<!DOCTYPE ETS PUBLIC "-//UMDLPS//DTD EEBOPROOF 2.0//EN">
<ETS>
<TEMPHEAD>
<REVDESCR>
<CHANGE>
<DATE>2014-03-13</DATE>
<RESPSTMT>
<NAME>Brian Matzge</NAME>
<RESP>MURP</RESP>
</RESPSTMT>
<ITEM>Checklist: x *Add TEMPHEAD, change DATE, validate x *Review structure: FRONT,BODY, BACK, DIV or rarely GROUP x *Add DIV TYPEs, make sure that types makes sense as a navigational aide, and work in the context of the whole text, validate
*Survey book for troublesome formats of all kinds, including lists, illustrations, tables, music, math, end-notes, quasi-tabular arrangments, and marginalia. x *Proof title page(s) x *Examine marginalia. Is it all best tagged as NOTE? x *Observe divtop and divbottom material marking beginnings and ends of divisions, check that they are correctly tagged as HEAD, TRAILER, OPENER, CLOSER, ARGUMENT, EPIGRAPH, SIGNED, DATELINE, BYLINE, etc. x *Check for GAPs x *Check PB placement and completeness, ensure sequence of N="" x *Check ^, italic I / J, _Initals, space between &amp;c. x *Check for illustrations and correct usage of FIGURE. Add FIGDESCs if necessary. x *Check q; startq endq Q x *If appropriate, check for yoghs. x *If appropriate, check for Latin problems, e.g. oe and ae digraphs x *If appropriate, check for abbreviation and brevigraph problems. x *If appropriate, check for units of measure, symbols (alchemical, astronomical, etc.) and the like. x *Correct illegibles from proofsheet x *Check illegible page, para, line, span, word, dollar signs x * Run Check x *Final validate Corrected [ ] illegible groups out of [ ]. Converted [ ] illegible groups to GAP DESC="illegible". DONE</ITEM>
</CHANGE>
</REVDESCR>
</TEMPHEAD>
<EEBO>
<IDG S="marc" R="UM" ID="B03528">
<STC T="W">G1946B</STC>
<STC T="C">R188162</STC>
<BIBNO T="oclc">51784559</BIBNO>
<VID>174968</VID>
</IDG>
<TEXT LANG="eng">
<FRONT>
<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
<PB REF="1">
<PB REF="1">
<P>THE Comparative Anatomy OF <HI>Stomachs and Guts <HI>BEG&V;N.</HI></HI></P>
<P>BEING SEVERAL LECTURES Read before the ROYAL SOCIETY. In the Year, 1676.</P>
<P>By <HI>Nehemjah Grew</HI> M. D. Fellow of the <HI>Royal Society,</HI> and of the <HI>Colledge</HI> of <HI>Phy&s;itians.</HI></P>
<P><HI>LONDON,</HI> Printed by <HI>W. Rawlins,</HI> for the Author, 1681.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="to the reader">
<PB REF="2">
<HEAD>An Adverti&s;ement to the Reader.</HEAD>
<P>WHereas a Book Entitul'd, <HI>Exercitatio Anatomico-Medica de Glandulis Inte&s;tinorum, earum&abque; &V;&s;u &amp; Affectibus. Cui &s;ubjungitur Anatome Ventriculi Gellinacei. Studio Joh. Conradi Peyeri Scafhu&s;a-Helvetij,</HI> 1677. In which are found &s;ome of tho&s;e Ob&s;ervations contained in the following Lectures. It was therefore thought fit, here to take Notice, That the &s;aid Book was not Publi&s;hed, till the Year after the&s;e Lectures were Read.</P>
</DIV1>
</FRONT>
<BODY>
<DIV1 N="1" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="1" REF="2">
<HEAD>CHAP. I. <HI>Of the Stomachs and Guts of Six Carnivorous Quadrupeds;</HI> &s;c. <HI>The Wee&s;le, Fitchet, Polecat, Cat, Dog and Fox.</HI></HEAD>
<P>I Am not ignorant of what many Learned and Inqui&s;i|tive Men, both at home and abroad, e&s;pecially in this la&s;t <HI>Century,</HI> have performed in the Anatomy of Ani|mals. After all whom, if it be demanded, what is left for me to do? I An&s;wer in the words of <HI>Seneca,</HI>
<NOTE PLACE="marg">(a) Epi&s;t. 64.</NOTE> <HI>Multum adhuc re&s;tat operis, mult&uacute;m&abque; re&s;tabit; nec ulli Nato, po&s;t mille Saecula, praecludetur occa&s;io, aliquid adhuc adjiciendi.</HI></P>
<P>I &s;hall omit mo&s;t of what is already noted by <HI>Anatomi&s;ts;</HI> and princially &s;peak of tho&s;e things, which have hitherto been unob&s;erv'd.</P>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Wee&s;le.</HEAD>
<P>The <HI>Gulet</HI> of a <HI>Wee&s;le</HI> (which from the Ears to the &s;et|ting on of the Tail was 10 inches) about five inches long, &frac14; in Diametre, equally wide, and thin. Enters the Stomach at the left End.</P>
<P>The <HI>Stomach</HI> about three inches long; proportionably, more than a <HI>Dogs.</HI> An inch in Diametre at the upper Ori|fice; at the nether, &frac14;; having a <HI>flexure</HI> towards its Con|junction with the Guts: &s;haped like to the body of a pair of <HI>Bag-Pipes.</HI> Thin, and plain, or without Folds. Which &s;eems to be the property of the Stomachs of mo&s;t Rapaci|ous <HI>Quadrupeds.</HI></P>
<P>The Guts <HI>thin,</HI> and plain, or with little &s;tore of <HI>Glands,</HI> e&s;pecially of &s;uch as in mo&s;t <HI>Carnivorous</HI> Animals are con|&s;picuous. About a yard in length, and &frac12; an inch in Dia|metre; without any con&s;iderable contraction, difference of Size, Texture or Sub&s;tance from the <HI>Stomach</HI> to the <HI>Anus.</HI> No <HI>Colon.</HI> No <HI>Caecum.</HI> So that it &s;eems to be all but <HI>One &s;ingle Gut.</HI> Contrary to what is &s;een in any other <HI>Quadru|ped,</HI> I have opened.</P>
<P>At the <HI>Anus,</HI> a Couple of <HI>Bags</HI> grow to the Gut; one
<PB N="2" REF="3">on each &s;ide. Each of them, fill'd, about the bigne&s;s of a large <HI>Garden-Peas:</HI> containing a yellow, and thicki&s;h Li|quor, extraordinary <HI>foetid,</HI> and having the peculiar &s;cent of the Animal in the mo&s;t inten&s;e degree. Over the <HI>Bags</HI> or <HI>Bladders,</HI> is &s;pread the <HI>Sphincter-Mu&s;cle;</HI> which compre&s;&s;ing <HI>Them</HI> and the <HI>Anus</HI> both together, forceth them to a con|temporary evacution.</P>
<P>I have not yet di&s;&s;ected the <HI>Civet-Cat,</HI> but &s;uppo&s;e, that the&s;e Bags are analogous to tho&s;e that contain the <HI>Civet</HI> in that Animal.</P>
<P>The&s;e Bags, &s;o far as I have ob&s;erv'd, are proper to all <HI>Carnivorous Quadrupeds,</HI> and tho&s;e only: as will further appear by the following Examples.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Fitchet.</HEAD>
<P>A FITCHET, being of kin to the <HI>Wee&s;le;</HI> hath al&s;o a <HI>Stomach</HI> and <HI>Guts</HI> much alike.</P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> about a yard and two inches. At mo&s;t, but two. The fir&s;t, about two feet and &frac12; long; and &frac38;^t^h^s of an inch over, where wide&s;t. Hath five or &s;ix Necks or Con|tractions. And a little before mo&s;t of them, &s;tands a &s;mall <HI>Clu&s;ter</HI> of <HI>Glands,</HI> about as big as a <HI>Silver Half-peny.</HI> The &s;econd, is about &frac12; a quarter of a yard long, and &frac12; an inch over where wide&s;t. Very thin, plain, and without any <HI>Glands</HI> vi&s;ible to the bare Eye.</P>
<P>On each &s;ide the <HI>Anus,</HI> there is al&s;o a Bag of <HI>foetid</HI> Liquor, with the &s;tink of the Animal.</P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> of the&s;e Two Animals, and I &s;uppo&s;e like|wi&s;e of the <HI>Ferret,</HI> are the mo&s;t &s;imple, and plain, of all I have ob&s;erv'd in <HI>Quadrupeds.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Pole-Cat.</HEAD>
<P>The <HI>Gulet</HI> and <HI>Stomach</HI> of a POLE-CAT, are in &s;hape like tho&s;e of a <HI>Wee&s;le.</HI> But the <HI>Guts</HI> are different.</P>
<P>They may be reckon'd, four. The fir&s;t, about &frac34; of a <HI>yard</HI> long; &frac12; an inch over; very thin, and plain.</P>
<P>The &s;econd, &frac14; of a yard in length; &frac14; of an inch over, and in &s;ome places more. This <HI>Gut</HI> is Glandulous and very thick, in compari&s;on with the other, from end to end. The
<PB N="3" REF="3">Glands extream &s;mall, no bigger than little <HI>Pins heads.</HI> Yet every Gland hath its <HI>Orifice,</HI> out of which a <HI>Mucus</HI> or <HI>Pituita</HI> may be vi&s;ibly &s;queez'd.</P>
<P>The Third, is &frac12; a yard long; and about &frac12; an inch over, as the fir&s;t. About the middle hereof, is a <HI>Clu&s;ter</HI> (of petite <HI>Glands</HI>) about two inches long, and &frac14; of an inch broad. At the further end al&s;o, joyning to the fourth <HI>Gut,</HI> is ano|ther like <HI>Clu&s;ter,</HI> but as broad again. Each Gland in both the&s;e <HI>Clu&s;ters,</HI> is about the bigne&s;s of a <HI>Mu&s;tard-Seed.</HI></P>
<P>Each of the&s;e <HI>Clu&s;ters,</HI> may be called a little <HI>PANCREAS INTESTINALE.</HI> Their difference is, That This hath not one common <HI>Ductus.</HI></P>
<P>Of the&s;e <HI>Clu&s;ters,</HI> it is ob&s;ervable, That both here, and in all the other Animals hereafter mention'd, they &s;tand directly oppo&s;ite to that &s;ide of the <HI>Gut,</HI> into which the Ve&s;&s;els are in&s;erted.</P>
<P>The Fourth, or <HI>Rectum,</HI> is &s;eparated from the former by a Contraction. Almo&s;t five inches long; and near the <HI>Anus,</HI> &frac34; of an inch in Diametre. So that all the <HI>Guts</HI> together, are two yards, within &frac12; a quarter.</P>
<P>This Animal hath neither <HI>Colon,</HI> nor <HI>Caecum.</HI></P>
<P>At the <HI>Anus,</HI> a pair of <HI>Bladders</HI> grow to the <HI>Gut,</HI> as in a <HI>Wee&s;le;</HI> containing al&s;o a Liquor with the peculiar <HI>faetor</HI> of the Animal, mo&s;t inten&s;e.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Cat.</HEAD>
<P>The <HI>Gulet</HI> of a well grown CAT, &frac34; of an inch, where wide&s;t. The Texture two-fold. The <HI>Mu&s;cular Fibers</HI> of the upper half next the Throat, plainly <HI>Platted.</HI> A &s;ort of Work, which will be&s;t be &s;een in the <HI>Gulet</HI> of a <HI>Sheep.</HI> Tho&s;e of the other half, rather <HI>Annular,</HI> though not exactly &s;o.</P>
<P>The <HI>Stomach</HI> in &s;hape like that of a <HI>Dog,</HI> and mo&s;t other <HI>Carnivorous Quadrupeds;</HI> only &s;omewhat &s;horter and rounder; being not above five inches long, yet 3&frac12; over.</P>
<P>But in the <HI>Guts</HI> divers Specialties are ob&s;ervable. Alto|gether, about two yards and &frac34; long. With re&s;pect to their &s;ub&s;tance, but two in number: To their &s;hape, the fir&s;t may be &s;ubdivided into four.</P>
<PB N="4" REF="4">
<P>This fir&s;t may be called <HI>Mu&s;culare:</HI> being in proportion, thicker or more carneous than the <HI>Guts</HI> of any <HI>Quadruped</HI> I have open'd.</P>
<P>It hath about 28 or 30 <HI>Contractions;</HI> &s;ome an inch, others two or three inches di&s;tant one from another. I have not &s;een a quarter &s;o many in any other Animal. It may be &s;ubdivided into four.</P>
<P>The Fir&s;t, <HI>i. e.</HI> from the <HI>Stomach</HI> to the place where the <HI>Gut</HI> is con&s;iderably amplify'd, about a &frac14; of a yard; and &s;ome|what more than &frac14; of an inch, over.</P>
<P>The Second, <HI>i. e.</HI> to the place where more con&s;picuou&s;ly contracted, about &frac12; a yard; and in its wide&s;t place, above &frac12; an inch, over.</P>
<P>The Third, <HI>i. e.</HI> to the next greater dilatation, a yard and &frac18;^t^h; and &frac38;^t^h^s of an inch, over; near the &s;ame width with that of the fir&s;t.</P>
<P>The Fourth, about &frac12; a yard and &frac12;^t^h; and &frac12; inch, over. So that two &s;lender, and two ample ones are reciprocally joyn'd.</P>
<P>This <HI>Inte&s;t. Mu&s;culare,</HI> is furni&s;hed with &s;everal <HI>Clu&s;ters</HI> of <HI>Glands,</HI> &s;ix or &s;even in number: each <HI>Clu&s;ter</HI> about &frac34; of an inch long; and the la&s;t above three inches. This e&s;pe|cially, as in the <HI>Pole-Cat,</HI> may be called <HI>PANCREAS IN|TESTINALE.</HI></P>
<P>The Next <HI>Gut</HI> (in the place of the <HI>Rectum</HI>) may be called <HI>Membranaceum,</HI> in di&s;tinction from the former; be|ing far more per&s;picuous and thin. About &frac12; a yard long; and where wide&s;t, an inch and &frac14;, over. So that its hollow is more than four times as great as of any part of the <HI>Inte&s;t. Mu&s;|culare;</HI> and eight or ten times as great as of the &s;mall parts. And doth therefore contain far more than all that <HI>Gut.</HI></P>
<P>To the undermo&s;t part of this <HI>Gut,</HI> about an inch and &frac12; before the <HI>Anus,</HI> is fa&s;ten'd the end of a &s;lender <HI>Mu&s;cle;</HI> the other extremity, to one of the <HI>Vertebrae</HI> of the Loins.</P>
<P>This <HI>Gut</HI> is furni&s;hed with &s;everal large <HI>Glands,</HI> not &s;tand|ing in <HI>Clu&s;ters,</HI> but &s;ingly, as in a <HI>Fox</HI> or a <HI>Dog</HI> pre&s;ently to be de&s;crib'd; but not &s;o big.</P>
<P>The upper End of this <HI>Gut</HI> where it joyns to the <HI>Mu&s;cu|lar,</HI> for the length of &frac34; of an inch, is partly Conick and partly Helick; being, as it were, the beginning of a <HI>Caecum.</HI></P>
<PB N="5" REF="4">
<P>On each &s;ide the <HI>Anus,</HI> a Bag of <HI>foetid</HI> Liquor, as in the former Animals.</P>
<P>To the <HI>Guts</HI> of a <HI>Cat,</HI> I &s;uppo&s;e tho&s;e of a <HI>Leopard, Tiger,</HI> and <HI>Lion,</HI> may have &s;ome Analogy.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Bitch.</HEAD>
<P>The <HI>Gulet</HI> of a BITCH (from the top of her Head to the &s;etting on of her Tail about &frac34; of a yard) near an inch in Diametre. Somewhat thick, redi&s;h, and mu&s;cular.</P>
<P>The <HI>Stomach</HI> &s;haped as a <HI>Cats,</HI> &s;aving that it is a little longer. In length, nine inches; in breadth, &s;ix; in depth, as much. Somewhat <HI>Mu&s;cular,</HI> as the <HI>Gulet.</HI> Not very vi&s;ibly Glandulous, except near the lower <HI>Orifice.</HI> Where, for the &s;pace of three or four inches, are a great number of &s;mall Glands, yet fairly ob&s;ervable round about.</P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> are Four. The Fri&s;t, or <HI>Cra&s;&s;um,</HI> two yards and &frac12;, and near an inch over, where wide&s;t.</P>
<P>The Second, or <HI>Tenue,</HI> about a yard and &frac34; long, and &s;omewhat more than &frac12; an inch wide.</P>
<P>The Third, or <HI>Caecum,</HI> where wide&s;t, near an inch; and about &frac12; a foot long; but winding with three flexures, three &s;everal ways. Not joyned to the <HI>Tenue,</HI> but the <HI>Rectum;</HI> and &s;o po&s;tur'd, as to make an acute Angle not with the <HI>Rectum,</HI> but the <HI>Tenue;</HI> in other Animals. And the pa&s;&s;age between This and the <HI>Rectum</HI> &s;omewhat &s;traight.</P>
<P>The Fourth, or <HI>Rectum,</HI> half a yard; next the <HI>Caecum,</HI> an inch over; near the <HI>Anus</HI> an inch and &frac34;. All the <HI>Guts</HI> toge|ther, near five yards.</P>
<P>This only, of the Animals yet mention'd, hath a <HI>Caecum.</HI> Yet without a <HI>Colon.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> of this Animal, as well as the <HI>Gulet,</HI> are all of them thick, redi&s;h, and Mu&s;cular. The like, I &s;uppo&s;e, are tho&s;e of all <HI>O&s;&s;ivorous Quadrupeds.</HI></P>
<P>They are furni&s;hed with &s;tore of <HI>Glands.</HI> In the <HI>Caecum,</HI> at &s;everal di&s;tances from &frac18;^t^h to &frac38;^t^h^s of an inch. Very con&s;picu|ous to the naked Eye, even after they are blown up and dry'd. In the two foremo&s;t, they &s;tand in <HI>Clu&s;ters;</HI> and the Clu&s;ters in all, about 20. Some of them round, as big as a <HI>Silver Peny</HI> or <HI>Two-peny;</HI> and &s;ome Oval, the compa&s;s of an <HI>Almond:</HI> and &s;ome, e&s;pecially towards the <HI>Caecum,</HI> two
<PB N="6" REF="5">or three inches long, and &frac12; an inch broad. Every Gland, as big as a <HI>Turnep-Seed.</HI> The <HI>Caecum</HI> be&s;prinkled with Flat Glands, the breadth of a <HI>Mar&s;hmallow-Seed</HI> or little Spangle. And &s;o the <HI>Rectum,</HI> e&s;pecially towards the <HI>Anus;</HI> but here big.</P>
<P>In the centre of the&s;e Flat Glands, the <HI>Orifice,</HI> or if you will the <HI>Anus</HI> of every Gland is very con&s;picuous: by which the Gland &s;peweth out a certain <HI>Mucus</HI> or <HI>Pituita;</HI> as by compre&s;&s;ing the Gut may be ea&s;ily &s;een.</P>
<P>So that although the Glands of the Stomach and Guts, e&s;pecially in Men and <HI>Quadrupeds,</HI> &s;eem to lie behind, or under the inner Membrane: yet the Mouths of them all, do open into the Hollow of the Stomach and Guts. The <HI>Pituita</HI> which is always found very copious in both, not being half of it, the &s;pittle, or bred of the <HI>Aliment,</HI> as is ge|nerally conceiv'd; but &s;pewed out of the&s;e Glands.</P>
<P>At the <HI>Anus,</HI> are two Bags of &s;tinking Liquor, as in the afore&s;aid Animals.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Fox.</HEAD>
<P>The Gulet, Stomach and Guts of a FOX, (&frac12; a year old, and &frac12; yard from Head to Tail) are much like to tho&s;e of a <HI>Dog.</HI> But with &s;ome differences. The Gulet, in proportion, &s;omewhat larger. The Stomach deeper.</P>
<P>The fir&s;t Gut, or the <HI>Cra&s;&s;um,</HI> far &s;horter, not above &frac12; a foot. The &s;econd, or the <HI>Tenue,</HI> &s;omewhat wider. The <HI>Caecum,</HI> much larger; near &frac34; of a foot long. It lies not &s;trait out, but is wound up almo&s;t &s;pirally. Where it joyn|eth to the other Guts, &frac12; an inch over; at the other End, near an inch.</P>
<P>The Guts furni&s;hed with &s;everal Clu&s;ters of Glands, as in a <HI>Dog,</HI> about 14 in number. That next the <HI>Caecum</HI> four inches long, and above &frac12; an inch broad. Before every large Clu&s;ter is a little Contraction in the Gut. In the <HI>Caecum</HI> and <HI>Rectum</HI> much larger than in the <HI>Bitch.</HI></P>
<P>I &s;uppo&s;e it is proper to all other O&s;&s;ivorous Animals, for the <HI>Rectum</HI> to be furni&s;h'd with &s;uch Glands.</P>
<P>Ju&s;t upon the <HI>Anus</HI> lie two Bags of &s;tinking Liquor, as in the Animals above-&s;aid.</P>
</DIV2>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="2" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="7" REF="5">
<HEAD>CHAP. II. <HI>Of the Stomach and Guts of the</HI> Mole; <HI>which &s;eems to feed on In&s;ects. As al&s;o of the</HI> Urchan, Squirel, <HI>and</HI> Rat; <HI>which are chiefly Frugivorous.</HI></HEAD>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Mole.</HEAD>
<P>THe Gulet of a MOLE, is not fa&s;ten'd to the End of the Stomach, as in the foregoing Animals, but to the middle.</P>
<P>The Stomach &s;haped &s;omewhat like that of a <HI>Polecat,</HI> and is as big; being three inches long, an inch and &frac14; broad, and as deep: which in compari&s;on with the &s;mall bulk of the Animal, is exceeding great: this Animal weigh|ing not much above three Ounces; but an ordinary <HI>Pole|cat</HI> betwixt 20 and 30.</P>
<P>The Guts, a yard and &frac34; long; longer than in the Carni|vorous kind. About &frac14; of an inch over every where. Near the <HI>Anus</HI> a little wider. So that they &s;eem, &s;o far, to be but two. Yet taking in their Texture, they may be three.</P>
<P>The <HI>Texture</HI> of the Fir&s;t (about &frac34; of a yard long) is plain and &s;imple, to the Eye, as in other Guts. Of the Second, extreme Curious; the <HI>Fibers</HI> of the <HI>Mu&s;cular Membrane,</HI> making <HI>&V;ndulations</HI> or <HI>Indentures,</HI> continued for the length of &frac34; of a yard, round about the Gut: very much re&s;em|bling the <HI>Needle-work,</HI> commonly called <HI>Iri&s;h-&s;tich.</HI> But the <HI>Graver,</HI> though in other re&s;pects he hath done tole|rably well, yet cometh &s;hort of the elegancy of this Work.</P>
<P>Both the&s;e Guts are furni&s;h'd with five or &s;ix &s;mall Clu&s;ters of Glands; each Clu&s;ter as big as a little Spangle.</P>
<P>The <HI>Rectum,</HI> of a plain Texture, as the Fir&s;t. And with|out any con&s;picuous Glands. Half a &frac14; of a yard long, and where wide&s;t, &frac12; inch over.</P>
<P>Here are none of the Bags de&s;cribed in the <HI>Wee&s;le, &amp;c.</HI> Nor any <HI>Caecum</HI> nor <HI>Colon.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<PB N="8" REF="6">
<HEAD>An &V;rchan.</HEAD>
<P>The Gulet of an URCHAN enters the Stomach towards the middle, as in a <HI>Mole.</HI> Somewhat &s;mall, not &frac34; of an inch over.</P>
<P>The Stomach not &s;o large as in the <HI>Mole,</HI> yet bigger than in Carnivorous Animals; as than that of a <HI>Wee&s;le,</HI> although the Body of an <HI>&V;rchan</HI> of the &s;ame age be no bigger, as is plain, when the Skins of both are taken off. 'Tis al&s;o of a rounder &s;hape.</P>
<P>The Guts, for &s;ub&s;tance, &s;eem to be but One. But from the difference of &s;hape, may be accounted Four. The Fir&s;t, or <HI>Cra&s;&s;um,</HI> a yard and &frac18;^t^h long; and near &frac12; an inch over, where wide&s;t. It hath &s;everal, about 12 ob&s;ervable Con|tractions; &s;ome of them an inch or two long, &s;ome more, and &s;ome le&s;s: which, as to their length, is peculiar to this Animal.</P>
<P>The Second, or <HI>Gracile,</HI> is about &frac34; of a yard long; &frac14; of an inch over, and of an equal &s;ize throughout.</P>
<P>The Third, or <HI>Ampli&s;&s;imum,</HI> &frac18;^t^h of a yard long; and above &frac34; of an inch over, where wide&s;t.</P>
<P>The <HI>Rectum,</HI> about as long; and above &frac12; an inch over. So the length of all the Guts, is Two yards and an inch or two: much longer, than in the Carnivorous kind.</P>
<P>The Third and La&s;t, are &s;prinkled with an innumerable company of extream &s;mall Glands, &s;carce di&s;cernible with|out a Gla&s;s; through which, they &s;hew as big as little <HI>Pins heads.</HI></P>
<P>This Animal hath none of tho&s;e Bags near the <HI>Anus,</HI> above de&s;cribed in the <HI>Wee&s;le, &amp;c.</HI> Hath no <HI>Caecum.</HI> No <HI>Colon.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Squirell.</HEAD>
<P>That I open'd, was a <HI>Virginian,</HI> &s;maller than the <HI>European.</HI> The Gulet enters the Stomach towards the middle, as in a <HI>Mole</HI> and <HI>&V;rchan</HI> very &s;mall, like the top of an <HI>Oaten-&s;traw:</HI> &s;o that the upper <HI>Orifice</HI> of the Stomach, hardly lets any thing, &s;o much as wind, to pa&s;s into it.</P>
<P>The Stomach two inches long; the left end, an inch over; the right, &frac12; an inch.</P>
<PB N="9" REF="6">
<P>The Guts may be reckon'd Four. The Fir&s;t, which reacheth to the <HI>Caecum,</HI> above &frac12; a yard long; and near &frac34; of an inch over.</P>
<P>The <HI>Caecum</HI> very large, near three inches long, and about &frac12; an inch over. Lies &s;pirally wound up on it &s;elf.</P>
<P>The Third, about three inches long, not above &frac12;^t^h of an inch over.</P>
<P>The La&s;t, about as long. Hath two Contractions and Dilatations; where wide&s;t, &frac14; of an inch over. All the Guts together without the <HI>Caecum,</HI> not &frac34; of a yard: the &s;horte&s;t of all yet de&s;crib'd.</P>
<P>Here are none of tho&s;e Bags upon the <HI>Anus,</HI> above men|tion'd.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Rat.</HEAD>
<P>The Gulet of a RAT, is extream &s;mall, like that of a <HI>Squi|rel;</HI> and in&s;erted into the Stomach in the &s;ame manner.</P>
<P>The Stomach, with re&s;pect to that of a <HI>Mole,</HI> very &s;mall; <HI>&s;c.</HI> three times le&s;s: although the Body of a <HI>Rat,</HI> is above twice as big as the Body of a <HI>Mole.</HI></P>
<P>The &s;ub&s;tance hereof is al&s;o more plainly di&s;tingui&s;h'd into two &s;orts. One half, towards the left end, more pel|lucid, thin and membranous. The other half, <HI>&s;c.</HI> from the In&s;ertion of the Gulet to the <HI>Pylorus,</HI> more opacous, thick and Mu&s;cular.</P>
<P>The Guts may be accounted Five. The Fir&s;t, or <HI>Gracile,</HI> &frac12; an Eln long, and &frac14; of an inch over.</P>
<P>The Second, or <HI>Amplum,</HI> &frac12; a yard long, and &frac13;^d of an inch over.</P>
<P>In the&s;e two together, are eleven or twelve Clu&s;ters of Glands; every Clu&s;ter about the breadth of a Spangle.</P>
<P>The Third, or <HI>Caecum,</HI> contained by a Ligament in an Orbicular po&s;ture round about the <HI>Amplum.</HI> Above &frac12; an inch over, and three inches long. So that take it breadth and length, and it is as big as the Stomach it &s;elf.</P>
<P>The Fourth, I crave leave to call the <HI>Abomafideum:</HI> for that it is in figure or &s;tructure very like to that <HI>Ventricle</HI> in a <HI>Sheep</HI> or <HI>Cow,</HI> called the <HI>Aboma&s;us.</HI> About two inches long; and near its Conjunction with the <HI>Caecum,</HI> &frac23;^d of an inch over, narrowing all the way to the other end. That
<PB N="10" REF="7">which is curions herein, is, That 'tis furni&s;hed with a con|&s;iderable number of oblique Plates, about 46; 23 or thereabout, on each &s;ide oppo&s;itely; exactly like to tho&s;e in the <HI>Aboma&s;us</HI> of a <HI>Sheep.</HI></P>
<P>The La&s;t, or <HI>Stercoraceum,</HI> is &s;ix inches long; &frac14; of an inch over, where wide&s;t. And hath one or two Contracti|ons, as in a <HI>Squirel.</HI></P>
<P>The Gulet, Stomach and Guts of a MOUSE, are little dif|ferent. Only the Glands of the Guts fewer; and the <HI>Caecum,</HI> le&s;s.</P>
<P>On the contrary, in a SHREW-MOUSE, the <HI>Caecum</HI> is rather greater, being &frac13;^d of an inch over, and two inches long. Yet the Body of the Animal five or &s;ix times le&s;s than that of a <HI>Rat.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="3" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. III. <HI>Of the Stomach and Guts of &s;uch Animals as are both Frugivorous and Graminivorous; as the</HI> Rabbit, Hor&s;e, <HI>and</HI> Pig.</HEAD>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Rabbit.</HEAD>
<P>THe Gulet of a RABBIT is in&s;erted into the middle of the Stomach, as in a <HI>Rat.</HI></P>
<P>The Stomach &s;haped almo&s;t like a <HI>Dogs,</HI> but bigger, with re&s;pect to the Animal. Its inner Membrane is gather'd up into &s;everal little Plates, like tho&s;e in a Man. At the End next the <HI>Pylorus,</HI> much thicker, and more Glandulous, Ner|vous, and Mu&s;cular than in any other part.</P>
<P>The Guts, without the <HI>Caecum,</HI> are four yards long. In number, five. The Fir&s;t, or <HI>Jejunum,</HI> about four feet long, and &frac12; an inch over.</P>
<P>The Second, or <HI>Ileum,</HI> as long; and above &frac12; an inch over. Whereas in &s;ome, as the <HI>Polecat, Dog, &V;rchan,</HI> the Second Gut is &s;maller than the Fir&s;t.</P>
<P>The <HI>Jejunum</HI> is be&s;prinkled with a great number of very &s;mall Glands: which when the Guts are blown up and dry, look like a multitude of little Specks. Whence the Gut is more opacous than the <HI>Ileum.</HI></P>
<PB N="11" REF="7">
<P>Be&s;ides the&s;e &s;maller Glands, the <HI>Jejunum</HI> and <HI>Ileum</HI> to|gether, are furni&s;hed with four or five Clu&s;ters, about as broad as a <HI>Two-penys;</HI> and every Gland as big as <HI>Wall flower-Seeds.</HI></P>
<P>Where the <HI>Ileum</HI> enters the <HI>Colon,</HI> it hath a very thick white and Glandulous Body, or <HI>Pancreas Inte&s;tinale:</HI> and the mouth of each Gland very apparent.</P>
<P>The <HI>Caecum,</HI> of a prodigious &s;ize; above &frac12; a yard long, and and an inch and &frac12; over where wide&s;t.</P>
<P>At the End of the <HI>Caecum</HI> hangs a certain Label, al&s;o con|tinuou&s;ly hollow with the <HI>Caecum,</HI> and may be accounted part of it. Betwixt three and four inches long; and at the upper end, &frac34; of an inch over; in &s;hape like a Man's Finger. Lined quite through with a thick Glandulous Body, like that in the end of the <HI>Ileum.</HI></P>
<P>All the re&s;t of the <HI>Caecum</HI> very thin, and tran&s;parent: &s;o as being blown up, it looks like tho&s;e Skins of <HI>Iceing-Gla&s;s,</HI> formerly us'd for Tran&s;parent <HI>Flower-Works.</HI></P>
<P>This Gut &s;eemeth at fir&s;t, to have many <HI>Valvulae Conni|ventes.</HI> But by being blown up, is fairly repre&s;ented one &s;ingle <HI>Valve</HI> or <HI>Plate,</HI> &s;tretched out perpendicularly from the circuit of the Gut, and mo&s;t curiou&s;ly winding, in a &s;piral Line, from one End to the other.</P>
<P>This Gut runs into the <HI>Colon,</HI> which is above a foot long, where wide&s;t or next the <HI>Caecum,</HI> an inch over; at the other end &frac12; an inch. It hath a double <HI>Vinculum,</HI> one on each &s;ide; by which 'tis gather'd up into a great number of little Cells, contiguous one to another throughout.</P>
<P>In opening this Animal, being ju&s;t dead, the <HI>Peri&s;taltick</HI> motion of the Guts, was very apparent, e&s;pecially in this Gut. By means whereof, the &s;everal Cells afore&s;aid, were made reciprocally to move in and out; &s;o as while one moved and was convex inward, another next adjacent, mo|ved and was convex outward; and &s;o on by a kind of un|dulation, for &s;everal inches together.</P>
<P>This Gut is very thick and Glandulous all over, the Glands &s;tanding every where clo&s;e and contiguous: &s;o that the in|&s;ide of the Gut, looks like the <HI>Seal-Fi&s;hes</HI> Skin. The Glands are not flat, as in the Guts above de&s;crib'd, but &s;tanding up round and high, like an infinite number of <HI>Papillae:</HI> the Mouths of each vi&s;ibly open; from whence a <HI>Mucus</HI> may ea&s;ily be expre&s;s'd.</P>
<PB N="12" REF="8">
<P>So that all Inte&s;tinal Glands are either Flat, or Spherical; both with a Mouth in the centre. An&s;wering to a <HI>Button-Mould;</HI> the Flat Gland, to a flat Mould; and the Sphaerical Gland to the like Mould. The former may be called <HI>Rotu|lares:</HI> the latter <HI>Papillares.</HI></P>
<P>The La&s;t Gut is about four feet long; as wide as the <HI>Ileum,</HI> and near the <HI>Anus</HI> wider by &frac14; of an inch.</P>
<P>This Animal hath none of tho&s;e Bags ob&s;erved at the <HI>Anus</HI> of the Carnivorous kind.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Hor&s;e.</HEAD>
<P>The Gulet of a HORSE, is large, thick, red, and very Mu&s;cular. The properties of the Gulet in all Voraceous <HI>Quadrupeds.</HI> In&s;erted into the Stomach, not at one End, but the middle, as in a <HI>Rabbit.</HI></P>
<P>The Stomach &s;ingle. Not much above a foot long, about &frac14; of a yard deep, and &s;even inches over. Which in re&s;pect to the Animal, and e&s;pecially to his Guts, is exceed|ing &s;mall, I had not time to ob&s;erve the in&s;ide, but proba|bly, 'tis gather'd up into Plates or Folds as That of a <HI>Rabbit.</HI></P>
<P>The Guts are &s;ix. The Fir&s;t, or &s;mall Gut, about 28 yards. Near the Stomach, two inches over; towards the other end, two inches and &frac12;. Which though it be wider by far, than the &s;ame Gut in any other <HI>Quadruped</HI> that I have open'd: yet in re&s;pect to the Amplitude of the other Guts in this Animal, it may properly be called the <HI>Small Gut.</HI> It hath &s;ix or eight Contractions or &s;hort narrow Necks; and among&s;t them, a long one, about a foot before its en|trance into the <HI>Caecum.</HI></P>
<P>It hath very few, and but &s;mall Clu&s;ters of tho&s;e larger Glands, ob&s;ervable in the fore-mention'd Animals. But of a &s;maller kind, the inner Coat is every where full as it can hold, each Gland not &s;o big as a <HI>Chee&s;e-Mite.</HI></P>
<P>The Second, or <HI>Caecum,</HI> is &s;quare; having not two, but four Ligaments which contain it in that figure. By means whereof the &s;ides are al&s;o gather'd into many Cells, &s;mall and great, as the <HI>Colon</HI> it &s;elf in this and other Animals.</P>
<P>The Bulk is va&s;t: Near the Cone, or clo&s;e end, about three inches over. But at the Ba&s;e, or where it joyns to the
<PB N="13" REF="8"><HI>Colon,</HI> a &frac14; of a yard over. And in length, a full yard. So that it is more than twice as big as the Stomach.</P>
<P>The Learned Dr. <HI>Gli&s;&s;on,</HI> in &s;peaking of the Stomachs of <HI>Quadrupeds,</HI> &s;aith, That a <HI>Rabbit</HI> and a <HI>Hor&s;e</HI> have a double <HI>Caecum.</HI> His words are the&s;e; <HI>In Equis, Cuniculis, &amp; Por|cellis Indicis, Caecum duplex deprehenditur.</HI> But herein he is mi&s;taken. As to a <HI>Rabbit,</HI> the contrary hath been &s;een in the Guts pre&s;ented entire before this Honourable Pre&s;ence. And who ever will take the pains to examine all the Guts of a <HI>Hor&s;e,</HI> will find, That neither hath he, any more than One <HI>Caecum,</HI> which I have above de&s;crib'd.</P>
<P>The Third Gut, is the <HI>Colon.</HI> The unu&s;ual &s;hape, and pro|digious Amplitude whereof, might give occa&s;ion to the Doctor to mi&s;take it for another <HI>Caecum.</HI> So that although a <HI>Hor&s;e</HI> hath but one &s;ingle <HI>Caecum;</HI> yet may he not impro|perly be &s;aid to have a Treble <HI>Colon; &s;c.</HI> Two Ample ones, next the <HI>Caecum;</HI> and a &s;maller one next the <HI>Rectum.</HI> Un|le&s;s any plea&s;e rather to call the two Great ones, the two <HI>BELLIES</HI> of one and the &s;ame <HI>Colon.</HI></P>
<P>The Fir&s;t <HI>Belly</HI> next the <HI>Caecum,</HI> is no le&s;s where wide&s;t, than &frac14; of a yard over; and in length, above a yard and &frac12;.</P>
<P>The Second Belly, next the <HI>Rectum,</HI> as wide as the former; and above a yard long. So that each of the&s;e Bellies are bigger than the <HI>Caecum.</HI> That next the <HI>Caecum</HI> half as big again: And about four times as big as the Stomach.</P>
<P>The&s;e two Bellies are joyn'd together by a <HI>Neck,</HI> about four inches over, and &frac34; of a yard long. Gather'd likewi&s;e into Cells, as all the other parts of the <HI>Colon.</HI> But with four Ligaments, as the <HI>Caecum.</HI> By which al&s;o they lie &s;quare. And upon a pa&s;&s;ing view, might be another occa&s;ion of the forementioned mi&s;take. So that if any one &s;hall call either of the&s;e <HI>Bellies,</HI> a <HI>Caecum;</HI> then a <HI>Hor&s;e</HI> will not have two only, but three <HI>Caecums.</HI> But the&s;e <HI>Bellies</HI> have neither of them, the defining property of a <HI>Caecum;</HI> which is, To be pervious at one end only.</P>
<P>The &s;mall <HI>Colon,</HI> or the &s;maller part of it, runs betwixt the Second Belly and the <HI>Rectum:</HI> likewi&s;e full of Cells, con|tain'd together by two oppo&s;ite Ligaments as in other Animals. 'Tis about three inches over; and &s;ix yards long.</P>
<P>The <HI>Rectum,</HI> very thick and Mu&s;cular, as in mo&s;t other
<PB N="14" REF="9">large <HI>Quadrupeds;</HI> about three inches and &frac12; over, and not above &frac12; a yard long. The length of all the Guts (without the <HI>Caecum</HI>) is about 37 yards. So that the Guts of a Hor&s;e, although they come much &s;hort of tho&s;e of the Animals next mention'd: yet in widene&s;s, much exceed them: So as to contain about ten times more than his Stomach.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Pig.</HEAD>
<P>That which I procur'd was but 16 days old. The Gulet was torn off; &s;o that I could only ob&s;erve the In&s;ertion of it, which is about the middle of the Stomach, as in a Hor&s;e. But that of a <HI>Hog,</HI> I have often &s;een, and it is very thick, mu&s;cular and red.</P>
<P>The Stomach, was five inches long, and three over. Shaped &s;omewhat oddly; in a manner with a double <HI>Ventricle.</HI> The one, and the principal, may be called <HI>Venter magnus,</HI> &s;haped like that of Carnivorous <HI>Quadrupeds.</HI> Very thick and Mu&s;cular; e&s;pecially in the Neck and at the <HI>Pylorus.</HI></P>
<P>Again&s;t the <HI>Pylorus</HI> &s;tands a round Caruncle, as big as a &s;mall <HI>Filbert Kernel,</HI> like a &s;topple to the <HI>Pylorus.</HI> A part I think peculiar to this Animal.</P>
<P>This <HI>Ventricle</HI> within, hath &s;everal Folds, about &frac16;^t^h of an inch broad, and as deep; and wind to and and fro, as in a <HI>Rabbit</HI> or a Man. Scituate only about the right End or half of the Belly: the other End being, though al&s;o Mu&s;|cular, yet very plain.</P>
<P>At the left End of this greater <HI>Ventricle,</HI> another far le&s;s, yet di&s;tinct one, is appendent. Much after the &s;ame man|ner as the <HI>Reticulum</HI> in a <HI>Sheep</HI> is to the <HI>Panch.</HI> Or as the <HI>Inte&s;tinum Caecum</HI> to the other Guts: for which rea&s;on it may be called <HI>Caecus Ventriculus.</HI> Separated from the greater by a Mu&s;cular Ligament, like a half <HI>Valve.</HI> Where it joyns to it, an inch and &frac12; over, and thence extended two inches in length; ending in a twi&s;ted or hooked <HI>Cone.</HI> Not &s;o Mu&s;cular, as the greater <HI>Venter,</HI> but thin and Membra|nous. The inner &s;urface al&s;o plain, or without Folds. Yet is it Glandulous, as the other: but the <HI>Mucus</HI> the Glands yield &s;omewhat thiner.</P>
<P>The Guts of this <HI>Pig</HI> (&s;o young) were near fourteen
<PB N="15" REF="9">yards in length. Which is more than doubled, perhaps trebled in a well grown <HI>Hog.</HI> They may be reckon'd &s;ix or &s;even. The Fir&s;t, hath &s;everal Flexures, next the Sto|mach, within the length of a &frac14; of a yard, and may be called <HI>Serpentinum.</HI></P>
<P>The Second, about five yards and &frac12; long, and &frac12; an inch or &frac58;^t^h^s over. In this (no more than in the fir&s;t) are &s;carce any con&s;picuous Glands; &s;o that it may be called, <HI>Per|&s;picuum.</HI></P>
<P>The Third, of the length of the Second; and &s;omewhat le&s;s in Diametre. The Ve&s;&s;els of This, are more numerous than of the former. And 'tis furni&s;h'd with &s;everal large Clu&s;ters of Glands, about nine or ten: &s;ome of them an inch and &frac12;, two or three inches long; and &frac14;, or &frac12; an inch over. And may be call'd <HI>Minus Glando&s;um.</HI></P>
<P>The Fourth, is a yard and &frac34; long; where wide&s;t, as the Third; but the greate&s;t part of it not above &frac38;^t^h^s of an inch. This Gut, in&s;tead of Clu&s;ters, is Lined with a Glandulous Lace, extended from one end to the other. At the be|ginning &frac14; of an inch broad; at the end next the <HI>Caecum,</HI> &frac34; of an inch. Spread or extended (as was fir&s;t ob&s;erved of the Glandulous Clu&s;ters) upon that &s;ide of the Gut, as is directly oppo&s;ite to the In&s;ertions of the Ve&s;&s;els. The other part of the Circuit of the Gut, is very thin and per&s;picuous. This Gut may be called <HI>Magis Glando&s;um.</HI></P>
<P>The extremity of this Gut, doth not only joyn to the <HI>Colon,</HI> but is in&s;erted into it, and therein <HI>protuberant:</HI> very like, in &s;hape and bigne&s;s to the Nipple of a Womans Brea&s;t that gives &s;uck: and is likewi&s;e punched in &s;everal places at the top and round about with the <HI>Orifices</HI> of &s;o many &s;eve|ral Glands.</P>
<P>The Fifth, or <HI>Caecum,</HI> is four inches long, and an inch and &frac34; over. Among all the <HI>Quadrupeds</HI> I have open'd, pe|culiar to This and the <HI>Caecum</HI> of a <HI>Hor&s;e</HI> to have the &s;ame &s;tructure with the <HI>Colon.</HI></P>
<P>The Sixth, or <HI>Colon,</HI> is &frac34; of a yard long. Where it joyns to the <HI>Caecum</HI> an inch over; from which place it tapers all along to the other end, where it is not above &frac12; an inch over. Gather'd up into &s;everal Cells from end to end, with two oppo&s;ite Ligaments, as in a <HI>Rabbit.</HI> At the top of it, ju&s;t under the above&s;aid Nipple, is a large round Clu&s;ter of Glands with very fair <HI>Orifices.</HI></P>
<PB N="16" REF="10">
<P>Of all the <HI>Quadrupeds</HI> I have open'd, peculiar to this Animal, a <HI>Hor&s;e,</HI> and a <HI>Coney</HI> (perhaps al&s;o an <HI>A&s;s</HI> and a <HI>Hare</HI>) to have a true <HI>Colon:</HI> if that of a Man be the &s;tand|ard for the Definition of it.</P>
<P>The La&s;t, or <HI>Stercoraceum,</HI> is al&s;o &frac34; of a yard long. Scarce any where more than &frac12; an inch over; and towards the <HI>Anus,</HI> not &s;o much. Whereas in mo&s;t <HI>Quadrupeds,</HI> 'tis there wide&s;t.</P>
<P>Here are no Bags, as above de&s;cribed in the Carnivo|rous Animals.</P>
</DIV2>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="4" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. IV. <HI>Of GRAMINIVORO&V;S Q&V;ADR&V;PEDS; a Sheep and a Calf.</HI></HEAD>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Sheep.</HEAD>
<P>THe <HI>Gulet</HI> of a SHEEP (three years old, and weighing 120 pounds <HI>Haverdupoi&s;e</HI>) about an inch and &frac34; over: which with re&s;pect to the <HI>Panch</HI> is but &s;mall. Compo&s;ed of &s;everal Organical Parts: which becau&s;e they are here, as well as in &s;ome other larger Animals, more con&s;picuous, I &s;hall &s;omewhat more particularly de&s;cribe them.</P>
<P>They are all of them, by <HI>Anatomi&s;ts,</HI> u&s;ually, but impro|perly called <HI>Coats:</HI> for the inermo&s;t, are the chief Body of the <HI>Gulet:</HI> So that 'tis the &s;ame, as to call the Wood of a hollow Plant, one of its Coats. 'Tis therefore compo&s;ed of Five Membranes; Three in the middle, lined with a Fourth, and faced with a Fifth.</P>
<P>The Utmo&s;t, and the Inmo&s;t, are both Cuticular. The Inmo&s;t, or <HI>Glandulata,</HI> exceeding white, and very fri|able: an&s;werable to the outward Rind of the Root of a Plant.</P>
<P>The next to it, is the Nervous. Which here, and in &s;ome other Voraceous Animals, is &s;o very thick, that it may more properly be called the <HI>CORP&V;S NERVOS&V;M.</HI> Com|po&s;ed of <HI>Fibers,</HI> partly running by the length of the <HI>Gulet,</HI> and in part <HI>tranver&s;ly</HI> to the two Mu&s;cular Membranes.
<PB N="17" REF="10">Throughout the length of it, run many &s;mall Nerves, like the fine&s;t <HI>Lawn-Thread.</HI></P>
<P>This <HI>Corpus Nervo&s;um,</HI> is, as I conceive the <HI>TENDON</HI> to the two next or Mu&s;cular Membranes.</P>
<P>The&s;e Two (they are at lea&s;t two) are truly Mu&s;cular. <HI>Stenon</HI> hath ob&s;erved them to be &s;pirally continu'd: which of &s;ome of them is true, not of all. And Dr. <HI>Willis</HI> &s;aith al&s;o truly, That they <HI>Decu&s;&s;ate,</HI> the one winding from the right hand downwards, the other from the left. But, to proceed where the&s;e two accurate Per&s;ons have left; of the admirable Texture of the&s;e two Mu&s;cules, it is further ob|&s;ervable, That of each parcel of <HI>Fibers,</HI> one half is &s;o di&s;tri|buted, as tho&s;e <HI>Fibers</HI> which belong to the uppermo&s;t Mu&s;|cule on the right hand, are in their progre&s;s towards the left, ca&s;t into that which lies underneath. And &s;o on the contrary, tho&s;e which belong to the Upmo&s;t on the left hand, are ca&s;t, into that which lies underneath on the right: both together making a perfect Plat, &s;omewhat like to that in a <HI>Riding-Whip.</HI> The other half keeps always above, and is continu'd by a compounded line, partly <HI>Spiral,</HI> and partly <HI>Elliptick;</HI> e&s;pecially towards and at the bottom of the <HI>Gula.</HI></P>
<P>The Stomachs or Venters in a <HI>Sheep</HI> are Four. The Fir&s;t, or <HI>Panch,</HI> con&s;i&s;teth of as many Membranes as the <HI>Gulet.</HI> The Inmo&s;t and the next, <HI>&s;c.</HI> the Nervous, are rai&s;ed up, and made all over rough with a multitude of &s;mall Ner|vous and pointed Knots, in &s;ome places &s;maller and round; in others larger and flat: all very like tho&s;e upon the Tongue.</P>
<P>In the <HI>Panch</HI> al&s;o are &s;everal <HI>Gibbo&s;ities,</HI> cau&s;ed chiefly by the doublings and thickne&s;s of the Mu&s;cular Mem|branes, in tho&s;e places. So that they are as it were the <HI>Ten|dons</HI> of the &s;aid Membranes.</P>
<P>The Second <HI>Venter,</HI> is by the <HI>Latins</HI> called <HI>Recticulum.</HI> In which are the like Nervous Knots, as in the <HI>Panch,</HI> but &s;maller. And comprehended within &s;everal round Ridges or Plates compo&s;ed together in the form of a <HI>Net</HI> or <HI>Honey-Coome.</HI></P>
<P>The Third, is called the <HI>Oma&s;us:</HI> by <HI>Butchers</HI> the <HI>Feck.</HI> Of a wonderful &s;tructure: being divided into above 40 Receptacles by &s;o many Sepiments, great and &s;mall:
<PB N="18" REF="11">&s;ome &frac14;, &frac12;, or &frac34; of an inch, others an inch, or two inches broad. All cover'd with the like Knots, as the two former <HI>Venters;</HI> but extream &s;mall.</P>
<P>The Fourth <HI>Venter</HI> is called <HI>Aboma&s;us:</HI> by <HI>Butchers,</HI> the <HI>Read.</HI> The only analogous one to that in a Man; the Membranes hereof being all alike. Saving, That the Plates (as here they are rather than Folds) are far deeper; and oppo&s;itely and regularly mett in an oblique po&s;ture.</P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> are Six or Eight. The length of all, near 32 yards. The Fir&s;t, or <HI>Serpentine,</HI> from its Flexures, about &frac12; a yard long, and &frac34; of an inch over.</P>
<P>The Second, or <HI>Jejunum,</HI> about 13 yards and &frac12;, and as wide as the fir&s;t.</P>
<P>The Third, or <HI>Ileum,</HI> 11 yards long; and an inch over.</P>
<P>The Fourth, or <HI>Caecum,</HI> above a Foot in length; and where wide&s;t, two inches and &frac12;.</P>
<P>The Fifth, is continu'd from the <HI>Caecum</HI> without either Valve or Contraction intervening. Above a yard long; and an inch and &frac14; where narrowe&s;t.</P>
<P>The La&s;t, may by way of Eminence, be called the <HI>Mu&s;|cular:</HI> being as thick as the <HI>Gulet</HI> it &s;elf. And This may be &s;ubdivided into Three. From the Fifth, it grows &s;mall to the length of an Eln; where it is &frac12; an inch over. Of this width it continues two Elns more and &frac12;. After it widens again, to the <HI>Anus</HI> or the length of another Eln and &frac12;; where 'tis near an inch and &frac34; wide. In the <HI>Jejunum,</HI> the Ve&s;&s;els are le&s;s numerous; in the <HI>Ileum,</HI> more; in the <HI>Caecum,</HI> and the next, mo&s;t; and in the Mu&s;cular, lea&s;t.</P>
<P>The Glands, not &s;o ob&s;ervable, as in tho&s;e of a <HI>Calf,</HI> which I &s;hall next de&s;cribe.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Calf.</HEAD>
<P>The Number, Shape, and Texture of the <HI>Gulet</HI> and <HI>Ven|ters</HI> of a CALF, are the &s;ame, as of a <HI>Sheep.</HI> The Guts much different. In length, about 20 yards. In a well grown <HI>Ox,</HI> at lea&s;t thrice as long. Asking a <HI>Butcher,</HI> at his <HI>Slaughter-Hou&s;e,</HI> How long he thought they might be; he gue&s;&s;ed 30 yards. But believing him mi&s;taken, I cau&s;ed them to be mea&s;ur'd, and found them full 60 yards, and four over, which may be allowed for their &s;tretching, for that they were mea&s;ur'd empty.</P>
<PB N="19" REF="11">
<P>They may be reckon'd &s;even or nine. The Fir&s;t, the <HI>Serpentinum,</HI> as in a <HI>Sheep.</HI> In length &frac12; a yard, and &frac34; of an inch wide.</P>
<P>The Second, or <HI>Amplum</HI> (being the wide&s;t of all the re&s;t but the <HI>Caecum</HI>) is five yards and &frac12; long; and an inch and &frac34; broad. The&s;e two are very thin, and have &s;carce any con|&s;picuous Glands.</P>
<P>The Third, or <HI>Magis Glando&s;um,</HI> near &s;even yards long, and an inch wide. Furni&s;hed with a great many Clu&s;ters of Glands, like tho&s;e in a <HI>Pig,</HI> about 50 of them; an inch &frac14;, or &frac12; long, and &s;ome longer.</P>
<P>The Fourth, or <HI>Gracillimum,</HI> about two yards long; and not above &frac12; an inch over. Whereas in a <HI>Sheep,</HI> the <HI>Guts</HI> next the <HI>Venters,</HI> and that following, are near of one width. Somewhat thicker and more fle&s;hy than any of the former. Hath &s;everal Clu&s;ters of large Glands; but nothing near &s;o many, no not with re&s;pect to its length, as the precedent: and may therefore be al&s;o called <HI>Minus Glando&s;um.</HI></P>
<P>The Fifth, or <HI>Maxim&egrave; Glando&s;um,</HI> is a yard and &frac34; long, and an inch wide. By far the mo&s;t opacous, thick and ponde|rous of all the five. Lined throughout the length, with &s;uch a Glandulous Lace, as in a <HI>Pig.</HI> This Lace is thicker than all the other Parts of the Gut together. At the begin|ning &frac12; an inch, at the lower end an inch broad. The re&s;t of the Gut, over which this is not &s;pread, is per&s;picuous.</P>
<P>The Sixth, or <HI>Caecum,</HI> near two feet long, and above two inches and &frac14; over where wide&s;t; where narrowe&s;t, an inch. Very thin, and without any con&s;iderable Glands.</P>
<P>The La&s;t, or <HI>Mu&s;culare,</HI> two yards and &frac12; long, and of the &s;ame Diametre in its &s;everal parts as in a <HI>Sheep;</HI> being wide at both ends, and &s;lender in the middle: and may therefore, as that, be &s;ubdivided into three.</P>
</DIV2>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="5" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="20" REF="12">
<HEAD>CHAP. V. <HI>Of the &V;&s;es of the Gulet and Stomachs of Quadrupeds. And first of the Gulet.</HI></HEAD>
<P>IN &s;peaking hereof, I &s;hall, as in the Anatomical Part, in&s;i&s;t chiefly on tho&s;e Particulars which have been omitted by others.</P>
<P>It may therefore fir&s;t be noted of the bore of the <HI>Gulet,</HI> That it is not every where alike an&s;werable to the Body or Stomach. As in a <HI>Fox,</HI> which both feeds on Bones, and &s;wal|lows whole, or with little chewing; and next in a <HI>Dog,</HI> and other O&s;&s;ivorous <HI>Quadrupeds,</HI> 'tis very large; <HI>&s;c.</HI> to prevent a contu&s;ion therein. Next in a <HI>Hor&s;e;</HI> which though he feeds on <HI>Gra&s;s,</HI> yet &s;wallows much at once, and &s;o requires a more open pa&s;&s;age. But in a <HI>Sheep, Rabbit,</HI> or <HI>Ox,</HI> which bite &s;hort, and &s;wallow le&s;s at once, 'tis &s;maller. But in a <HI>Squirel,</HI> &s;till le&s;&s;er, both becau&s;e he eats fine, and to keep him from di&s;gorging his meat upon his de&s;cending leaps. And &s;o in <HI>Rats</HI> and <HI>Mice,</HI> which often run along Walls with their Heads downward.</P>
<P>The Thickne&s;s of the <HI>Gulet</HI> is al&s;o different. So in a <HI>Wee&s;le</HI> or <HI>Pole-Cat,</HI> which eat no Bones, more Membranous or Skiny. In <HI>Dogs</HI> more Mu&s;cular, greater force being re|quired to carry down Bones, than Fle&s;h. But in <HI>Sheep, Hogs, Cows, Hor&s;es</HI> mo&s;t of all; for three Rea&s;ons: Fir&s;t, For that <HI>Gra&s;s,</HI> and e&s;pecially <HI>Hay</HI> is le&s;s &s;lippery, and apt to clog by the way. Secondly, Becau&s;e they eat continu|ally, and &s;o the Gulet is in continual action, which it could not bear without pain, were it not made &s;turdy for hard la|bour: in like manner, as are the Mu&s;cules of the Chaps, and e&s;pecially the <HI>Ma&s;&s;eter,</HI> in all the &s;aid Animals. Thirdly, For that all they eat and drink (becau&s;e they hold their Heads down) mu&s;t be made by a greater force to <HI>a&s;cend</HI> into their Stomachs. Whereas in Carnivorous Animals, and e&s;pe|cially a Man, it pa&s;&s;eth by de&s;cent. And there are few, but may remember, how difficult it was, when they were Boys, to drink with their Heads down at a Spring. And al|though <HI>Dogs</HI> drink with their Heads down, yet they can
<PB N="21" REF="12">only <HI>Lap,</HI> their Gulet not being Mu&s;cular enough to <HI>carry up</HI> much at once.</P>
<P>The &s;everal Parts of the Gulet, have their di&s;tinct U&s;es. The outer Membrane, is both a Fence, and a Swath to all the re&s;t; e&s;pecially to the Mu&s;cular. For the Nervous un|derneath, being always capable of, and &s;ometimes &s;ubject to inordinate expan&s;ions (as Dr. <HI>Willis</HI> doth well conjecture) it would Rack the Mu&s;cular Membranes beyond their Tone, were they not bound up within this.</P>
<P>The two Mu&s;culars, chiefly &s;ub&s;erve the &s;everal Motions of the Gulet. Among&s;t which, Dr. <HI>Willis</HI> reckons O&s;citation or Yauning, and Expuition. Of the fir&s;t,
<NOTE PLACE="marg">(a) Phar|mac. Ration. P. 1.</NOTE> his words are the&s;e; <HI>In O&s;citatione, Oe&s;ophagi ductum ampliari, &amp; qua&s;i a vento quodam inflari &amp; expandi &s;entimus.</HI> But who knows not, that the <HI>Windpipe,</HI> and not the <HI>Gulet,</HI> is the part con|cern'd in all kinds of Re&s;piration, whereof <HI>O&s;citation</HI> is one. Of the latter, his words are the&s;e;
<NOTE PLACE="marg">(b) Ibid.</NOTE> <HI>Gulae Tunica carno&s;a, duplex qua&s;i Mu&s;culus cen&s;eri debet; quorum alter, expuitio|nis opus perficit.</HI> At that time forgeting, that no man ever &s;pat any thing out of his Stomach; no more than he can be &s;aid to vomit or eructate out of his Mouth. The Doctor is one, of whom I have learned much: and therefore I mention the&s;e Things, only becau&s;e they lie in my way: and that we may &s;till remember, <HI>Nullius in Verba.</HI></P>
<P>The Actions of the <HI>Gulet</HI> are therefore principally the&s;e Three, <HI>Deglutition, Vomition,</HI> and <HI>Eructation.</HI> By one of the Mu&s;cular Membranes, &s;aith the forementioned Doctor, <HI>&s;c.</HI> that which de&s;cends, <HI>Deglutition</HI> is performed; by the a&s;cendent, <HI>Vomition.</HI> His words
<NOTE PLACE="marg">(c) Ibid.</NOTE> are the&s;e, <HI>C&ugrave;m unius Fi|brarum ordo de&s;cendens, Deglutitioni in&s;erviat; alter a&s;cendens, Vomitionis opus perficit.</HI> But that he was herein mi&s;taken, I conceive, appears from the &s;tructure of the &s;aid Membranes, neither of which, is a&s;cendent or de&s;cendent, more than the other; and from the manner of their Contexture, as is above de&s;crib'd. Be&s;ides, if it were &s;o, why &s;hould there not be <HI>A&s;cendent</HI> and <HI>De&s;cendent Fibers</HI> or <HI>Mu&s;cules,</HI> for the Natural, and the Inverted Motions al&s;o of the <HI>Guts?</HI></P>
<P>I conceive therefore, That <HI>Deglutition</HI> and <HI>Vomition</HI> are made by the Cooperation of both the &s;aid Membranes: only in the former, the Motion goes from the Throat downward, in the latter, from the Stomach upward. And
<PB N="22" REF="13">&s;o in <HI>Eructation,</HI> only with le&s;s force. For the performance of which Actions, Two Mu&s;cules or Mu&s;cular Membranes are yet requi&s;ite; and tho&s;e platted and interchanged, as hath been de&s;crib'd: That is, by a double Plat of the <HI>Fi|bers</HI> of both; whereby half the nether Membrane on the one &s;ide the <HI>Gulet,</HI> becomes half the upper Membrane on the other &s;ide: and &s;o <HI>vice ver&s;a,</HI> in &s;piral rounds through|out. To the end, That the <HI>Gulet</HI> being hereby contracted in one part, and dilated in the next, might at the &s;ame time, thru&s;t forward, and let pa&s;s, any body therein contain'd: and that the &s;aid <HI>Contractions</HI> and <HI>Dilatations</HI> might be more ea&s;ily and regularly made, and by reciprocal <HI>&V;ndula|tions,</HI> carry'd on from one end of the <HI>Gulet</HI> to the other. The&s;e <HI>&V;ndulations,</HI> in the <HI>Gulet</HI> of a <HI>Hor&s;e,</HI> when he drinks, are very plainly &s;een.</P>
<P>And that this <HI>&V;ndulation</HI> may be made with more &s;peed, it is ob&s;ervable, That the &s;aid <HI>Mu&s;cular Fibers</HI> are not con|tinu'd by a clo&s;e, but very oblique or open &s;piral Line. Whereby, as the &s;piral Rounds or Circuits, &s;o the <HI>&V;ndula|tions,</HI> are the fewer; and con&s;equently, not &s;lowly (as in the <HI>Guts</HI>) but much &s;ooner fini&s;hed.</P>
<P>Hence it is, That a <HI>Cat</HI> hath &s;o difficult a &s;wallow, the meat commonly &s;eeming to &s;tick in her Throat. Not from the &s;mallne&s;s of her <HI>Gulet;</HI> but for that in the longer half of it, the <HI>Mu&s;cular Fibers</HI> are continu'd in &s;o clo&s;e a &s;piral Line, as rather to &s;eem <HI>Annular.</HI> Whereby, the <HI>&V;ndulati|ons</HI> of the <HI>Gulet</HI> are more &s;lowly and difficultly made. So that a more difficult &s;wallow, being one thing nece&s;&s;ary to make her not greedy, but patiently to watch for her Prey; Nature hath therefore contriv'd her <HI>Gulet</HI> for that pur|po&s;e.</P>
<P>The Nervous Membrane, or (as in &s;ome <HI>Graminivorous Animals</HI> it may be call'd) <HI>Corpus Nervo&s;um,</HI> hath hitherto been thought to &s;erve only for &s;en&s;e. Dr. <HI>Willis</HI> Con|jectures, That it is al&s;o the In&s;trument of &s;ome certain mo|tions of expan&s;ion in <HI>O&s;citation</HI> and <HI>Preternatural Inflation:</HI> which is all he &s;aith.</P>
<P>But to Me, it &s;eemeth, That it Cooperates with the Mu&s;cular Membrane to all the Natural Motions of the <HI>Gulet,</HI> in <HI>Deglutition, Vomition,</HI> and <HI>Eructation.</HI> And, to &s;peak properly, That 'tis nothing el&s;e but a HOLLOW
<PB N="23" REF="13">TENDON; that is, the <HI>Tendon</HI> of the two Mu&s;cular Mem|branes.</P>
<P>It may be Objected, That then it &s;hould lie above, not under the Membranes. But in a <HI>Gizard,</HI> we find the <HI>Ten|don</HI> &s;pread within or underneath the Fle&s;hy part of the Mu&s;cules, as well as above.</P>
<P>The truth of this will further appear, if we con&s;ider the great Thickne&s;s of this Membrane, where the mo&s;t force|able motions of the <HI>Gulet</HI> are required. For it would &s;erve as well for &s;en&s;ation, if it were ten times as thin: the gro&s;s|ne&s;s of the &s;en&s;ory, not being nece&s;&s;ary to the exqui&s;itene&s;s of the &s;en&s;e; but of the mover, always to the &s;trength of the motion. And therefore, whereas the <HI>Cuticular</HI> or ut|mo&s;t Membrane is much of the &s;ame thickne&s;s in all Ani|mals; the Nervous is much varied according to the thin|ne&s;s or thickne&s;s of the Mu&s;cular: that is, where the Mu&s;|cule is thick, the <HI>Tendon</HI> is proportionable. The notice of which in <HI>Oxen, &amp;c.</HI> &s;heweth the &s;ame u&s;e hereof in a man.</P>
<P>The Inmo&s;t Skin or Lining of the <HI>Gula,</HI> is to be a pro|tection to the Nervous, as the outer is to the <HI>Mu&s;cular;</HI> that &s;o nothing hard, &s;alt, &s;ower, or any way acrimonious, may be injurious to it. To keep it the better within bounds, in all the motions of the <HI>Gulet.</HI> To be the Bed of the Glands. And one &s;eat of Thir&s;t; which oftentimes lies no deeper than the Throat and upper part of the <HI>Gulet:</HI> and is cured by any thing which by moi&s;tening the Throat &s;hall give vent to the <HI>Mucus &s;tagnant</HI> therein.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="6" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. VI. <HI>Of the &V;&s;es of the Stomachs of Quadrupeds.</HI></HEAD>
<P>ANd fir&s;t, all <HI>Carnivorous Quadrupeds</HI> have the &s;malle&s;t <HI>Ventricles;</HI> fle&s;h going farthe&s;t. Tho&s;e that feed on Fruits and Roots have them of a middle &s;ize. Yet the <HI>Mole,</HI> becau&s;e It feeds unclean, hath a very great one. <HI>Sheep</HI> and <HI>Oxen,</HI> which feed on <HI>Gra&s;s,</HI> have the greate&s;t. Yet the <HI>Hor&s;e</HI> (and for the &s;ame rea&s;on the <HI>Coney</HI> and <HI>Hare</HI>) though
<PB N="24" REF="14"><HI>Graminivorous,</HI> yet comparatively have but little ones. For that a <HI>Hor&s;e</HI> is made for labour, and both This and the <HI>Hare</HI> for quick and continu'd motion: for which, the mo&s;t ea&s;ie Re&s;piration, and &s;o the free&s;t motion of the <HI>Diaphragme</HI> is very requi&s;ite; which yet could not be, &s;hould the Stomach lie big and cumber&s;ome upon it, as in <HI>Sheep</HI> and <HI>Oxen</HI> it doth. For which cau&s;e Nature hath here transfer'd the greater part of the <HI>Alimental Lugage</HI> into the <HI>Caecum.</HI></P>
<P>The Neck of the Stomach, near the Gut, is commonly reflected backward, &s;o as to make an acute Angle with the Back of it. To the end, the extru&s;ion of the prepared <HI>Ali|ment</HI> to the Gut, may be &s;tinted. And that the thiner part, which will more ea&s;ily wind about, may the better pa&s;s away, and leave the re&s;t behind. Sometimes it hath three or four <HI>Flexures,</HI> as in <HI>Sheep</HI> and <HI>Oxen:</HI> for that the Gut being &s;o &s;mall with re&s;pect to the <HI>Venter,</HI> and with all &s;o very thin; it would, by too &s;udden or copious an irruption of the <HI>Aliment,</HI> be in danger of being bur&s;t. And for the &s;ame rea&s;ons, the Stomach of a <HI>Pig,</HI> &s;o voraceous a Crea|ture, is al&s;o furni&s;hed with a Stopple.</P>
<P>The di&s;tinct u&s;es of the Parts of the Stomach, are many of them the &s;ame as of the <HI>Gulet.</HI> I &s;hall not therefore re|peat, but proceed to tho&s;e particulars as remain to be ex|plicated.</P>
<P>And fir&s;t, 'tis plain, in tho&s;e thick Stomachs of an <HI>Ox</HI> or a <HI>Sheep,</HI> that the carneous Membranes are true <HI>Mu&s;cules:</HI> which conducteth us more ea&s;ily to believe that of a man al&s;o <HI>Mu&s;cular.</HI> 'Tis certain, that the <HI>Mu&s;cules</HI> of the <HI>Abdo|men</HI> in &s;ome Animals, as in <HI>Squirels,</HI> are thiner than tho&s;e of a mans Stomach.</P>
<P>Now the Nervous and Mu&s;cular Parts joyntly &s;ub&s;erve to all the motions of the Stomach, which I reckon five, <HI>viz. Corrugation, A&s;triction, &V;ndulation, Convul&s;ion,</HI> and <HI>Voluntary Motion.</HI></P>
<P><HI>Corrugation,</HI> is when there is a double motion of Con|traction, beginning from both the <HI>Orifices</HI> of the Stomach, and &s;o drawing it up into innumerable &s;mall Wrinkles. For the better expre&s;&s;ion of the <HI>Mucus</HI> out of the <HI>Glands</HI> of the inner Membrance. For a clo&s;er comprehen&s;ion of the <HI>Ali|ment,</HI> and immi&s;&s;ion of the &s;aid <HI>Mucus</HI> or other fermenting Juyce, into it. And for the gradual expre&s;&s;ion of the colli|quated
<PB N="25" REF="14">parts thereof into the Gut. In this motion, the ut|mo&s;t <HI>Mu&s;cular Fibers</HI> contract the Stomach in length; and the inermo&s;t, in breadth.</P>
<P><HI>A&s;triction,</HI> is a Contraction only about the <HI>Pylorus;</HI> per|formed by the inermo&s;t <HI>Fibers</HI> alone. For the firmer Re|tention of the <HI>Aliment,</HI> and its orderly di&s;mi&s;&s;ion into the Gut.</P>
<P><HI>&V;ndulation,</HI> is when the Contraction is made in &s;everal parts of the Stomach &s;ucce&s;&s;ively, beginning at one <HI>Orifice,</HI> or End, and terminating at the oppo&s;ite. Made al&s;o by the Inner <HI>Fibers;</HI> after the &s;ame manner, as the <HI>&V;ndulation</HI> or <HI>Peri&s;taltick Motion</HI> of the <HI>Guts.</HI> The u&s;e of it, is either for <HI>Excretion</HI> or <HI>Eructation.</HI> If it begins from the <HI>Gulet,</HI> it &s;erves, after the fine&s;t of the <HI>Aliment</HI> is di&s;charg'd by <HI>Corru|gation,</HI> for Excretion of the re&s;t. But if the <HI>&V;ndulation</HI> be Inverted, or begins from the <HI>Pylorus,</HI> it produceth <HI>Eructation.</HI> An&s;wering to the like Inverted Motion, which &s;ometimes happens in the <HI>Guts.</HI></P>
<P><HI>Convul&s;ion,</HI> is a forcible and &s;uddain Contraction of all the Orders of <HI>Fibers,</HI> outer, middle, and inmo&s;t. The u&s;e hereof with <HI>&V;ndulation,</HI> is for <HI>Vomition.</HI> For fir&s;t, there is only an Inverted <HI>&V;ndulation,</HI> that is, I conceive, when there is only a <HI>Naucea</HI> or tendency to Vomit. Which <HI>&V;ndulation</HI> al&s;o, carries part of the matter by degrees, to the upper mouth of the Stomach. And growing quicker and &s;tronger, at la&s;t turns into a <HI>Convul&s;ion;</HI> the Stomach being hereby contracted both in width and length, and the <HI>Pylorus</HI> forced up to the upper <HI>Orifice</HI> (as a <HI>Barbars Puff</HI> in powdering the <HI>Hair,</HI> or the <HI>Bladder</HI> in the Injection of a Cly&s;ter) and &s;o produceth actual <HI>Vomition.</HI></P>
<P><HI>The Voluntary Motion of the Stomach,</HI> is that only which accompanies <HI>Rumination.</HI> That it is truly voluntary, is clear, from the Command that Ruminating Animals have of that Action. For this purpo&s;e it is, that the <HI>Mu&s;cules</HI> of their <HI>Venters</HI> are &s;o thick and &s;trong; and have &s;everal <HI>Duplicatures</HI> as the Ba&s;es of tho&s;e <HI>Mu&s;cules,</HI> whereupon the &s;tre&s;s of their motion lies. By means whereof, they are able with ea&s;e to rowl and tumble any part of the meat from one Cell of the &s;ame Venter to another, or from one Ven|ter to another, or from thence into the <HI>Gulet,</HI> when&s;oever they are minded to do it. So that the Ejection of the meat
<PB N="26" REF="15">in Rumination, is a <HI>Voluntary Eructation.</HI> Not at all labo|rious to them, becau&s;e of the great &s;trength of the Mu&s;cules of their Stomach and Gulet to command and govern the &s;ame.</P>
<P>By the Joynt a&s;&s;i&s;tance of the Glandulous and the Ner|vous Membranes, the bu&s;ine&s;s of <HI>Chylification</HI> &s;eems to be perform'd. The <HI>Mucous</HI> Excrement of the Blood being &s;upply'd by the former, as an Animal <HI>Corro&s;ive,</HI> preparing; and the Excrement of the Nerves by the latter, as an Animal Ferment, perfecting the Work. And the <HI>Caecus Ventricu|lus</HI> of a <HI>Hog,</HI> &s;eems to be a <HI>Repo&s;itory</HI> provided for &s;uch a mixed <HI>Leven</HI> or <HI>Men&s;truum:</HI> whereby he not only becomes more voraceous, having thence continual irritations to eat: but all he eats, is thereby likewi&s;e well dige&s;ted.</P>
<P>The Folds of the Stomach, which in its <HI>Corrugation</HI> mu&s;t needs be much deeper than when it is dilated, or of u&s;e, To divide the <HI>Aliment</HI> into &s;everal Portions, and thereby ad|mini&s;ter their Ferments not only to the Circumference, but intimate parts of the Ma&s;s to be fermented.</P>
<P>The pointed Knots, like little <HI>Papillae,</HI> in the Stomachs of divers Ruminating Bea&s;ts, are al&s;o of great u&s;e, <HI>viz.</HI> For the Ta&s;ting of the Meat. Dr. <HI>Willis</HI> de&s;cribing the Inner Membrane of the Stomach (not of a Bea&s;t, but expre&s;ly of a Man) &s;peaketh thus; <HI>Haec Cru&s;ta Ventriculum</HI> (Huma|num puta) <HI>intus obtegens, &s;imilis videtur Illi, quae Linguam obtegit.</HI> Wherein he was mi&s;taken: this Inner Membrane being Glandulous; the Skin of the Tongue not &s;o, but only Fibrous. But of divers Bea&s;ts which Ruminate, thus much is true, That in their Three fir&s;t Venters, the Inner Mem|brane is Fibrous, and not Glandulous; the fourth only be|ing Glandulous, as in a man. Of the Fibers of this Mem|brane and the Nervous, are compo&s;ed tho&s;e pointed Knots before de&s;cribed
<NOTE PLACE="marg">(a) Chap. 4.</NOTE> both in &s;ub&s;tance and &s;hape, altogether like to tho&s;e upon the Tongue. Whence I doubt not, but that the &s;aid Three <HI>Ventricles,</HI> as they have a power of <HI>Volun|tary Motion:</HI> &s;o likewi&s;e, that they are the <HI>Seat</HI> of <HI>Ta&s;t,</HI> and as truly the <HI>Organs</HI> of that &s;en&s;e, as is the Tongue it &s;elf.</P>
<P>La&s;tly, and con&s;equently, the &s;aid Nervous Knots, are of u&s;e to Methodize the Work of <HI>Rumination,</HI> after this manner. The Animal having eaten enough for the <HI>Panch</HI>
<PB N="27" REF="15">well to govern; rowles and tumbles the meat to and fro therein: and at the &s;ame time, with the help of the &s;aid Nervous Knots of &s;everal degrees of finene&s;s (as the <HI>Gold|&s;mith</HI> hath his <HI>A&s;&s;ayers</HI> of &s;everal degrees of nicene&s;s) judges of the Cour&s;ene&s;s or Finene&s;s, Crudene&s;s, or Concoction of any part of it; and accordingly lets it re&s;t, or removes it. So then the gro&s;&s;e&s;t of the&s;e <HI>A&s;&s;ayers</HI> &s;tanding about the <HI>Gulet,</HI> and &s;o in the pa&s;&s;age of the meat between the <HI>Panch</HI> and the <HI>Reticulum,</HI> being the proper judges of what is Cour&s;e or Crude; if they find it &s;o, then 'tis tumbled back to receive a further maturation in the <HI>Panch.</HI> If &s;omewhat fine and Concocted, 'tis then permitted to pa&s;s on and rowl into the <HI>Reticulum.</HI> And the &s;aid <HI>A&s;&s;ayers</HI> or <HI>Nervous Knobs</HI> being here &s;harper and &s;ofter, than in the <HI>Panch;</HI> have &s;till a more accurate Ta&s;t: and therefore what they yet find too cour&s;e, the <HI>Reticulum</HI> forthwith throws it up into the Gulet and Mouth. From whence, being further refined, 'tis re|manded to the <HI>Reticulum;</HI> and thence after a while, into the Third Stomach or the <HI>Oma&s;us.</HI> And This again being a more nice <HI>A&s;&s;ayer</HI> than the <HI>Reticulum;</HI> if it feels the meat fine and &s;oft enough, pa&s;&s;eth it into the la&s;t Stomach or <HI>Aboma&s;us.</HI> But if otherwi&s;e, throws it back into the <HI>Reti|culum,</HI> and the <HI>Reticulum</HI> into the Gulet and Mouth to be labour'd once again, and &s;o remanded.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="7" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. VII. <HI>Of the &V;&s;es of the Guts of Quadrupeds.</HI></HEAD>
<P>I Shall here, as before, pa&s;s over &s;uch particulars as have been &s;poken of by others; and divers al&s;o which being ob&s;ervable in the Gulet and Stomachs, as well as here, have been already &s;ufficiently explain'd.</P>
<P>And fir&s;t the different Bore of the Guts is ob&s;ervable. So, for example, the Guts of a <HI>Hor&s;e</HI> are very wide. For that he both &s;walloweth, and di&s;chargeth from his Stomach into his Guts, the meat more gro&s;s; which therefore re|quireth a more open pa&s;&s;age, le&s;t it &s;hould clog. As al&s;o, that it may move with greater &s;peed towards the <HI>Caecum,</HI>
<PB N="28" REF="16">here,
<NOTE PLACE="marg">(a) Chap. 6.</NOTE> for the rea&s;on above-&s;aid, de&s;ign'd by Nature to be a &s;econd Stomach. Whereas in an <HI>Ox</HI> or a <HI>Sheep,</HI> the meat having pa&s;&s;ed four &s;ucce&s;&s;ive Concoctions, 'tis thence deli|vered to the Guts of a much finer &s;ub&s;tance; and &s;o moveth &s;afe enough through a much &s;maller Chanel; and fa&s;t enough, there being much le&s;s work here left, for the <HI>Caecum</HI> to perform.</P>
<P>The Contraction al&s;o of the Guts, or le&s;&s;ening of the Bore by &s;everal Necks, is of good u&s;e. As for in&s;tance, in an <HI>&V;rchan</HI> or <HI>Cat;</HI> &s;erving to &s;tint the Tran&s;ition of the meat, that it be not over quick, and dividing the Guts into &s;o many little <HI>Venters,</HI> in which the meat re&s;tagnates for &s;ome time, in order to its reception of as many repeated Con|coctions. Whereby al&s;o in the&s;e Animals the work of the <HI>Caecum,</HI> and therefore the making of it, &s;eems &s;uper&s;eded.</P>
<P>Moreover, the rarious length of the Guts is ob&s;ervable, according to the cleanne&s;s, or more fewer nutritive parts of the Food; or its colliquability into <HI>Chyle.</HI> So in a <HI>Wee&s;le</HI> or <HI>Squirel,</HI> that feeds much on Eggs, and Nuts, and &s;uch like fine and nutritive food, they are extream &s;hort. And in all Gro&s;s eaters, longer than in other <HI>Quadrupeds.</HI> And therefore one rea&s;on, why the Guts of a Sheep or <HI>Ox</HI> are &s;lender, is, that they may be long. For were they &s;horter and wider, it would not be <HI>tantamount:</HI> For the food being <HI>Gra&s;s,</HI> it is not &s;ufficient that they &s;hould hold enough: but al&s;o nece&s;&s;ary, that they give a longer voyage to a &s;ub&s;tance &s;o jejune, for a thorow &s;olution and exuction of all its nu|tritive parts. Be&s;ides, that in a &s;maller Channel, the &s;aid parts will all along lie nearer to the Lacteal Veins, and &s;o more ea&s;ily be expre&s;s'd into them.</P>
<P>The Membranes of the Guts, have a general analogy in all <HI>Quadrupeds,</HI> and divers of their U&s;es have been well a&s;&s;ign'd. I &s;hall therefore only Note, That as the &s;piral <HI>Fibers</HI> contract or pur&s;e up the Bore of the Gut; &s;o tho&s;e that run by the length, draw it up &s;horter, and &s;o dilate it. Whereby, as one part of the Gut may pre&s;s the meat for|ward, or as it were di&s;gorge it, &s;o another gape to receive it, at the &s;ame time. And in ca&s;e one Gut &s;hould by ano|ther, or by &s;ome Bowel, be oppre&s;s'd, being by the &s;aid Con|traction in length removed a little out of its place; the free|dom of its motion, or any thing therein, will thereby be regain'd.</P>
<PB N="29" REF="16">
<P>But in a <HI>Mole,</HI> the &s;ame <HI>Fibers</HI> which run by the length, being Indented, do al&s;o for a little way, each parcel obliquely run by the breadth of the Gut. Whereby they are able, without the help of &s;piral <HI>Fibers,</HI> to narrow or &s;horten the Gut of them&s;elves: and al&s;o to do both in the &s;ame place. For by the Relaxation of the <HI>Fibers,</HI> the &s;ides of every Indenture, mu&s;t needs grow both wider and more di&s;tant, and the Gut wider and more extended, at the &s;ame time: and &s;o <HI>Vice ver&s;a.</HI> Probably with this de&s;ign, That the Shells of <HI>In|&s;ects</HI> may make a more &s;afe tran&s;ition, without raking again&s;t the tender &s;ides of the Guts.</P>
<P>The Glands of the Guts are likewi&s;e of great U&s;e. The <HI>Mucus</HI> which they &s;pew, &s;erves to make the Guts &s;lip|pery, that the meat may the more ea&s;ily and fa&s;ely glide along. As al&s;o for another Ferment &s;uperinduc'd to that of the Stomach, and &s;o a further colliquation of the meat. With re&s;pect to both which U&s;es, the &s;aid Glands, according to the Bore of the Guts, the hardne&s;s or &s;oftne&s;s, cour&s;ene&s;s or colliquability of the meat, are more or le&s;s numerous; as in the precedent Examples.</P>
<P>And that this <HI>Mucus</HI> may be duly &s;upply'd, Nature &s;till allows <HI>Blood-Ve&s;&s;els</HI> proportionable to the plenty of Glands. And hath taken care that the Ve&s;&s;els enter not the Guts on the &s;ame &s;ide on which the Glands are &s;eated, but the oppo|&s;ite: that having &s;pace enough to branch them&s;elves into the &s;malle&s;t capillary Tubes, before they reach the Glands, there may be the le&s;s danger, that any &s;incere Blood &s;hould with the <HI>Mucus</HI> make an Inundation into them.</P>
<P>Through the &s;ame Glands, as &s;o many little Springs, I con|ceive, That the Humours are either emunged, or precipi|tated, out of the Blood, in Purgation. For that one &s;o &s;mall a <HI>Pipe,</HI> as that of the <HI>Pancreas</HI> &s;hould bring &s;o great a quan|tity, is not at all probable. And the Glands being a vi&s;ible way, I know no rea&s;on, wherefore we &s;hould have recour&s;e to any invi&s;ible one.</P>
<P>Thus the &s;ame Glands are a great means to prevent <HI>Fea|vers,</HI> and other ill effects of <HI>Cold</HI> by a <HI>Diarrhea.</HI> For when by a &s;uddain a&s;triction of the Pores of the Skin, or other|wi&s;e, the u&s;ual per&s;piration is &s;top'd: the redundant matter in the Blood, is often &s;afely di&s;charged, by the Glands, into the Guts. But if the matter be very &s;harp, or ru&s;heth upon
<PB N="30" REF="17">the Glands too &s;uddainly; it &s;ometimes corrodes or breaks them, and &s;o makes way for Blood al&s;o: as may be ob&s;erv'd in the Guts of &s;uch as die of a <HI>Dy&s;entry.</HI></P>
<P>The U&s;e of the <HI>Caecum</HI> is manifold, but divers in divers Animals; according to the make of it, and the Relation it bears to the Stomachs and the Guts. And fir&s;t, for the mo&s;t part, it &s;erves to give a &s;econd Deliberate Concoction to the meat, that nothing nutritive in it may be lo&s;t. For which purpo&s;e, it is always furni&s;h'd with Glands, as well as the other Guts. And, with re&s;pect to its width, is commonly but thin, or le&s;s mu&s;cular, that &s;o being le&s;s apt to con&s;tringe it &s;elf, it may give a due time of &s;tay to the meat deliver'd to it. For which end al&s;o it is placed out of the common Road of the Guts; that being thereby le&s;s receptive of their <HI>Peri&s;taltick Motion;</HI> it may lie the more &s;till. For the &s;ame intent the <HI>Caecum</HI> in a <HI>Sheep</HI> hath &s;everal <HI>Flexures</HI> an&s;werable to tho&s;e in the 4th Stomach or <HI>Aboma&s;us.</HI> And in a <HI>Hog,</HI> 'tis drawn up into Cells on both &s;ides, like the <HI>Colon,</HI> to make it &s;o much the more retentive. In the <HI>Coney,</HI> the &s;ame is done &s;till more effectually, by the &s;piral Plate, or Connivent <HI>Valve</HI> winding from end to end. And in the <HI>Hor&s;e,</HI> not by two only, but four Rows of Cells on the four &s;ides. In which two la&s;t Animals the &s;aid U&s;e is &s;o eminent, that the <HI>Caecum,</HI> con&s;idering its bigne&s;s withall, is the chief Stomach, and much &s;uperior to the <HI>Stomach</HI> &s;o call'd. And it is al&s;o ob|&s;ervable, That the <HI>Aboma&s;ideus</HI> in a <HI>Rat,</HI> hath the &s;ame re|lation to the <HI>Caecum;</HI> as in a <HI>Sheep,</HI> the <HI>Aboma&s;us</HI> hath to the other Stomachs. Hence likewi&s;e it may be, that &s;ome Ani|mals have little or no <HI>Caecum:</HI> either becau&s;e the meat is &s;o di&s;&s;oluble, as not to need a &s;econd deliberate Concoction, as in a <HI>Wee&s;le;</HI> or for that Nature hath made &s;omething el&s;e to &s;erve without it; as tho&s;e &s;everal Contractions in the Guts of a <HI>Cat;</HI> and the <HI>Valvulae Conniventes</HI> in the &s;mall Guts of a Man. Where we may ob&s;erve, That the&s;e <HI>Valves</HI> are not every where &s;piral, as is thought, but do al&s;o make &s;ome perfect and di&s;tinct Rings: whereby they are fitter to retard the motion of the meat in its de&s;cent.</P>
<P>Another U&s;e may be, For a Retreat; Either to the meat, if it &s;hould chance to ru&s;h too fa&s;t into the Gut below it: Or to the Excrements, in ca&s;e the Animal is diverted from a pre&s;ent ejection of them.</P>
<PB N="31" REF="17">
<P>The la&s;t U&s;e, I &s;hall name, may be this, That in ca&s;e the meat, or the Excrements in the lower Guts &s;hould be at any time &s;o dry and hard, as too &s;lowly, and not without much &s;tre&s;s to the Guts, to de&s;cend; the <HI>Caecum</HI> is as a <HI>Cly&s;ter-Bag,</HI> always ready with its liquid Content, to be in &s;ome part thereinto injected. For which purpo&s;e, it u&s;ually makes an acute angle with the upper Guts, and opens directly into tho&s;e below it.</P>
<P>The Make of the Colon, with other U&s;es, al&s;o an&s;wers to the greater need of Retention. Either becau&s;e of the up|right po&s;ture, as in a Man; or frequent and &s;peedy motions, as in a <HI>Hor&s;e</HI> or <HI>Hare:</HI> where, without the Cells of the <HI>Colon,</HI> to retain the Excrements from the <HI>Rectum,</HI> there would be a continual <HI>Conatus egerendi.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Rectum,</HI> or rather <HI>Stercoraceum</HI> of a <HI>Cat,</HI> being pecu|liarly of &s;o great a bulk; I will conclude with a Conjecture of one U&s;e of it: and that is, To be as a <HI>Counter-poi&s;e</HI> to her Head: whereby, from what height &s;oever &s;he falls, &s;he &s;till lights upon her feet.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="8" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. VIII. <HI>Of the Stomachs and Guts of BIRDS.</HI></HEAD>
<P>BEcau&s;e that many particulars will here occur, which are intelligible from the former De&s;criptions, and have already been explain'd; I &s;hall therefore be the &s;horter. Of about Forty, which I have open'd, I &s;hall de&s;cribe the&s;e Thirteen that follow, <HI>&s;c.</HI> of a <HI>Ca&s;owary,</HI> an <HI>Owl,</HI> a <HI>Cuckow,</HI> a <HI>Dunghil-Cock,</HI> a <HI>Tame Pigeon,</HI> a <HI>Jackdaw,</HI> a <HI>Starling,</HI> a <HI>Yellow|hammer,</HI> a <HI>Bull-finch,</HI> a <HI>Wry-neck,</HI> a <HI>Bunting,</HI> a <HI>Reed-Sparrow,</HI> and a <HI>Hou&s;e-Swallow:</HI> and figure them all, but tho&s;e of a <HI>Cuckow.</HI> With Notes upon others, as I proceed.</P>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a Ca&s;owary.</HEAD>
<P>The CASOWARY hath no Crop. But a wider Gulet, I &s;uppo&s;e, as well as Guts, than in any other Bird. Far greater than tho&s;e of an <HI>O&s;trich;</HI> although the Body be much le&s;s. The Gulet, where wide&s;t, or near the Throat, about five inches
<PB N="32" REF="18">over; next the Stomach, two. Sprinkled with many &s;mall Glands, as it is, more or le&s;s, in all Birds.</P>
<P>At the bottom of it, the <HI>Echinus;</HI> common to all Birds that I have open'd. But here le&s;s con&s;picuous. The Figure hath not expre&s;s'd it. It hath always a Lining of much larger Glands than tho&s;e in the <HI>Gulet</HI> or <HI>Crop;</HI> commonly of an Oval Figure, and each of them with an open mouth &s;pewing out a <HI>Mucus.</HI></P>
<P>He hath no Gizard (as hath the <HI>O&s;trich);</HI> yet a thick Mu&s;cular Stomach, as in other Carnivorous Birds. Almo&s;t of an Oval &s;hape; and &s;mall with re&s;pect to the Guts: ex|pre&s;&s;ed &s;omewhat too big for the Scale, (as al&s;o the <HI>Gulet</HI> and <HI>Guts</HI>) in the Figure. The <HI>Pylorus</HI> guarded with a kind of <HI>Valve.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> not two yards and half long. Be&s;ide the two <HI>Caeca,</HI> are three. The larger, next the Stomach: as it is, in almo&s;t all other Birds. About three inches and &frac12; over, where wide&s;t. The &s;maller, &s;omewhat above two. The <HI>Rectum,</HI> the large&s;t, <HI>&s;c.</HI> about four. Much wider than even tho&s;e of a <HI>Hor&s;e,</HI> excepting only his <HI>Caecum</HI> and his <HI>Colon.</HI></P>
<P>He hath two <HI>Caeca;</HI> as have almo&s;t all Birds. Yet here very &s;mall, about &frac12; a foot long, but no thicker than a Womans little Finger. Here, as in all other Birds, making obtu&s;e Angles with the <HI>Rectum.</HI> So that what is &s;aid of them in Mr. <HI>Willughby</HI>'s <HI>Ornithologia,&mdash;Cum Inte&s;tino Recto an|gulos acutos faciunt:</HI> was only a &s;lip of that mo&s;t accurate Pen.</P>
<P>The <HI>Rectum</HI> is &s;eparated from the next above, by a Con|nivent <HI>Valve.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of an Owle.</HEAD>
<P>The <HI>Gulet</HI> of a young Grey-OWLE, is of an indifferent &s;ize. At the bottom of it, the <HI>Echinus.</HI> And &s;omewhat more apparent, than in the <HI>Ca&s;owary,</HI> but le&s;s than in mo&s;t frugivorous Birds.</P>
<P>The Stomach, a middle Thing betwixt that of other Carnivorous Birds, and a <HI>Gizard, &s;c.</HI> a plain Bag, yet in the middle &s;omewhat Tendinous.</P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> in length two feet and &frac12;. Three, be&s;ides the
<PB N="33" REF="18"><HI>Caeca.</HI> The fir&s;t or <HI>Amplum,</HI> a foot long; and above &frac14; of an inch broad. The <HI>Gracile,</HI> which reacheth to the <HI>Caeca,</HI> a foot and three inches; and above &frac18; of an inch where nar|rowe&s;t. In this Gut, are 15 or 16 Contractions, like tho&s;e in a <HI>Cat</HI>'s, but made longer.</P>
<P>The <HI>Caeca,</HI> four inches and &frac12; long. As the <HI>Gizard</HI> of a middle Nature, &s;o the&s;e of a middle &s;ize, betwixt tho&s;e of &s;ome Carnivorous, and &s;ome <HI>Frugivorous Birds.</HI> At their clo&s;e or further ends, &frac12; an inch over. But where they en|ter the <HI>Rectum,</HI> no thicker than the bige&s;t &s;tring of a <HI>Trebel Vial.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Rectum,</HI> three inches long; towards the <HI>Anus,</HI> near an inch wide; almo&s;t in the Figure of a little <HI>Pear.</HI> As it is al&s;o in mo&s;t <HI>Wild-Fowl.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a young Cuckow.</HEAD>
<P>Neither hath this Bird any Crop, nor a Gizard. But to the Gulet it is peculiar, That it hath Ten or Twelve Rows of more con&s;picuous Glands, which run along from the Throat to the <HI>Echinus.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Echinus,</HI> of a ratable bigne&s;s, and more di&s;tinct from the Stomach, than in the <HI>Owle;</HI> being divided from it by a <HI>Mu&s;cular Neck.</HI> As it is al&s;o in mo&s;t other Birds.</P>
<P>The Stomach, a plain Bag, much like to that of an <HI>Owle;</HI> yet &s;omewhat thicker, and more Tendinous.</P>
<P>The Guts about a foot and &frac12; long. Three be&s;ides the <HI>Caeca.</HI> The fir&s;t, an inch and &frac14; long; and near &frac14; of an inch wide. The &s;econd, above a foot, and &frac16;^t^h wide. The <HI>Caeca,</HI> as wide in the middle, as the fir&s;t; and above an inch long. The <HI>Rectum,</HI> two inches and &frac12;.</P>
<P>The <HI>Wild-Duck</HI> and <HI>Teal</HI> al&s;o, and I &s;uppo&s;e all of this kind, and mo&s;t other Birds, are without a Crop.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a Dunghill-Cock.</HEAD>
<P>A DUNGHILL-COCK, hath one Stomach or Ventricle more than the former Birds, <HI>&s;c.</HI> a Crop: all over be|&s;prinkled with &s;mall Glands, &s;omewhat more vi&s;ible than in the Gulet.</P>
<P>The upper part of the <HI>Gulet,</HI> leading to the <HI>Crop,</HI> &frac14; of an
<PB N="34" REF="19">inch over. But the lower part, leading from it towards the <HI>Echinus,</HI> very &s;lender, not above &frac14; wide.</P>
<P>The <HI>Echinus</HI> almo&s;t an Oval &s;hape, being divided from the Gizard by a pretty long and &s;lender Neck. And may therefore be properly call'd the <HI>Second</HI> or <HI>Oval Ventricle.</HI></P>
<P>The Third, is the <HI>Gizard,</HI> in the place of the plain Bag or Stomach in the former Birds. 'Tis made of Six <HI>Mu&s;cules</HI> and a <HI>Cartilaginous Lining</HI> in the greater Concave; which may be called the <HI>Laboratory.</HI> Tho&s;e four, which make the greate&s;t part of the <HI>Gizard,</HI> may be called the <HI>Grinders.</HI> Of extraordinary thickne&s;s; whereby the length of the Convex, is cro&s;s to the length of the Concave of the <HI>Gizard.</HI> Yet thinner towards the Edges, &s;o as to make a kind of dou|ble <HI>Hyperbola.</HI> In the Centre hereof on both &s;ides meet the <HI>Tendons</HI> of the &s;aid <HI>Mu&s;cules,</HI> continued or expanded for about &frac12; an inch in breadth, without any Carneous or Red <HI>Fibers</HI> mixed with them. From whence, they are divided, the one, which is the &s;tronger, &s;pread over, the other, under the <HI>Mu&s;cules;</HI> into which they are al&s;o branched all the way, &s;o as meeting in the body of the <HI>Mu&s;cule</HI> they make a &s;ort of fine Cancellated Work, as may be &s;een better in the <HI>Gizard</HI> of a <HI>Goo&s;e;</HI> e&s;pecially in a thin &s;lice hereof par|boyl'd, and held up again&s;t a <HI>Candle.</HI> And in all <HI>Gizards,</HI> &s;o as to be &s;een to run cro&s;s, as in that of a <HI>Pullet</HI> in <HI>Tab.</HI> 29.</P>
<P>The Fifth <HI>Mu&s;cule</HI> is that which &s;tandeth between the <HI>Echinus</HI> and the four <HI>Mu&s;cules</HI> now de&s;crib'd, and may be called the <HI>Deductor,</HI> from the u&s;e hereafter mention'd. Very thin with re&s;pect to the former; placed at the upper end of the left edge of the <HI>Gizard,</HI> and &s;pread a little on the &s;ide, but not &s;o much as in the Figure. Better repre&s;ented, <HI>Tab.</HI> 29.</P>
<P>The Sixth, is &s;uch another <HI>Mu&s;cule,</HI> &s;tanding oppo&s;ite to the former, <HI>&s;c.</HI> on the right edge of the <HI>Gizard,</HI> and may be called the <HI>Reductor,</HI> as &s;hall be &s;hew'd why.</P>
<P>The four <HI>Grinders</HI> are &s;trengthened within, not only with a <HI>Tendon,</HI> but a Gri&s;tly Lining, thicker than the outer <HI>Ten|don,</HI> with a rough &s;urface, and wrinkled into &s;everal <HI>Tran&s;|ver&s;e Furrows,</HI> from one end to the other.</P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> are about a yard and &frac12; long. Three be&s;ides the <HI>Caeca.</HI> The fir&s;t, the &s;maller; contrary to what it is in mo&s;t Birds. Not much above &frac14; of an inch, where wide&s;t.
<PB N="35" REF="19">About two feet and &frac12; long. Where it joyns with the Great|er, &s;tands the end of the <HI>Ductus Inte&s;tinalis,</HI> accurately de|&s;cribed
<NOTE PLACE="marg">(a) Lib. de Foetu For|mato.</NOTE> by Dr. <HI>Walter Needham.</HI></P>
<P>The Greater, where wide&s;t &frac12; an inch. The <HI>Rectum,</HI> &s;ome|what more. The <HI>Caeca</HI> near eight inches long: at the fur|ther end, above &frac14; of an inch over; but where they open into the <HI>Rectum,</HI> no thicker than the great &s;tring of a <HI>Ba&s;e-Viol.</HI></P>
<P>'Tis proper to the <HI>Gallinaceous kind,</HI> to have a great <HI>Gi|zard.</HI> That of a good big <HI>Turkey,</HI> near eight Ounces <HI>Troy.</HI> Whereas that of a <HI>Japan Peacock</HI> is not above two: yet the Body about half as big as that of the <HI>Turkey.</HI></P>
<P>Not only all the <HI>Gallinaceous kind;</HI> but the <HI>Duck,</HI> and, I &s;uppo&s;e, all of that kind, have two very long <HI>Caeca.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a Tame Pigeon.</HEAD>
<P>The <HI>Gulet</HI> of a Tame PIGEON, near the Throat, very wide; almo&s;t an inch and &frac12; over.</P>
<P>The <HI>Crop</HI> is above three inches broad; above two, long; and an inch and &frac34; deep. Not &s;o di&s;tinct from the <HI>Gulet,</HI> as in the <HI>Gallinaceous kind;</HI> this and the <HI>Gulet</HI> running one into another in a direct Line. In the Belly of it, are few vi&s;ible Glands: but the Neck thence down to the <HI>Echinus,</HI> is curiou&s;ly Lined with &s;ix or &s;even Glandulous Laces.</P>
<P>The <HI>Crop</HI> of a <HI>Carrier-Pigeon,</HI> is curiou&s;ly &s;hap'd; as it were Treble-Belly'd: the two outmo&s;t or &s;ide-Bellies, open|ing into that in the middle. The bottom and Neck where|of, are lined with &s;everal Glandulous Laces, as that of the <HI>Tame Pigeon.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Crop</HI> of the <HI>Cropper-Dove,</HI> is almo&s;t of the &s;ame Figure. But the <HI>Gulet</HI> of a wonderful extent; when blown up lightly, above nine inches in the girth.</P>
<P>The <HI>Echinus</HI> large, and &s;o the Glands therein; for the &s;ight of which, I have repre&s;ented it in&s;ide outward. Divid|ed, as u&s;ually, from the <HI>Gizard</HI> by a <HI>Mu&s;cular Neck.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Gizard</HI> rounder than of mo&s;t other Birds. The <HI>Mu&s;|cules</HI> very thick and high in the middle, and flater at the edges. The <HI>Deductor</HI> &s;tands at the top of it, and the <HI>Reductor</HI> at the bottom.</P>
<PB N="36" REF="20">
<P>The Greater Gut a foot long, and near &frac38;^t^h^s of an inch where wide&s;t. The &s;ender Gut above &frac12; a yard long, and not much above &frac18;^t^h of an inch over where &s;malle&s;t. The <HI>Caeca</HI> not more than &frac14; of an inch long, nor thicker than a <HI>Kniting-Pin.</HI> Placed about an inch above the <HI>Rectum.</HI> The <HI>Rectum</HI> near &frac34; of an inch wide, and an inch and &frac12; long.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a Jackdaw.</HEAD>
<P>The Gulet above &frac12; an inch over at the top; &frac14; at the bot|tom; being <HI>Conick</HI> all the way, as in mo&s;t Birds.</P>
<P>The Gizard, above &frac34; of an inch over, an inch and &frac14; long; and very Tendinous. The Guts a foot and &frac34; long. The fir&s;t or Greater, &frac34; of a foot; and &frac34; of an inch wide. The &s;maller, Ten inches long, and &s;omewhat more than &frac18; of an inch over. The <HI>Rectum,</HI> two inches long, and above &frac12; an inch over; &s;haped like the end of a <HI>Plummers &s;odering Iron.</HI> The <HI>Caeca,</HI> not much above &frac14; of an inch long, and very &s;mall.</P>
<P>All along the &s;lender Gut, and in part of the <HI>Rectum,</HI> the chief <HI>Mu&s;cular Fibers</HI> are mo&s;t curiou&s;ly <HI>Indented,</HI> as in the <HI>Mole;</HI> e&s;pecialy near the <HI>Caeca.</HI> Not ill re&s;embling the Needle-Work called <HI>Iri&s;h-Stitch.</HI></P>
<P><HI>Tran&s;ver&s;e</HI> to the&s;e <HI>Fibers</HI> which make the Indentures, and which are continu'd by the length of the Gut, run others of the &s;ame colour, round about it; one of them to every In|denture, which it divides into two equal parts.</P>
<P>The &s;ame <HI>Indented-Work</HI> is &s;een in mo&s;t other &s;maller Birds, as well as here, but not every where after the &s;ame manner, nor in the &s;ame place. In the <HI>Twite</HI> or <HI>Avicula Anadavaden&s;is,</HI> it continues al&s;o very far, <HI>&s;c.</HI> four inches above the <HI>Caeca.</HI> In the <HI>Red&s;tart,</HI> above three. And in the <HI>Titlark,</HI> as far. In the <HI>Water-Wagtaile,</HI> not above two and &frac12;; and an inch below them. In the <HI>Solitary-Sparrow,</HI> they are al&s;o very pretty below the <HI>Caeca.</HI> In the <HI>Hou&s;e-Sparrow,</HI> they are vi&s;ible only in the &s;mall Gut an inch and &frac12; above the <HI>Caeca.</HI> In the <HI>Chaffinch,</HI> only in the <HI>Rectum.</HI></P>
<P>The Gulet of a <HI>Jay,</HI> being contracted in the middle, is divided into two &s;lender <HI>Venters,</HI> as the Guts of &s;ome Ani|mals. So al&s;o is that of a <HI>Japan Peacock.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Rectum</HI> of a <HI>Jay,</HI> hath &s;everal <HI>Mu&s;cular Plates,</HI> or
<PB N="37" REF="20"><HI>Valvulae Conniventss</HI> placed at the di&s;tance of 1/7 or &frac18; of an inch.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a Starling.</HEAD>
<P>The Gulet exceedeth not &frac12; an inch in width. The <HI>Echinus</HI> &s;mall, with re&s;pect to the other parts. The Gizard, mean; near an oval &s;hape: the <HI>Reductor</HI> con&s;picuous. Next to the Gizard &s;tands the &s;lender Gut, and the Greater follows; as in the <HI>Dunghill-Cock:</HI> contrary to the order kept in mo&s;t other Birds. Where they meet, there is a remarquable Con|traction. The Indentures run along the lower half of the Ample Gut; with &s;ome <HI>&V;ndulations</HI> over-again&s;t the <HI>Caeca.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a Yellowhammer.</HEAD>
<P>The <HI>Gulet,</HI> at top is dilated into a <HI>Crop</HI> an inch and &frac14; long, and above &frac12; an inch over. The <HI>Axis</HI> whereof, as in a <HI>Pigeon,</HI> is the &s;ame with that of the lower part of the <HI>Gu|let,</HI> and not <HI>tran&s;ver&s;e,</HI> as in the <HI>Gallinaceous kind.</HI> Curi|ou&s;ly Laced with 16 or 18 Rows of Glands, about half an inch long. The <HI>Green-Finch</HI> hath a <HI>Crop</HI> of the &s;ame &s;hape: but the Glands &s;prinkled all over it; very &s;mall, yet di&s;tinct.</P>
<P>The <HI>Echinus</HI> very &s;mall; not above &frac14; of an inch long, and as broad.</P>
<P>The <HI>Gizard</HI> above &frac12; an inch long, almo&s;t &frac12; an inch broad; thin edg'd, but high in the middle; very &s;trong and Tendinous. And it may here be ob&s;erv'd, That although the <HI>Gallinaceous kind</HI> have a very large <HI>Gizard:</HI> yet in many other Birds, even of the &s;malle&s;t &s;ort, the <HI>Gi|zard,</HI> with re&s;pect to its bulk, is altogether as &s;trong: that is to &s;ay, the <HI>Mu&s;cules,</HI> with re&s;pect to their length and breadth, are as Thick, and their <HI>Tendons</HI> an&s;werable; as not only in this Bird, but the <HI>Hou&s;e-Sparrow, Linnet, Titlark,</HI> and many more. And with re&s;pect to the Body, &s;ome &s;mall Birds have al&s;o a great <HI>Gizard,</HI> as a <HI>Chaffinch,</HI> which hath one four times as big as that of a <HI>Linet.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> about eight inches long. The Greater, three; and above &frac14; over where wide&s;t. The &s;maller, about three and &frac12;; and above &frac18;^t^h wide. The <HI>Rectum</HI> an inch and &frac12; long, &s;haped like a <HI>Pear;</HI> &frac58;^t^h^s over in its wide&s;t place: very great. The <HI>Caeca</HI> &s;tand &frac14; of an inch, below its &s;maller end: not above &frac18;^t^h of an inch long.</P>
<PB N="38" REF="21">
<P>The Indentures continu'd about &frac34; of an inch from the <HI>Caeca</HI> both upward and downward.</P>
<P>The Annular, or rather &s;piral <HI>Fibers,</HI> in the <HI>Rectum</HI> more apparent.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a Bull-Finch.</HEAD>
<P>A very different Bird from all the <HI>Finches.</HI> For fir&s;t he hath a Lateral <HI>Crop.</HI> 'Tis above &frac12; an inch broad, and about &frac34; long. The <HI>Gulet,</HI> between the <HI>Crop</HI> and the <HI>Echinus,</HI> near &frac12;^t^h over. The <HI>Echinus</HI> near &frac12; an inch long, and above &frac14; broad: Thrice as big, as that of a <HI>Martlets, Swallows,</HI> or <HI>Sparrows.</HI> The <HI>Gizard</HI> near &frac12; an inch broad; broader than long.</P>
<P>The <HI>Guts</HI> no le&s;s than &frac12; a yard and an inch long: much beyond what they are in any of the <HI>Finches.</HI> The Greater, a foot and &frac12; an inch; and 2/7^t^h wide. The &s;maller five inches and &frac12;; and 1/16^t^h in width. The <HI>Caeca,</HI> at the end of the <HI>Rectum,</HI> not above 1/12^t^h of an inch long. The <HI>Rectum,</HI> near an inch: and where wide&s;t, almo&s;t &frac12; an inch. Figur'd like a <HI>Pear,</HI> as in mo&s;t other Birds.</P>
<P>The whole &s;maller <HI>Gut,</HI> and about five inches of the greater, very curiou&s;ly Indented. And the Indentures deeper in the latter.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>A Young Wryneck.</HEAD>
<P>Hath no <HI>Crop,</HI> and but a &s;mall <HI>Gulet;</HI> not much above &frac14; of an inch, where broade&s;t. The <HI>Echinus</HI> of a prodigi|ous bigne&s;s; near an inch and &frac14; long, and &frac12; an inch over. Much bigger than in a <HI>Jackdaw,</HI> that is yet near &s;ix times as big as this Bird. I found it full of meat. The <HI>Gizard</HI> of a mean &s;ize; &frac12; an inch long, and &frac38;^t^h^s broad. The <HI>Guts</HI> about eight inches. The greater, near two; and near &frac14; wide. The next, four; and &s;omewhat more than &frac18;^t^h broad. The <HI>Rectum,</HI> above two and &frac12;; and 3/2^t^h^s, where wide&s;t. The &s;piral <HI>Fibers</HI> herein more vi&s;ible. He hath no <HI>Caeca.</HI> The Indentures not &s;o regular, as in mo&s;t Birds, and but few.</P>
<P>As this Bird hath no <HI>Caeca;</HI> &s;o the <HI>White-Throat,</HI> hath no &s;mall Gut.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<PB N="39" REF="21">
<HEAD>Of a Bunting.</HEAD>
<P>Hath no <HI>Crop.</HI> The <HI>Gulet</HI> from end to end; above a &frac14; of an inch over where &s;lendere&s;t. The <HI>Echinus</HI> &frac38;^t^h^s long, and as broad. The Gizard large, about &frac34; of an inch &s;quare. The Guts, ratably, extream, &s;hort, not above nine inches long. The larger, four inches, and &frac14; wide. The next, as long; and &frac16;^t^h over. The <HI>Rectum,</HI> about an inch; and not very wide. The <HI>Caeca</HI> not above 11/6^t^h. The Indentures continu'd from the <HI>Caeca</HI> upward, three inches, but le&s;s vi&s;ibly. Down|ward or towards the <HI>Anus,</HI> a &frac14; of an inch, very curious.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a Reed-Sparrow.</HEAD>
<P>The <HI>Gulet, Echinus, Gizard,</HI> and <HI>Guts</HI> of this Bird, are all much like in &s;hape to tho&s;e of a <HI>Bunting:</HI> and ratably, le&s;s.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="section">
<HEAD>Of a Hou&s;e-Swallow.</HEAD>
<P>The <HI>Gulet</HI> above &frac14; of an inch over next the Throat; next the <HI>Echinus,</HI> &frac12;^t^h. Laced with eight or nine Rows of Glands by the length, as in a <HI>Pigeon.</HI> He hath no <HI>Crop.</HI> The <HI>Echinus,</HI> above &frac14; of an inch long, and as wide. The <HI>Gizard</HI> near &frac12; an inch long; and &frac38;^t^h^s broad. The Guts about five inches long. For the bigne&s;s, &s;trong and mu&s;|cular. The Indentures, for the length of an inch and &frac12;, very fine; e&s;pecially, when the Guts are blown up. The <HI>Caeca</HI> &frac38;^t^h of an inch. Between the Indented Gut and the <HI>Rectum,</HI> a great Contraction: but is omitted in the Figure.</P>
<P>In a <HI>Robin-Redbrea&s;t;</HI> the Guts are more Mu&s;cular, than in any &s;mall Bird. The <HI>Caeca,</HI> fa&s;ten'd, not as u&s;ually either on the Neck of the <HI>Rectum,</HI> or where that and the &s;maller Gut meet; but &frac12; an inch above the end of the &s;maller Gut. None of them have any vi&s;ible Indentures.</P>
</DIV2>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="9" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="40" REF="22">
<HEAD>CHAP. IX. <HI>Of the &V;&s;es of the&s;e Parts.</HI></HEAD>
<P>THe <HI>Gulets</HI> of Birds, are bigger or le&s;s, according to the quantity they &s;wallow. More or le&s;s Glandulous, according to the Solidity, or the Dryne&s;s of their Meat. And with re&s;pect to the &s;ame, the Figure thereof is more &s;imple; or expanded into a <HI>Crop;</HI> by which it is retain'd a longer time, before it further de&s;cends. And according as le&s;s or more Time is requir'd, the <HI>Crop</HI> is made &s;o, as either to have its <HI>Axis,</HI> the &s;ame with that of the <HI>Gulet;</HI> or el&s;e to &s;tand Collateral, and &s;o open <HI>tran&s;ver&s;ly</HI> into it.</P>
<P>After the Meat hath been &s;ufficiently macerated there, it de&s;cends into the <HI>Echinus,</HI> for a &s;econd preparation. So much the more thorowly made here, becau&s;e by far greater Glands. And what was done before to all at once, is here in, to &s;maller parcels. This Part in &s;ome &s;ort an&s;wering to the <HI>Crop,</HI> as the <HI>Reticulum,</HI> in a <HI>Sheep,</HI> to the <HI>Panch.</HI> Withall it &s;hould &s;eem, That when the <HI>Gizard</HI> is either over loaded, or the Meat not enough prepar'd; 'tis thence returned back to this Part, (as the <HI>Reticulum</HI> al&s;o &s;ub&s;erves the <HI>Oma&s;us</HI>) till It and the <HI>Gizard</HI> are more ready, one for the other. For which end al&s;o the <HI>Mu&s;cular Neck</HI> below the <HI>Echinus,</HI> &s;erves as a Sphincter to pur&s;e it up.</P>
<P>At length it de&s;cendeth into the Third <HI>Ventricle.</HI> Either Membranous, as in mo&s;t <HI>Carnivorous Birds;</HI> where the Meat is concocted as in a Man. Or &s;omewhat Tendinous, as in an <HI>Owle;</HI> as if it were made indifferently for Fle&s;h, or other Meat, as he could meet with either. Or mo&s;t Thick and Tendinous, called <HI>The Gizard;</HI> wherein the Meat, as in a Mill, is ground to pieces, and thence pre&s;&s;ed by degrees into the Guts in the form of a <HI>Pulp.</HI> For which purpo&s;e, the <HI>Deductor</HI> &s;erves to deliver the Meat from the <HI>Echinus</HI> to the <HI>Laboratory;</HI> as a <HI>Hopper</HI> to a <HI>Mill.</HI> The four Grinders or chief Operators, as the <HI>Mill&s;tones:</HI> Partly, as they are extra|ordinary Thick, and made with double Tendons; whereby they are con&s;tring'd with the greater force. And partly, as their Tendons &s;tand high in the centre, &s;o as to be <HI>arched:</HI> for &s;o, every time the Tendons are contracted, they mu&s;t
<PB N="41" REF="22">needs make a &s;hallower Arch, and &s;o force the in&s;ides of the Grinders clo&s;er together. And as the <HI>Mill&s;tones</HI> are peck'd and cut with &s;mall Gutters, lea&s;t their force &s;hould be evaded: &s;o the Gri&s;tly Lining of the Gizard is all over rough, and gather'd into an&s;werable Furrows. And becau&s;e the force|able motion of the Grinders, mu&s;t needs work the Meat from under them: as therefore in &s;ome <HI>Mills</HI> there is one attends &s;till to turn the Gri&s;t under the Stone; &s;o the <HI>Re|ductor</HI> here, to deliver it back to the Grinders, and &s;o over and over, till it be &s;ufficiently elaborated for the Guts.</P>
<P>And as the &s;trong and continual motion of all the&s;e <HI>Mu&s;|cules,</HI> is taught us from their &s;tructure, &s;o likewi&s;e from their red colour, which e&s;pecially in the Grinders is inten&s;e. Hence in a <HI>Fi&s;h,</HI> the <HI>Mu&s;cules</HI> which move the <HI>Fins</HI> are u&s;u|ally Red, although the re&s;t of the Fle&s;h is very white: And &s;o the Leg of a <HI>Dome&s;tick Fowl.</HI> Whereas the Wings al&s;o of a <HI>Wild Fowl,</HI> are of the &s;ame colour. So likewi&s;e the Fle&s;h of a driven <HI>Calf,</HI> or of a <HI>Hare,</HI> though that of a <HI>Coney</HI> be white. And that which comes nearer, the Heart in all Creatures, having the like continual motion, is of a Red Colour.</P>
<P>The Guts are of different length and bigne&s;s, not always proportionable to that of the Bird, but the nature of the Meat. So tho&s;e of a <HI>Ca&s;owary,</HI> though it be nece&s;&s;ary, that they &s;hould contain Meat enough for &s;o great a Body: yet not, that the Meat, which is very nutritive, &s;hould make any long voyage. Yet is it needful there &s;hould be a <HI>Connivent Valve</HI> before the <HI>Rectum,</HI> for the guarding of &s;o open a pa&s;|&s;age. And &s;o with Variety in other Birds, according as they feed on <HI>Worms, Seeds, Fruits, Flys,</HI> or <HI>Shell'd In&s;ects,</HI> requiring a longer, or more open pa&s;&s;age, for their more deliberate, or &s;afer Tran&s;mi&s;&s;ion to the <HI>Anus.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Indentures</HI> al&s;o &s;eem to be made, and with variety; to the &s;ame Intent: <HI>&s;c.</HI> That the Guts hereby receiving the greater Contraction and Dilatation, may &s;o much the more forceably detrude the Meat, or more ea&s;ily give way to it; as it is &s;ofter, or mixed with Shells, Stones and the like.</P>
<P>The <HI>Caeca,</HI> e&s;pecially where large, and made for a further Concoction of the Meat; for the better Retention hereof, where they open into the <HI>Rectum,</HI> are very &s;traight. And for the &s;ame rea&s;on, al&s;o thinner and le&s;s <HI>Mu&s;cular</HI> than the
<PB N="42" REF="23">other Guts: that &s;o the Meat therein may lie the more quiet.</P>
<P>The ampliation of the <HI>Rectum,</HI> chiefly in <HI>Wild Fowls,</HI> among&s;t other Rea&s;ons, is, I &s;uppo&s;e, That the Dung lying there in good quantity, may be as a <HI>Counter-poi&s;e</HI> to the Head, to keep it up in flying.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="10" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. X. <HI>Of the Stomachs and Guts of FISHES.</HI></HEAD>
<P>IN &s;o many as I have open'd, two Things are more gene|rally ob&s;ervable, <HI>viz.</HI> That many of them have no Stomach, that is one that is not Belly'd; as in the <HI>Salmon, Jack, Tench, Barble, Breme:</HI> or very little, as in the <HI>Place.</HI> And many more, in&s;tead of One <HI>Caecum,</HI> as in &s;ome <HI>Qua|drupeds;</HI> or Two, as in mo&s;t Birds; have three or four, as the <HI>Pearch;</HI> nine or ten, as the <HI>Rochet;</HI> many more, as the <HI>Trout,</HI> above thirty; the <HI>Whiting,</HI> above forty; the <HI>Salmon</HI> many more.</P>
<P>The Stomach of a <HI>Place</HI> &s;haped almo&s;t like the <HI>Echinus</HI> of a Bird. Bounded at the bottom with a <HI>Connivent Valve.</HI> The Guts two only. The upper end of the fir&s;t, hath two little extuberant Parts, the u&s;e whereof may be an&s;werable to one u&s;e of the <HI>Caecum, &s;c.</HI> To divert the Meat, le&s;t upon any Inverted Motion of the Gut, it &s;hould regurgitate into the Stomach, or &s;train the <HI>Valve.</HI> The bottom of this Gut is &s;eparated from the <HI>Rectum,</HI> by another pretty <HI>Connivent Valve:</HI> both which, and the vi&s;ible Texture of the <HI>Fibers,</HI> are &s;hewed in the la&s;t <HI>Table.</HI></P>
<P>The Stomach of a <HI>Salmon</HI> is only like a wide Gut. He hath about four&s;core <HI>Caeca,</HI> hanging on the great Gut, almo&s;t like the <HI>Mane</HI> upon the <HI>Neck</HI> of a <HI>Hor&s;e.</HI> Being ty'd alto|gether with &s;mall Ve&s;&s;els, and the Ve&s;&s;els hid with Fat; they have been mi&s;taken by &s;ome for a <HI>Pancreas.</HI> The <HI>Rectum</HI> is guarded with about thirty <HI>Annular Valves.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Whiting</HI> hath a large Stomach, which is a di&s;tinct Bag or Belly. And numerous <HI>Caeca,</HI> not &s;tanding as in the <HI>Salmon,</HI> but all in a Ruck. The Stomach and Guts of a <HI>Cod</HI> are very like.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="list of illustrations">
<PB N="43" REF="23">
<HEAD>Some NOTES upon the TABLES.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>TAb.</HI> 1. De&s;crib'd, <HI>p.</HI> 9, 14, 19, 27. The Stone only, drawn after the life.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 2. De&s;c. <HI>p.</HI> 11, 13, 21, 24, 25, 29. All but the Ram's Horns, af|ter the life.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 3. De&s;c. <HI>p.</HI> 36, 38.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 4. De&s;c. <HI>p.</HI> 42, 50.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 5. De&s;c. <HI>p.</HI> 63, 64, 67.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 6. De&s;c. <HI>p.</HI> 78, 80. The double Egg drawn after the life.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 7. De&s;c. <HI>p.</HI> 87, 104, 108, 110, 113, <HI>&amp;</HI> 114.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 8. D. <HI>p.</HI> 115, 117, 121, 123.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 9. D. <HI>p.</HI> 126, 127, 128.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 10. D. <HI>p.</HI> 130, 131.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 11. D. <HI>p.</HI> 133, 135, 136, 137, 140.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 12. D. <HI>p.</HI> 140, 141, 142, <HI>line</HI> 9. <HI>p.</HI> 146, 148. <HI>line</HI> 1. <HI>p.</HI> 149.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 13. D. <HI>p.</HI> 154. <HI>line</HI> 13. <HI>p.</HI> 156, 158, 161, 163, 165, 166.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 14. D. <HI>p.</HI> 188. <HI>line</HI> 13, 23, <HI>&amp;</HI> 30. <HI>p.</HI> 189, 190. <HI>line</HI> 18, 33, <HI>&amp;</HI> 40, 191.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 15. D. <HI>p.</HI> 197, 198.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 16. D. <HI>p.</HI> 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 17. D. <HI>p.</HI> 185, 216, 229.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 18. D. <HI>p.</HI> 233, 243, <HI>line</HI> 22, <HI>p.</HI> 244. <HI>line</HI> 37. <HI>p.</HI> 245, <HI>line</HI> 33.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 19. D. <HI>p.</HI> 254, 255, 256. <HI>line</HI> 33, 263. <HI>line</HI> 35. <HI>p.</HI> 264. <HI>line</HI> 3. <HI>&amp;</HI> 19.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 20. D. <HI>p.</HI> 267, 268, 273, 276, 291, 297, 302, 303.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 21. D. <HI>p.</HI> 305, 306, 307. <HI>line</HI> 23. <HI>p.</HI> 308, 312.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 22. D. <HI>p.</HI> 315, 323, 326. <HI>line</HI> 34. <HI>p.</HI> 329, 330.</ITEM>
<ITEM>The re&s;t belong to the <HI>Anatomical Part.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 23. In which the Stomach and Guts of a <HI>Fox,</HI> are &s;uppo&s;ed to be turned in&s;ide outward, to &s;hew the Glands.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 24. In which all the Guts are &s;uppo&s;ed to be inverted, to &s;hew their Glands and inward Stru|cture.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 25. Where &s;ome Faults are to be rectify'd by the De&s;criptions. To which the <HI>Reader</HI> is de&s;ired always to have regard.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 26. In which the Stomach and Guts of a Sheep &s;uppo&s;ed to be In&s;ide outward.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 27. In which the width of the <HI>Ca&s;owary</HI>'s Guts is &s;omewhat a|bove the <HI>Scale.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tab.</HI> 28. In which the <HI>Gizard</HI> of the <HI>Dunghill-Cock</HI> is not &s;o well drawn, as in the following <HI>Table.</HI> The <HI>Pigeons</HI> Crop drawn In&s;ide outward, to &s;hew the Glands both in that, and in the <HI>Echinus.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="illustrations">
<PB REF="24">
<PB REF="24">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab: 1.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>stone</FIGDESC>
<P>A Stone voyded by y^e Urethra of a Man: after y^e life.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>armadillo</FIGDESC>
<P>Wee&s;le Headed Armadillo.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>animal skull</FIGDESC>
<P>Head of y^e Baby-Rou&s;a.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>boar tusk</FIGDESC>
<P>Tu&s;k of a Wild Boar</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>hippopotamus skull</FIGDESC>
<P>Head of y^e Hippopotamus or y^e Behemoth</P>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="25">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 2.</HI></P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>ram's horns</FIGDESC>
<P>Mu&s;covy Ram's Horns</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>rhinoceros skin</FIGDESC>
<P>Skin on y^e Buttock of a Rhinoceros</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>Deer horns</FIGDESC>
<P>A Greenland Deer's Horns</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>stone</FIGDESC>
<P>A Stone of a Dogs Bladder</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>bone</FIGDESC>
<P>Throttle Bone of a Mon|key</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>leg bone and hoof</FIGDESC>
<P>Greenland Stag's Leg.</P>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="25">
<PB REF="26">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 3.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale along side of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches 3 6 9 12 15</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>tortoise shell viewed from top and bottom</FIGDESC>
<P>A Great Chequerd Tortoi&s;e-Shell</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>tortoise shell</FIGDESC>
<P>A Le&s;ser from Virginia</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>tortoise shell</FIGDESC>
<P>A Scaled Tortoi&s; Shell</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="26">
<P><FIGURE>
<PB REF="27">
<PB REF="28">
<P><HI>Tab. 4.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>elephant tusk</FIGDESC>
<P>An Elephant's Tu&s;k.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>snake tail</FIGDESC>
<P>Rattle Snak's Tail, after y^e Life.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale along top of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Feet. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>crocodile skeleton with measuring scale at top</FIGDESC>
<P>Skeleton of a Crocodile or y^e Leviathan</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>bony appendage</FIGDESC>
<P>The We&s;an</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="29">
<PB REF="29">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 5.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>bird head</FIGDESC>
<P>Ind: Stork's Head</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>bird head</FIGDESC>
<P>Phoenicopter's Head</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>bird head</FIGDESC>
<P>Ind: Hern's Head</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale along side of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches 5 10</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="30">
<PB REF="30">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 6.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>bird skull</FIGDESC>
<P>Head of y^e Albitros.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>egg in another egg</FIGDESC>
<P>Two Eggs, one within another.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>bird's nest</FIGDESC>
<P>A Bird's nest.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>bird's nest</FIGDESC>
<P>Another.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="31">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 7.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>depiction of fish</FIGDESC>
<P>Little Sea-Uni|corne.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale along side of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches 4 8 12 16 20</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>fish head</FIGDESC>
<P>Head of y^e Under-Sword Fi&s;h</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>depiction of fish</FIGDESC>
<P>Squar^e Fi&s;h</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>depiction of fish</FIGDESC>
<P>Long File Fish.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>depiction of fish</FIGDESC>
<P>Hare Globe Fi&s;h.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="31">
<PB REF="32">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 8.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>depiction of fish</FIGDESC>
<P>Square Acarauna.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>depiction of fish</FIGDESC>
<P>Mailed Fi&s; of Bra&s;ile</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale on side of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches 2 4 6</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of starfish</FIGDESC>
<P>Smooth Star-Fish</P>
<P>1.</P>
<P>2.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>crowned starfish</FIGDESC>
<P>Crowned Star-Fi&s;h.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="32">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 9.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Wilk with plaited Spikes</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Le&s;er Per&s;ian Wilk</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Flat Lip'd Snaile</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Diping Snaile</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="33">
<PB REF="33">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 10.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Square Wilk</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Long Square Wilk</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Thick Lipp'dWilk</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Triangular Wilk</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Inverted Wilk Snail</P>
<P>I</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="34">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 11.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Spiked &s;hort Whirle</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Concave &s;hort Whirle</P>
<P>I.</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Finger'd Snail</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Blober Lip</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Fore Whirle</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Mailed Sailer</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Vaulted Limpet</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="34">
<PB REF="35">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 12.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>front and back of shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Che&s;tnut Oyster</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Neted Shell</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Conick Limpet. Sloaping</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Multiarticulate Oy&s;ter</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Scaled Centre-Shell</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Rugged Oy&s;ter</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Blob Lip'd Mu&s;cle</P>
<P>2</P>
<P>1</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="35">
<PB REF="36">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 13.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>fly nest</FIGDESC>
<P>Fly Ne&s;t</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>bee and hive</FIGDESC>
<P>Wild Bee</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
<P>3</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>top and bottom of insect</FIGDESC>
<P>Lanthorne Flie</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>insect</FIGDESC>
<P>Nocoonaca</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>beetle</FIGDESC>
<P>Great Gogle Ey'd Beetle</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>beetle</FIGDESC>
<P>Le&s;er Bull Cha&s;er</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>beetle</FIGDESC>
<P>Long Gogle Ey'd Beetle</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>top and bottom of beetle</FIGDESC>
<P>Thick Gogle Ey'd Beetle</P>
<P>I</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="36">
<PB REF="37">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 14.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Trivalvous.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Indian Plum-&s;tones. Great, Poynted.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Quinquevalvous, Oval.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Woody Oval.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Round Mammee.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Woody, Orbicular.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Orbicular, Tuberous.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Quinquevalvous, Orbicular.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="37">
<PB REF="38">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 15.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Coco Nut</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>The Shell</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Outward Coat</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale on side of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches 3 6 9 12</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Kernel</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Inward Coat</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="38">
<PB REF="39">
<PB REF="39">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 16.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Great Palmacoco-Shell.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut and insides</FIGDESC>
<P>Date-Nut 1.</P>
<P>The Stone 2.</P>
<P>The Kernel. 3</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Round Palmacoco.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>two views of a nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Dog-Palmacoco 1.</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Broad Palmacoco</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut and insides</FIGDESC>
<P>Butter-Nut 1.</P>
<P>The Stone 2.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>nut</FIGDESC>
<P>Indian Filbert.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="40">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 17</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>close up of leaf-texture</FIGDESC>
<P>Part of a Palm-Bag</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>gourd</FIGDESC>
<P>Indian Gourd</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>leaf and acorn</FIGDESC>
<P>Dwarf Oak Leaf Akorne</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="40">
<PB REF="41">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 18.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale on side of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches 6 12 18 24</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea shrub</FIGDESC>
<P>Horney Sea Shrub, Incru&s;tated.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sponge</FIGDESC>
<P>Cats-Tail Sponge.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>peas</FIGDESC>
<P>After the Life</P>
<P>Orbicular Indian Peas.</P>
<P>Another &s;ome-what Flat.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea shrub</FIGDESC>
<P>Flat Sea Shrub, with numerous Branches.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea shrub</FIGDESC>
<P>Sea Shrub with united Branches.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="41">
<PB REF="42">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 19.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>tooth</FIGDESC>
<P>Petrify^d Tooth of a Sea Animal.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>two images of a fish mold</FIGDESC>
<P>A Fi&s; Mold 1.</P>
<P>2.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>tooth</FIGDESC>
<P>P. Toot^h of a Land Animal.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Cardites.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>High-war'd Conchites.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>shell</FIGDESC>
<P>Quadrilateral Mu&s;culites.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="42">
<PB REF="43">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 20.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>coral</FIGDESC>
<P>Florid Coral.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea life specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Flat Bolt-head</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>two stones</FIGDESC>
<P>Stones like Flower-Columns</P>
<P>1.</P>
<P>2.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea life specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>True Ste|lechi|tes.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea life specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Shell'd Belemnites.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea life specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Dendropotamites.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea life specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Geometrick Ia&s;per</P>
<P>1</P>
<P>2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea life specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Florid Eagle Stone.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>sea life specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Worme-&s;tone</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="43">
<PB REF="44">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 21.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>A&s;trochites</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Silver-Spar.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Foliated Talk.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Mundick. Spar.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>A Talk-Cry&s;tal</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>A Half Cry&s;tal</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Starred Waxen-Vain</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="44">
<PB REF="45">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 22.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Onychine Marble</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Plated Silver</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Copper both Capillary &amp; Gravulat'd</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Cry&s;talline or Figurd Lead</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Bru&s;h-Iron Ore.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>geological specimen</FIGDESC>
<P>Bru&s;h Iron</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="45">
<PB REF="46">
<P><FIGURE>
<P>TAB: <HI>24</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Stomach and Guts of a Mole</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Stom: and Guts of a Rat.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Stom: and Guts of a Rabbit.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Stom: and Guts of an Urchan.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale at bottom of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches. 1 2 3 4</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="46">
<PB REF="47">
<P><FIGURE>
<P>TAB: <HI>23</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>The Stomach and Guts of a Wee&s;le.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>The Stom: and Guts of a Pole Cat..</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Stom: and Guts of a Cat.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Stom: and Guts of a Fox.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale at bottom of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches. 1 2 3 4 5</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="47">
<PB REF="48">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 25.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Stomach and Guts of a Hor&s;e.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale at bottom of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches. 5 10 15</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="48">
<PB REF="49">
<P><FIGURE>
<P>TAB: <HI>26</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>The Stomacks and Guts of a Sheep.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>muscles</FIGDESC>
<P>The Mu&s;cules of the Gulet of a Calf after the Life.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>organ</FIGDESC>
<P>The Oma&s;us or Feck of a Sheep</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale on side of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale at bottom of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches. 1 2 3</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="49">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 27.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Stomach and Guts of a Ca&s;sowary.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Of an owle.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="50">
<PB REF="50">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 28:</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Crop, Gizard, &amp; Guts of: a Dunghil Cock:</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale in middle of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive system</FIGDESC>
<P>Crop &amp;c. of a Tame Pigeon.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="51">
<PB REF="51">
<P><FIGURE>
<P><HI>Tab. 29.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive organ</FIGDESC>
<P>Crop of a Cropper Dove</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>scale in middle of page</FIGDESC>
<P>Inches.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive organ</FIGDESC>
<P>Gulet Gizard &amp; Guts of a Jack Da<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="MURP" EXTENT="2 letters"></P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive organ</FIGDESC>
<P>Gizard of a Pullet after the Life.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive organ</FIGDESC>
<P>Part pf a Jack Da<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="MURP" EXTENT="2 letters">s Guts Mag|nify'd</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="52">
<PB REF="52">
<P><FIGURE>
<P>TAB. <HI>30</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Gulet &amp;c. of a Starling:</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Gulet. etc. of a young Yellowhamer</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Gulet. etc. of a Bullfinch:</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Gulet. etc. of a young Wryneck:</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Gulet. etc. of a Bunting.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Gulet. &amp;c of a Redd Sparrow</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Gulet. etc. of a Hous Swallow.</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB REF="53">
<PB REF="53">
<P><FIGURE>
<P>TAB. <HI>31.</HI></P>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Stomach &amp; Guts of a Salmon.</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>interior and exterior view of digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Stomach &amp; Guts of a Place. I</P>
<P>The Inside. 2</P>
</FIGURE>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>digestive tract</FIGDESC>
<P>The Stomach &amp; Guts of a Whiting</P>
</FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
</DIV1>
</BODY>
</TEXT>
</EEBO>
</ETS>
