant for, which is a gro&s;&s;e er|rour.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>In d&eacute;ede mo&s;t of vs haue little or no &s;kill in mea|&s;uring of Timber tr&eacute;es, but as you &s;ay, we mu&s;t take them at all aduentures, as n&eacute;ere the number &s;pecified in our Warrant as we can. But I pray Sir, are there not men of your profe&s;&s;ion, who pa&s;&s;e ouer as gro&s;&s;e and witting er|rours in Surueying, which iu&s;tly a man may terme abu&s;es, partly, as I conceiue, out of ignorance, and partly out of di&s;hone&s;tie?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>No doubt there are &s;ome &s;uch ind&eacute;ede, yet we mu&s;t not iu&s;tifie our owne errors by other mens mi&s;demeanours, but tho&s;e Surueyours would I haue giue ouer Surueying and &s;&eacute;eke to bee entertained into the &s;ocietie of tho&s;e idl<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> Catchpoles you &s;pake off euen now, and if I &s;aw cau&s;e, I could in&s;tance &s;uch a one, but I will be &s;paring therein, and onely tell you, that the manner of his Surueyes were al|wayes vpon Tenants reports, and taking &s;ome notes out of their Lea&s;es and Coppies, and giuing of the Iurie cer|taine Articles in charge to be enquired of.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pe.</SPEAKER>
<P>But did he not al&s;o by In&s;trument and Cheine, as commonly you doe, Suruey and mea&s;ure the ground?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="46" REF="27">
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>No, for ind&eacute;ede hee knew not the v&s;e of any Sur|ueying In&s;trument.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pe.</SPEAKER>
<P>But doe you thinke the Tenants would or could truely deliuer their knowledge herein, concerning the quali|tie, quantitie, and value of their Land, with the re&s;t of the particulars?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Truely I thinke no, though euery man in hone&s;tie is bound vpon Oath to tell the truth of any thing, when he is lawfully demaunded thereof, as n&eacute;ere as he can, yet for that they conceiued the&s;e que&s;tions n&eacute;erely concerued their e&s;tates, and for that al&s;o they law the Surueyour to bee vn|experienced, in that kind of mea&s;uring and duely Suruey|ing of lands, it is to be imagined that they would &s;omewhat di&s;&s;emble with him therein, and acquainte him with no more then ordinarie&punc; and &s;o altogether vpon the tenants reports, a&s;well for the quantitie and qualitie, as value of their land, he would conclude, and at his good lei&s;ure make vp his bookes.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>This is the &s;trange&s;t kinde of Surueying that e|uer I heard of; but would he then vpon his credit giue vp this Suruey to the Lord of the Manor?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes that he would, according to the Tenants re|ports by oath: and diuers hath he done in this kinde.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray if the Lord &s;ell or let this Manor, do you not thinke, according to that Suruey, but that he &s;hould be a great loo&s;er thereby?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes, there is no doubt, but that he mu&s;t loo&s;e much thereby: but I trow there is no man &s;o vnadui&s;ed that will &s;ell or let land in th<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">&s;e daies after &s;uch a fa&s;hion, but will make a more preci&s;e cour&s;e by admea&s;urement, performed by a &s;kilfull man in that facultie.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>And I pray, why may not one buy or &s;ell land, as certainly by knowing what Cattle a Ferme or Demaines will k&eacute;epe, as al&s;o how many load of hay &s;uch a Meadow will y&eacute;eld vpon euery acre, as by all your nice tricks of mea|&s;uring.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay well, it is a good meanes in generall to
<PB N="47" REF="27"> know the value of any land, but yet how &s;hall the Lord or buyer thereof who dwel farre remote from it, know certain|ly how many cattle it will k&eacute;epe? If you &s;ay by his Bay|life, commonly he being his Tenant, and dwelling in the &s;ame Lord&s;hip will for his owne good imbrace the true value of the&s;e demea&s;ne, becau&s;e the goodne&s;&s;e of his owne farme &s;hall the le&s;&s;e be di&s;cerued: if you &s;ay by the report of the countrey, they commonly faile in their e&s;timation, as well in the quantitie and qualitie of the ground, as al&s;o in the number of cattle, what it will k&eacute;epe&punc; and neither &s;hall the Lord (if he be a &s;tranger to this Demeanes) receiue any better &s;ati&s;faction, although he take paines to enquire there|of<NOTE PLACE="marg">Who are mo&s;t fitt<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e&s;t &amp; likely to aduerti&s;e any Lord the true e&s;tate of his land.</NOTE> him&s;elfe. So that there is no better way for this Lord, or purcha&s;er to know the true value of this land, then onely to employ an hone&s;t and iudicious&punc; Surueyor therein, who be|&s;ides his art of platting the ground, and fairely &s;etting forth in a Mappe, and knowing the quantitie of acres, will al&s;o v&s;e his be&s;t iudgement and experience to di&s;cerne the qualitie as well for goodne&s;&s;e as badne&s;&s;e of the &s;oyle, as whether it be fitte&s;t for arable, pa&s;ture, meadow, or woodland, toge|ther with buts and bounds, and euery thing el&s;e as it lieth in due proportion: all which compared together, with the reports and aduerti&s;ements, that he may learne in the time of his being there&punc; I thinke he may then giue more full &s;a|ti&s;faction, as well to the eye, as iudgement of him who is owner thereof, or &s;hall buy it.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay true. For my &s;elfe being of &s;ome &s;mall <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">eue|new in land, I haue two or three of my Manors &s;urueyed, and the plots of them fairely &s;et forth in colours vpon Vel|lem, di&s;tinctly &s;p<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">ifying which is meadow, pa&s;ture, arable, and woodland, with the quantitie, qualitie, and value thereof, with euerie other thing there fitting to be noted, which I finde to be a great &s;ati&s;faction&punc; plea&s;ure, and <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">a&s;e to me, e&s;pe|cially when I am to let any of tho&s;e Farmes, or Tene|ments in any the &s;aid M<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">or<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> becau&s;e they are farre remote from the place I dwell&punc; But whether now do we range. You promi&s;ed to &s;peake &s;omewhat of the difference of tr&eacute;es, and
<PB N="48" REF="28"> what grounds were mo&s;t apt for them to pro&s;per in, there|fore I pray leaue off the&s;e di&s;cour&s;es vntill &s;ome other time, and begin now your promi&s;e.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, mo&s;t willingly: you remember then what I haue &s;poken concerning the manner and time to be ob&s;erued as well in planting of Trees for Timber, and hu&s;banding the ground, as al&s;o in making &s;pecial choice of the Plant, and the care of weeding and trimming them afterwards, vntill they are growne to the age of thr&eacute;e or foure yeares: which remembred, I will now di&s;charge my promi&s;e in declaring briefly to you the nature and &s;orts of certaine trees for fuell and building, which ordinarily do grow in England, and what ground &amp; &s;oyle euerie one delighteth mo&s;t in, for their better and larger pro&s;pering, to the end that tho&s;e who take plea&s;ure in this practi&s;e, may not altogether be deluded, and fru&s;trate of their paines and expectation, but may in the end reape &s;ome profit thereby. I told you then, that before you re|&s;olue to plant, two things are to be con&s;idered of, namely the &s;oyle where you intend to plant, and the &s;oile where the plant hath formerly grown: for that tr&eacute;e which groweth vpon a drie ground and hot &s;oyle, mu&s;t not be planted in a moy&s;t or cold go<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ud &amp; &s;o contrariwi&s;e, that tree which groweth in a watry &s;oile, be not planted vpon hils or drie barren groundes, lea&s;t by planting them in a &s;oyle contrarie to the nature and con|dition of the plant, all co&s;t &amp; profit be lo&s;t therby. Fir&s;t there|fore<NOTE PLACE="marg">Two &s;orts of Trees.</NOTE> you &s;hal vnder&s;tand, that there may be &s;aid to be in gene|ral two &s;ortes of trees, that is, waterie tr&eacute;es, or tr&eacute;es deligh|ting<NOTE PLACE="marg">Watery trees. <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">and</NOTE> in moi&s;t &amp; waterie &s;oyles, and land trees, or tr&eacute;es which grow vpon drie and firme land.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ind&eacute;ed it is probable that tr&eacute;es will hardly pro&s;|per, but in a ground well corre&s;ponding with their nature and propertie: but I pray what experience is there hereof?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I will fir&s;t &s;ati&s;fie you by the experience of trees which commonly are called water tr&eacute;es; as namely Aller, Withi<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> A&s;pe, Birch, &amp;c. which tr&eacute;es except they haue &s;tore of moi|&s;ture,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Water trees.</NOTE> will hardly grow to any goodne&s;&s;e. And the chiefe&s;t of tho&s;e trees that mo&s;t de&s;ire to grow in water, or waterie
<PB N="49" REF="28"> grounds, is the Aller, for it will pro&s;per very well, though<NOTE PLACE="marg">Aller tree.</NOTE> halfe the bodie thereof &s;tand in the water; as is to be &s;eene in diuers places of Holland and Zeland, where the greate&s;t part of the bodies thereof, in the Winter time &s;tand in wa|ter, or at lea&s;t the rootes of tho&s;e Tr&eacute;es alwaies &s;tand in or lower then the water, or el&s;e they would pro&s;per but poorely. Experience al&s;o is &s;&eacute;ene hereof in our owne countrey, that the&s;e Aller tr&eacute;es doe naturally grow vp in Bogges and M&eacute;e|ri&s;h places without any art or indu&s;trie at all, and neuer a|ny of them doe pro&s;per or thriue vpon high or drie &s;oyles: therefore the fitte&s;t ground for the&s;e tr&eacute;es to grow in, is your low waterie meadowes, or other moori&s;h grounds n&eacute;ere vn|to brookes or riuers. This tr&eacute;e is plentifull in his grouth, and bringeth forth in &s;hort time &s;tore of boughes, which are verie profitable for firing and other nece&s;&s;arie v&s;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ind&eacute;ed the&s;e kinds of tr&eacute;es grow a pace without any great labour or charge, and the profit thereof forfuell is ve|rie great.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, for if you eyther take branches from the Aller tr&eacute;e, or rootes digged out of the earth, and &s;et them a|gaine<NOTE PLACE="marg">Planting of Aller trees.</NOTE> in like moi&s;t places with &s;ome of the earth, if you can, from whence you had them, cutting of the branches and &s;tem within foure or fiue inches of the roote, there will in &s;hort time put forth many more young &s;hoots then were at the fir&s;t&punc; and within fiue or &s;ixe yeares after, grow to be good bru&s;hie Fuell, or if you let them <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">and longer vntill they grow to be large bodied trees, they will then &s;erue to many nece&s;&s;arie v&s;es, e&s;pecially for water works, eyther to lay in the water, or el&s;e to make pipes of to conuey water to any place, be|cau&s;e it will not <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ot. The next waterie tr&eacute;e is the Withie, of<NOTE PLACE="marg">Withie tree<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">&punc; of which are foure kinds.</NOTE> which are &s;aid to be 4 kinds, that is, the white, withy, blacke Withie, and red Withie, o&s;ter Withie. Some thinke that white withie will grow rather in drie grounds, if it be &s;et in the beginning of winter, then in moori&s;h grounds: the black<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> withie wil grow better in moori&s;h grounds, then on drie; and &s;o will the Red and O&s;i<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">r withies do, and generally they all pro&s;per be&s;t in low meadowes, and moy&s;t places, the earth
<PB N="50" REF="29"> mu&s;t be digged, and a little rai&s;ed, wherin they mu&s;t be plan|ted; and the be&s;t way to plant them, is either to cut branches<NOTE PLACE="marg">To plant Wi|thies.</NOTE> from withie tr&eacute;es, or el&s;e withie poles of the bigne&s;&s;e of ones arme, cut from the &s;tocke or bodie of the tr&eacute;e, and they mu&s;t be but onely pricked downe in that digged place of a rea&s;o|nable depth, but not in the water as the Aller is planted, and the top mu&s;t be cut off about one foote or two, and then couer<NOTE PLACE="marg">Note.</NOTE> that lower part with &s;ome good earth. And note, that when you cut the&s;e branches or poles from the tree to be planted, it mu&s;t be in drie weather, and by no meanes when it rai|neth. And the be&s;t time to plant Withies, is about the mid&s;t of Februarie: or rather towards the latter end of Septem|ber, when the heart of the cold weather is pa&s;t, or el&s;e before it commeth, which otherwi&s;e would endanger the plant, if it &s;hould either be cut in wet weather, or planted in the ex|treme&s;t of winter: And you &s;hall place euerie plant fiue or &s;ix f&eacute;ete each from other: And you mu&s;t be very carefull for the well pre&s;eruing of them the fir&s;t two or thr&eacute;e yeares, and they mu&s;t al&s;o be cropped euerie eight or nine yeares, or el&s;e they will be in danger to vade and die; yet crop them not in &s;ap time.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pe.</SPEAKER>
<P>Then I perceiue that the Withie doth not de&s;ire &s;uch moi&s;t grounds as the Aller tree.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>No, for we &s;ee they grow and pro&s;per better vpon bankes of ditches, and good low battable ground (if they haue water n&eacute;ere them) then tho&s;e do which grow in low and<NOTE PLACE="marg">Sirch tree.</NOTE> watrie meadows. Next to the Withie may the Birch tr&eacute;e be accounted for a waterie tree, and which al&s;o de&s;ireth a cold and moi&s;t &s;oile, but not altogether &s;o waterie a ground as the Aller and Withie doth: for we daily &s;ee they naturally grow vp and pro&s;per in cold &s;pringing grauely &s;oiles, rather then in any other drie or waterie kind of ground: And this tree is verie profitable, and &s;erueth well to make chercole, &amp; al&s;o for Turners to make bowls, di&s;hes, &amp; other nece&s;&s;ary things for the hou&s;e. The fourth waterie tree is the Poplar or A&s;pe tree, which al&s;o di&s;ereth to grow rather in moi&s;t places<NOTE PLACE="marg">Popular or A&s;pe tree.</NOTE> then otherwi&s;e; and the be&s;t way to plant them, is of young
<PB N="51" REF="29"> roots, but where roots cannot be had, then take &s;uch like plants, as you doe of Withie, and this wood is al&s;o verie good to make Pipes of, for conueying of water, and o|ther v&s;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wo.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray will not the&s;e trees which you haue tearmed water trees, grow in any other place then in low waterie grounds?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes, I &s;ay not to the contrarie, but their nature be|ing to grow in low wet grounds, or n&eacute;ere vnto water, where they will more kindly pro&s;per then in high and drie places which is farre from water, where perhaps with much adoe, and verie &s;low, they will put forth &s;ome few and &s;mall bran|ches: And where one &s;o pro&s;pereth well, and continueth long in &s;uch a high place, there will fiue hundred pro&s;per much better, and la&s;t longer, growing in low and waterie grounds. It is true, that by indu&s;trie they may be made to grow vpon the barrenne&s;t &s;oile that is, but then the labour and charge mu&s;t be verie great, which if once it be neglected, and not daily followed, and that with great care, all paines &amp; charge is lo&s;t, and the tree will wither and die. The contra|rie wherof is found by planting them in a low &s;oyle, or n&eacute;ere vnto water fitting their kind. And &s;ome do al&s;o hold it nece&s;|&s;ary after the fir&s;t yeares planting of the~, to cut away all the twigs which then fir&s;t put forth, whereby the roote may be the better fed, and al&s;o that the winds may haue le&s;&s;e power to &s;hake and loo&s;en them in the earth; for tr&eacute;es often peri&s;h and die by &s;uch vntimely accidents: therefore it is nece&s;&s;a|rie as well to plant them well and orderly at the fir&s;t; as to be carefull afterward in looking well to them, for a thing once well done at the fir&s;t, is much better then when it nee|deth a &s;econd doing. And this &s;hall &s;uffice for the&s;e kinds of water tr&eacute;es, or for any other you intend to plant, and now to your land tr&eacute;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray doe you not account A&s;h tr&eacute;es to bee in<NOTE PLACE="marg">A&s;h tree&punc;</NOTE> the number of the water tr&eacute;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>No, though they doe naturally de&s;ire a low and moi&s;t &s;oile, wherin they will grow and pro&s;per much better,
<PB N="52" REF="30"> then in high drie grounds, yet the ground n&eacute;ed not be alto|gether &s;o low and watrie, as that which is for Aller, Wi|thie, Birch, and A&s;pe: therefore the be&s;t ground which is mo&s;t agr&eacute;eable to their condition, and wherein they mo&s;t delight, is in valleyes of an indifferent layre, neither too drie nor moi&s;t: for in &s;uch warme places they will grow tall and beautifull, and that al&s;o in &s;hort time. But how&s;oeuer, if conueniently they cannot bee &s;et in Val|leyes, they will grow verie well in any fat and moi&s;t &s;oyle; but by no meanes plant them in any drie or barren ground, nor yet in very low watrie places.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yet I haue often &s;&eacute;ene A&s;h tr&eacute;es grow vpon high hils, and that very well.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I graunt that to be &s;o, but then it is likely that tho&s;e hils are &s;omewhat repleni&s;hed with Springs, or el&s;e the ground is verie good, and then there is no doubt of their pro&s;|pering, though yet not to proue &s;o firme and tough wood (by rea&s;on of the wind and &s;tormes doe often &s;hake them, and the full heat of the Sunne makes them more &s;pault and brit|tle for v&s;es (yet will they be better feathered, and longer en|dure for building) as tho&s;e which grow &s;ecure and &s;teadie in temperate and calme places. And you may either &s;et A&s;hen|keyes<NOTE PLACE="marg">To &s;et or &s;ow A&s;hen keyes.</NOTE> to haue Plants of them&punc; (the ground being well hu&s;|banded as afore&s;aid) or el&s;e young A&s;hen Plants, to be dre&s;|&s;ed and ordered in like &s;ort as the young Oaken Plants are.<NOTE PLACE="marg">To plant yong A&s;hen trees.</NOTE> And when your A&s;hen-keyes are growne vp to bee little tr&eacute;es, you may then yearely for two or thr&eacute;e yeares prune or cut away the &s;uperfluous boughes of them, but not the top, which will cau&s;e the tr&eacute;e to pro&s;per exc&eacute;eding well, and to grow high, round, &s;mooth, and &s;trong. And as for the Plant, within a yeare or two after it is thus &s;et and firmely rooted in the earth, at the v&s;uall time of cutting downe Copies wood, you may then if you plea&s;e al&s;o cut downe this Plant, or any other kind of Tr&eacute;e thus &s;et, hard by the root, and it will pro&s;per and put forth againe thr&eacute;e or foure &s;temmes, which will grow in &s;hort time to be good wood for fuell, and very tall tr&eacute;es for Timber, becau&s;e then it will haue his full
<PB N="53" REF="30"> height and top, if you let them &s;tand and pre&s;erue them well, as formerly hath b&eacute;ene &s;poken. And you &s;hall vnder&s;tand,<NOTE PLACE="marg">At what time, and for what v&s;es it is be&s;t to fell A&s;hen wood.</NOTE> that the be&s;t time to fell A&s;h wood for the Cooper, is, when it is about fourt&eacute;ene or &s;ixt&eacute;ene yeares growth: if you will let it grow vntill about thirtie yeares, it is then be&s;t for the Wh&eacute;elewright and Ploughwright; and if you let it grow longer, it is then be&s;t for Timber to build withall: and fell it for the fore&s;aid v&s;es in or about Nouember. Of the v&s;e of<NOTE PLACE="marg">The Oake tree of which there are three &s;orts.</NOTE> this Tr&eacute;e I haue formerly &s;poken, therefore I will proc&eacute;ed to &s;peake &s;omewhat of the Oake, of which you &s;hall vnder&s;tand there be thr&eacute;e &s;orts.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Woodward.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray how are their differences knowne?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>They are ea&s;ily knowne: for the fir&s;t of them hath a<NOTE PLACE="marg">The fir&s;t &s;ort.</NOTE> bodie very &s;hort, thicke, and large, being full of knots and knubs and great &s;preading roots, yet beareth a good quan|titie of boughes, which are thicke and long growne, but commonly not &s;traight. The wood of this Oake is good for little el&s;e than for the fire, becau&s;e of his &s;hort knubbie bole, therefore not worth your labour to plant any of this kind. The &s;econd &s;ort hath a bodie of a rea&s;onable thickne&s;&s;e and<NOTE PLACE="marg">The &s;econd &s;ort.</NOTE> height, of fiue or &s;ix fadome long&punc; with &s;ome few boughes vp|on the bodie, and more towards the top, and tho&s;e of no great breadth or &s;preading out: and of this kind you may well venture to &s;ow Adornes, or plant young Tr&eacute;es, becau&s;e they are rea&s;onable <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">all, the bodie &s;mooth, and without knots, and proueth good Timber for many v&s;es of building. The third<NOTE PLACE="marg">The third &s;ort.</NOTE> &s;ort hath &s;omewhat a more &s;mall and &s;mooth bodie than the &s;econd, but very &s;traight, comely, cleane, and neatly growne, and about eight or nine fadomes long or more, not hauing any boughes on the bodie at all, but onely towards the top; &s;o that all or mo&s;t of the nouri&s;hment of &s;uch a Tr&eacute;e, is in the bodie: and the&s;e &s;orts of Oakes are held the be&s;t for any building, and therefore fitte&s;t to plant of this kind. And al&s;o they grow more clo&s;e and n&eacute;ere together than the others doe, nature teaching them (by rea&s;on of their &s;lenderne&s;&s;e and height) y^e it is be&s;t &s;o to grow, rather than to &s;tand &s;cattering
<PB N="54" REF="31"> and open to winds and &s;tormes, and be endangered by them. All the&s;e thr&eacute;e &s;orts of Oakes doe beare leaues and Acornes of &s;euerall bigne&s;&s;es and fa&s;hions: and it is &s;aid, that the&s;e Tr&eacute;es are of long continuance, namely one hundred yeres in growing, one hundred yeares to continue good and &s;ound, and one hundred yeares in decaying: and therefore we mu&s;t not expect, that in &s;owing of Acornes, or planting of young Oakes, they will in fortie or fiftie yeres come to be good and indifferent large Timber, as Elme, A&s;h, and B&eacute;ech will doe, (which will grow and put forth more in eight yeares, than an Oake will doe in twelue, and which commonly are at their be&s;t at &s;euentie or eightie yeares growth) but we mu&s;t with patience expect, that our po&s;teritie may haue the profit of &s;uch long continuing Tr&eacute;es, as we plant and &s;ow which in time they may reape both to their plea&s;ure and profit. And all Oakes generally would be planted in a fat, good, and &s;ea|&s;onable ground, as I haue alreadie &s;aid: for according to the nature and qualitie of the &s;oyle, be it good, indifferent, or bar|ren, &s;o will your Oake grow and pro&s;per.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is mo&s;t probable to be &s;o, but I pray at what time of the yeare is it be&s;t to fell Oake Timber tr&eacute;es, as well for the durablene&s;&s;e of the Timber for building, as al&s;o to haue profit by the Barke? for as I haue heard they mu&s;t be felled at two &s;euerall times in the yeare.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>The be&s;t time to fell all manner of Timber tr&eacute;es for building, is in December and Ianuarie, from the full to the change of the Moone, and towards the la&s;t quarter, &s;he being then in <HI>Aquarius</HI> and <HI>Pi&s;ces,</HI> and then commonly they will<NOTE PLACE="marg">The time of felling Oake timber trees as well for buil|ding as for Barke.</NOTE> neither chinke, riue, nor grow rotten or be worme eaten, for then they are (as one may &s;ay) at a &s;tand from growing, by rea&s;on they haue little or no &s;appe in them at that time, but all is in the root. And to fell Oake Timber tr&eacute;es for Barke, the Statute appointeth it to be betw&eacute;ene the fir&s;t of Aprill and la&s;t of Iune, for then the Barke will pill well, by rea&s;on the &s;appe is now come vp into the tr&eacute;e againe. And alwayes when you fell any Timber tr&eacute;e, fell them as n&eacute;ere the ground as you can, for one foot of Timber next the ground, is worth
<PB N="55" REF="31"> two foot of Timber in the top. And &s;ome, when they would haue the Tr&eacute;e more drie and cleane from the &s;appe, doe v&s;e to out it halfe through, vnto the middle or pith of the Tr&eacute;e, and then to let it &s;tand a certaine time, vntill the &s;appe that is in it may de&s;cend and drop out, whereby the Timber when the &s;<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ppe hath thus dropped out will be the le&s;&s;e putrified or corrupted, but will endure and la&s;t much the longer.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Herein you haue giuen me very good &s;ati&s;faction: but I pray will the &s;tubbe of &s;uch an Oaken Timber tree newly felled, &s;hoot out young &s;prigges, whereby may be ex|pected a new &s;pring to come of that root againe?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes, there will &s;uch &s;hootes &s;prout out againe after the felling of the Tr&eacute;e in manner as I haue &s;aid, e&s;pecially if the Tr&eacute;e felled were a growing Timber tr&eacute;e, and that it be felled from the change to the fir&s;t quarter of the Moone: for though the Tr&eacute;e be taken away, yet the root is &s;till fre&s;h and &s;pringing, and will in &s;ome &s;ort put forth his fruit and en|crea&s;e againe, though in another kind, for in &s;tead of Tim|ber, which before did grow vpon that &s;tubbe and root, you &s;hall now haue Copies Wood, if you pre&s;erue it accor|dingly.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is probable to be &s;o, but why then &s;hould not men, who fell downe Timber tr&eacute;es, pre&s;erue &s;uch a &s;pring?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>The rea&s;on as I conceiue is this, that Timber com|monly is not felled together, but &s;catteringly, as here and there a tr&eacute;e, which ind&eacute;ed would not quit the co&s;t to pre&s;erue the &s;pring of euery &s;uch tr&eacute;e &s;o felled. And againe, tho&s;e who fell eight or tenne acres more or le&s;&s;e of Timber tr&eacute;es to make a pre&s;ent &s;umme of money, they neuer re&s;pect any new &s;pring thereof to grow againe, but &s;traight they fall to grubbing of that p&eacute;ece of ground &s;o felled, and then conuer|teth it into pa&s;ture, arable, or medow, which they thinke to be the mo&s;t gaines: but &s;uch men in my opinion are none of the<NOTE PLACE="marg">Landlords who let Farmes from 5 yeares to 5 yeares, are none of the be&s;t husbands.</NOTE> be&s;t hu&s;bands; and they may well bee compared to &s;uch Landlords, who thinke it a great profit for them to let their lands from yeare to yeare, or not for aboue fiue or &s;ix yeres: which &s;hort time expired, they thinke they may then againe
<PB N="56" REF="32"> &s;et it vpon the racke, and &s;till encrea&s;e both rent and &s;ine: but &s;uch Landlords doe often faile in their expectation, as common experience &s;heweth it true in euery poore Farmer: for if he hath his Farme but for fiue or &s;ix yeares, is it not likely he will then teare vp the ground, and ran&s;acke the ve|ry bowels thereof for his profit, and neuer be&s;tow co&s;t there|of, neither to better the &s;oyle with Compa&s;&s;e, or mend any Fences, or his Tenement, but all &s;hall be co&s;t &s;ufficient, if it will but la&s;t his time, to bring in &s;ome little profit, during tho&s;e few yeares; which ended, the ground no doubt will be much more wor&s;e than it was at the fir&s;t taking thereof: for what rea&s;on hath this poore Farmer to bee at any charge thereof, more than he &s;hall thinke fit, when he knoweth not whether he &s;hall be tenant to it againe, or no? And what then doth this couetous Landlord get hereby, but onely a&s;|&s;urance, that the heart of his ground is worne out, his fen|ces broken downe and &s;poyled, his Tenements decayed, him&s;elfe notoriou&s;ly exclaimed of, and very likely to let it for le&s;&s;e, after the expiration of tho&s;e few yeares, than he did at the fir&s;t.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>You haue giuen two &s;ufficient rea&s;ons why men doe not pre&s;erue &s;uch &s;prings, to which a third may al&s;o be added; namely, as I conceiue, they are carele&s;&s;e, and neuer expect that any &s;pring at all will come forth out of &s;uch a &s;tubbe or root, from which the Timber tr&eacute;e is felled. And your com|paring &s;uch an one, who grubbeth vp whole Woods to con|uert the ground to tillage or pa&s;ture, is very aptly applyed to &s;uch a Landlord, who will let his Farmes but for &s;ome &s;hort time: for if the ground be good when the Farmer ta|keth it, it will then for tho&s;e few yeares well &s;erue his turne, to bring in profit without any co&s;t be&s;towing thereof: which tearme ended, and the vtmo&s;t of his labour and paines be|&s;towed thereof, the ground then will bee much the poorer: and if at his fir&s;t entring thereon, the ground, fence and te|nement be bad, he mu&s;t then be&s;tow &s;o much co&s;t thereof, as will well la&s;t him to haue profit thereby during that time (for more it is not likely he will be&s;tow) for you mu&s;t thinke he
<PB N="57" REF="32"> will v&s;e all the &s;kill of hu&s;bandrie he can, to get his full bene|fit out of the very hart of the ground, and by that time tho&s;e few yeares are expired, both ground, fence, and hou&s;ing will be much impaired, and little aduantage this griping Landlord will get by letting of this land the &s;econd time.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, they neither expect or care for the &s;pringing of &s;uch Copies, and e&s;pecially many of the Kings Tenants, who hold any Springs or Copies of his Maie&s;tie by lea&s;e: for when they fell a Hagge or Spring, partly out of a de&s;ire of vnlawfull gaines, they cut and mangle downe the armes and loppes of good Timber tr&eacute;es, yea and many good Tim|ber tr&eacute;es them&s;elues, in the name of Cranckes or &s;hrubbed Tr&eacute;es, which they pre&s;ume they may without preiudice of their Lea&s;e, take; and partly to bare and cl&eacute;ere the ground of &s;uch a burthen, that &s;o much the &s;ooner it might become a pa|&s;ture ground (of which Tenants doe make a better commo|ditie, becau&s;e they make more often returne both of ware and money) as my &s;elfe haue found it true in my late Northerne circuit. And this abu&s;e will neuer be left, except &s;ome Wood|wards were more hone&s;t and carefull in their office, for they will not onely winke at &s;uch faults, but <HI>ex officio,</HI> will be as forward as any to take and &s;ell trees at plea&s;ure.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>How now Ma&s;ter <HI>Woodward,</HI> how doe you like this g&eacute;ere? I perceiue men of your profe&s;&s;ion is al&s;o like to vndergoe the &s;en&s;ure of the world, as well as Sur|ueyors.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>How&s;oeuer he liketh it, or may be cen&s;ured of the world with Surueyors, yet God forbid that all Woodwards &s;hould be &s;o; but I doe &s;peake but of &s;uch who demeans them&s;elues in this idle fa&s;hion: and I could wi&s;h, that all &s;uch Surueyors, who deale not iu&s;tly according to the tru&s;t repo&s;ed in them, might be puni&s;hed accordingly.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Which your opinion I approue, and will willing|ly &s;ub&s;cribe thereunto. But leauing the&s;e abu&s;es to the pu|ni&s;hment of the law, I pray proc&eacute;ed in your di&s;cour&s;e of tim|ber tr&eacute;es: and the &s;econd in order for goodne&s;&s;e, which you told vs of, as I remember, is the Elme.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="58" REF="33">
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay true: and therefore you &s;hall vnder&s;tand, that there are al&s;o of this kind thr&eacute;e &s;orts, and they are thus<NOTE PLACE="marg">The Elme tree, of which are three &s;orts.</NOTE> knowne. The fir&s;t &s;ort of them haue a little leafe &amp; a blacke &s;talke, the &s;econd hath &s;omewhat a larger leafe, and a rea&s;o|nable white &s;talke, and the third hath a more large and full leafe, and a &s;talke more white. The be&s;t of the&s;e to plant is the la&s;t, and the &s;econd next, and the&s;e will grow thicke and tall in &s;hort time, and beare long boughes: and the third &s;ort is wor&s;t of all, and will hardly grow to any rea&s;onable tr&eacute;e, and therefore not worth your labour of planting it. And of the&s;e tr&eacute;es you may plant them thr&eacute;e or foure &s;euerall waies, that is, of the &s;&eacute;ede, young plants, and roots, with the young impes cut from the tr&eacute;e or root: and al&s;o &s;ome doe thinke they will grow well of &s;tippes or branches cut from a young tr&eacute;e of thr&eacute;e or foure yeares old, and to be &s;et in good mould halfe a foot deepe about the later end of March, or beginning of October, and cut off the toppes of tho&s;e &s;lippes, and &s;et them about foure or fiue foot di&s;tant the one from the other, and this tr&eacute;e will grow as &s;oone and plentifull as any other, by rea&s;on it is of a &s;pungie &s;ub&s;tance.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Haue Elmes then &s;&eacute;ede, I pray whereabouts in the Elme doth it grow?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes that they haue, and that great &s;tore, and it groweth about the midde&s;t of the Leafe, and the Bloome thereof is &s;omewhat like vnto a Hoppe, or the &s;&eacute;ed of O|rage, and to &s;et or &s;ow this &s;&eacute;ed you mu&s;t doe thus: Gather the &s;&eacute;ed before the Tr&eacute;e be fully couered with leaues (which is about the middle of Aprill) at &s;uch time as it beginneth to be yellow, and fall from the Tr&eacute;e: and after they are ga|thered, they mu&s;t be two or thee dayes dried in the &s;hadow, and then &s;owne in good and firme ground an ynch d&eacute;epe, and afterward let them be watered, if the weather proue drie: which done, and then carefully looked vnto, they will come vp and pro&s;per verie well. Yet it is better to &s;et Plants of them as you doe your Oake, for they will come vp &s;ooner, and proue more large of bodie and plentifull of boughes, e|uen according as the &s;oyle is where they grow&punc; And to plant
<PB N="59" REF="33"> the roots or impes of them, cut from the tr&eacute;e or root, you mu&s;t lay them d&eacute;epe in good mould, and they will pro&s;per and plentifully come forth, and grow to bee high and tapering Tr&eacute;es, by rea&s;on they haue then &s;till their toppes: and they will be&s;t like and thriue in a grauellie &s;oyle, as is to be &s;&eacute;ene about London and other places, where they grow tall and &s;traight in &s;hort time. Of the great v&s;e of this tr&eacute;e I haue &s;poken before, and therefore it were n&eacute;edle&s;&s;e here againe to repeat it. The third &s;ort in goodne&s;&s;e, is the B&eacute;ech Tree,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Beech tree.</NOTE> which beareth Ma&s;te verie profitable for fatting of Swine, and it may be &s;owne as your Acornes are, or young Trees thereof planted, like vnto Oaken Standils; and this Tree will grow well in any rea&s;onable ground, but onely in wet and moori&s;h grounds: and in Bark&s;hire and Oxford&s;hire they grow much vpon chalkey and barren &s;oyles: and the time of planting them is in Februarie, when the heart of the cold weather is pa&s;t, or rather at the latter end of Sep|tember, and they mu&s;t al&s;o be hu&s;banded as you doe your Oaken Plant. The Hornebeame Tr&eacute;e doth much re&s;em|ble<NOTE PLACE="marg">Hornebeame tree.</NOTE> the B&eacute;ech Tr&eacute;e in qualitie, and de&s;ireth the &s;ame kinde of ground, hu&s;banding and dre&s;&s;ing, as the B&eacute;ech tr&eacute;e doth, but it is a more firme and &s;olide kinde of Wood. And the&s;e, namely the Oake, Elme, B&eacute;ech, A&s;h, and Horne|beame Tr&eacute;es, are the chiefe&s;t &s;ort of Timber tr&eacute;es which grow in England. And there be other &s;mall Tr&eacute;es of di|uers kindes, which would al&s;o &s;erue well for Fuell and o|ther nece&s;&s;aries, and would much beautifie Fore&s;ts and Parkes, and al&s;o proue verie commodious for Springs and Hedgerowes in Demeanes and Farme Grounds; namely, the Maple, Crabtr&eacute;e, Seruice tr&eacute;e, Yew tr&eacute;e, and Ha&s;ell tr&eacute;e, which al&s;o would doe well to be &s;et in places where &s;carce of Wood is, and the&s;e will grow and pro&s;per well, the ground being aptly cho&s;en for them, and hu&s;ban|ded accordingly: For the Maple de&s;ireth a fat and moi&s;t<NOTE PLACE="marg">Maple tree.</NOTE> &s;oyle, as in Hedgerowes of arable grounds, or in other places, where they may &s;tand warme, and then they will timely put forth good branches, and the bodie thereof is a
<PB N="60" REF="34"> white and rea&s;onable firme wood, &amp; good for many hou&s;ehold v&s;es. The Crabtr&eacute;e de&s;ireth &s;omewhat a better &s;oyle to be<NOTE PLACE="marg">Crab tree.</NOTE> planted in than the Maple, becau&s;e of his fruit, which &s;erueth to make veriuice of, and which is good for many purpo&s;es, as well for the &s;ick as whole, &amp; a great reliefe to many poore peo|ple, and al&s;o good foode for D&eacute;ere, if they be planted either in Fore&s;ts, Cha&s;es, or Parks: &amp; therefore the better the ground is where this plant or tr&eacute;e groweth, the larger &amp; plea&s;anter will the Crab &amp; Veriuice be: the &s;tocke or bodie of this Tr&eacute;e is good to graft vpon, and the wood of this Tr&eacute;e is al&s;o very good to make Cogges for Gri&s;t Mills, and other things. The Seruice tr&eacute;e delighteth in a cold, moi&s;t, and <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">arren &s;oyle, and<NOTE PLACE="marg">Seruice tree.</NOTE> they do v&s;e to fow the &s;tones thereof, and al&s;o to plant young &s;prigs thereof in Februarie or March or rather in the begin|ning of October, and the ground mu&s;t be wel hu&s;banded and often digged&punc; and al&s;o putting a&s;hes to the root thereof, which mu&s;t be place<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> very d&eacute;epe in the earth. This wood is very ex|cellent for Ioyners to make Cupbords, De&s;kes, and In&s;tru|ments of, becau&s;e it is &s;olide and &s;mooth without knots&punc; Of the barries of this Tr&eacute;e is made a kind of drinke &s;omewhat like in ta&s;t to Perrie, and of which in Germanie I haue drunke. The Yew tr&eacute;e delighteth in a hard, &s;tonie&punc; or chalkie<NOTE PLACE="marg">Yew tree.</NOTE> ground, as is to be &s;&eacute;ene about Ro<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">h Abbey in <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">he We&s;t Ri|ding of York&s;hire&punc; &amp; in &s;ome parts of kent, and al&s;o in manie Churchyards in England, &amp; other grauelly places: the wood of this Tr&eacute;e is very hard, and good as euery man knoweth to make Bowes, De&s;kes, In&s;truments, and many other nece&s;|&s;arie things; and it is &s;o much the better, becau&s;e it is not &s;ubiect to be eaten of wormes: yet the Spani&s;h Yew and A&s;h&punc; is much better than any we haue which growes in England, yet ours not to be reiected.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray S<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">r why do you forget to &s;peake of the Che&s;nut tr&eacute;e, con&s;idering you gaue &s;uch extraordinarie com|mendations, as well for the Timber as fruit thereof.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Though I haue for borne to &s;peake thereof, yet I in|tend not to be &s;ilent therein&punc; for the worth of this tree de&s;er|ueth<NOTE PLACE="marg">Che&s;nut tree.</NOTE> no le&s;&s;e commendations then any the former: for it
<PB N="61" REF="34"> groweth to as large a tree as an Oake, doth as well in tal|ne&s;&s;e as thickne&s;&s;e of bodie, and al&s;o beareth plentifull of<NOTE PLACE="marg">Che&s;nuts &s;ow<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> Che&s;nuts pla~ts</NOTE> boughes, if it be at the fir&s;t well and carefully hu&s;banded: and you may &s;et or &s;ow Che&s;nuts, or el&s;e &s;et&punc; young plants thereof&punc; by both which waies they will come vp and pro&s;per very well&punc; and &s;ow them rather in vallies then mountaines; in a light, &s;oft, and blacke mould, rather then in a &s;tiffe, clayie or &s;andie &s;oyle: and plant them &s;o that the heate of the Sun doe not too much annoy them&punc; becau&s;e the tree it &s;elfe natu|rally de&s;ireth &s;hadow and coole places, yet not cold. And the<NOTE PLACE="marg">The be&s;t time of planting Che&s;nuts.</NOTE> be&s;t time to plant them as &s;ome doe thinke, is when the Sun is in the Equinoctiall. And after they are planted, take y&eacute;ere|ly the young &s;prigs away, as they come forth, (with your hand&punc; as is formerly &s;aid&punc; and not with an edged toole,) vn|till they are three or foure yeares old, and that in the begin|ning of the &s;pring, which will cau&s;e them to pro&s;per better, and put forth more houghes. And &s;ome held it better rather to &s;ow Che&s;nuts (whereby they thinke more fruit will come thereof) then to &s;et plants&punc; &s;o that the ground be well hu&s;|banded, which mu&s;t be done either in October or March: and Nuts that you meane to &s;et or &s;ow, mu&s;t be verie faire, ripe, and &s;ound, and the newer they are, the better they will grow and pro&s;per&punc; and the&s;e Nuts mu&s;t be &s;et foure or fiue of them together in one hole in the earth a foot d&eacute;epe&punc; the &s;harp ends downward, two yeards di&s;tant the one from the other: and within two or three yeards after, when they are growne vp to a rea&s;onable height, then take them vp againe &amp; plant them about fift&eacute;ene or &s;ixt&eacute;ene yeards di&s;ta<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">t the one from the other, for el&s;e when they are grow<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e to be large tr&eacute;es,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Che&s;nuts &s;te|ped in water or milke.</NOTE> their maine &s;preading branches will greatly annoy and hin|der each others grouth. And &s;ome doe v&s;e before they &s;et the Nuts in the ground, to &s;t&eacute;epe them two or thr&eacute;e daies in wa|ter, or rather milke, and you may &s;et them either in October or Februarie.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>But will not this tr&eacute;e grow and pro&s;per as well of the Plant, as of the Nut?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes no doubt but it will, but you will hardly finde
<PB N="62" REF="35"> in England any young plants with roots, and to &s;et &s;prigges therof hauing no roots, but cut from the tree, they will by no meanes pro&s;per: and therefore the be&s;t and &s;ure&s;t way is to &s;ow the Nuts.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>But the Che&s;nuts which commonly come into Eng|land are rotten and peri&s;hed before the time commeth of &s;et|ting them: how then &s;hall we get any of the&s;e to be &s;ound for &s;etting, that in likelyhood we might not loo&s;e both labour and charge?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay true, many of tho&s;e Che&s;nuts which come out of France are ind&eacute;ed much peri&s;hed, and the rea&s;on may be as well of their vntimely gathering, as al&s;o when they are gathered, in not wel k&eacute;eping of them: in both which great care mu&s;t be had, and therefore the &s;ooner you &s;et tho&s;e Nuts the better and &s;ooner will they pro&s;per.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray how doe they k&eacute;epe them?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>The manner of k&eacute;eping them in France, about the countrie of Dalphine, where great &s;tore of the&s;e tr&eacute;es doe grow, is, that about Autumn they do gather the&s;e Nuts, and k&eacute;epe them vntill their hulks grow, tending to a <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ay colour, and that al&s;o vntill they ra&s;t out their fruit, and this with|out any more adoe, is their common cour&s;e of k&eacute;eping them. But others who make great profit of them by their long k&eacute;e|ping, &amp; &s;elling them to &s;eamen to tran&s;port into other coun|tries, doe beate them downe before they be fully ripe, or fall from the tr&eacute;e of them&s;elues, for tho&s;e ripe ones &s;o falling will not k&eacute;epe aboue twenty or thirtie daies, except they be dried, and yet for all that they will not k&eacute;epe verie long. And be|ing gathered as afore&s;aid, &s;ome then doe couer them with Ha&s;ell Nuts, which they &s;ay do drie vp the &s;uperfluous moi|&s;ture of the Che&s;nuts. And others gather them in the de|crea&s;e<NOTE PLACE="marg">The keeping of Che&s;nuts.</NOTE> of the Moone, when they are rea&s;onable ripe, and doe put them in &s;and, or place them in &s;ome coole roome, or el&s;e lay them in earthen ve&s;&s;els well couered, that no ayre get in, which they &s;et in coole cellers, for if any ayre doe come at them, they will &s;oone rot and peri&s;h. And I could wi&s;h that many would apply them&s;elues to plant (next vnto the Oke)
<PB N="63" REF="35"> this kinde of tr&eacute;e, as well for the timber thereof, which will &s;erue with the be&s;t for building of hou&s;es, for which purpo&s;e it is mo&s;t durable: as al&s;o for the fruit thereof, which may be eaten <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">aw, roa&s;ted, baked in Pies, or make bread there|of, and al&s;o being boyled, it may be brayed and eaten with milke, and wi<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">h may be a great reliefe to many poore people, and which al&s;o is good to fat Swine.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay weil, and I would to God there might be as good care had of the planting and pro&s;pering of this kinde of tr&eacute;ee, which I perceiue bringeth abundance of ne|ce&s;&s;arie profit, as well to the rich as poore, both for building<NOTE PLACE="marg">The Mulberie tree.</NOTE> and foode, as there is in planting of Mulberie tr&eacute;es, which though it be al&s;o profitable, yet is the profit thereof annex|ed with a kinde of pride, in making &s;ilkes for ga<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">e cloathes.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is true, yet the profit of the Che&s;nut tree (as I conceiue) is more nece&s;&s;arie, as well in re&s;pect of the good|ne&s;&s;e of Timber, as al&s;o for the &s;u&s;tenance and reliefe of the poore: yet the commoditie of the Mulberie tree is greatly to be re&s;pected, in regard of the &s;ilke that is made thereof, as al&s;o for the wood it &s;elfe: and therefore it is a tree well worth the planting, and not ami&s;&s;e to &s;peake &s;omewhat<NOTE PLACE="marg">Two &s;orts of Mulbery trees, the one white, the other red.</NOTE> thereof. You &s;hall vnder&s;tand then, that there are two &s;orts of Mulberie tr&eacute;es, the white and the blacke, or darke red Mulberie, and they are &s;o called by rea&s;on of their fruit, and the black Mulbery is better the~ in the white, becau&s;e it brin|geth forth a more large and better reli&s;hed fruite, and in which is greater &s;tore of liquor then the white, and the bo|die of that tre&eacute; is al&s;o thicker, and doth more kindly grow without knubs or <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters">ynings then the white doth, and when you intend to plant it, you mu&s;t haue great care, as well in manuring the ground which mu&s;t be a fat and moi&s;t &s;oyle, as al&s;o in planting of it towards the South Sunne, and in warme places, and that verie deepe in the earth, in the three fore&s;aid monethes of Februarie, March, or rather Oc|tober: and in planting of it mixe earth with a&s;hes, and lay it about, and vpon the roote, for this tree is very tender, and
<PB N="64" REF="36"> therefore cold winds and fro&s;ts are great enemies to it, nei|ther doth it thriue in ertreame drouthes. They may al&s;o be grafted vpon Apple or Peare tr&eacute;es, or vpon their own &s;tocks<NOTE PLACE="marg">Note.</NOTE> in the increa&s;e of the Moone, or thr&eacute;e or foure daies before the fir&s;t quarter. And note (as &s;ome doe write) that how ma|ny daies the Moone is olde when you graft them, &s;o many yeares will it be before they bring forth any fruit. And this planting or grafting them is much better, then &s;owing the Mulbery kernell, e&s;pecially in our climate, which is &s;ome|what too cold for that purpo&s;e. Som al&s;o doe plant this Mul|berie, by taking a little &s;lip of a foot-long from the tree it &s;elfe, and &s;et it fiue or &s;ixe inches in the earth, which done, it mu&s;t then be carefully wa<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ered in Summer time. Some al&s;o to make a nurcerie of fruit tr&eacute;es, will &s;ow the&s;e kernels of Mul|beries among their other fruit trees. But how&s;oeuer, whe|ther you plant this tree, or &s;ow kernels thereof, it would better be&s;&eacute;eme &s;pacious grounds, Forre&s;ts and Parkes (be|cau&s;e of his largene&s;&s;e and varietie, and &s;ome annoyance withall) then an Orchard or Garden, becau&s;e the fruit once ripe (which is then &s;w&eacute;et and lutious) the flies and wa&s;pes will continually haunt in tho&s;e trees, and exc&eacute;edingly annoy the hou&s;e. The wood of this tree is very good for ioyners to<NOTE PLACE="marg">Wood of this tree. Leaues of this tree. Fruit of the tree.</NOTE> make hou&s;hold implements of, and they v&s;e it in &s;ome parts of Italy to build their hou&s;es. Of the leaues of tree, they f&eacute;ede Silkewormes, of which great profit is made. And the fruit of this tree is good to fat Swine and Poultrie. And to conclude, this tree is &s;o good and profitable, as there is neither wood, leaues, or fruite, but &s;erueth to good v&s;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>You haue &s;ufficiently &s;poken of this tree, and that according to his worth, but there is yet another kind of tree which would helpe to adorne and beautifie all kinds, as wel of wilde as Farme grounds, both for the fruit, and al&s;o largene&s;&s;e of the tree, and that is the Walnut tree, of which<NOTE PLACE="marg">Walnut tree.</NOTE> as not yet any thing hath b&eacute;ene &s;poken.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Neither did I thinke to haue &s;aid any thing thereof at all, though it be a &s;&eacute;emely and large tree, and well worth
<PB N="65" REF="36"> the hauing, yet hath it that malignant nature with it (as my Author affirmeth) as it annoyeth all other trees which grow n&eacute;ere vnto it, and e&s;pecially the Oake tree: yet becau&s;e it is good and profitable, as well for the wood and timber, as al&s;o for the fruit, I will a little &s;peake hereof. The ground then that the&s;e tr&eacute;es doe mo&s;t delight in, is rather a hot &s;oyle then a fat or wateri&s;h, and the be&s;t place to plant them in, is vpon highway &s;ides, or vacant places, becau&s;e of the &s;poyling o|ther tr&eacute;es which grow by them, for the very &s;hadow and drop|pings of this tr&eacute;e doth much annoy any thing that groweth n&eacute;ere or vnder it: And you may either &s;et the Nut, plant a<NOTE PLACE="marg">Three manner of waies to haue this tree to grow. To &s;et the Nut</NOTE> young tree thereof, or el&s;e graft it vpon &s;ome other tree. If you will &s;et the nut, you mu&s;t fir&s;t (after the ground is well digged and prepared as afore&s;aid) make choi&s;e of the Nut to be of a yeare old, the &s;hell faire, large, and tender, and the kernell full and cri&s;pe; and you mu&s;t lay them either in &s;t&eacute;epe in Cow milke, or el&s;e in vrine of a Boy for three or foure daies before you &s;et them, and then put them into the earth the &s;harpe ends downeward, eyther in October, Fe|bruarie, or March, for then the &s;harpne&s;&s;e of the cold wether is not fully come, or el&s;e pa&s;t, and then put vp the earth light|ly about the Nut. And &s;ome al&s;o doe v&s;e to &s;et them with their gr&eacute;ene <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">u&s;kes on, being newly taken from the tree. If<NOTE PLACE="marg">To &s;et the plant.</NOTE> you will &s;et young plants thereof, take then the faire&s;t and be&s;t liking young trees you can, and after the ground be|ing well trimmed and hu&s;banded, and the &s;uperfluous roots cut away (the ma&s;ter roote excepted) plant them about for|<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ie foote di&s;tant one from the other, or el&s;e when they grow to be great trees, they will much hinder the pro&s;pering of one the other: and in planting of them let &s;ome of the earth where they did formerly grow, bee put together with the plant into the hole where it mu&s;t &s;tand, and plant them in the three fore&s;aid monethes of February, March, or rather Octo|ber. The third way to haue this tree come vp, is by graf|ting<NOTE PLACE="marg">Grafting of it.</NOTE> of it, which &s;ome doe v&s;e vpon Plumtree &s;tockes, for want of &s;tockes of the &s;ame kinde: But the be&s;t way is to graft it vpon a &s;tocke of his owne kinde in grafting time.
<PB N="66" REF="37"> But beware you neither &s;et the Nut, plant young trees, or graft any &s;ciences of this kinde of tree, neere vnto any Oake, or where any Oake hath formerly growne.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>But doe you not thinke that this tree will grow in cold and moy&s;t places, as well as in the fertill &s;oyle, for it &s;eemeth to mec, to be of a hard condition, for I haue of|ten &s;&eacute;ene them beate~ with a long pole, when the Nuts begin to grow ripe, and their branches much broken therewith.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes, they will grow rea&s;onable well in &s;uch &s;oyles, and al&s;o endure the cold weather as well as any tree, but then it will not come to that perfection neyther for the large|ne&s;&s;e and bole of the tree, nor &s;tore or goodne&s;&s;e of the Nut, as if it had beene planted in a good and &s;ea&s;onable ground: yet plant this tree where you will, it is &s;o har|die of it &s;elfe, that being exceedingly beaten with a long pole, as you &s;pake of euen now, the more and better fruit &s;hall you haue thereof: but if you doe omit beating of it, then may you prune it, or finely with the point of your knife cut the barke thereof from the foote of the tree vpwards, as high as you can reach, which &s;ome do call &s;carifying or lan|cing. And you &s;hall do well now and then, after &s;ome few yeares planting of it, to lay a&s;hes at the roote thereof, or el&s;e water it with &s;tale vrine, which will cau&s;e the Nut to grow more large, the &s;hell tender, and the kernell more firme and plea&s;ant in ta&s;te; and the tree it &s;elfe will grow fairer, and beare his fruit more timely. And although the di&s;po&s;ition of this tree be &s;o aduer&s;e again&s;t all other trees which grow n&eacute;ere vnto it, yet is the profit thereof greatly to be re&s;pected: for the timber thereof is large, &s;mooth, plea&s;ant, and &s;erueth<NOTE PLACE="marg">The profit of the VValnut tree.</NOTE> to many good v&s;es for ioyners; and the loppings or boughes thereof (which grow thicke and large, when the tree is dead or to be felled, for before you mu&s;t not lop it, if you intend to haue any good thereof) will &s;erue for firewood: the whole Nut from the outermo&s;t rinde to the innermo&s;t kernell, is all and verie excellent good for many griefes and di&s;ea&s;es: and the leafe thereof al&s;o &s;erueth to like good purpo&s;es: &s;o that there is not any impediment in this tree in comparing
<PB N="67" REF="37"> of it with any the former, but only his bad condition in grow|ing neere vnto other tr&eacute;es, and commonly it killeth any thing<NOTE PLACE="marg">The Pine tree.</NOTE> which groweth vnder it; which yet the Pine tree doth not, but is of a contrarie and more plea&s;ing nature, and euery thing doth pro&s;per very well which groweth vnder the &s;ha|dow thereof, which is neither &s;o comber&s;ome or thicke, but that the Sunne, Raine &amp; Ayre may &s;ufficiently come to any thing which &s;o groweth.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>But doe you thinke that Pine trees will grow and pro&s;per in our climate?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I mu&s;t n&eacute;edes thinke &s;o, becau&s;e I haue &s;eene &s;ome grow in England, though yet but rarely, and the rea&s;on perhaps may be, of the not well hu&s;banding them at the fir&s;t, in which great care mu&s;t be v&s;ed, yet when they are growne to be tr&eacute;es, they are then &s;ufficiently able to endure all hard|ne&s;&s;e; but being &s;et either of the plant or &s;&eacute;ed, they are then mo&s;t choice and tender.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray what cour&s;e doe you v&s;e in planting them, and in what kind of ground?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>The &s;oile that chiefly the&s;e tr&eacute;es delight in, is a &s;an|die, light, and &s;tonie ground, and will thriue very well vpon mountaines, and in open ayrie places, and they will grow &s;ooner &amp; better of the kernell, then of a young plant. And you mu&s;t lay the kernels in &s;t&eacute;epe thr&eacute;e or foure daies before you &s;et or &s;ow them and let the ground where you intend to &s;ow them be as carefully hu&s;banded &amp; tilled, as you would doe if you would &s;ow wheat thereon, &amp; then put 6 or 7 of them into the earth in one hole together 4 or 5 fingers d&eacute;ep, &amp; couer the~ lightly with loo&s;e earth. And the be&s;t time to &s;ow them is in October or Nouember&punc; in warm, hot, or drie places, &amp; in cold and wet grounds in February or March, and when they are growne vp to be young trees, you mu&s;t be very carefull in remouing any of them, becau&s;e it is long before they will &s;ettle and take roote, and they will hardly endure to be tran&s;planted (without hurt and hinderance to their grouth) but yet when you doe remoue of them, beware you do not bruze or breake any of the roots, e&s;pcially the ma&s;ter-roote.
<PB N="68" REF="38"> And it is thought this tree will continue the longer, if the barke be now and then taken from it, becau&s;e that vnder the barke wormes doe breed, which doe fret and de&s;troy the tree. And though you may thinke this di&s;dour&s;e of mine to be more curious then nece&s;&s;arie, becau&s;e there be excellent good lawes alreadie inacted for pre&s;eruing the wood, yet in re&s;pect there do want peculiar officers that &s;hould carefully looke thereunto, tho&s;e lawes, as many other be, are little re|&s;pected: therefore if you plea&s;e, before we end our confe|rence,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Some new law fit to be thoght of for pre&s;er|uing of wood.</NOTE> let vs a little con&s;ider of &s;ome points fit to be thought of by our graue and di&s;creete Parliament, meant to that ende.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>M. Surueyor you haue made a good motion, I pray let vs heare your conceit concerning this point.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir with all willingne&s;&s;e I will di&s;couer to you my poore opinion therein, which is, that euerie Fr&eacute;eholder or Co|piholder of Inheritance holding twentie Acres or vpward of land, &s;hould be enioyned by a &s;peciall act to be made in that behalfe, to plant or &s;ow one Acre of tho&s;e twentie with Oake, Elme, A&s;h, B&eacute;ech, or Che&s;nut, &amp;c. in Counties that are not wooddie, or where little or no wood is growing, and to ditch and hedge the &s;ame defen&s;ably from Cattle and Swine, or other de&s;truction.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay well, but that law would as little be re|&s;pected as any the re&s;t, except it might al&s;o be enacted, that there &s;hould be officers appointed for the due &s;urueying and yearely view of euerie mans performance thereof.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>That is my meaning, for after this little nurcery thus<NOTE PLACE="marg">Officers ap|pointed to looke to the pre&s;eruation of the&s;e little groues.</NOTE> made and planted according to the proportion aboue&s;aid, that is, from twenty Acres to one thou&s;and, &amp;c. I would then haue the high Con&s;table of euerie Hundred, Wapentake, or Libertie appointed an officer to looke to the pre&s;eruation of the&s;e little groues, and that twice in the yeare, which &s;hould be about the Spring and Fall, <HI>viz.</HI> Our Ladie day&punc; and Martinmas, that the fences be wel maintained, the grounds clen&s;ed from w&eacute;eds, &amp; all manner of cattle be kept out from annoying and &s;poiling the tender &s;prigs, for which he &s;hould
<PB N="69" REF="38"> yearely haue fiue pounds, to be with equall proportion le|uied<NOTE PLACE="marg">A yearely al|lowance to this new Of|ficer.</NOTE> through his whole Diui&s;ion or Hundred, according to their v&s;uall cour&s;e and proportion of rates and ce&s;&s;e|ments there v&s;ed in other &s;eruices for the Countie.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>But what then &s;hould the&s;e high Con&s;tables do, when they find offenders in any point of this planting or pre&s;eruing law?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I would haue them to k&eacute;epe note bookes of al their doings therein, and that once in the yeare, and at the next Quarter Se&s;&s;ions extract the&s;e defaults to the Iu&s;tices of<NOTE PLACE="marg">The defaults extracted to the Iu&s;tices of Peace. A fine and pe|naltie.</NOTE> Peace, and if they find any offence, to impo&s;e a fine for that default pa&s;t, and a penaltie for the amendment there|of, before a certain day, as to their di&s;cretions &s;hould &s;&eacute;em m&eacute;ete: and that the &s;ame chiefe Con&s;table may haue the leuying of their fines or amercements, the profit whereof to be thus diuided into foure equall parts, <HI>viz.</HI> to the Iu|&s;tices of the Peace one part, to the Clerke of the Peace for entring di&s;treating the &s;ame, another part, to the chiefe Con&s;tables for collecting them one other part, and to the poore of the pari&s;h re&s;pectiuely the fourth part. And that al|&s;o<NOTE PLACE="marg">Articles to be giue~ in charge to the Iurie.</NOTE> by the &s;ame act, the Iu&s;tices at euery their Se&s;&s;ions may haue power to giue in their charge to the Iurie the&s;e following Cautions, as parcell of their charge. <MILESTONE N="1"> Fir&s;t, &s;uch who haue not planted or &s;owed &s;uch grounds according to the proportion of Acre or Acres afore&s;aid, with &s;uch plants and &s;&eacute;eds as the nature and condition of the &s;oile will be&s;t agr&eacute;e withall. <MILESTONE N="2"> Secondly, &s;uch who haue not after their planting or &s;owing &amp; comming vp, carefully looked vnto them for their better pro&s;pering. <MILESTONE N="3"> Thirdly, that where &s;uch Plants and Tr&eacute;es haue bin &s;et and &s;owne, that vpon their planting or new comming vp of them, many or mo&s;t of them haue mi&s;carried and not pro&s;pered, and that &s;uch haue not againe made a reparation in due &s;ea&s;on (to be a|bout or a little after <HI>Michaelmas</HI>) with other yong Plants of like kind, &amp;c. <MILESTONE N="4"> And where that many fences bee weake and bad (Cattell and Swine breake in and croppe the yong &s;prigges, and roote vp the ground) bee &s;trengthened
<PB N="70" REF="39"> and carefully mended. That by the&s;e and &s;uch like Inqui|ries pre&s;entments may at our Lady day and Martinmas be made by the Iurie of the defaults, that they may bee compared with the pre&s;entments of the &s;aid chiefe Con|&s;tables, who are the Surueyors of the&s;e Groues. And if ther find the &s;aid chiefe Con&s;table negligent or conniuing<NOTE PLACE="marg">Another fine to be impo&s;ed.</NOTE> in that Office, that then the Iu&s;tices do al&s;o fine them, ac|cording as their di&s;cretions &s;hall thinke fit: which fine &s;hall be diuided into two equall parts, the one halfe to the Clerke of the Peace, and the other halfe to the Iurie that pre&s;ented the defaults.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, in my opinion you haue laid a foundation of very good and probable law, which being perfected by the wi&s;dome of the Parliament Burge&s;&s;es, who knowing the natures, conditions, and properties of euery County, can be&s;t forme and fa&s;hion the &s;ame fit for euery place, which a&s;&s;uredly cannot but doe well; becau&s;e you haue made &s;uch a cautionarie law, that the profits ari&s;ing of the amercements and fines for defaults, as well of the ow|ners of tho&s;e &s;prings, as of the Surueyors, will cau&s;e the &s;ame to be quickly found and leuied, which will make e|uery one more carefully to looke about him.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Surueyor.</SPEAKER>
<P>Truely Sir, it is mo&s;t needfull that &s;ome &s;uch cour&s;e &s;hould be thought of, and I &s;hould thinke my &s;elfe happie if I could po&s;&s;e&s;&s;e &s;ome pregnant wits to rai&s;e vp any profitable law for the encrea&s;ing of &s;o pitifull a de|cay, as is generally of our Woods, which hath come by the vnnaturalne&s;&s;e of the times, that hath bred men void of charitie; Epicures, onely prouiding for the &s;upply of their plea&s;ures: without that naturall leue, care, and re&s;pect, that by the Lawes of God, Nature, and Na|tions they &s;hould haue of their po&s;teritie and &s;ucceeding ages.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ma&s;ter Surueyor you haue &s;poken mo&s;t truely herein: for my &s;elfe (in this &s;mall time that I haue liued, which is not yet fully &s;ixtie yeares) haue ob&s;erued, that in the&s;e latter ages true charitie hath had a great fight
<PB N="71" REF="39"> with &s;elfe-loue, and much banding on both parties hath beene for &s;ome few yeares after. But &s;ince this con|flict, &s;en&s;ualitie hath &s;o played the para&s;ite, as he hath le|uied more forces, and growne more powerfull by his li|bertine in&s;inuations, than poore charitie could do: where|by it hath followed that &s;hee is aboli&s;hed, and &s;elfe-loue hath obtained the victorie; and thereupon comming in by conque&s;t, &s;he thinketh her &s;elfe not bound to any law, but at her plea&s;ure mo&s;t licentiou&s;ly hath made hauocke of all old charitable foundations, plantations, pre&s;eruations, and what not; whereby this pitifull &s;poile of Woods a|mong&s;t the re&s;t, that &s;erued to many n&eacute;edfull and worthie v&s;es, is now pre&s;ented to vs in the pageant of this our age, as part of the fruits of &s;elfe-loue, in euery degr&eacute;e, &s;ex, and per&s;on.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Good Sir, I pray make &s;ome &s;tay of relating &s;o f&eacute;elingly the memorie of the&s;e wofull deua&s;tations, for in good faith you make my heart ake with the remembrance of them, and the more, for that I &s;&eacute;e all this which you haue &s;aid to be mo&s;t true in all &s;orts of people: for it we looke vpon the Clergie, we may then &s;&eacute;e their Church-land to be rather champaine than rea&s;onably wooddie, and their Woods and Copies cut downe, wa&s;ted, and &s;old by them, not vpon nece&s;&s;ity, but vpon couetou&s;nes, want of charity, and due care of Churches po&s;teritie. If we look vpon foun|dations and donations of Colledges, Schooles, and Ho&s;pi|tals, euery man we &s;&eacute;e is for him&s;elfe, va&s;ting, and deua|&s;ting all, as though they expected neuer to haue any &s;uc|ce&s;&s;ors at all. If we looke towards widowes hauing dow|ries, we &s;hall ea&s;ily perceiue the &s;mall care and motherly affection they haue of their heires, in re&s;pect of their later and new hu&s;bands, but all is brought to the fall and ruine, without re&s;pect of future good to their po&s;terities. And if we bend our con&s;iderations vpon many Officers of the Crowne, we may ea&s;ily di&s;cerne what cour&s;e they hold to aduance their owne profits, more then the pre&s;eruation of the Princes Woods and Royalties.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB N="72" REF="40">
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Well, &s;ince charitie is in this mournefull &s;ort confronted and derided by &s;elfe-loue, let euery one ende|uour to vnite him&s;elfe, as well in others as in this mo&s;t n&eacute;edfull thrift of Planting: which your conceit for erec|ting &s;ome new law for the &s;ame, doth &s;eeme to mee mo&s;t probable and effectual for encrea&s;e of Timber and Fuel, and that with the lea&s;t charge that may be.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Happily it may effect wel, if iudicious men would be plea&s;ed to make &s;mooth and plaine that which I haue roughly hewen: with which I pray giue me leaue to end this di&s;cour&s;e of Planting; wherein if I haue giuen you any &s;ati&s;faction, I &s;hall thinke my time well be&s;towed, and would be glad to &s;&eacute;e you or any other practi&s;e &s;ome of the&s;e directions of Planting and Sowing for encrea&s;e of Wood and Timber, of which the &s;carcitie is daily &s;&eacute;ene: and yet few or none in our time (to any great purpo&s;e) haue euer taken paines to write hereof, how or in what manner to begin and proc&eacute;ed. And I &s;&eacute;e there are as few indu&s;trious &s;pirits that will vndertake the care and charge for the encrea&s;e or pre&s;eruing of them.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Are there not then any other &s;ort of Trees worth the planting either for Timber or Fuell, more then what you haue alreadie &s;poken of?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>There are not any other worth the labor either for Timber or Fuell, which either do, or as I conceiue, will plentifully grow or fructifie in England, becau&s;e the &s;oyle &amp; climate is more aduer&s;e than plea&s;ing to their co~ditions: yet there be many other Tr&eacute;es of &s;mall growth worth the planting, in regard of their fruit, as namely, the Apple-tr&eacute;e, Warden-tr&eacute;e, Plumme-tr&eacute;e, &amp;c. the profit of which (if men would be indu&s;trious to plant them) would in &s;hort time happily y&eacute;eld a liberall encrea&s;e, &amp; di&s;charge a good part of their rent, be&s;ides finding of their owne hou&s;es&punc; by the &s;tore of Cy<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">er and Perry, which yearely may be made thereof, as tho&s;e of the Counties of Worce&s;ter, Gloce&s;ter, &amp; Here|ford do find it true by experie~ce: but hereof I intend not to &s;peake, becau&s;e many men are alreadie excellent and mo&s;t
<PB N="73" REF="40"> curious in that kind in their Orchards; and the making of Perrie and Cider is neither &s;o difficult or chargeable, as it is plea&s;ant and profitable: and for that al&s;o I &s;hould then ex|c&eacute;ede the compa&s;&s;e of an introduction to an old thrift, which was the whole &s;cope of my intent in this di&s;cour&s;e.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>But Sir, though we are content for this pre&s;ent to &s;pare your further labour herein, becau&s;e I thinke wee haue almo&s;t tyred you, yet I would entreat you hereafter (though many men by practi&s;e are mo&s;t &s;kilfull therein) to let vs heare your conceit concerning fruit tr&eacute;es, and the commodi|tie thereof: for though the bodies or boles of them y&eacute;eld but &s;mall Timber, yet you know they are both profitable and plea&s;ant, in re&s;pect of the fruit which commeth from them.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, I thanke you for your patience in hearing this abrupt di&s;cour&s;e of Planting and Sowing, for encrea&s;e of Timber and Fuell, wherein if I &s;&eacute;e any de&s;irous either to practi&s;e &s;ome of the&s;e experiments, or el&s;e adde &s;ome more liuely and practike directions for the bettering of this &s;ub|iect, it will the rather encourage me hereafter to &s;ati&s;fie your de&s;ire. And in the meane time I wi&s;h we might not be either too wi&s;e or ridiculous in contemning what we neuer &s;aw or practi&s;ed, and to imitate nothing but what hath b&eacute;ene appro|ued by daily experience, which alwaies doth be&s;t &s;uite with dull &s;pirits.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;ay well, and &s;o wee will bid you adue vntill to morrow, when we will chaleng<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> your promi&s;e, to heare your di&s;cour&s;e of the afore&s;aid In&s;trument for mea&s;uring of Timber.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>M. <HI>Peregrine</HI> and the re&s;t you are we<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">come; and I will not faile to giue you the b<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">&s;t &s;ati&s;faction I can therein.</P>
</SP>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="4" TYPE="part">
<PB N="74" REF="41">
<HEAD>THE FOVRTH PART,</HEAD>
<ARGUMENT>
<P><HI>A &s;hort Treati&s;e of mea&s;uring Board,</HI> and the &s;olide content of any Tree, either &s;tanding or lying vpon the ground, be it &s;quare or round; and al&s;o to take the heigth thereof: performed by a &s;mall portable In|&s;trument, which is both facile and plea&s;ant.</P>
</ARGUMENT>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Surueyor.</SPEAKER>
<P>_MA&s;ter <HI>Peregrine,</HI> and the re&s;t, God giue you all a good day.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, the like to you, and wee are now come according to your appointment, as well to giue you thankes for your ye&s;ter|daies di&s;cour&s;e of Planting and Sowing for encrea&s;e of Timber and Fuell, as al&s;o to de&s;ire you to &s;ati&s;|fie vs concerning the v&s;e of this In&s;trument, for mea&s;uring the content of any Timber tr&eacute;e, and al&s;o to take the heigth thereof, either &s;tanding or growing.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, your reque&s;t being grounded vpon my owne of|fer and promi&s;e, I cannot denie you &s;o iu&s;t a demaund: but fir&s;t let me a&s;ke you, if you haue any vnder&s;tanding in the &s;cience of Arithmeticke?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Pereg.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes a little, and I once had it rea&s;onably perfect, but now for want and v&s;e thereof I haue almo&s;t forgotten it: yet will I helpe that defect in my &s;elfe as well as I can, by being attentiue and willing to vnder&s;tand.</P>
<PB REF="41">
<P><FIGURE>
<P>Inwarde edge</P>
</FIGURE></P>
</SP>
<SP>
<PB REF="42">
<PB N="75" REF="42">
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>And I haue b&eacute;ene &s;o &s;lacke therein, as the que&s;tion mu&s;t be very ea&s;ie, if I can re&s;olue it: therefore I mu&s;t the more entreat your paines and patience herein.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is my purpo&s;e to be painefull and patient to giue you the be&s;t &s;ati&s;faction herein I can. But the v&s;e and prac|ti&s;e of this Art is &s;o ingenious, excellent, and nece&s;&s;arie, as we can v&s;e no manner of commerce or corre&s;pondencie with any, or practi&s;e any facultie or knowledge, but &s;till Ari<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">h|meticke is the &s;pecialle&s;t and mo&s;t e&s;&s;entiall part thereof: therefore you doe not well to be &s;o negligent or forgetfull of &s;o excellent a thing as this is: But the hearing of this Di&s;|cour&s;e will be little plea&s;ing or profitable to our Farmer, be|cau&s;e I imagine he is little &s;&eacute;ene in the practi&s;e of numbers and figures.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ma&s;ter Surueyor, I thanke you for your care, and it is likely you will find me an old Truant therein: yet if it will plea&s;e you to proc&eacute;ede, I will al&s;o doe my be&s;t to vnder|&s;tand you therein; for I haue &s;peciall v&s;e and n&eacute;ede thereof, becau&s;e I buy and &s;ell much Timber.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is well, I perceiue then if you will be attentiue, all of you will &s;oone conceiue the v&s;e of this In&s;trument: but you mu&s;t know, that I intend not to in&s;truct you in the whole cour&s;e of mea&s;uring Timber and Board (which this In&s;trument will performe as well as any other) but only to teach you &s;ome briefe rules, and &s;o much as &s;hall &s;ufficiently &s;erue you to mea&s;ure boord, or any &s;olide, round or &s;quare bo|die, be it Timber, &s;tone, gla&s;&s;e, or any &s;uch like, and al&s;o to take the heigth of a Tr&eacute;e, or of any thing el&s;e. This In&s;tru|ment<NOTE PLACE="marg">The de&s;crip|tion of the In|&s;trument.</NOTE> then is made as you &s;&eacute;e of two p&eacute;eces of Box or Bra&s;&s;e, whether you will, and of a rea&s;onable thickne&s;&s;e, with a ioint in the midde&s;t to open and that at plea&s;ure, to what di&s;tance<NOTE PLACE="marg">Vpper-&s;ide lower &s;ide, out|ward edge, <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">n|ward edge.</NOTE> you plea&s;e, yea, euen vnto a &s;traight line, and it con&s;i&s;teth of the vpper &s;ide &amp; lower &s;ide, outward edge and inward edge.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>I pray what doe you meane by the con&s;i&s;ting of it?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I meane there are graduated vpon tho&s;e &s;ides &amp; edges diui&s;ions that mu&s;t performe the worke: and fir&s;t I will in|&s;truct you of &s;uch graduatio~s as are vpon y^e vpper &s;ide, which
<PB N="76" REF="43"> as you &s;&eacute;e are certaine degr&eacute;es called the Sines, the degr&eacute;es of a Quadrant, and 20 equall parts along the edge of the Scale. And fir&s;t for the Sines, they are 90 vnequall parts extending from the Centre, growing by degr&eacute;es to a &s;maller proportion towards 90, and which are numbred by 10, 20, 30, to 90, the fines being <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ut further than the vnites, and each vnite diuided into halues, and is of great v&s;e in the doctrine of Triangles, as hereafter &s;hall be &s;hewed. Secondly, the degr&eacute;es of a Quadrant are likewi&s;e 90, from the Centre to|wards your right hand, hauing the Sines vpmo&s;t, &amp; holding the Centre from you wards; and al&s;o the fines are cut fur|ther than the vnites, and each vnite diuided into halues, and which &s;erueth to take heights. Thirdly, the 20 equall parts are thus to bee vnder&s;tood, the Scale is to bee opened to a &s;traight line, and then the whole length thereof (which is iu&s;t one foot) is diuided into 20 equall parts, and is numbred by 5, 10, 15, to 20. And which al&s;o &s;erueth to mea&s;ure the bredth, depth, and circumference of any Tr&eacute;e.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>All this I vnder&s;tand, becau&s;e I &s;&eacute;e it &s;o in the Scale, but how or vpon what grounds they are made, that I know not.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Neither is it materiall whether you know it or no, except you will apply your &s;elfe a little to &s;tudie Geometrie, and therefore it &s;hall &s;uffice onely to in&s;truct you in the v&s;e of it. Next in order followeth the graduations of the lower<NOTE PLACE="marg"><GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ower &s;ide.</NOTE> &s;ide, and fir&s;t of the equall parts which come from the Cen|tre, are 100, being numbred by 10, 20, 30, to 100. And the fines are cut further than the vnites, and which &s;erueth to finde the circumference of a circle, the diameter being giuen; to take any part or parts of a line being giuen, and for diuers other v&s;es. On the right hand are graduated 30 equal parts, being numbred by 5, 10, 15, to 25. And the fir&s;t 5 are not numbred at all, and each vnite is diuided into halues and quarters; which Scale &s;erueth to finde the Diameter of a Circle, the circumference being giuen. Towards your left hand are graduated 25 equall parts, being numbred by 5, 10, 15, to 20. And the fir&s;t 5 is not numbred at all, being diuided
<PB N="77" REF="43"> into vnites, and each vnite into halues and quarters, &s;eruing to find the &s;ide of a &s;quare equall to a Circle, to lay downe a figure according to the proportion of that Scale, and al&s;o to other v&s;es.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Hitherunto I perceiue it is mo&s;t ea&s;ie, and I vnder|&s;tand you well without further in&s;truction.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You will a&s;&s;uredly thinke &s;o, if you conceiue that the knowledge and learning of new things f&eacute;eme not tedi|ous and difficult to attaine, which ind&eacute;ed at the fir&s;t are al|waies the harde&s;t: But to proc&eacute;ed, then vpon the outward<NOTE PLACE="marg">Outward edg<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">.</NOTE> edge, is graduated inches (diuided into halues and quar|ters,) to the number of 12. (the iu&s;t length of the &s;cale) and are numbred by 1. 2. 3. to 12. And then for the gra|duations of the inward edge (the &s;cale being in a &s;traight<NOTE PLACE="marg">In ward edge.</NOTE> line as before) the whole length is deuided into 10. equall parts, and is numbred by 1. 2. 3. to 10. And which &s;erueth to mea&s;ure the length, heigth, and di&s;tance of things. And thus much for the graduations of the &s;cale, by which is wrought any thing that I intend to &s;peake of.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>It &s;&eacute;emeth that this In&s;trument is very nece&s;&s;ary to performe what you haue &s;aid, but yet if I &s;hould for want of &s;kill commit any error in the worke, what helpe is there then, when I know not how or where to finde the fault, or v|pon what grounds it is made?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;peake to good purpo&s;e, but as I &s;aid before, &s;o I &s;ay now, you mu&s;t be plea&s;ed to take it for an an&s;wer, that except you will &s;tudiou&s;ly &s;&eacute;eke to attain the knowledge of the&s;e things, you mu&s;t be content with &s;uch briefe Rules, as &s;hall be taught you, concerning this or any the like &s;ubiect: yet this helpe &s;hall you haue herein, that you may trie by A|rithmeticke, any the materialle&s;t matters concerning this affaire, whether it will hold true with the Scale or no.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>That is as much as I de&s;ire: and therefore I pray begin &s;ome propo&s;ition.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I will: Fir&s;t then rather for varietie, then v&s;e h&eacute;ereof in mea&s;uring board or, timber, (but onely for the<NOTE PLACE="marg">The v&s;e of the vpper &s;ide.</NOTE>
<PB N="78" REF="44"> heigth of a tree excepted) I will &s;hew you two or thr&eacute;e propo|&s;itions concerning the Sines. As.</P>
</SP>
<DIV3 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>The Radius, or whole length of a line being giuen<NOTE PLACE="marg">To giue of the vpper &s;ide.</NOTE> to finde any Sine de&s;ired.</HEAD>
<P>Let <HI>a. b.</HI> be Radius, I demaund the &s;ine of 40. degrees.</P>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P>Fit <HI>a. b.</HI> vpon the &s;ines in 90. and take it ouer in 40. which di&s;tance &s;et from <HI>a.</HI> to <HI>c.</HI> and &s;o &s;hall <HI>a. c.</HI> be the &s;ine of 40. de|grees, as was required.</P>
<P>Another Example.</P>
<P><HI>Let a. b.</HI> be Radius, I demaund the &s;ine of 25. degrees.</P>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P>Fit <HI>a. b.</HI> in 90. and take it ouer in 25. and then worke as be|fore: and &s;o &s;hall <HI>a. c.</HI> be the &s;ine of 25. degrees.</P>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>What doe you call this fitting and taking ouer?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Fitting is to open or &s;hut the Scale vntill a certaine di&s;tance be fitted in 90. 80. 70. or any other number de&s;ired: and taking ouer is the opening or &s;hutting of the compa&s;&s;es to the Scale vn&s;tirred in &s;uch degr&eacute;es as &s;hall be required.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>But I pray what concerneth the two former ex|amples of the &s;ines, for the mea&s;uring of Board &amp; Timber?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Not any thing, but onely as I told you in re&s;pect of the varietie and plea&s;ure thereof, and the chiefe&s;t v&s;e of the&s;e &s;ines in Timber mea&s;ure, is of Triangles in taking the height of a tr&eacute;e (an example wherof you &s;hal pre&s;ently vnder|&s;tand.) But before you come to learne how to take the heigth<NOTE PLACE="marg">What an An|gle i<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">.</NOTE> of a tree, it is nece&s;&s;arie for you to know what an Angle is, that &s;o by degr&eacute;es, you may &s;omewhat vnder&s;tand the doc|trine of Triangles. Therfore you &s;hall know that an angle
<PB N="79" REF="44"> is the m&eacute;eting of two lines in one point, who&s;e quantitie is mea&s;ured by an Arch of a Circle pa&s;&s;ing from the one line to the other, and who&s;e Center &s;hall be the point where the two lines doe m&eacute;ete. As for example.</P>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P><HI>a. b.</HI> and <HI>a. c.</HI> are two lines drawne at plea&s;ure, and meete both in the point <HI>a.</HI> making the Angle <HI>b. a. c.</HI> (wherein note that the middle letter <HI>a.</HI> doth alwaies &s;ignifie the Angle,) who&s;e quantitie is mea&s;ured by the Arch <HI>d. c.</HI> and is found to be 90. degrees.</P>
<P>And for that I would haue you the perfecter herein (hauing alreadie &s;hewed you what an Angle is, and how it is mea&s;u|red) It remaineth now to &s;hew you how to find the quantitie of any Angle by the Scale, which is done after this manner. Let the fore&s;aid Angle <HI>b. a. c.</HI> be giuen to be mea&s;ured, who&s;e quantitie is required: <HI>Fir&s;t therefore open your compa&s;&s;es at</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg">To find the quantitie of an Angle by the Scale.</NOTE> <HI>plea&s;ure, and &s;etting one foote in the Center <HI>a.</HI> with the o|ther, foot de&s;cribe the Arch <HI>d. e.</HI> Then without &s;tirring the Compa&s;&s;es, alwaies fit the Radius (which is the Semidiameter) <HI>a. d.</HI> or <HI>a. e.</HI> in 30. vpon the fines, and there let the In&s;trument re&s;t, and then take with your Compa&s;&s;es the di&s;tance from <HI>d.</HI> to <HI>e.</HI> and bring that along&s;t the &s;ines till it be equally fitted on each &s;ide</HI> (which now you &s;&eacute;e it doth in 45.) <HI>and &s;o &s;hall 45. be found to be the halfe of that Angle, which being doubled, it maketh 90. for the true qaantitie of the Angle <HI>b. a. c.</HI> required.</HI> And becau&s;e I would well haue you to vnder&s;tand what I haue &s;aid, I will now &s;hew you the v&s;e of Angles in taking heights performed by the &s;ines. As thus.</P>
<PB N="80" REF="45">
<P>Let <HI>a. b.</HI> be the height of a tr&eacute;e giuen to be mea&s;ured.<NOTE PLACE="marg">To take the heigth of a tree.</NOTE></P>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P><HI>Fir&s;t therefore take a &s;tanding a good di&s;tance off the tree at plea&s;ure, which let be at <HI>c.</HI> Then &s;tanding at <HI>c.</HI> looke to the top of the tree <HI>b.</HI> through the &s;ight of the Quadrant, and note the degree cut vpon the limbe of the Quadrant, by the line at which the lead hangeth, which let be 31. degrees: and &s;o &s;hall the Angle <HI>c.</HI> be an Angle of 31. degrees, who&s;e complement is 59. degrees for the Angle <HI>b.</HI> That done, mea&s;ure the di&s;tance <HI>a. c.</HI> which let be 42. &frac12;. feete, which take vpon &s;ome Scale, and fit it in 59. his oppo&s;ite Angle b. vpon the &s;ines, and take it ouer in 31. the Angle <HI>c.</HI> and that applied to the &s;ame parts from whence you had the 42. &frac12;. &s;heweth 25. and almo&s;t &frac23;. to which adde the height of your eie from the ground, which &s;uppo&s;e to be 5. foot: and &s;o &s;hall you haue the whole height of the tree to bee 30. foote, and &frac23;. of a foote, as was required.</HI> And if you would haue the Diagonall line <HI>b. c.</HI> (that is the di&s;tance from your eye <HI>c.</HI> to the top <HI><HI>b.</HI> Then take the di&s;tance ouer in 90. and that applied to the &s;ame Scale of equall parts, &s;heweth 49&frac34;. for the line bc. required.</HI></P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ien.</SPEAKER>
<P>Ma&s;ter Surueyor you take much paines to in&s;truct one, who&s;e braines I feare will &s;carce be able to conceiue
<PB N="81" REF="45"> you to the end, but what call you this Complement, to what v&s;e &s;erueth that?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Feare not, though the beginning &s;&eacute;eme harde&s;t, yet practi&s;e with a willing minde will make it verie ea&s;ie, and therefore I would wi&s;h you, not as yet to trouble your &s;elfe with too much curio&s;itie to vnder&s;tand euerie particular, be|cau&s;e I would not haue you to thinke it tedious: yet to &s;a|ti&s;fie your de&s;ire, you &s;hall know: <HI>That a Complement is &s;uch</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg">VVhat a com|plement is.</NOTE> a number, which added to another number, they both make iu&s;t, 90. (which are the degrees of a Quadrant) as 31. is the Angle of <HI>c.</HI> to which adde 59. his Complement, the Angle <HI>b.</HI> and they both make 90. Or el&s;e take 31. the Angle at <HI>c.</HI> out of 90. re&s;t 59. for his Complement, the Angle at <HI>b.</HI> And now I will &s;hew you another example of taking a height which is vnac|ce&s;&s;ible.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir, I thanke you, but fir&s;t I pray &s;hew me how you doe the former example of the heighth by Arithmeticke, for if it doth corre&s;pond with the Scale, it is then mo&s;t &s;peedie and ea&s;ie.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I perceiue you will forget nothing what you thinke may doe your &s;elfe good: therefore be attentiue, for it is wrought by the Rule of 3. by the helpe of the table of Sines (which al&s;o I will &s;hew you.) Therefore &s;ay.</P>
<P><TABLE>
<ROW>
<CELL>b.</CELL>
<CELL>a. c.</CELL>
<CELL>c.</CELL>
</ROW>
</TABLE></P>
<P>If 59. the Angle at <HI>b.</HI> giue 42. &frac12;. mea&s;ures, what &s;hall 31. the Angle at <HI>c.</HI> giue.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
<P><HI>ab.</HI> Facit 25. 505 / 857. which fraction is almo&s;t &frac23;. for the line <HI>a. b.</HI> the height of the tree.</P>
<PB N="82" REF="46">
<P>And if you will al&s;o finde out the length of the line <HI>b. c.</HI> worke thus.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
<P>Facit 49. and 382 / 516 or 191 / 258 which fraction is more then halfe, but not &frac34; for the line <HI>b. c.</HI></P>
<P>Wherby you &s;&eacute;e, that as wel by Arithmetick, as by the Scale, it com|meth very n&eacute;ere vnto one the other. And al|waies place the number of Sines vnder the quantities of the angles as you &s;&eacute;e, that vnder the quantitie of the Angle 59, is &s;et his Sine, which is 857, and vnder the quantitie of the Angle 31. is al&s;o placed his Sine 516. and &s;o of others.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>This plea&s;eth me exc&eacute;eding well, and you will make me more &s;tudious therein then euer I did thinke to haue beene.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I am glad you apprehend it &s;o well, I hope you will the better vnder&s;tand this other example, which now I will &s;hew you, which is, in taking the height of a tr&eacute;e (or any thing el&s;e) if you could not come to mea&s;ure the di&s;tance from the tr&eacute;e to you, or that the tr&eacute;e &s;tood on the further &s;ide of a Riuer. And though it be more tedious, and therefore may &s;&eacute;eme more difficult, yet the manner of working it is al one. And it is not onely worth the learning to &s;ati&s;fie you in taking the height of a tree, but al&s;o it is of &s;peciall v&s;e, and worthie to bee knowne of tho&s;e who profe&s;&s;e milita|rie affaires. And thus it is wrought.</P>
<PB N="83" REF="46">
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P><HI>Let <HI>a. b</HI> be the height of the tree, (&s;tanding on the further<NOTE PLACE="marg">To take a height that is vnacce&s;&s;able.</NOTE> &s;ide of the riuer, or which is inacce&s;&s;ible) giuen to be mea&s;ured, and let the breadth of the Riuer be from <HI>a.</HI> to <HI>d.</HI> So that you can come no neerer to the tree then the pointe <HI>d.</HI> Therefore &s;tanding at <HI>d.</HI> looke with your In&s;trument through the &s;ight to the top of the tree <HI>b.</HI> and note the degree cut, which let be 43&frac12; for the Angle <HI>a. d. b.</HI> which take out of 90. re&s;teth 46&frac12;. for the quantity of the Angle <HI>a. b. d.</HI> which al&s;o note: That done&punc; choo&s;e another Station, as the Angle <HI>c.</HI> and there &s;tand and do ob&s;erue as before, and then let the degree cut be 27&frac14; for the angle <HI>c.</HI> who&s;e complement is 62. &frac34;. for the quantity of the angle <HI>a. b. c.</HI> from which take 46&frac12;. the quantity of the Angle <HI>a. b. d.</HI> re&s;teth. 16&frac14;. degrees for the quantity of the Angle <HI>d. b. c.</HI> which note as before. Then mea&s;ure the di&s;tance between your fir&s;t &amp; &s;econd Station <HI>d. c.</HI> &amp; which let be 22&frac13; of yards.</HI> And then may you not only find out the height of the tr&eacute;e <HI>a. b.</HI> but al&s;o the bredth of the riuer <HI>a. c.</HI> &amp; al&s;o y^e lines <HI>c. b. &amp; b. d.</HI> in this maner.</P>
<P><HI>Fit 22&frac13; vpon the Sines in 16. &frac14; his oppo&s;ite Angle <HI>c. b. d.</HI></HI> and take it ouer in 27. &frac14;. the Angle <HI>c.</HI> and that &s;heweth 36&frac12;. (being applied to the Scale from whence you tooke your 22&frac13;.) for
<PB N="84" REF="47"> <HI>the line b. d.</HI> which di&s;tance fit in 90. his oppo&s;ite Angle <HI>b. a. d.</HI> and take it ouer in 43&frac12;. the Angle <HI>d.</HI> and that &s;heweth 25. for <HI>a. b.</HI> the height of the tree; to which adde 5. foot, (that is from the heigth of your eye to the ground <HI>a. e.</HI>) and then the whole height of the tree will be 26. yards, and two foot. Then with|out &s;tirring the Scale, take it ouer al&s;o in 46&frac12;. the Angle <HI>a. b. d.</HI> and that &s;heweth 26&frac12;. for <HI>a. d.</HI> the breadth of the riuer. That done, take <HI>a. b.</HI> and fit it in 27&frac14;. his oppo&s;ite Angle <HI>c.</HI> and take it ouer in 90. and it &s;heweth 54. and almo&s;t &frac34;. for the line <HI>b. c.</HI> And thus by mea&s;uring onely the di&s;tance betw&eacute;ene your two Stations <HI>c.</HI> and <HI>d.</HI> diuers other lines are found out as you &s;ee.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>This way &s;&eacute;emeth very plea&s;ant and briefe by the Scale, and I hope in &s;hort time to vnder&s;tand it rea&s;onably well: but may not this al&s;o be done by Arithmeticke?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes, be&s;t of all, but then as you did before, &s;o now you mu&s;t &s;till v&s;e the helpe of &s;ome Table of Sines.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>All the better, for I am al&s;o willing to vnder&s;tand the v&s;e of tho&s;e Sines; therefore I pray &s;hew it me.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Mo&s;t willingly: therefore hauing found all the Angles as before &s;hewed, with the Quadrant, you &s;hall now finde each line in order by Arithmeticke, as followeth. And fir&s;t for the line. <HI>B. D. &s;ay</HI></P>
<P><GAP DESC="math"></P>
<P>If 16&frac14;. haue to his Sine 22&frac13;. what 27&frac14;.</P>
<P>Facit 36.332 / 55<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">. which is a little more then a halfe, and there|fore it may &s;erue for a halfe. Or &frac35;.</P>
<PB N="85" REF="47">
<P><GAP DESC="math"> For <HI>A. B.</HI></P>
<P>If 90. the Angle <HI>b. a. d.</HI> giue 36&frac12;. what 43&frac12;. the Angle <HI>a. d. b.</HI> facit 25 <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> &frac12;&frac45;. for <HI>a. b.</HI> the height of the tree.</P>
<P>For <HI>A. D.</HI></P>
<GAP DESC="math">
<P>If 90. giue 36&frac12;. what 46&frac12;. the Angle <HI>a. b. d.</HI> facit 26. and 201 / 50<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">s. which is almo&s;t a halfe, for the breadth of the Riuer <HI>a. d.</HI></P>
<P>For <HI>B. C.</HI></P>
<GAP DESC="math">
<P>If 27&frac14;. giue 25. <HI>a. b.</HI> what 90. the Angle <HI>b. a. c.</HI> facit 54. 134 / 229. which is a little more then a halfe.</P>
<PB N="86" REF="48">
<P>And thus you &s;&eacute;e that each line is found out by Arithme|ticke to agree with the Scale according to your de&s;ire: and thus much for the v&s;e of the vpper &s;ide.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>This is very plea&s;ant becau&s;e it &s;&eacute;emeth mo&s;t per|fect; but now I pray to what v&s;e &s;erueth the&s;e diui&s;ions of 20. which are &s;et vpon this vpper &s;ide of the Scale?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It is well remembred, but as concerning tho&s;e di|ui&s;ions, I will pre&s;ently &s;peake of when I come to mea&s;ure Board and Timber, and therefore now I will &s;hew you the v&s;e of the lower &s;ide, and begin with equall parts which come from the center, and which &s;erue for diuiding a line in|to any number of equall parts.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>But fir&s;t let me a&s;ke you: will not the&s;e degr&eacute;es which you call Sines, performe more then you haue alrea|die &s;poke of?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Yes many things, and namely this: they &s;erue to di|uide the circumference of a circle into what number of parts you will, and which is done after this manner.</P>
<P>Let <HI>A.</HI> be a circle giuen, who&s;e circumference I would di|uide into 5. equall parts.</P>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P>Fit the Diameter in 90.<NOTE PLACE="marg">To diuide a circle into any equall parts.</NOTE> (or the Semidiameter in 30) and there let the In&s;trument re&s;t, and then take it ouer in 36. (which is &frac15; of 180.) which applied to the cir|cumference, &s;heweth it to be &frac15;. part of the circumfe|rence as was required.</P>
<P>And now that I haue &s;hewed you the v&s;e of the Sines, and al&s;o to take the height of a tree by the Qua|drant, I will al&s;o &s;hew you the v&s;e of the lower &s;ide, and fir&s;t<NOTE PLACE="marg">T<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 span">&s;e of the lower &s;ide.</NOTE> you &s;hall haue an example of diuiding a line into any num|ber of equall parts, which is of good v&s;e for many pur|po&s;es. As</P>
<PB N="87" REF="48">
<P>Let <HI>a. b.</HI> be a line giuen to be diuided into 7 equall parts.<NOTE PLACE="marg">To diuide a line into any equall parts.</NOTE></P>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P>Fir&s;t take the whole length of the line <HI>a. b.</HI> with your com|pa&s;&s;es, which fit it in 70. vpon the equall parts, and then (let|ting the Scale re&s;t) take it ouer in 10. of tho&s;e parts (which is 1 / 7 part thereof) and that di&s;tance &s;et from <HI>a.</HI> to <HI>c.</HI> and &s;o &s;hall the line <HI>a. c.</HI> be found to be 1 / 7 part of that line, as was required.</P>
<P>Another Example.</P>
<P>Let <HI>a. b.</HI> be a line giuen who&s;e &frac35; is required.</P>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P>Take the whole line as before, which fit in 50. and then the Scale &s;o re&s;ting, take it ouer in 30. (which is &frac35; of 50.) and that &s;heweth <HI>a. c.</HI> to be &frac35; of the line <HI>a. b.</HI> required.</P>
<P>Another Example.</P>
<P>A line being giuen containing any number of mea&s;ures, to finde another line in any proportion thereunto.</P>
<P>Let <HI>a: b.</HI> be a line giuen containing 60. equall parts vpon &s;ome Scale, and let the propo&s;ition be to giue another line &s;hall which containe 36. of the &s;ame parts.</P>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P>Fit <HI>a. b.</HI> in 60. and then take it ouer in 36. and that &s;heweth <HI>a. c.</HI> to be 36. of the &s;ame equall parts, whereof <HI>a. b.</HI> is 60. as was required.</P>
<PB N="88" REF="49">
<P>And though the&s;e examples (and many other which I o|mit) of giuing any part of a line, be not materiall for the mea&s;uring of Board and Timber: yet it is of &s;peciall v&s;e for Carpenters, Ioyners, Ma&s;ons, and for &s;uch who draw plots of hou&s;es, fortifications, &amp;c. and therefore con&s;idering that it being alreadie vpon the Scale for Timber and Board mea&s;ure, I thought it not ami&s;&s;e to &s;peake &s;omewhat there|of concerning other v&s;es. And becau&s;e I de&s;ire to v&s;e bre|uitie, I will now &s;hew you how to mea&s;ure Board &amp; Tim|ber, wherein you &s;hall &s;ee the v&s;e of tho&s;e 20. diui&s;ions gra|duated along the vpper &s;ide by the edge of the Scale to his ful length in a &s;traight line, with which the breadth of Board and Timber is to be mea&s;ured, counting once the length of the Scale for 20. And likewi&s;e the 10. diui&s;ions which are graduated vpon the inward edge doe &s;erue to mea&s;ure the length of Board and Timber, counting once the length of<NOTE PLACE="marg">To mea&s;ure Board.</NOTE> the Scale for 10. &s;aying 10. 20. 30. and &s;o forth; whereof &s;uppo&s;e your Board to be 127. of tho&s;e diui&s;ions long, which note. Then mea&s;ure the breadth of your Board by tho&s;e parts whereof the whole length of the Scale contai|neth 20. And &s;uppo&s;e the breadth to containe 29&frac12;. of tho&s;e parts. That done, multi|plie 127. the length by 29&frac12;, the breadth, product will be 3746&frac12;. which de|uide by 200. or el&s;e al|waies cut of the two la&s;t figures towards your right hand thus 37 / 46&frac12;. and then take &frac12;. of the figures towards your left hand, as halfe of 37. is 18&frac12;. and &s;o haue you 18&frac12;. foote of board therein contained, and 46 / 200 &frac12;. parts of a foote, which is almo&s;t &frac14;. of a foote more.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
<P><HI>Another Example</HI></P>
<P>Suppo&s;e the length of your board to containe 95. parts, and the breadth 30. parts, then multiply 95. by 30. product
<PB N="89" REF="49"> is 2850. which diuide by 200. or el&s; cut of the two la&s;t figures 50. and take the halfe of the formo&s;t figures, which are 28. who&s;e halfe is 14. And &s;o I find 14. foote of board, and 50 / 200. or &frac14;. of a foote to be contained in that board as was re|quired.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>This is a verie good and &s;p&eacute;edie way; but I pray let me trie how this will hold true by mea&s;uring of it by the ordinarie way of f&eacute;ete and inches.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I pray doe.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>This board then is 9&frac12;. foote long, and 18. in|ches broad, multiply 18. by 9&frac12;. product is 171. which diuide by 12. coti|ent &s;heweth 14 3 / 12. or &frac14;. of feete to bee contained in that board, as was be|fore.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You doe well, I perceiue you will &s;oone become an apt &s;choller, but how if your board be tapering, that is, broa|der at the one end, then at the other, what cour&s;e then will you v&s;e to know the content thereof?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>I haue &s;&eacute;ene &s;ome mea&s;ure not onely &s;uch board, but Timber al&s;o that hath b&eacute;ene tapering, in this manner fol|lowing: they will take halfe the number of the length of the board, and there mea&s;ure ouer for the breadth, and then multiply the one in the other, and that product being diuided, will &s;hew the content of that board. As &s;up|po&s;e the length to be 11 foot, and two foote broad at the one end, and 1&frac12;. foot at the other end. Then take half a 11. foot which is 5. &frac12;. feet for the length, and both the breadthes added together, they make 3. &frac12;. f&eacute;ete, which multiplied by 5. &frac12;. product is 19. &frac14;. of f&eacute;ete in that board.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>This is a good way, but in my opinion, not &s;o good<NOTE PLACE="marg">To mea&s;ure board that is tapering.</NOTE> as this other way, which is done in this manner. Mea|&s;ure the length by the parts thereunto belonging as before, which &s;uppo&s;e to be 110. of 10. in the whole: and then al|&s;o mea&s;ure the breadth at each end &s;euerally by tho&s;e parts
<PB N="90" REF="50">
<GAP DESC="math"> thereunto belonging, which is, by 20. and which &s;uppo&s;e at the one end to be<NOTE PLACE="marg">To mea&s;ure board that is tapering.</NOTE> 40. and at the other end 30. which 2. breadthes added together, they both make 70. of which take halfe, which is 35. &amp; then multiply 110. by 35, product is 3850. which diuide by 200. or el&s;e cut off the two la&s;t figures 50. and take the halfe of the two former figures, and &s;o &s;hall you find to be in that board 19 foot &frac14; as was before. Or el&s;e you may adde the breadths at each end together, which is 70. which multiplied by 110. the length, product will be 7700. which alwaies diuide by 400 or el&s;e cut of the two la&s;t Siphers, and then take &frac14; part of the two fir&s;t figures towards your left hand, that is of 77. which is 19&frac14;. as before. And thus haue you two or three waies to mea&s;ure Board, the choy&s;e where|of you may at plea&s;ure v&s;e.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>This which you haue taught me, I hope with &s;ome little practi&s;e to be &s;oone perfect therein, becau&s;e I per|ceiue it is not verie difficult. But if your board b&eacute;e 30 of tho&s;e 20 parts broad, how many of the 10 parts mu&s;t one haue in length to make a foote of board?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir I commend your diligence, for this is al&s;o ne|ce&s;&s;ary to be knowne; and therefore worke thus. Multiply 20 by 10, product is 200. (parts &s;quare in a foote of board &s;quare) which diuide by 30. the breadth quotient &s;heweth <GAP DESC="math"> the demaund, which is 6 parts, and &frac23; of tho&s;e 10. for the
<PB N="91" REF="50"> length to make a foote of board, at that breadth which is from <HI>a.</HI> to <HI>b.</HI></P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ie.</SPEAKER>
<P>If there were no more difficultie in the re&s;t, I thinke I &s;hould then &s;oone learne to mea&s;ure board, becau&s;e it &s;&eacute;e|meth not verie hard: but what el&s;e is there to be learned concerning the mea&s;uring of board?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>This which I haue &s;aid is &s;ufficient, vntill you be better practi&s;ed h&eacute;erein. And therfore I will now beginne to &s;peake of mea&s;uring Timber, which is the chiefe&s;t mat|ter for our Woodward to learne, becau&s;e it doth more con|cerne him in his office, and for which I haue chiefly inuen|ted this In&s;trument. Fir&s;t therefore to know the content of a &s;quare peece of Timber in f&eacute;ete, you &s;hall mea&s;ure the length thereof by the equall parts in the Scale, of which 10 are contained in the whole, which &s;uppo&s;e to be 100. Then mea&s;ure<NOTE PLACE="marg">To mea&s;ure &s;quare timber.</NOTE> al&s;o the breadth &amp; depth by tho&s;e partes, whereof the Scale con|taineth 20. which &s;uppo&s;e to be 40. the breadth, and 30 the depth. That done, multiply 100 the length by 40 the breadth, which pro|duct, multiply againe by 30 the depth; of|come will be 120000. which alwaies di|uide by 4000. or el&s;e cut off the three la&s;t Siphers towards your righthand, and of the figures towards your left hand, take &frac14;. that is, of 120. take &frac14;, which is, 30 and &s;o &s;hall you finde in that p&eacute;ece of Timber to be 30 cubicall feete.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>If this will hold true by mea&s;uring of it ac|cording to the v&s;uall way, with a two-foote Rule, it is then verie ea&s;ie and briefe: Therefore I pray let vs trie it.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Doe &s;o.
<PB N="92" REF="51">
<GAP DESC="math"></P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>The length of this p&eacute;ece of Timber is 10. foote, the breadth two foote, and the depth 1&frac12;. foote. Then multiply 10. by 2. and that product againe by 1.&frac12;. of come, &s;heweth the content of f&eacute;et in that log, which is 30. f&eacute;ete, as it was before. But if there be odde inches eyther in length, breadth, or thickne&s;&s;e, then I thinke they mu&s;t all be reduced into inches, as if the peece of Timber were 10. foote, and 5. inches long, 26. inches broad, and 19 inches d&eacute;epe, reduce length, breadth, and thickne&s;&s;e into inches, and then the totall of inches in that logge will be 61750. which diuide by 1728. (&s;quare inches in a foot of timber &s;quare) quotient &s;heweth 35 foote, and 645 / 864. of a foote to be contained in that p&eacute;ece of Tim|ber, which fraction is fully &frac34; of a whole one.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>And now that you haue tried both the&s;e waies of mea&s;uring Timber, how doe you like them by my way?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>My fir&s;t example I hold to be as briefe and &s;p&eacute;e|die as yours, becau&s;e it is in f&eacute;ete and halues of f&eacute;ete; but for the &s;econd way, in re&s;pect there be odde inches in the length, breadth, and thickne&s;&s;e, your way doth farre exc&eacute;ed it, becau&s;e of the facilitie and briefene&s;&s;e, but we are &s;o wed|ded to our dull and &s;luggi&s;h di&s;po&s;itions, as we rather think it innouatio~ to practi&s;e any new or ingenious conceit, then &s;ound iudgement to imbrace probable things, of which may certainly be expected plea&s;ure and profite. But well I pray now al&s;o &s;hew vs how many of tho&s;e parts of 10. in the whole will &s;erue to make a foote of Timber at that breadth and depth as it is.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>The way to doe it is thus: multiply 40 the breadth
<PB N="93" REF="51">
<GAP DESC="math"> by 30 the depth, product is 1200, by which diuide 4000. co|tient &s;heweth 3&frac13;. of tho&s;e parts whereof 10 are in the whole, for the length of a foote of Timber at that breadth and depth as it is, which is from <HI>a.</HI> to <HI>b.</HI> and this &s;hall &s;uffice you for that. But now if you will be more preci&s;e herein, and thinke there may be &frac12;. and &frac14;. of tho&s;e diui&s;ions, more or le&s;&s;e in that logge, and that you would al&s;o haue an example thereof; for your better &s;ati&s;fac|tion therin, I will al&s;o &s;hew you the worke which is done in this manner. Suppo&s;e the p&eacute;ece of Timber to be 146&frac12; parts long 23&frac14; broad, and 18 &frac34; deepe; multiply the length 146&frac12; by 23&frac14; the breadth, product is 3406&frac18; which multiplied againe by 18. &frac34;. the depth, ofcome will be 63864. 3. 3 / 31. which diuide by 4000, or cut of the three la&s;t figures as before, and take &frac14; of the re|maine, that is, &frac14; of 6<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">, which <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">s 15. &frac34; 864 / 4<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="3 letters"> or 27 / 125 of a foote, for the content of that tr&eacute;e in f&eacute;ete, or el&s;e 864 / 1000 parts of &frac14; of a foote.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>You haue often in this Board and Timber mea|&s;ure, &s;poken of two numbers for denominators, that is, 200 and 4000. I pray from whence doe they ari&s;e?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>It were ouer t<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">dious to &s;ati&s;fie you of the whole therein; yet thus much know, they are two numbers cho|&s;en the fitte&s;t to make tho&s;e two diui&s;ions by, as the 200 is the whole &s;quare or &s;uperficies of a foote; that is, a f<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ote is diuided into 200 &s;mall Paralelograms or long &s;quares, as you &s;ee in this figure, and &s;uch who&s;e length maketh the 10 part of a foote, and breadth the 20 part of a foote,
<PB N="94" REF="52">
<FIGURE>
</FIGURE> which multiplied together, they make 200; and if one had made choi&s;e of any other two numbers, it would haue beene farre more tedious and trouble&s;ome. But I would wi&s;h you not as yet to be too curious heerein, lea&s;t you forget more nece&s;&s;arie matter for you to learne concerning this practi&s;e.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Well let it bee as you haue &s;aid. I perceiue a willing minde, with a little &s;tudie, will ea&s;ily ouer|come all this. But I pray if your peece of Timber be ta|pering (as commonly all rough Timber is) in what man|ner then are you to worke?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Marry thus, if your peece of Timber be tapering, then mea&s;ure the length as before, which let be 127 of tho&s;e parts of which 10 are in the whole, and mea&s;ure al|&s;o<NOTE PLACE="marg">To mea&s;ure timber that is tapering.</NOTE> the breadth and depth at each end by the parts thereun|to belonging, which &s;uppo&s;e to be broad at the one end 29. parts, and deepe 26 parts: and al&s;o broad at the other end 24. and deepe 19. Then multiply the breadth 29 by 26
<PB N="95" REF="52">
<GAP DESC="math"> the depth, and they make 754. And al&s;o multiply 24. the breadth, and 19 the depth, and they make 456. both which ad|ded together, they make 1210, of which alwaies take halfe, which is 605 which multiplied by 127. the length, product is 768 35. Then cut off the three la&s;t figures as before, &amp; take &frac14;. of the re&s;t towards your left hand, which is 19. And &s;o &s;hall you finde 19 foote of Tim|ber to be in that logge, and 835 / 1000 partes of &frac14;. of a foote.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>This is &s;ome thing more difficult then the la&s;t, therefore I pray explaine it better in a figure by a draught with your pen.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>That will I doe, and heere is the demon&s;tration <FIGURE>
</FIGURE> which you &s;&eacute;e to be 127. long, 29 broad, and 26 deepe at the one end: and 24 broad, and 19 d&eacute;epe at the other end.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>This &s;eemeth now more ea&s;ie to be vnder&s;tood then before. But I pray how doe you mea&s;ure round Timber&punc;?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ie.</SPEAKER>
<P>Round Timber is more ea&s;ily mea&s;ured then any other.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I pray as how?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ie.</SPEAKER>
<P>Why thus: gird the tree with &s;ome cord or &s;tring, and take &frac14; part thereof for the &s;quare of that tre<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">: that done, mea&s;ure the length or height of the tree, and multi|ply that &frac14; with the length, and that will &s;oone &s;hew you the number of feete in that tree.</P>
<PB N="96" REF="53">
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I thought what your &s;kill was herein, for by that kinde of mea&s;uring round Timber, there is great lo&s;&s;e to the &s;eller, for it is not the content of the &s;quare by &frac15; part and more, as I will plainly make it appeare to you by this fi|gure following, which is a Circle and two Squares, and the content of the bigger &s;&eacute;emeth to the eye equall to the Circle, which indeed it is; and the content of the le&s;&s;er &s;&eacute;e|meth much le&s;&s;e then the Circle. The circumference of which Circle is 44. which take vpon the equall parts, and that applied to the Scale on the left hand, &s;heweth to be 12 and &frac25; for the &s;ide of a &s;quare equall to that Circle. And to proue how both their areas doe agree, multiply 14 (the dia|meter of that Circle, in it &s;elfe, and that product by 11 the ofcome is 2156. which diuide by 14. quotient &s;hew|eth 154 for the area of that cir|cle. Or if you multiply halfe the diameter by halfe the circu~|fere~ce, product al&s;o &s;heweth 154. for the area of that cir|cle. And then multiply 12. &frac25; (the &s;ide of the &s;quare equal to that Circle) in it &s;elfe pro|duct is 153. 5 / 4 which wanteth but &frac15; part of the whole to make the &s;ame content of the former area, which 12. &frac25; take vpo~ the &s;cale of equal parts on the right hand, and with that di&s;tance pre&s;cribe the Square <HI>a. b. c. d.</HI>
<FIGURE>
</FIGURE>
<PB N="97" REF="53">
<GAP DESC="math"> which &s;hall be equall to the Circle required. Now if the content of your Circle doth ac|cord with this, then it is al&s;o true, or el&s;e not&punc; which for the better vnder&s;tanding h&eacute;ereof, we will now trie. A &frac14; part of 44. (for that you &s;ay is the true &s;quare of the tree) is 11. which multiplied in it &s;elfe, product is 121. the area of your &s;quare, which &s;ubtract from 154 re&s;teth 33 more in my &s;quare, then is in yours, which &s;heweth it to be too little by &frac15; part and more: and which al&s;o may more plainly appeare to you by the two &s;quares <HI>a. b. c. d.</HI> and <HI>e. f. g. h.</HI> for the &s;quare <HI>a. b. c. d.</HI> is according to art true, and is e|quall to that Circle, &amp; if the &s;quare be made of <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> / 4 part of the Circumference, accordingly as you intend it, the Circle &s;hould containe no more then the pricked &s;quare <HI>e. f. g. h.</HI> which is too little as it plainly appeareth.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ie.</SPEAKER>
<P>You haue &s;ufficiently di&s;couered this errour, and I mu&s;t now confe&s;&s;e my owne ra&s;hne&s;&s;e therein: but well I pray proceede.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>I had thought my neighbour <HI>Iennings</HI> &s;kill had b&eacute;ene mo&s;t true, becau&s;e I haue &s;&eacute;ene many men do the like, but now I perceiue there is great defect in that kinde of mea&s;uring round timber: therefore I pray &s;hew vs your manner of mea&s;uring it.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I will: fir&s;t then girde the tr&eacute;e about with &s;ome &s;mall line or packthr&eacute;ed, which &s;uppo&s;e to be 116 of tho&s;e parts, by which you mea&s;ured the bredth and depth who&s;e Diameter is 37. But becau&s;e this Diameter is al&s;o the thickne&s;&s;e of the barke, therefore you &s;hall &s;ubtract as many of tho&s;e parts as you thinke conuenient, which in &s;ome trees is 2 or 3, or perhappes 4. but &s;uppo&s;e that in this the barke be but 2 of tho&s;e parts thicke, which &s;ubtract
<PB N="98" REF="54">
<FIGURE>
</FIGURE> out of 37 re&s;teth 35 for the Diameter of the tree, the barke being off. And let the height of the tr&eacute;e be 200 of tho&s;e parts<NOTE PLACE="marg">To mea&s;ure round Timber.</NOTE> by which you mea&s;ured the length. That done, take the Diameter 35 vp|on the Scale of equal parts on the right hand, and apply it to the equall parts on the left hand, and it &s;heweth a &s;ide of a &s;quare equall to that Circle; but for as much as you cannot take the whole 35 vpon that Scale, therefore take halfe of it, which is 17&frac12;. and that applied to the Scale on the left hand &s;heweth halfe which is 15. &frac12;. which double<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> maketh 31. the &s;ide of a &s;quare equall to that Circle: Therefore multiply 31 in it &s;elfe, product will be 961. which multiplied by 200. the length, of|come will bee 192200 which diuide by 4000&punc; or cut off the three la&s;t figures, and take &frac14; of the re&s;t towards your left hand as before, as of 192. the fourth part thereof is 48. And &s;o there is found to bee 48 f&eacute;ete, and 200 / 4000. parts or &frac15; part of &frac14; of a foote as was required.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>I pray let me &s;&eacute;e how this is wrought by A|rithmeticke, for it may be I &s;hall not alwaies haue the Scale about me to doe it, yet I would be glad to &s;ati&s;fie my &s;elfe by doing of it &s;ome other way.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You &s;hal do wel: therfore fir&s;t know that euery Cir|cumference
<PB N="99" REF="54">
<GAP DESC="math"> to his Diameter is as 22. to 7. Therfore worke by the rule of thr&eacute;e to know the diameter of this circle of 110 and &s;ay, If 22. the circumference require 7 for his diameter, what &s;hal 110&punc; the Circumference of the tree require for the Diameter. <HI>Facit</HI> 35 which 35 multiply in it &s;elfe producte is 1225. which mutiply by 11. of|come is 13475. which diuide by 14. cotie~t &s;heweth 962. 7 / 14. or &frac12;. who&s;e &s;quare roote is 31 1 / 63. for the true &s;ide of a &s;quare e|qual to that circle. Now knowing the area of that circle which is 962 <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> / 2. parts, multiply it in 200. the length, product is 192510 of which &s;um cut off the three la&s;t figures, and take &frac14;. of the remaine, and that &s;heweth 48 foote of &s;quare Timber to bee in that legge, and 510 / 1000 parts of &frac14; of a foote. And &s;o you may perceiue how well this In&s;trument agreeth with the Arithmetical worke, becau&s;e it wanteth not aboue &frac13; parts of a &frac14; of a foote as appeareth by the two fractions 200 / 1000 parts which is &frac15; of &frac14;, or 1 / 20 part 51 / 400 or &frac18;. the dif|ference is 3 / 40. which is about 1 / 13 part.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>But how if your tree be tapering, as this is, how then are you to worke?</P>
<PB N="100" REF="55">
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>If your tree be tapering, gird it at the top and below, and then find out the Diameter at each end, as: &s;uppo&s;e the tr&eacute;e to be at the one end 110 in circum|ference,<NOTE PLACE="marg">To mea&s;ure a round tree that is tape|ring.</NOTE> &amp; at the other end 80. Then finding the area at each end, which is, 962.&frac12;. &amp; 509 1 / 11. Both which ad|ded togither they make 1471 13 / 22. of which take halfe which is 735 35 / 44. which mul|tiplyed by 200 the length, pro|ducte is 147159 1 / 11 of which cut of the three la&s;t figures, and take 1 / 4. of the re|mayne as before. And &s;o haue you 36. &frac34;. foote, and 159 / 1000. of a &frac14;. of a foote to bee in that tim|ber tree.</P>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P>But for that it will be &s;omewhat difficult for euery man (although he haue the Circumference of a tree, or round peece of Timber) to know thereby how many feete, inches,
<PB N="101" REF="55"> and parts of inches in length will make a foote of timber; I haue therefore deui&s;ed a Table which will readily &s;hew you the &s;ame, knowing the Circumference: which knowne re&s;ort to the Columne of Circumference in the Table, and the mea&s;ure again&s;t the &s;ame Circumference &s;hal &s;hew you your de&s;ire. As</P>
<P>The fir&s;t Columne &s;heweth the Circumference being at 20. and &s;o continueth vnto 120. and in the &s;econd Columne is expre&s;&s;ed the number of feete, inches, and parts of inches in the length which will make a foote of Timber.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>I pray acquaint vs with that Table, for if we &s;hould faile in &s;&eacute;eking to know the content thereof by Arith|meticke, yet knowing the circumference, I perceiue we &s;hal &s;oone vnder&s;tand without Arithmeticke, what quantity of feete in length of inches will make one foote of Timber, and thereby we may &s;oone know the content of the whole.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>You conceiue it well, and therefore h&eacute;ere is the Table, alwaies prouided that you doe giue &s;till allowance for the barke in the Circumference.</P>
</SP>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="table">
<PB REF="56">
<HEAD><HI>A Table &s;hewing how many inches and parts</HI> of Inches vpon any peece of round Timber will make a cubicall foote throughout the &s;ame peece, the Circumference or Inch thereof being fir&s;t knowne.</HEAD>
<P><TABLE>
<ROW>
<CELL ROWS="2">Inches about</CELL>
<CELL COLS="4">Feete, Inches, and parts of Inches in the length</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>Feete</CELL>
<CELL>Inches</CELL>
<CELL>parts of Inches.</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>20</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>6</CELL>
<CELL>54 / 175</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>21</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>89 / 349</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>22</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>8</CELL>
<CELL>748 / 847</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>23</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>5</CELL>
<CELL>241 / 3703</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>24</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>5 / 7&punc;</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>25</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>10</CELL>
<CELL>3314 / 4375</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>26</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>8</CELL>
<CELL>61<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> / 1183</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>27</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>5</CELL>
<CELL>1<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">1 / 189</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>28</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>243 / 343</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>29</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>4889 / 5887</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>30</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>0</CELL>
<CELL>24 / 175</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>31</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>10</CELL>
<CELL>4070 / 6727 2</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>32</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>9</CELL>
<CELL>3 / 13</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>33</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>7</CELL>
<CELL>803 / 847</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>34</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>6</CELL>
<CELL>1602 / 2023</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>35</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>5</CELL>
<CELL>6289 / 8575</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>36</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>16 / 21</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>37</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>8 / 9 319 / 583</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>38</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>11<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> / 2527</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>39</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>334 / 1183</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>40</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>134 / 175</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>41</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>0</CELL>
<CELL><GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">0860 / 11767</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>42</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>0</CELL>
<CELL>108 / 343</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>43&punc;</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>11</CELL>
<CELL>9691 / 12943</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>44</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>11</CELL>
<CELL>187 / <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">47</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>45</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>10</CELL>
<CELL>382 / 525</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>46</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>10</CELL>
<CELL>986 / 3703</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>47</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>9</CELL>
<CELL>12897 / 15463</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>48</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>9</CELL>
<CELL>3 / 7</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>49</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>9</CELL>
<CELL>8<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters"> / 16807</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>50</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>8</CELL>
<CELL>3016 / 4375</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>51</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>8</CELL>
<CELL>712 / 2025</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>52</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>8</CELL>
<CELL>40 / 1183</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>53</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>7</CELL>
<CELL>14423 / 19663</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>54</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>7</CELL>
<CELL>85 / 189</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>55</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>7</CELL>
<CELL>3839 / 21175</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>56</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>6</CELL>
<CELL>318 / 343</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>57</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>6</CELL>
<CELL>1734 / 2527</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>58</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>6</CELL>
<CELL>2694 / 5887</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>59</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>6</CELL>
<CELL><GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">5862 / 24367</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>60</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>6</CELL>
<CELL>6 / 17<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>61</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>5</CELL>
<CELL>21829 / 26047</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>62</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>5</CELL>
<CELL>4381 / 672<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>63</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>5</CELL>
<CELL>487 / 1<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">29</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL><PB REF="56">64</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>5</CELL>
<CELL>17 / 56</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>65</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>5</CELL>
<CELL>4189 / 29575</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>66</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>836 / <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">47</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>67</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>26372 / 31423</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>68</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>1412 / 2023</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>69</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>2084 / 3703</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>70</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>37<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">6 / 857<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>7<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>10910 / 35287</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>72</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>4 / 21</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>7<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>285<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> / 37303</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>74</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>9267 / 9583</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>75</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>3771 / 4375</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>76</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>1923 / 2527</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>77</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>27555 / 41503</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>78</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>675 / 1183</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>79</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL><GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
<CELL>21003 / 4<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">687</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>80</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>69 / 175</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>81</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>529 / 1701</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>82</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>2715 / 11767</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>83</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL><GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
<CELL>7395 / 48223</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>84</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>27 / 243</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>85</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>339 / 5057</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>86</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>12130 / 12943</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>87</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>5122 / 5887</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>88</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>682 / 847</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>89</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>41170 / 55<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">47</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>90</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>358 / 525</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>91</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>36130 / 57967</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>92</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>2098 / 3703</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>9<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>3442 / 6<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">27</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>94</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>7<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">90 / 1546<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>95</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>257<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">4 / 6<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">7<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>96</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL><GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> / 14</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>97</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>20338 / 65863</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>98</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>4402 / 16807</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>99</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>50 / 231</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>100</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>754 / 4375</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>101</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>9250 / 71407</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>102</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>178 / 2023</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>103</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>3538 / 74263</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>104</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>10 / 1183</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>105</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>8321 / 8575</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>106</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>18353 / 19663</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>107</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>71921 / 80143</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>108</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>163 / 189</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>109</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>68897 / 83167</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>110</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>16841 / 21175</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>111</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>7313 / 9583</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>112</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>251 / 343</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>113</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>62681 / 89383</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>114</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>1697 / 2527</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>115</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>59489 / 92575</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>116</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>3<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">17 / 5887</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>117</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>208<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> / <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">549</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>118</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>13649 / 24367</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>119</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>52937 / 99127</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>120</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>89 / <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">75</CELL>
</ROW>
</TABLE></P>
<SP>
<PB N="104" REF="57">
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>But how if one can neither clime the tree by ladder or otherwi&s;e, how then &s;hould we doe to know the Circum&s;erence at the top.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>Becau&s;e I would haue you well &s;ati&s;fied in this bu&s;ine&s;&s;e, I will &s;hew you an ingenious way according to art, which though the rule be true in it &s;elfe, yet in re&s;pect there be &s;ome impediments heerein (which in this cannot true, yet when nece&s;&s;itie commaundeth, we mu&s;t of force make a vertue thereof, and therefore you &s;hall worke thus.<NOTE PLACE="marg">To know the Circumfere~ce of a tree at the top, and neuer to clime or mea&s;ure it.</NOTE> Mea&s;ure the Circumference of the tree at the roote, which &s;uppo&s;e to be 160 parts of 20 in the whole, and let the height of the tree be 300 parts of 10 in the whole, and 50 of tho&s;e parts from the ground, the tree is but 155 in the Circum|ference of the former 20 parts. Then worke by the Rule of 3 and &s;ay. If 50 rebate 5 in the Circumference from the bottome, what &s;hal 300 the whole length of the tree <HI>facit 30.</HI> which taken from 160 re&s;teth 130. for the Circumference of the tr&eacute;e at the top. And then if you will haue the content of this tree, worke as in the la&s;t example before, and that will &s;hew you. And thus you &s;ee that by this meanes, you may as well take the Circumference of a tree at the top, and neuer mea&s;ure it, as the height of a tree, which you cannot come to mea&s;ure. And this &s;hall &s;uffice you for a briefe in&s;truction, how to mea|&s;ure Board and Timber, and to take the height of a tree, wherein if you finde any har&s;hne&s;&s;e in the examples, I will at any time doe my be&s;t to re&s;olue you thereof, to make it the more facile and plea&s;ing, to your vnder&s;tanding.</P>
<GAP DESC="math">
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>Sir we thanke you for your paines, and if we proue as good &s;chollers heerein, as you haue &s;hewen a willing minde to in&s;truct vs, I thinke neither Ma&s;ter <HI>Woodward,</HI> this hone&s;t Farmer, or my &s;elfe, will by any hereafter be o|uer-reached in buying and &s;elling of Timber.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Wood.</SPEAKER>
<P>Neither will I, I tru&s;t be abu&s;ed in &s;etting
<PB N="105" REF="57"> forth of timber tr&eacute;es when any warrant commeth to me for that purpo&s;e, but to deliuer, as n&eacute;ere as may be, &s;o many loads or tunnes of timber, as I am thereby commaunded. But I pray re&s;olue me one que&s;tion more before we make an end; and that is, how many &s;quare f&eacute;ete of timber doe make as well a tunne, as a load of timber?</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>There goeth to a tunne of Timber 40 cubicall<NOTE PLACE="marg">Number of &s;quare feet of timber in a t<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">n or load o<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"> timber.</NOTE> feete of Timber, and to a load there hath al waies b&eacute;ene ac|counted 50 cubicall f&eacute;ete.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Ie.</SPEAKER>
<P>I had thought there had b&eacute;ene no difference be|tw&eacute;ene a tunne and a load of timber, and that a load of Timber was as much as &s;ixe or &s;euen good cart-hor&s;es could well draw, being laid in a cart, were it more or le&s;&s;e then 40 or 50 &s;quare f&eacute;ete. But I tru&s;t now, vpon &s;ome practi&s;e and con&s;ideration of this bu&s;ine&s;&s;e, to doe my &s;elfe and friends good h&eacute;erein, for as I would be loath to abu&s;e any one eyther by &s;elling of more loads or tuns of timber then are in 20 or 30 trees more or le&s;&s;e, &s;o I would willingly haue my due of what I pay for.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Sur.</SPEAKER>
<P>I am glad that all of you doe &s;o vnder&s;tandingly apprehend what I haue &s;aid: for which, I de&s;ire no other recompence, but that I may &s;ee you willingly to practi&s;e as well &s;ome part of our ye&s;terdaies di&s;cour&s;e of planting and &s;owing for increa&s;e of timber and fuell; as al&s;o for your owne re&s;pects, to be perfect in mea&s;uring of board and timber, of which you haue daily occa&s;ion to v&s;e. And &s;o if you plea&s;e, let vs now returne about our owne parti|cular affaires.</P>
</SP>
<SP>
<SPEAKER>Per.</SPEAKER>
<P>Mo&s;t willingly, and we do all thanke you for your great paines h&eacute;erein.</P>
</SP>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="table">
<PB REF="58">
<HEAD>A Table of Sines Radius. 1000.</HEAD>
<P><TABLE>
<ROW>
<CELL>D</CELL>
<CELL>0</CELL>
<CELL>10</CELL>
<CELL>20</CELL>
<CELL>30</CELL>
<CELL>40</CELL>
<CELL>50</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>0</CELL>
<CELL>0</CELL>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>6</CELL>
<CELL>9</CELL>
<CELL>12</CELL>
<CELL>15</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>1</CELL>
<CELL>17</CELL>
<CELL>20</CELL>
<CELL>23</CELL>
<CELL>26</CELL>
<CELL>29</CELL>
<CELL>32</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>2</CELL>
<CELL>35</CELL>
<CELL>38</CELL>
<CELL>41</CELL>
<CELL>44</CELL>
<CELL>47</CELL>
<CELL>49</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>3</CELL>
<CELL>52</CELL>
<CELL>55</CELL>
<CELL>58</CELL>
<CELL>61</CELL>
<CELL>64</CELL>
<CELL>67</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>4</CELL>
<CELL>70</CELL>
<CELL>73</CELL>
<CELL>76</CELL>
<CELL>78</CELL>
<CELL>81</CELL>
<CELL>84</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>5</CELL>
<CELL>87</CELL>
<CELL>90</CELL>
<CELL>93</CELL>
<CELL>96</CELL>
<CELL>99</CELL>
<CELL>102</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>6</CELL>
<CELL>105</CELL>
<CELL>107</CELL>
<CELL>110</CELL>
<CELL>113</CELL>
<CELL>116</CELL>
<CELL>119</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>7</CELL>
<CELL>122</CELL>
<CELL>125</CELL>
<CELL>128</CELL>
<CELL>131</CELL>
<CELL>133</CELL>
<CELL>136</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>8</CELL>
<CELL>139</CELL>
<CELL>142</CELL>
<CELL>145</CELL>
<CELL>148</CELL>
<CELL>151</CELL>
<CELL>154</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>9</CELL>
<CELL>156</CELL>
<CELL>159</CELL>
<CELL>169</CELL>
<CELL>165</CELL>
<CELL>168</CELL>
<CELL>171</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>10</CELL>
<CELL>174</CELL>
<CELL>177</CELL>
<CELL>179</CELL>
<CELL>182</CELL>
<CELL>185</CELL>
<CELL>188</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>11</CELL>
<CELL>191</CELL>
<CELL>194</CELL>
<CELL>197</CELL>
<CELL>199</CELL>
<CELL>202</CELL>
<CELL>205</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>12</CELL>
<CELL>208</CELL>
<CELL>211</CELL>
<CELL>214</CELL>
<CELL>216</CELL>
<CELL>219</CELL>
<CELL>222</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>13</CELL>
<CELL>225</CELL>
<CELL>228</CELL>
<CELL>231</CELL>
<CELL>233</CELL>
<CELL>236</CELL>
<CELL>230</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>14</CELL>
<CELL>242</CELL>
<CELL>248</CELL>
<CELL>248</CELL>
<CELL>250</CELL>
<CELL>253</CELL>
<CELL>256</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>15</CELL>
<CELL>259</CELL>
<CELL>262</CELL>
<CELL>264</CELL>
<CELL>267</CELL>
<CELL>270</CELL>
<CELL>273</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>16</CELL>
<CELL>276</CELL>
<CELL>278</CELL>
<CELL>281</CELL>
<CELL>284</CELL>
<CELL>287</CELL>
<CELL>290</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>17</CELL>
<CELL>292</CELL>
<CELL>295</CELL>
<CELL>298</CELL>
<CELL>301</CELL>
<CELL>303</CELL>
<CELL>306</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>18</CELL>
<CELL>309</CELL>
<CELL>312</CELL>
<CELL>315</CELL>
<CELL>317</CELL>
<CELL>320</CELL>
<CELL>323</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>19</CELL>
<CELL>326</CELL>
<CELL>328</CELL>
<CELL>331</CELL>
<CELL>334</CELL>
<CELL>337</CELL>
<CELL>339</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>20</CELL>
<CELL>342</CELL>
<CELL>345</CELL>
<CELL>347</CELL>
<CELL>350</CELL>
<CELL>353</CELL>
<CELL>356</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>21</CELL>
<CELL>358</CELL>
<CELL>361</CELL>
<CELL>364</CELL>
<CELL>367</CELL>
<CELL>369</CELL>
<CELL>372</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>22</CELL>
<CELL>375</CELL>
<CELL>377</CELL>
<CELL>380</CELL>
<CELL>383</CELL>
<CELL>385</CELL>
<CELL>388</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>23</CELL>
<CELL>391</CELL>
<CELL>393</CELL>
<CELL>396</CELL>
<CELL>399</CELL>
<CELL>401</CELL>
<CELL>404</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>24</CELL>
<CELL>407</CELL>
<CELL>409</CELL>
<CELL>412</CELL>
<CELL>415</CELL>
<CELL>417</CELL>
<CELL>420</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>25</CELL>
<CELL>423</CELL>
<CELL>425</CELL>
<CELL>428</CELL>
<CELL>431</CELL>
<CELL>433</CELL>
<CELL>436</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>26</CELL>
<CELL>438</CELL>
<CELL>441</CELL>
<CELL>444</CELL>
<CELL>446</CELL>
<CELL>449</CELL>
<CELL>451</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL><PB N="107" REF="58">27</CELL>
<CELL>454</CELL>
<CELL>457</CELL>
<CELL>459</CELL>
<CELL>462</CELL>
<CELL>464</CELL>
<CELL>467</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>28</CELL>
<CELL>469</CELL>
<CELL>472</CELL>
<CELL>475</CELL>
<CELL>477</CELL>
<CELL>480</CELL>
<CELL>482</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>29</CELL>
<CELL>485</CELL>
<CELL>487</CELL>
<CELL>490</CELL>
<CELL>492</CELL>
<CELL>495</CELL>
<CELL>497</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>30</CELL>
<CELL>500</CELL>
<CELL>503</CELL>
<CELL>505</CELL>
<CELL>508</CELL>
<CELL>510</CELL>
<CELL>513</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>31</CELL>
<CELL>516</CELL>
<CELL>518</CELL>
<CELL>520</CELL>
<CELL>522</CELL>
<CELL>525</CELL>
<CELL>527</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>32</CELL>
<CELL>530</CELL>
<CELL>532</CELL>
<CELL>535</CELL>
<CELL>537</CELL>
<CELL>540</CELL>
<CELL>542</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>33</CELL>
<CELL>545</CELL>
<CELL>547</CELL>
<CELL>550</CELL>
<CELL>552</CELL>
<CELL>554</CELL>
<CELL>557</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>34</CELL>
<CELL>559</CELL>
<CELL>562</CELL>
<CELL>564</CELL>
<CELL>566</CELL>
<CELL>569</CELL>
<CELL>571</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>35</CELL>
<CELL>574</CELL>
<CELL>576</CELL>
<CELL>578</CELL>
<CELL>581</CELL>
<CELL>582</CELL>
<CELL>585</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>36</CELL>
<CELL>588</CELL>
<CELL>590</CELL>
<CELL>592</CELL>
<CELL>595</CELL>
<CELL>597</CELL>
<CELL>599</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>37</CELL>
<CELL>602</CELL>
<CELL>604</CELL>
<CELL>606</CELL>
<CELL>609</CELL>
<CELL>611</CELL>
<CELL>613</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>38</CELL>
<CELL>616</CELL>
<CELL>618</CELL>
<CELL>620</CELL>
<CELL>622</CELL>
<CELL>625</CELL>
<CELL>627</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>39</CELL>
<CELL>629</CELL>
<CELL>632</CELL>
<CELL>634</CELL>
<CELL>636</CELL>
<CELL>638</CELL>
<CELL>641</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>40</CELL>
<CELL>643</CELL>
<CELL>645</CELL>
<CELL>647</CELL>
<CELL>640</CELL>
<CELL>652</CELL>
<CELL>654</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>41</CELL>
<CELL>656</CELL>
<CELL>658</CELL>
<CELL>660</CELL>
<CELL>663</CELL>
<CELL>665</CELL>
<CELL>667</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>42</CELL>
<CELL>669</CELL>
<CELL>671</CELL>
<CELL>673</CELL>
<CELL>676</CELL>
<CELL>678</CELL>
<CELL>680</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>43</CELL>
<CELL>682</CELL>
<CELL>684</CELL>
<CELL>686</CELL>
<CELL>688</CELL>
<CELL>690</CELL>
<CELL>692</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>44</CELL>
<CELL>692</CELL>
<CELL>697</CELL>
<CELL>699</CELL>
<CELL>701</CELL>
<CELL>70<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></CELL>
<CELL>705</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>45</CELL>
<CELL>707</CELL>
<CELL>709</CELL>
<CELL>711</CELL>
<CELL>713</CELL>
<CELL>715</CELL>
<CELL>717</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>46</CELL>
<CELL>719</CELL>
<CELL>721</CELL>
<CELL>723</CELL>
<CELL>725</CELL>
<CELL>727</CELL>
<CELL>729</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>47</CELL>
<CELL>731</CELL>
<CELL>733</CELL>
<CELL>735</CELL>
<CELL>737</CELL>
<CELL>739</CELL>
<CELL>741</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>48</CELL>
<CELL>743</CELL>
<CELL>745</CELL>
<CELL>747</CELL>
<CELL>749</CELL>
<CELL>751</CELL>
<CELL>753</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>49</CELL>
<CELL>755</CELL>
<CELL>757</CELL>
<CELL>759</CELL>
<CELL>760</CELL>
<CELL>762</CELL>
<CELL>764</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>50</CELL>
<CELL>766</CELL>
<CELL>768</CELL>
<CELL>770</CELL>
<CELL>772</CELL>
<CELL>773</CELL>
<CELL>775</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>51</CELL>
<CELL>777</CELL>
<CELL>779</CELL>
<CELL>781</CELL>
<CELL>783</CELL>
<CELL>784</CELL>
<CELL>786</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>52</CELL>
<CELL>788</CELL>
<CELL>790</CELL>
<CELL>792</CELL>
<CELL>793</CELL>
<CELL>795</CELL>
<CELL>797</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>53</CELL>
<CELL>799</CELL>
<CELL>800</CELL>
<CELL>802</CELL>
<CELL>804</CELL>
<CELL>806</CELL>
<CELL>807</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>54</CELL>
<CELL>809</CELL>
<CELL>811</CELL>
<CELL>812</CELL>
<CELL>814</CELL>
<CELL>816</CELL>
<CELL>817</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>55</CELL>
<CELL>819</CELL>
<CELL>821</CELL>
<CELL>822</CELL>
<CELL>824</CELL>
<CELL>826</CELL>
<CELL>827</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>56</CELL>
<CELL>829</CELL>
<CELL>831</CELL>
<CELL>832</CELL>
<CELL>834</CELL>
<CELL>835</CELL>
<CELL>837</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>57</CELL>
<CELL>839</CELL>
<CELL>840</CELL>
<CELL>842</CELL>
<CELL>843</CELL>
<CELL>845</CELL>
<CELL>847</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>58</CELL>
<CELL>848</CELL>
<CELL>850</CELL>
<CELL>851</CELL>
<CELL>853</CELL>
<CELL>854</CELL>
<CELL>856</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>59</CELL>
<CELL>857</CELL>
<CELL>859</CELL>
<CELL>860</CELL>
<CELL>863</CELL>
<CELL>863</CELL>
<CELL>865</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL><PB N="108" REF="59">D</CELL>
<CELL>0</CELL>
<CELL>10</CELL>
<CELL>20</CELL>
<CELL>30</CELL>
<CELL>40</CELL>
<CELL>50</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>60</CELL>
<CELL>866</CELL>
<CELL>867</CELL>
<CELL>869</CELL>
<CELL>870</CELL>
<CELL>872</CELL>
<CELL>873</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>61</CELL>
<CELL>875</CELL>
<CELL>876</CELL>
<CELL>877</CELL>
<CELL>878</CELL>
<CELL>880</CELL>
<CELL>882</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>62</CELL>
<CELL>883</CELL>
<CELL>884</CELL>
<CELL>886</CELL>
<CELL>887</CELL>
<CELL>888</CELL>
<CELL>890</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>63</CELL>
<CELL>891</CELL>
<CELL>892</CELL>
<CELL>894</CELL>
<CELL>895</CELL>
<CELL>896</CELL>
<CELL>898</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>64</CELL>
<CELL>899</CELL>
<CELL>900</CELL>
<CELL>901</CELL>
<CELL>903</CELL>
<CELL>904</CELL>
<CELL>905</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>65</CELL>
<CELL>906</CELL>
<CELL>908</CELL>
<CELL>909</CELL>
<CELL>910</CELL>
<CELL>911</CELL>
<CELL>912</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>66</CELL>
<CELL>914</CELL>
<CELL>915</CELL>
<CELL>916</CELL>
<CELL>917</CELL>
<CELL>918</CELL>
<CELL>919</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>67</CELL>
<CELL>921</CELL>
<CELL>922</CELL>
<CELL>923</CELL>
<CELL>924</CELL>
<CELL>925</CELL>
<CELL>926</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>68</CELL>
<CELL>927</CELL>
<CELL>928</CELL>
<CELL>929</CELL>
<CELL>930</CELL>
<CELL>931</CELL>
<CELL>933</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>69</CELL>
<CELL>934</CELL>
<CELL>935</CELL>
<CELL>936</CELL>
<CELL>937</CELL>
<CELL>938</CELL>
<CELL>939</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>70</CELL>
<CELL>940</CELL>
<CELL>941</CELL>
<CELL>942</CELL>
<CELL>943</CELL>
<CELL>944</CELL>
<CELL>945</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>71</CELL>
<CELL>946</CELL>
<CELL>946</CELL>
<CELL>947</CELL>
<CELL>948</CELL>
<CELL>949</CELL>
<CELL>950</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>72</CELL>
<CELL>951</CELL>
<CELL>952</CELL>
<CELL>953</CELL>
<CELL>954</CELL>
<CELL>955</CELL>
<CELL>955</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>73</CELL>
<CELL>956</CELL>
<CELL>957</CELL>
<CELL>958</CELL>
<CELL>959</CELL>
<CELL>960</CELL>
<CELL>960</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>74</CELL>
<CELL>961</CELL>
<CELL>962</CELL>
<CELL>963</CELL>
<CELL>964</CELL>
<CELL>965</CELL>
<CELL>965</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>75</CELL>
<CELL>966</CELL>
<CELL>967</CELL>
<CELL>967</CELL>
<CELL>968</CELL>
<CELL>969</CELL>
<CELL>970</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>76</CELL>
<CELL>970</CELL>
<CELL>971</CELL>
<CELL>972</CELL>
<CELL>972</CELL>
<CELL>973</CELL>
<CELL>974</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>77</CELL>
<CELL>974</CELL>
<CELL>975</CELL>
<CELL>976</CELL>
<CELL>976</CELL>
<CELL>977</CELL>
<CELL>978</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>78</CELL>
<CELL>978</CELL>
<CELL>979</CELL>
<CELL>980</CELL>
<CELL>980</CELL>
<CELL>981</CELL>
<CELL>981</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>79</CELL>
<CELL>982</CELL>
<CELL>982</CELL>
<CELL>983</CELL>
<CELL>983</CELL>
<CELL>984</CELL>
<CELL>984</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>80</CELL>
<CELL>985</CELL>
<CELL>985</CELL>
<CELL>986</CELL>
<CELL>986</CELL>
<CELL>987</CELL>
<CELL>987</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>81</CELL>
<CELL>988</CELL>
<CELL>988</CELL>
<CELL>989</CELL>
<CELL>989</CELL>
<CELL>989</CELL>
<CELL>990</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>82</CELL>
<CELL>990</CELL>
<CELL>991</CELL>
<CELL>991</CELL>
<CELL>991</CELL>
<CELL>992</CELL>
<CELL>992</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>83</CELL>
<CELL>993</CELL>
<CELL>993</CELL>
<CELL>993</CELL>
<CELL>994</CELL>
<CELL>994</CELL>
<CELL>994</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>84</CELL>
<CELL>995</CELL>
<CELL>995</CELL>
<CELL>995</CELL>
<CELL>995</CELL>
<CELL>996</CELL>
<CELL>996</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>85</CELL>
<CELL>996</CELL>
<CELL>996</CELL>
<CELL>997</CELL>
<CELL>997</CELL>
<CELL>997</CELL>
<CELL>997</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>86</CELL>
<CELL>998</CELL>
<CELL>998</CELL>
<CELL>998</CELL>
<CELL>998</CELL>
<CELL>998</CELL>
<CELL>998</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>87</CELL>
<CELL>999</CELL>
<CELL>999</CELL>
<CELL>999</CELL>
<CELL>999</CELL>
<CELL>999</CELL>
<CELL>999</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>88</CELL>
<CELL>999</CELL>
<CELL>999</CELL>
<CELL>999</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>89</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
</ROW>
<ROW>
<CELL>90</CELL>
<CELL>1000</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
<CELL>&nbsp;</CELL>
</ROW>
</TABLE></P>
</DIV1>
</BODY>
<BACK>
<DIV1 TYPE="table of contents">
<PB REF="59">
<HEAD><HI>A Table of the Contents of the</HI> fir&s;t Part.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM>FEe-tres vniu&s;tly challenged. Fol. 4</ITEM>
<ITEM>The abu&s;es of Woodwards. ibid</ITEM>
<ITEM>The que&s;tion. bid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The qualitie of the ground mu&s;t be con&s;idered of for the planting of trees, or &s;owing of their &s;eed 6</ITEM>
<ITEM>Foure &s;orts of Timber trees growing in England. ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Oake, Elme, A&s;h, Beech tree. ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Che&s;nut tree. 7</ITEM>
<ITEM>Firre tree. ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pine tree 8</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ditch and Quick&s;et 9</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ground digged for ridges. 10</ITEM>
<ITEM>The be&s;t time of planting ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The choi&s;e and v&s;ing of the plant 11</ITEM>
<ITEM>The ground twice tilled ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tenants are mo&s;t their owne enemies 13</ITEM>
<ITEM>What belongeth to a skilfull &s;urueyor ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dre&s;sing and husbanding of young plants 14</ITEM>
<ITEM>Weeding is nece&s;&s;ary for the &s;pring ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Trees &s;et by art do grow &s;ooner and better then wilde trees 16</ITEM>
<ITEM>Two things to be con&s;idered of in planting 17</ITEM>
<ITEM>Romouing of trees from a barren &s;oile to a fat &s;oile, and &s;o of the contrarie ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pruning of yong Plants ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lopping of timber trees doe quite &s;poile them 18</ITEM>
<ITEM>What is a doted tree 19</ITEM>
<ITEM>The time to prune young trees or plants 21</ITEM>
<ITEM>A &s;ecret 22</ITEM>
<ITEM>Preparing of ground for &s;owing of Acornes 24</ITEM>
<ITEM>Trees growing vpon rockie grounds 25</ITEM>
<ITEM>The be&s;t time to remoue young plants. 26</ITEM>
<ITEM>Weeding 27</ITEM>
<ITEM>The ground fenced ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Seed or plants may al&s;o be &s;et in void places, or in woddy grou~ds. 28</ITEM>
<PB REF="60">
<ITEM>Plea&s;ures of the Spring 29</ITEM>
<ITEM>Commoditie of the Spring ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The number of &s;tandils to be left vpon euery acre of wood land 30</ITEM>
<ITEM>Wood ground as profitable as corne ground. ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Note. 31</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="table of contents">
<HEAD>A Table of the contents of the &s;econd part.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM>TAking in of decayed forre&s;ts commons, and wa&s;t grounds 32</ITEM>
<ITEM>By inclo&s;ing of commons is both benfite and con&s;ci|ence 33</ITEM>
<ITEM>What is intended by inclo&s;ing decayed Forre&s;ts, Commons and wa&s;te grounds 3<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter"></ITEM>
<ITEM>The benefit of inclo&s;ing wa&s;te grounds ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The di&s;commodities of inclo&s;ing wa&s;t ground ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The di&s;commodities of inclo&s;ing wa&s;t ground an&s;wered, and a fur|ther benefit thereof expre&s;&s;ed 35</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ingro&s;&s;ement and re&s;umption, the Gangreene of Inclo&s;ures 39</ITEM>
<ITEM>One obiection more again&s;t inclo&s;ures 40</ITEM>
<ITEM>An an&s;were to the former obiection 41</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="table of contents">
<HEAD>A Table of the contents of the third part.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM>VVHo are mo&s;t fitte&s;t and likely to aduerti&s;e any Lord the true e&s;tate of his land true e&s;tate of his land 47</ITEM>
<ITEM>Two &s;orts of trees 48</ITEM>
<ITEM>Watery trees, land trees ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Water trees ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Aller trees. 49</ITEM>
<ITEM>Planting of Aller trees ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Withie trees of which are foure kinds ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>To plant Withies 50</ITEM>
<ITEM>Note ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bi<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="1 letter">ch tree ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Poplar or Aspe tree ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>A&s;h tree 51</ITEM>
<ITEM>To &s;et or &s;ow A&s;hen keyes 52</ITEM>
<ITEM>To plant young A&s;hen trees ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>At what time, and for what v&s;es it is be&s;t to fell A&s;hen wood. 53</ITEM>
<ITEM>The Oke tree: of which there are three &s;orts ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The fir&s;t &s;ort ibid.</ITEM>
<PB REF="60">
<ITEM>The &s;econd &s;ort ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The third &s;ort ibid</ITEM>
<ITEM>The time of felling Oake timber trees, as well for building as for barke 54</ITEM>
<ITEM>Landlords who let farmes from fiue yeares to fiue yeares are none of the be&s;t husbands 55</ITEM>
<ITEM>The Elme tree of which are three &s;orts 58</ITEM>
<ITEM>Beech tree 59</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hornebeame tree ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Maple tree ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Crab tree 60</ITEM>
<ITEM>Seruice tree ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ewe tree ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Che&s;nut tree ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Che&s;nuts &s;owen 61</ITEM>
<ITEM>Che&s;nuts planted ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The be&s;t time of planting Che&s;nuts ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Che&s;nuts &s;teeped in water or milke ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The keeping of Che&s;nuts 62</ITEM>
<ITEM>The Mulberie tree 63</ITEM>
<ITEM>Two &s;orts of Mulberie trees, the one white, the other red ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Note 64</ITEM>
<ITEM>Wood, leaues, and fruit of this tree ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Walnut tree ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Three manner of waies to haue this tree grow 65</ITEM>
<ITEM>To &s;et the Nut, to &s;et the plant grafting of it ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The profit of the Walnut 66</ITEM>
<ITEM>The Pine tree 67</ITEM>
<ITEM>Some new law fit to be thought for pre&s;eruing of wood 68</ITEM>
<ITEM>Officers appointed to looke to the pre&s;eruation of the&s;e groues ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>A yearely allowance to this new officer 69</ITEM>
<ITEM>The defaults extracted to the Iu&s;tices of peace ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>A fine and penaltie ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Articles to be giuen in charge to the Iurie. ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Another fine to be impo&s;ed. 70</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="table of contents">
<HEAD>A Table of the contents of the fourth part.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM>THe de&s;cription of the In&s;trument. 75</ITEM>
<ITEM>Vpper &s;ide, lower &s;ide: outward edge, inward edge. ibid</ITEM>
<PB REF="61">
<ITEM>Lower &s;ide 76</ITEM>
<ITEM>Outward edge 77</ITEM>
<ITEM>Inward edge ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The v&s;e of the vpper &s;ide ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>What an Angle is 78</ITEM>
<ITEM>To finde the quantitie of an Angle by the Scale 79</ITEM>
<ITEM>To take the height of a tree 80</ITEM>
<ITEM>What a complement is 81</ITEM>
<ITEM>To take a height that is vnacce&s;&s;able 83</ITEM>
<ITEM>To diuide a circle into any equall parts 86</ITEM>
<ITEM>The v&s;e of the lower &s;ide ibid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>To diuide a line into any equall parts 87</ITEM>
<ITEM>To mea&s;ure board 88</ITEM>
<ITEM>To mea&s;ure board that is tapering 89</ITEM>
<ITEM>To mea&s;ure &s;quare timber 91</ITEM>
<ITEM>To mea&s;ure timber th<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="KEYERS" EXTENT="2 letters"> is tapering 94</ITEM>
<ITEM>To mea&s;ure round timber 98</ITEM>
<ITEM>To mea&s;ure round timber that is tapering 100</ITEM>
<ITEM>A Table to &s;hew how many feet, inches, and parts of inches in length will make a foot of timber, the circumference being knowne 101</ITEM>
<ITEM>To know the circumference of a tree at the top, and neuer to clime or mea&s;ure it 104</ITEM>
<ITEM>Number of &s;quare feete of timber to a tunne or load of timber 105</ITEM>
<ITEM>A Table of Sines 106. 107. 108.</ITEM>
</LIST>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="illustration">
<PB REF="62">
<P><FIGURE>
<HEAD>Place this in Folio 74. and 75.</HEAD>
</FIGURE></P>
</DIV1>
</BACK>
</TEXT>
</EEBO>
</ETS>
