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<DATE>09-22-11</DATE>
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<NAME>Mona Logarbo</NAME>
<RESP>MURP</RESP>
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<STC T="S">25007.3</STC>
<BIBNO T="oclc">57402345</BIBNO>
<VID>181146</VID>
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<TEXT LANG="eng">
<FRONT>
<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
<PB REF="1" MS="y">
<P>THE Booke of Thrift, <HI>containing a perfite order,</HI> and right methode to profite lands, and other things belonging to Husbandry.</P>
<P><HI>Newly Engli&s;hed, and &s;et <HI>out by I. B. Gentleman of Caen,</HI></HI> in France.</P>
<P>LONDON <HI>Printed by Iohn Wolfe.</HI> 1589.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="dedication">
<PB REF="2" MS="y">
<PB REF="2">
<HEAD><HI>TO THE RIGHT Honorable Sir Francis</HI> Wal|&s;ingham Knight, Chauncellor of <HI>Lanca&s;ter, fir&s;t Secretary of e&s;tate to</HI> the Queenes mo&s;t excellent Maie&s;tie, and one of her Maie&s;ties mo&s;t Honou|rable priuie Coun&s;ell, Iames Bellot Gentleman of Caen in Nor|mandy, wi&s;heth health.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>_SIr,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>being not long agone in a friends hou&s;e of mine, he &s;hewed me an old Booke of Parchment, in a writ|ten
<PB REF="3"> hand, entreating of &s;undry matters, and in &s;undry languages: The which, when I had ope|ned it, I fell (by chaunce) vppon a little Treati&s;e of Hu&s;bandrye and plough|ing, written in old French, &s;o ill &s;et together, and &s;o &s;traungely painted, that I had much a doo before I could reape any thing of it: but finally, it was gods will (after I had long mu|&s;ed vpon it) to &s;hewe vn|to mee the meaning of the &s;ame: And finding it a worke right worthie to be
<PB REF="3"> put in the handes of the publike, (becau&s;e it entrea|teth of publike affaires) I thought good, yea mo&s;t rea&s;onable, to commit it fir&s;t into your lerned ha~ds, to the ende that vnder the protection of your authori|tie, it might walke in grea|ter &s;afetie. Therefore, I be&s;eech your Honour mo&s;t humbly, to receiue it accep|tably, &amp; to looke on it with &s;o bountifull an eye, that it may be the bolder to &s;hew it &s;elfe: not only in Engli&s;h through all this Realme, but al&s;o in other langua|ges
<PB REF="4"> throughout all inhabi|ted countries: and &s;o, your Honour &s;hall graft within me a mo&s;t entire, and mo&s;t pure affection to praie vn|to God (as yet at this time I do pray) to grant you (in health, and long time) an encrea&s;e of all Honorable e&s;tates, with true &amp; eternal felicitie.</P>
</DIV1>
</FRONT>
<BODY>
<DIV1 TYPE="text">
<PB REF="4">
<HEAD>An account for <HI>Hu&s;|bandrie.</HI></HEAD>
<P>_FIr&s;t he that &s;hal ren|der account, ought to &s;weare that he &s;hall render a true accou~t, and &s;hall charge him &s;elfe with that, that he hath receyued of the Lords goods, &amp; that he hath not put in his &s;crole by his good will, but that which he hath lawfully &s;pent about the Lords profit. And the clearke ought to &s;weare, that he hath truely put in his account, that which he iudgeth his mai|&s;ter to haue receiued of the goods of the Lord, and hath imployed nothing but that which hee knoweth to bee for the Lords profite. And then if he haue at o|ther times rendred the like account: It ought be looked vnto how it is diuided, and if he be found in a rerage of money, or of corne, or of both, or of any other thing, let him ca&s;t vp all to the iu&s;t va|lue of money, to charge therewith his account, at the beginning of his &s;crole, and to &s;et it downe after the accounts
<PB REF="5"> of other rents receiued for the Lorde, and of all other things whereof neuer a penie may bee leuied, and to charge the account thereof, and to employ it at the ende in a great &s;umme, and after to go to the expen&s;es.</P>
<P>Fir&s;t, for the co&s;t for carts, it is good for the &s;mith to take a note, for to finde out what is n&eacute;edful to haue of iron, and of &s;t&eacute;ele for the ploughes, and &s;hooe the hor&s;es and all other their affayres, and to put that which may be behoouefull to be done, and is accu&s;tomed to be giue~ of allowance in the countrey: and the &s;ame man &s;hall &s;&eacute;e, if within the manor there is growing any great wood, or great timber, or timber that a man may gather thereof axeltr&eacute;es, naues, and o|ther nece&s;&s;arie things to be felled, a&s;wel for carts as for ploughs, &s;o taking them a man may &s;pare money. And for the o|uerplus, which is not there to be had, and nece&s;&s;arie for him to buy, let it bee allowed vnto him. And it will bee good for him to haue both Carters &amp; plough|men which can worke all the timber of the carwood, the more are the&s;e two
<PB N="2" REF="5"> &s;orts of &s;eruants to bee enterteyned. The &s;ayde man &s;hall &s;&eacute;e at the ende of the y&eacute;ere, all the &s;mal nece&s;&s;arie things, all the proui&s;ions, all the yron, and all tho&s;e things which in the manour doe remaine little and &s;mall, and to write after in the other y&eacute;ere, what thing it behoued him nece&s;&s;arily to buy, and to allow the &s;ame, and the ouerplus lay vp &s;afely. The Prouo&s;t ought to cau&s;e to be gathered all the pilles of the tr&eacute;es to make cordes, for that, that hee &s;hall n&eacute;ede of, and he mu&s;t cau&s;e, to &s;ow with|in the yard, hempe to make cordes for the carts, as haltars and other nece&s;&s;a|rie things, &amp; the making of them mu&s;t be allowed vnto him, if there be none of the hou&s;hold that can make them. Men|ding of hou&s;es, walles, hedges and dit|ches if n&eacute;ede be, ought to be allowed ac|cording vnto rea&s;on: yet the prouo&s;t mu&s;t not &s;ell, buy, receyue, nor deliuer any thing except by tally, or by good te|&s;timonie And the bailey mu&s;t make all the &s;eruants of the hou&s;e, when he co~|meth from labour, to labour about the yard, to thre&s;h corne, or to make wals,
<PB REF="6"> ditches, hedges, or other nece&s;&s;arie workes about the hou&s;e, for the &s;paring of money, and if there be any &s;eruant of the hou&s;e that can doe the worke: he mu&s;t therefore allowe him more then any other: if he cau&s;e him to make that worke, and allow another to worke in his &s;tead. The &s;tewards or the bailies, &s;hall &s;&eacute;e all the buyings, and all the &s;el|lings which the baily or prouo&s;t &s;hall make, for to ouer&s;&eacute;e that they bee well done, and to the profit of the Lord. And the &s;teward and baylies which do k&eacute;epe the court, incontinent after the &s;aide buying, ought to render their &s;croles at the Lordes court, or to the auditors of the court, that they may charge by their &s;croles the prouo&s;ts, and baylies which doe remaine accomptable of the profits of the yard for the whole yeare. And the prouo&s;t mu&s;t make account of the i&s;&s;ue of the Mares of the yarde, that is to wit, for each Mare a Colt by the yeare, and if there bee any that haue neuer a Colt, let it be inquired of, whether it be through ill regarde, or by want of good k&eacute;eping, or through ouer much trauell,
<PB N="3" REF="6"> or by default of a &s;tallion, or that &s;he be barren and bringeth no coltes, that hee may haue her chaunged for another in time: and it makes no matter whether he be in like maner charged of the i&s;&s;ue or of the value of the &s;ame. And if there be any hor&s;e, or other bea&s;t dead, let it be inquired whether it bee through the default of the k&eacute;eper, or of the baylie, or of the prouo&s;t, who might haue well &s;a|ued it, or to haue imployed &s;ome helpe about it, and did it not if they could, let them beare the lo&s;&s;e thereof vpon their owne goods. And if they doe die by mi&s;|chance, that it be not by their fault, as of the Morien, and any other di&s;ea&s;es vpon bea&s;ts, let the prouo&s;t be an&s;we|rable of the carka&s;&s;es, and of the &s;kins, and of the fle&s;h, and the i&s;&s;ues, and put them in the profite of the Lord, and let him imploy that, that he &s;hall know or be able to prooue. And if there be anie thing lo&s;t in the yard, or without, or &s;tollen away, the which be it quicke or dead, either little or great, whereby the Lord may haue any maner of lo&s;&s;e, ey|ther by burning, or by any other ma|ner,
<PB REF="7"> the Lorde mu&s;t charge the pro u&s;t therewith, and the prouo&s;t mu&s;t charge tho&s;e of the yarde which are guiltie thereof. And it is to be knowen, that all the &s;eruants of the yarde, men and women mu&s;t be attendant on the prouo&s;t, becau&s;e that the prouo&s;t mu&s;t an&s;were for all their actions, and the prouo&s;t ought to bring into the Court tho&s;e for whom he wil an&s;wer for their d&eacute;edes. And the &s;teward mu&s;t &s;&eacute;e that the prouo&s;t enter good pledges for all tho&s;e of the yarde which are placed by the prouo&s;t: and if the Lord receyue a|ny domages by the prouo&s;t, and the pro|uo&s;t hath not wherewithall he may re|&s;tore the domages, all them of the town which haue cho&s;en him, &s;hall an&s;were the &s;urplu&s;&s;age for him, of that, that he &s;hall not bee able to pay. And if the Lord doth place there a ponder, a field-k&eacute;eper, or a granger, or any other what &s;oeuer he be, and the Lord doe receiue any damage by the fault of them the which hee &s;hall haue there placed, the Lord ought to take his mends of them, becau&s;e hee placed them, and not of
<PB N="4" REF="7"> his prouo&s;t. It is to be vnder&s;tood, that manours that are gouerned by baylies, where there is no prouo&s;t, but the bay|ly who an&s;wereth for the manour that the &s;ayd bayly &s;hall render account, as the prouo&s;t &s;hall and all the other &s;er|uants ought to an&s;were to him for all thinges, without any alteration or change of wordes as vnto the prouo&s;t. And tho&s;e which doe holde in villenage of any maner, ought to choo&s;e the pro|uo&s;t &s;uch as they will bee an&s;werable for, for if the Lord doth receyue any do|mage by default of the prouo&s;t, and he hath not wherewithal to &s;ati&s;fie it, they &s;hall pay for him the &s;urplu&s;&s;age which he can not pay.</P>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>An an&s;were of the &s;eedes that mu&s;t be &s;owen.</HEAD>
<P>AL the land mu&s;t be mea&s;ured each one by it &s;elfe, and euery holding of the field named by their names, and e|uery medowe by it &s;elfe, and euery pa|&s;ture, euery wood, and euery heath, tur|berie, moore and mari&s;h al&s;o by them|&s;elues, and all by the pearch of &s;ixt&eacute;ene
<PB REF="8"> foote and a halfe, becau&s;e it is ea&s;ie for one to mea&s;ure the lande there by the pole of &s;ixt&eacute;ene foote and a halfe. They doe &s;owe in many places foure acres with one quarter, and in many other places, it is required to haue one quar|ter and a halfe to &s;owe fiue acres of wheate, and of rie, and of beanes, and of pea&s;on, and two acres with one quarter of barley, and of otes. But becau&s;e that &s;ome will bee &s;owen thicker then the other, the partie ought to mea&s;ure in each manor euery acre by the corne, and &s;&eacute;e howe much a man may &s;owe of each kind of corne vpon one mea&s;ure, then may you alwayes bee certaine of your &s;owing. And becau&s;e that a man &s;oweth barley vpon a wheate field, and beanes, and pea&s;on, and lentiles amo~ng&s;t the otes, the partie ought to name each land which is &s;owen in barley among&s;t the wheate, and each land of other corne which is &s;owen, among&s;t the otes. And there where the fieldes are diuided in two, the winterage or wintercorne, and the tramis (otherwayes common barley) are &s;owen in one and the &s;ame
<PB N="5" REF="8"> field. Therefore he mu&s;t an&s;were that of each land, what land is &s;owen of one kinde of corne, and which of another. And if there be any inclo&s;ure, he mu&s;t &s;&eacute;e what land he taketh in the inclo&s;ure and with what corne hee &s;oweth each land, and the &s;ame &s;&eacute;ede hee mu&s;t &s;core by it &s;elfe out of the other graine.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>How a man ought to alow, or hire the harue&s;t men in harue&s;t time, and in time of making of hay.</HEAD>
<P>YOu may well haue your lands w&eacute;e|ded for a penie an acre, and the a|cre of medow mowed for foure pence, and the acre of lande in the valley for thr&eacute;e pence halfepenie, and take vppe and &s;tubbe the acre for thr&eacute;e halfpence, and to take vp and &s;tubbe the acre of medow in the valley, for one penie far|thing: and you ought well to knowe, that fiue men may well reape and tie two acres by the day of each kinde of corne, &s;ome more, &s;ome le&s;&s;e. And where euery one taketh two pence by the day,
<PB REF="9"> yet you ought to giue fiue pence for e|uery acre, and vnto many more. And when the foure do take thr&eacute;e halfpence a p&eacute;ece, by day, and the fift becau&s;e he is a tier, two pence a day, you ought then to giue for each acre foure pence. And becau&s;e that in many countreys they cannot reape by the acre, yet may a man know by the reapers, and by the dayes, that which they doe, &s;o that you k&eacute;epe the reapers by the lands: to wit, fiue men or women the which you plea&s;e, fiue men doe make one land, and fiue &amp; twentie men do make fiue lands: and fiue and twentie men may reape and tie ten acres by the day in &s;ea&s;ona|ble weather, and in ten dayes an hun|dred acres, and in twentie dayes two hundred acres by fiue &s;core to the hun|dred. Then you &s;hall &s;&eacute;e how many a|cres hee hath to reape, in all, and you &s;hall &s;&eacute;e whether they agr&eacute;e with the dayes, and then &s;hall you allow them: And if they doe recken more dayes then it behoueth according vnto the or|der, you ought not to allowe it them, for it is their fault that haue not fol|lowed
<PB N="6" REF="9"> them, and cau&s;ed them to worke &s;o well as they &s;hould.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>Howe landes ought to be mea&s;ured.</HEAD>
<P>_ANd becau&s;e the acres are not all a|like, for in &s;ome countreys they doe mea&s;ure by the pole of eight&eacute;ene foote, and in &s;ome countreyes by the pole of twentie foote, and in &s;ome countreys by the pole of foure and twentie foote: and you mu&s;t knowe, that the acre that is mea&s;ured by the pole of eight&eacute;ene foote, maketh an acre and a roode and the &s;ix|tenth part of a roode, of the pole of &s;ix|t&eacute;ene foote, and foure acres make fiue a|cres, and the fourth part of a roode, and eight acres, do make twelue acres and a halfe roode, and &s;ixt&eacute;ene acres make twentie acres and one roode. And the a|cre which is mea&s;ured by the pole of twentie foote, maketh an acre and a halfe, and the fourth part of a roode, of the pole of &s;ixt&eacute;ene foote, and foure acres doe make &s;ixe acres and one roode, and eight acres make twelue acres and a
<PB REF="10"> halfe, and &s;ixt&eacute;ene acres both make fiue and twentie acres: and the acre which is mea&s;ured by the pole of two &amp; twen|tie foote, maketh an acre and a half and a roode and a halfe, and the &s;ixtenth part of a roode of the pole of &s;ixt&eacute;ene foote, and the foure acres doe make &s;euen acres and a halfe, and the fourth part of a roode, and eight acres make fift&eacute;ene a|cres and halfe a roode, and &s;irt&eacute;ene acres doe make thirtie acres and one roode. And the acre which is mea&s;ured by the pole of foure and twentie foote, maketh two acres and a roode of the pole of &s;ix|t&eacute;ene foote, and foure acres doe make nine acres.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>The an&s;wer of the barne.</HEAD>
<P>OF the profits of the barne, the man ought to &s;&eacute;e how much of each corne he hath &s;owen, and how much it doeth an&s;were in profite: that is by right and by common account, barly doth an&s;wer at the eight graine, that is to wit for e|uery corne &s;owe~, eight cornes increa&s;e: and the rie, at the &s;euenth corne, and
<PB N="7" REF="10"> beanes at the &s;ixth beane, and pea&s;on at the &s;ixth pea&s;e, and of dredges of barly, and of otes, if they be equally mingled, at the &s;ixth: and if there be more barley then otes, it ought to an&s;wer the more, and if there be le&s;&s;e barley, it mu&s;t an|&s;wer ethe le&s;&s;e, &amp; al&s;o of ma&s;line, if it be equally mingled mu&s;t an&s;were at the &s;ixt, and if there be more wheate then rie, it an&s;wereth the le&s;&s;e, &amp; the wheate mu&s;t an&s;wer at the fifth corne, and the otes at the fourth. But becau&s;e the landes doe not an&s;were &s;o well in one yeare as in another, the light landes do not an&s;were as the good doe: and be|&s;ides, it happeneth that the winterage taketh well, and the Lent faileth, and &s;ometimes the Lent taketh, and the winterage fayleth: and therefore if the land an&s;wereth more then it is char|ged by the corne, the Lord loo&s;eth it, and if it doth an&s;were le&s;&s;e, of nece&s;&s;itie it behoueth him which rendereth the ac|count, to pay it of his owne, and &s;o no ma~ can receiue damage by the account afore&s;ayde. And there is no perill to put men which may an&s;were by the corne.
<PB REF="11">
<PB REF="11">
<PB REF="12">
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<PB N="7" REF="12">
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<PB REF="13"> and who&s;oeuer knoweth not the in|crea&s;e, let him place a faithfull man in whom he tru&s;teth be&s;ides the thre&s;her of the barne: and it is good for him which is be&s;ide the thre&s;her of the barne to &s;core the increa&s;e of each heape in the barne by it &s;elfe, for to &s;&eacute;e howe many quarters each heape of corne ought to render by it &s;elfe. And if there be any heape without, let him cau&s;e it to b&eacute;e mea&s;ured by rode, and by foote in height and length, when he will cau&s;e it to be thre&s;hed, and let him &s;core each heape by it &s;elfe, then &s;hall he be able to know as wel af each heape without, as of ache heape within the barne, both the &s;tock &amp; the profite: &s;o that the heapes be euery one of one height, and of one length: and if he will &s;ell his corne by the great, he may the better knowe howe much each heape ought to be worth, according vnto the price of the corne, if he &s;elleth the corne by the great. It is good for him to &s;core, and to &s;&eacute;e the profite of each heape, and of each &s;tacke: for the ofte|ner he &s;hall trie it, the certener he &s;hall be of the profite, and of the &s;tocke, be
<PB N="8" REF="13"> cau&s;e that corne doth not an&s;wer euery yeare equally: and let him take h&eacute;ede which is with the thre&s;her of corne, that if he doth thre&s;h any olde corne with the new, he thre&s;h, and &s;core it by it &s;elfe out from the newe, and that the prouo&s;t may an&s;were the &s;ale of the corne &s;eue|rally, and &s;&eacute;e the profite euery yeare, whether it &s;hall an&s;wer to his &s;&eacute;ede.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>An&s;were of dredges.</HEAD>
<P>ANd if you doe make dredges, they mu&s;t alwayes an&s;were to you for nine quarters the tenth at the lea&s;t, and yet it is a very &s;mall an&s;wer, but a man may bring it to this reckoning, becau&s;e that he may not make thereof a greater &s;tore, when he putteth in greater &s;tore of otes, the dredges thereof wilbe worth the le&s;&s;e, and of all the increa&s;e thereof the le&s;&s;e B&eacute;ere &s;hall be made.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>The profite of the dairie, concerning the &s;mall &s;tore.</HEAD>
<P>ANd you ought to haue in each place and dyarie a man or woma~ to k&eacute;epe
<PB REF="14"> the &s;mal &s;tore of the croppe, as is afore|&s;ayde. And if there be a man, yet he mu&s;t doe all things euen &s;o as if a wo|man were there, and ought to take the quarter of the yeare of &s;ixt&eacute;ene w&eacute;ekes for the white meate, where the other quarters are taken of twelue w&eacute;ekes, and he mu&s;t &s;ell all the corne, and &s;hall take of the money of the dairie that is payed, to pay the woman which &s;elleth it: If you do mea&s;ure to &s;ell foure quar|ters of wheate, or of rie, and &s;ixe quar|ters of barley, of pea&s;on, beanes and minglings, you mu&s;t allow in the &s;ale one halfe penie and a halfe for euery oen of them: if they be mea&s;ured to &s;ale eight quarters of otes, for the &s;ame one penie: and the man ought alwayes to take in the quarter the fift for the full mea&s;ure of euery kind of graine: Al&s;o a man ought to thre&s;h the quarter of wheate, or of rie for two pence, and the quarter of barley, beanes and pea&s;on, for two pence halfepenie, and the quar|ter of otes for one penie, and to allow alwayes for euery fourth the fift for the full mea&s;ure: and if the dairie wife take
<PB N="9" REF="14"> h&eacute;ede to all the &s;ayde &s;tore which re|maines in the yard, as to the &s;wine and peacocks, and to their increa&s;e, and to the g&eacute;e&s;e and to their increa&s;e, and to the capons, and to the cockes, and to the hennes, and to the chickens, and to the egges and their increa&s;e: and you ought to know that the &s;owe mu&s;t pigge two times by the yeare, and at each time &s;e|uen pigges at the lea&s;t, and euery goo&s;e mu&s;t bring foorth fiue go&s;lings by the yeare, and each henne mu&s;t lay one hundred and fiftie egges, and br&eacute;ed &s;e|uen chickens, whereof thr&eacute;e mu&s;t bee made capons, and if there be to many henne chickens, &s;he mu&s;t change them for cocke chickens: &s;o many as it is here found that euery henne mu&s;t increa&s;e thr&eacute;e capons and foure hennes by the yeare: and for fiue g&eacute;e&s;e, it behoueth to haue one gander, and to &s;euen hennes one cocke. And each cow mu&s;t an&s;were one calfe by the yeare, and each ewe &s;h&eacute;epe one lambe by the yeare: and if there be any cow or ewe &s;h&eacute;epe which bringeth forth no increa&s;e, let him in|quire by who&s;e default it is, either by
<PB REF="15"> the fault of the bailie, or of the pro|uo&s;t, or of the k&eacute;eper, through fault of good k&eacute;eping, or by want of food in &s;um|mer time, or in winter &s;ea&s;o~, or through want of a male, or if the prouo&s;t may haue changed it for any other in an vn|m&eacute;et time. And if it be not found by the default of none of them, let him make a full change of the i&s;&s;ue, or of the valour thereof. And al&s;o if none dieth by any maner of way by his default, let him be an&s;werable for the quicke bea&s;t, or of the value thereof: and if the ma|mour lacketh a dairie, it is alwayes good to haue a faithfull woman for the lighte&s;t co&s;tes that a man may, for to k&eacute;epe the &s;mall &s;tore, croppe, and all which is within the yard, and to an|&s;wer all the i&s;&s;ues as well of the crops, as of the dairie: to wit, of the &s;owes and of their pigges, of the peacocks and of their chickens, of the g&eacute;e&s;e and of their go&s;lings, of the capons and of the cocks, of the hennes and of their chickens, and of their egges, and &s;he mu&s;t be an&s;we|rable of the halfe of the &s;elling of them, as well as of the dayrie.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<PB N="10" REF="15">
<HEAD>An&s;were of the white meate of kine.</HEAD>
<P>EAch cow ought to an&s;were from Mi|chaelma&s;&s;e day till the fir&s;t Kalends May, by eight and twentie w&eacute;ekes, the one and the older, the account of ten pence throughout all that time, the one more, and the other le&s;&s;e. And it behoo|ueth to vnder&s;tande, that euerie cowe doth an&s;were by equalitie, for the one giueth &s;ooner milke then the other, and the one is &s;ooner drie then the other, neither doe the Heyforts an&s;were &s;o much milke at their fir&s;t bearing, as they doe at the other bearings after: but of tho&s;e of eight yeare olde, they ought to an&s;were &s;o much: and the next day after the fir&s;t Kalends of May, till S. Michaels day, by foure and twen|tie w&eacute;ekes, the one day &s;o much as the other, and they doe make right &s;kore and eight dayes, and the profite of the milke of euery Cowe, mu&s;t be woorth during that time, thr&eacute;e &s;hillings and &s;ixe pence, &amp; all the other &s;ea&s;on, the i&s;&s;ue of the cow commeth to ten pence, &amp; by this
<PB REF="16"> account euery cow ought to an&s;wer iiij. &s;hillings .iiij. pence, of the profite of the milke: and it is to be vnder&s;tood, y^t euery cow mu&s;t an&s;wer betwene the kalends of May, and Michaelma&s;&s;e, &s;ix &s;tones of ch&eacute;e&s;e, and alwaies of &s;ix &s;tones of ch&eacute;e&s;e one &s;tone of butter, and you ought al|waies from the next day after Michael|ma&s;&s;e till Saint Martins day at the lea&s;t, and in the other &s;ea&s;on, after Chri&s;tma&s;&s;e till Sommer time, it pro|fiteth more to the Lord to &s;el the milke, then to &s;ell ch&eacute;e&s;e: for it is more profite then to &s;ell a gallon of milke, then to &s;el thr&eacute;e gallons in Sommer, or at any o|ther &s;ea&s;on: and if you doe make ch&eacute;e&s;e, then a gallon of milke will be no more worth then it is worth at any other &s;ea&s;on.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>The an&s;were of the whitmeate of &s;heepe.</HEAD>
<P>EAch milked &s;h&eacute;epe ought to an&s;were profit of her milke, all the Sommer long, &s;o long as &s;hee giues milke &s;ixe pence: for the &s;h&eacute;epe that giues milke, giues no milke after Augu&s;t, and no
<PB N="11" REF="16"> man doth k&eacute;epe them for to giue milke after Augu&s;t, becau&s;e that they are le&s;&s;e woorth, and are the more perillous to pa&s;&s;e the Winter, and if they be &s;icke, or f&eacute;eble, their profite is the le&s;&s;e. And the dairie wife ought to an&s;wer &s;o much profite of a gallon of &s;h&eacute;epes milke in ch&eacute;e&s;e and butter, as of a gallon and a halfe of cowes milke: and a gallon doth weigh &s;euen pounds: and two gallons, do weigh fouret&eacute;ene pounds, and foure-pounds makes the &s;tone. And it is to be knowen, that the Mare goeth fortie nine w&eacute;ekes after &s;hee hath bene coue|red, before &s;he bring forth any colt. And the Cowe from the time that &s;he hath beene couered goeth fortie w&eacute;ekes be|fore &s;hee bring foorth any calfe. And the &s;h&eacute;epe goeth xxj. w&eacute;ekes from the time &s;he hath b&eacute;ene couered, before &s;he bring a lambe. And the &s;owe goeth xv. w&eacute;ekes, from the time that &s;he hath bin couered, before &s;he farow any pigs. And the &s;owe farroweth her pigges fiue times in two yeares, and no more. And the goo&s;e br&eacute;edeth one time by the yere. And the hen hatcheth if &s;he be well
<PB REF="17"> kept, and be good two times in a yeare, but that happeneth not euery yeare: neither can euery one of them giue pro|fite, but onely according as they &s;hall be well kept, an&s;were they profite, either more or le&s;&s;e.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>This husbandrie made a Knight, &s;ir Walter of Henley, who after ren|dered him&s;elf into the order of the Friers-preachers, &amp; did reach vnto the people, how they ought to liue wi&s;ely and hohe&s;tly of their goods, and not to wa&s;te too much before hand, le&s;t they &s;hould want after.</HEAD>
<P>THe father &s;ate in his olde age, and &s;ayde to his &s;onne, Faire &s;onne, liue wi&s;ely, according to God, and after the world. Towards God thinke often of the pa&s;&s;ion, and of the death that Ie&s;us Chri&s;t &s;uffered for vs, and loue him a|boue all things, and feare him, &amp; k&eacute;epe his commandements. As touching the world, thinke yee on the wh&eacute;ele of for|tune, how men haue no riches, and whe~ they are on the top of the wh&eacute;ele, howe
<PB N="12" REF="17"> by mi&s;chance they doe fall into pouer|tie, and more into afflictions: therefore I pray you to order your life according as your lands are worth, and do extend by the yeare, and no higher: If you can improue your lands to gaines, either by &s;toring or by other purueyance more then the ordinarie reuenue, k&eacute;epe the ouerplus in &s;tore: for if corne faile, &s;tore dyeth, or burning happeneth to come, or any other mi&s;chance, then the &s;ame that you haue in &s;tore will be profitable to you. If you do &s;pend by the yeare the worth of your lands, &amp; any lo&s;&s;e in the yeare or mi&s;chance happen to come, you haue no recour&s;e to your &s;tore, and let the &s;torer make no wa&s;te, nor de&s;troy his goods, as &s;ome men do, as tho&s;e mar|cha~ts which do by for twentie &s;hillings, and do &s;ell for ten, that man is neither called nor approoued wi&s;e, that can de|liuer him&s;elfe out of lo&s;&s;e and dooth it not. You may &s;&eacute;e &s;ome men which haue landes and reuenues, and can not tell howe to liue: wherefore I will tell it you, becau&s;e they liue without order, or any foreca&s;t, or proui&s;ion afore hande,
<PB REF="18"> and they &s;pend &amp; wa&s;t more then their lands are worth by the yeare, and when they haue wa&s;ted their goods: then haue nothing but &s;orrow in their mouthes, &amp; doe liue in angui&s;h, neither can they make any &s;hift for their profit. Such a man may one reproue in Engli&s;h thus: Who&s;o &s;triketh further then his whit|tle wil la&s;t, in the &s;troke his foot he mu&s;t &s;tretch. Faire &s;onne, be you wi&s;e in your d&eacute;ed, and again&s;t this world which is &s;o mi&s;chieuous and tickli&s;h, that you may want nothing, &amp; that you n&eacute;ed not to de|pend vpon any man for your reliefe. If there be any men carting in your yards, let the~ be adui&s;ed by their elders, &amp; if in your iudgement you think that they be too high minded, be you adui&s;ed here to mea&s;ure y^e &s;ame, &s;o y^t you may not be re|prehended thereby, neither here nor be|fore God. Be you acquainted w^t hone&s;t per&s;ons &amp; wi&s;e, &amp; you &s;hal haue the loue of your neighbors: for it is &s;aid in Fre~ch: who&s;oeuer hath a good neighbor, y^e &s;ame hath a good morning. V&s;e your tongue wi&s;ely, that you be not iu&s;tly reprehen|ded: you &s;hall di&s;cretly &s;pend tho&s;e goods which God hath lent you.</P>
<PB N="13" REF="18">
<P>You ought to know foure things, in layings out and in expen&s;es: the fir&s;t is, What yee mu&s;t giue, how &amp; to whom, and how much you mu&s;t giue: for the fir&s;t, that you mu&s;t giue before n&eacute;ed re|quires it: for two &s;hillings giuen then, are better accou~ted of then twelue &s;hil|lings, when n&eacute;ede forceth you to it: for the &s;econd, whether you ought to giue, or to &s;pend, and to doe it willingly, then the &s;ame &s;hall bee double rewarded vnto you, and if you do giue vnwilling|ly, you &s;hall l&eacute;e&s;e all that you doe either giue or lay out: for the thirde, giue to him that may be profitable vnto you &amp; to others: for the fourth, how much you mu&s;t giue, neither more nor le&s;&s;e, but according as the worke is, either great, or litle, that you haue to do: looke on the poore, not for the prai&s;es of the worlde, but for to haue the loue of God, which giueth vs all things. You &s;hall enlarge your lands and tenements by your loy|al men &s;worn. Fir&s;t recken your yards, gardens, doue-hou&s;es, orchardes, what they may be worth by the yeere, be&s;ides your proui&s;ion.</P>
<PB REF="19">
<P>Then reckon howe many acres of me|dow you haue, and what they be woorth by the y&eacute;ere, and &s;&eacute;e al&s;o how much wood you may &s;ell by the year, without any wa&s;te or de&s;truction, and what the &s;ame may be woorth by the yeare: and what your milles: and your fi&s;h ponds are worth by the yeare, be&s;ides the pro|ui&s;ion: and then reckon how many a|cres you haue of erable land: and how many be of them in euery field: and of fr&eacute;e holds, how much each of them con|teyneth, and by what &s;eruice: and of co|pie hold, how much euery one of them conteyneth, and by what &s;eruices and cu&s;toms or duties they be held, let them be employed and all other things wher|in they do profite, account what they be worth by the yeare. And by the hu&s;|bandmen, you &s;hall enquire howe much will &s;erue to &s;owe an acre of land, of e|uery kind of corne, and how much pro|ui&s;ions you may haue vpon euery ma|nour: and by the allowance you &s;hall know how much your bailyes mu&s;t an|&s;were in their &s;crowles, be&s;ides the &s;ayd alowance. So may you be able to know
<PB N="14" REF="19"> how much your lands are woorth by the yeare, and your tenements al&s;o, wherby you may di&s;po&s;e of your liuing &s;o as it is tolde you before, and whether your prouo&s;ts do &s;et downe in their accounts &s;o much corne &s;owen, vpon &s;o many a|cres: So to the allowance, and per|chance &s;hall you finde fewer acres then they will tell you, &amp; more corne &s;owen then it were n&eacute;ede or requi&s;ite: for you haue at the end of the allowance with how much a man may &s;owe an acre of land of all &s;orts of graine. Be&s;ides this, if n&eacute;ede were to be&s;towe either more or le&s;&s;e co&s;t about the ploughes: by the al|lowance you &s;hall be certified how: I will tell it you. If your lands are diui|ded by three, the one part to the winter, and another part in Lent, and the third part in re&s;ting land, then is the plough nine &s;core acres. And if your landes be diuided by two, the one moitie is &s;owen in winter, and in Lent: and the other moitie in re&s;ting land, then &s;hall the plough be of eight &s;core acres. Go you to the allowance, and &s;&eacute;e how many acres in demain land you haue, and thereby
<PB REF="20"> you may be certified as well how much the plough of eight &s;core acres hath to do, as the plough of nine &s;core acres hath to doe. I will &s;hewe vnto you, that of eight &s;core acres, is fortie acres of win|teredge, and fortie acres of lent, and foure &s;core acres of re&s;ting lande: Re|turn and replough the foure &s;core acres, and then the plough &s;hall goe of twelue &s;core acres. Concerning the plough of nine &s;core acres, thr&eacute;e &s;core acres for winteredge, and thr&eacute;e &s;core acres for lent, and thr&eacute;e &s;core for re&s;ting land, and then runne ouer and plough againe the thr&eacute;e &s;core acres. Then &s;hall the plough goe for twelue &s;core acres by the yeere, as the plough of eight &s;core: Some men do &s;aie, that a plough cannot do &s;o much by the y&eacute;ere, I wil &s;hew you that it may doe it: You knowe that an acre ought to b&eacute;e of fortie poles in length, and foure poles in breadth, and the kinges pole is of &s;ixt&eacute;ene foote and an halfe. Then is the acre of &s;ixtie &s;ixe foote of breadth: Now goe on forward thirtie thr&eacute;e times about, and take roome of
<PB N="15" REF="20"> one foote in breadth. Then is the acre otherwi&s;e. But goe thirtie &s;ixe times a|bout for to make the roome narrow, and when the acre is gone forwarde then you haue gone &s;eauentie and two fur|longs, which doe make &s;ixe leagues, that is to wit, twelue furlonges for one league: the hor&s;e &s;hall be verie poore, or the oxe either, the which in one morning cannot goe &s;oftly and with a little pace the waie of thr&eacute;e leagues, and to go back at noone. And by another rea&s;on I will &s;hewe you that it may doe &s;o much. You knowe that there is fiftie two weekes in one yeere: now take away eight weeks for the holy daies and other lettes, then &s;hall remaine fortie foure weekes of trauayle, and in all that time the ploughe &s;hall haue to doe, but the plowing of the re&s;ting lande, and the plowing of the &s;owing in win|ter, and in Lent, the dayes-worke of three roodes, and halfe a rood, and to &s;tir againe one acre. Nowe &s;ee you, whe|ther a ploughe which is well kept and folowed, may not do &s;o much in one day,
<PB REF="21"> and if you haue lands whereon dungue may be layd, take paines to dungue it according as the land doth require: and haue regarde to knowe whether your land be well in dungue, and whether your dungue bee well kept as it mu&s;t, then it &s;hall an&s;were to the thirde part of your lands by the alowance. Be they your tenants or cu&s;tomers, if they doe deny cu&s;toms or &s;eruices by your alow|ance, you &s;hall know the certaintie.</P>
<P>If you be to choo&s;e bailifes, or &s;erge, ants, choo&s;e them neither by kinred, nor by fauourable worde, nor by any o|ther like things, if they be not of good name, and let them be hone&s;t and aun|cient, and &s;uch as knowe the profite of the dungue. Take no corne-k&eacute;epers but of your homagers and lande-holders: and if you doe choo&s;e them, let them bee of your homagers choo&s;ing: for if they tre&s;pa&s;&s;e, you &s;hall haue your remedie vpon them.</P>
<P>At the beginning of breaking, tilling and &s;owing of your lands, &s;&eacute;e that the bailifes and the k&eacute;epers or prouo&s;ts, be alwayes in companie with the plough|men
<PB N="16" REF="21"> to &s;&eacute;e that they worke plainly, and doe well their worke, and at their iourneys ende, to &s;&eacute;e howe much they haue done, &s;o that they may be an&s;we|rable for all afterwards, except they can be able to &s;hew certaine apparant let: and becau&s;e that &s;eruants are common|ly &s;lacke in their workes, it is n&eacute;edefull to ca&s;t ouer their fraudes. In y^e meane time it is n&eacute;edefull for the k&eacute;eper to ad|moni&s;h them euery day. On the other part, the bailife ought to looke &s;o well about it, that they doe well: and if they doe not well, let them be rebuked, and corrected for it.</P>
<P>You &s;hall at the plough of oxen draw one of your hor&s;es: for the plough of oxen (if the land be not &s;tonie) can not &s;hift their f&eacute;ete. The plough of oxen is farre better then the plough of hor&s;es, The cau&s;e why? I will tell it you. The hor&s;e doth co&s;t more then the oxe: be|&s;ides that, the plough of oxen is &s;o much woorth by the yeare as the plough of hor&s;es, becau&s;e that the naughtine&s;&s;e of plough-men &s;uffereth not the hor&s;es to goe more then their pace. Be&s;ides the
<PB REF="22"> &s;ame for the &s;tayings, the plough of hor|&s;es &s;hall &s;taie, when the plough of oxen &s;hall goe on. And wil you &s;&eacute;e, how much the hor&s;e co&s;teth more then the oxe, the &s;ame I will tell you: It is alwayes ac|cu&s;tomed, that tho&s;e bea&s;tes which doe &s;erue about the plough, doe lie in at the manger, betwixt Saint Lukes fea&s;t, &amp; holy cro&s;&s;e-fea&s;t in May, during twen|tie fiue w&eacute;ekes: and yet the hor&s;e mu&s;t be well kept to doe his daies iourney, he mu&s;t haue oates by night, the &s;ixt parte of a bu&s;hell of oates e&s;t&eacute;emed at a halfe|penie, hee mu&s;t haue at the lae&s;t twelue &s;heaues of gra&s;&s;e in Summer time eue|ry w&eacute;eke, &s;ome hor&s;es more and &s;ome le&s;&s;e, of one penie the burthen. Concer|ning y^e &s;hoowing, if they be &s;hoowed of al foure f&eacute;ete, the &s;umme ri&s;eth to twelue &s;hillings fiue pence halpenie hy the yere, be&s;ides the fodder and the &s;trawe: and if the oxe be in good liking to do his work, then it is needfull to allowe him at the lea&s;t, thr&eacute;e &s;heaues and a halfe of oates by the weeke, rated at one penie, and in Summer &s;ea&s;on twelue burdens of gra&s;&s;e, rated at two &s;hillinges and one
<PB N="17" REF="22"> penie be&s;ides fodder and &s;traw, and ten &s;heaues of oates, doe an&s;were a bu&s;hell of oates heape mea&s;ure. And when the hor&s;e is olde and tired, then is there in him nothing good but the &s;kinne. And when the oxe is olde, with twelue bur|dens of gra&s;&s;e, he will be woorth being fatted, or being &s;olde, &s;o much as he did co&s;t you fir&s;t, or more.</P>
<P>In breaking time, is a good &s;ea&s;on for the plowma~, if the ground breaketh after the plough: and the fallowing af|ter Mid&s;ommer day, it is be&s;t for him whe~ the du&s;t doth ri&s;e after the plough: and in the earing &amp; &s;owing time, when the land is &s;etled, and is not too clo&s;e: but he that hath much to doe, can not haue all the good &s;ea&s;ons. And when you do breake d&eacute;epe any good land, then mu&s;t you &s;quare furrow, for to haue good re&s;ting land: but pricke it not to d&eacute;epe but &s;paringly, onely doing &s;o that ye may de&s;troy the thi&s;tles &amp; the w&eacute;eds: for if the land be fallowed to d&eacute;epe, and if it be wette and wateri&s;h when it is eared and &s;owen, the plough can not then reach any certaine ground: but it
<PB REF="23"> &s;hall goe flowing as in a good ground: and if the plough might goe two finger deeper then the lande was fallowed, then &s;houlde the plough finde the cer|taine grounde, and &s;houlde bee clean|&s;ed, and &s;hould make faire and good plowing.</P>
<P>In &s;owing time, doe not plough large &s;urrow but a little one, and well ioyned together, that the &s;eede maie well fall. And if you doe plough large furrowes for to make great di&s;patch, you &s;hall doe hurt as I will tell you. When the land is &s;owen, the harrow will come that &s;hall rake all the &s;&eacute;ede on the hill which is betwene the &s;urrowes, and the furrow which is large &s;hall be di&s;coue|red, and there &s;hall grow no corne: and to &s;hew you that it is &s;o, when the corne is vpon the ground, go to the head of the land, and looke on the corne towardes the other head, and you &s;hall &s;&eacute;e that the &s;ame which I tell you is true.</P>
<P>If the ground be to be &s;owen vpon the furrow, &s;&eacute;e that it be tilled with litle furrows, and the ground &s;o high as you may po&s;&s;ible, and &s;&eacute;e that the furrow,
<PB N="18" REF="23"> which is betwixt the two furrowes, be &s;traight, and the land which lieth as it were a combe in that furrow, vnder the left foote after the plough, that it may be all turned, and then the furrow &s;hall be &s;treight inough.</P>
<P>Sow your lands betimes, &s;o that the earth be &s;etled, and the corne wel rooted before the comming of the hard winter.</P>
<P>If perchance it happeneth that any great raine falles vpon the land with|in the eight dayes, that it is &s;owen, and then a harde fro&s;t commes two or three dayes after, if the lande be hol|lowe, the fro&s;t &s;hall pearce the earth &s;o d&eacute;epe as the water is gone in, and ther|fore the corne which is &s;prowted &s;hal be incontinet rotten.</P>
<P>Two perilles that are in &s;owing in Lent &s;ea&s;on &s;owinges &s;o betimes: The earth that is clayi&s;h, and the &s;tony grounde, I will tell you where|fore: if it bee a drie &s;ea&s;on in March, then the clayi&s;h earth &s;hall waxe too harde, and the &s;tonie grounde &s;hall waxe dryer, when it is co|uered, wherefore it needeth, that
<PB REF="24"> &s;uch landes be &s;owen in a conuenient time, &s;o that the corne may be well nou|ri&s;hed by the moy&s;tne&s;&s;e of the winter. The hollow lands n&eacute;ed not to be &s;owen otherwayes but in their time: for the&s;e two are two &s;orts of ground which fall to be hollow and great in &s;hewe, but in the &s;owing of them, let the landes bee &s;omewhat wet. And when your lands be &s;owen: cau&s;e to &s;cowre well the ma|ri&s;h, and other wateri&s;h grounds, and cau&s;e the ditches about them to be well clen&s;ed, that thereby your land may be the &s;ootter dried from the water.</P>
<P>Cau&s;e to clen&s;e, and w&eacute;ede your corne after Mid&s;ommer day, for it is not good to do it afore. And if you do cut of the thi&s;tles, a forte-night, or a &s;euen-night before Mid&s;ommer day, of eache &s;hall come two or thr&eacute;e: cau&s;e your corne to be wi&s;ely reaped and put in the barne.</P>
<P>To make the profite of your barne, &s;&eacute;e that you entertaine a faithfull hone&s;t man, that may faithfully charge the prouo&s;t: for it is &s;&eacute;ene often that the Barner, and the granetier, doe ioyne
<PB N="19" REF="24"> together to doe ill: let your prouo&s;t, and your granetiers cau&s;e the &s;ame corne to be truly caried, but mea&s;ure of eight bu&s;hels, one pecke for the wa&s;te and decay, at the comming in, and at the going out of the barne: for their is deceite in the heaping, as I will tell you. When the prouo&s;t hath rendered account of the profit of the barne, then cau&s;e the bu&s;hell to be proued where|withall it was charged: and you &s;hall finde that foure heaped quarters, &s;hall make the fift, a little more or a little le&s;&s;e, and if the bu&s;hell be narrower of fiue quarters: this take, and if it bee narrower of &s;ixe quarters, then take the &s;euenth: and if it be yet narrower of the &s;euen quarters, then take the eight: and yet being narrower of eight quarters, take the ninth, and of each of them a litile, either a little more or a little le&s;&s;e, according to their bigne&s;&s;e: Now &s;ome of the&s;e proffes of mea&s;ure will render a true account but with the ninth quarter, what bu&s;hel &s;oeuer it be, either broade or narrow will do it. And if the bu&s;hell be broade there is a great
<PB REF="25"> deceite, if the profite of your barne an|&s;wereth but to the thirde of your &s;eede, you get nothing except the corne be ve|rie well &s;olde: you knowe well that an acre of la~d which is &s;owen with wheat, will haue three tillings, except tho&s;e lands the which are &s;owen euery y&eacute;ere, &s;ome more, &s;ome other le&s;&s;e. Each til|ling is woorth &s;ixe pence, and the har|rowing is worth one penie: and it be|hooueth to &s;owe vpon euery acre two bu&s;hels at the lea&s;t, and the&s;e two bu|&s;hels are at the lea&s;t woorth at Michael|ma&s;&s;e twelue pence, and the w&eacute;eding a halfpenie, and the cutting downe fiue pence, and the carying in harue&s;t one penie, and the fodder &s;hall quite the thre&s;&s;hing. And the thirde part of the &s;eede ought to yeelde &s;ixe bu&s;hels of Wheate: And if at Michaelma&s;&s;e Wheate bee woorth foure &s;hillinges, then are &s;ixe bu&s;hels woorth three &s;hil|linges, and your harue&s;t charges doe amount to thr&eacute;e &s;hillings one penie and halfepenie.</P>
<P>Chaunge euery yeare the &s;eede at Michaelma&s;&s;e: for the &s;&eacute;ede which is
<PB N="20" REF="25"> growen vppon other lande will proue better, then the &s;&eacute;ede which is growen vpon the &s;ame land. And if you will &s;&eacute;e it, cau&s;e to till two forelandes of one and the &s;ame lande, and in one day, and &s;owe the one with the f&eacute;ede that you haue bought, and the other with the &s;&eacute;ede which is growen vppon the &s;ame land: and when you come in har|ue&s;t time, you &s;hall proue that I tell you true.</P>
<P>Sell not, neither &s;tirre not your &s;tubble, becau&s;e that for the le&s;&s;e you &s;hould l&eacute;e&s;e the mo&s;t.</P>
<P>When you cau&s;e dungue to be kept, with good earth, cau&s;e your dunguehil to be dre&s;&s;ed &amp; mingled with the dungue, and cau&s;e euery fortenight to draw out of your &s;h&eacute;epecote wherwith to dungue your clayi&s;h ground if you haue it, or with &s;ome good earth drawen out of the ditches, and then &s;catter it vpon, and if there remayne any fodder be&s;ides the &s;u&s;tainement of your cattell: you &s;hall cau&s;e it to bee &s;cattered with|in in the yarde, and within the myre, and in your &s;h&eacute;epecote al&s;o, cau&s;e it to
<PB REF="26"> be &s;cattered, and in like maner in your modde, &amp; before the drought of March, cau&s;e all your dungue to be heaped to|gether, which is in the &s;tables, in the yarde, and without. And when you minde to dungue your ground, and the &s;ame to carie, you mu&s;t haue a man whom you tru&s;t well, that is faithfull vnto you, to follow your cartes the fir&s;t day, and if he &s;&eacute;eth that they doe their worke without feyning, &s;&eacute;e at the iour|neyes ende howe much they haue done: and let them an&s;were &s;o much euery day, except they may &s;hewe &s;ome cer|taine let. Your dungue which is min|gled with earth, you &s;hall put vpon &s;an|die ground if you haue any, the cau&s;e wherefore I will tell you. The Som|mer time is hote, and the dungue hote, and when the third heate is a&s;&s;embled to them, by the great heate they doe wi|ther away after mid&s;ommer day. The barley doth growe in a &s;andie ground as you may well &s;&eacute;e where you goe in many places. On the Euening, the land which is mingled with dungue, cau&s;eth the &s;and to waxe colde, and ray&s;eth vp
<PB N="21" REF="26"> deawe, and therefore that your landes that are &s;owen may bring foorth the more, dungue them, and till them not too d&eacute;epe, becau&s;e that the dungue is marred in turning in too d&eacute;epe. How I will tell you what aduantage you &s;hall haue by the &s;trawe which is mingled with the earth. If the dungue be but it &s;elfe, it may la&s;t thr&eacute;e yeares, or there a|boutes, according as the land is either cold or hote. The dungue which is min|gled with earth, doth la&s;t y^e double, but it &s;hall not be &s;o quicke: you know well that the marle, la&s;teth more then &s;traw, why &s;o? Becau&s;e that the dungue wa|&s;teth in turning it d&eacute;epe into the earth, and the marle in turning of it out of the earth. And why doeth the dungue min|gled with earth la&s;t longer then the pure dungue, I will tell it to you. The dungue and the earth which are tilled together &s;u&s;teyneth the &s;trawe that it wa&s;teth not in the turning in, though it &s;hould wa&s;te naturally. Therefore I pray you to cau&s;e dungue to be kept ac|cording to the abilitie. And your dungue which is &s;cattered, and &s;omwhat moi&s;t|ned,
<PB REF="27"> is in &s;ea&s;on good to be turned, for the ground and the dungue &s;hall then take the better together. And if you put your dungue vpon fallowes, it &s;hall b&eacute;e all at the &s;tirring turned vnder the ground, &amp; in &s;owing time &s;hall come vp againe, with the mingled ground: and if it be put vpo~ &s;tirring in &s;owing time, it &s;halbe turned the more vpo~ the earth, and the le&s;&s;e mingled with the ground and that is not approoued: and the nea|rer the dungue is to the &s;&eacute;ed it is better: at the fea&s;t of our Ladie, fir&s;t cau&s;e to fatten your dungue, according as you haue of &s;h&eacute;epe, either more or le&s;&s;e: for they do in that &s;ea&s;on ca&s;t much fatning.</P>
<P>Make once in the yeare your proui|&s;ion, draw btw&eacute;ene Ea&s;ter and Whit|&s;unday, to wit, your oxen and kine, and other cattel which are not to be kept: let them be put to fatten to gra&s;&s;e, and you &s;hall gaine: and knowe the certaintie that then the woor&s;t is better woorth then the be&s;t. How? I will tell it you: If they be cattell for burden, they mu&s;t be kept better then the other and more made of, el&s;e the other are the more
<PB N="22" REF="27"> grieued by their default: and if you mu&s;t buie any &s;tore, buie it betw&eacute;ene Ea&s;ter and Whir&s;untide: for then are cattell leane, and good cheape: And be|fore your hor&s;es be too olde, or tyred, or leane, or of &s;mall valour, you may &s;ell them away in due &s;ea&s;on, and then may you relieue your &s;elfe with good and young. How &s;tore &s;hould be kept it is good you &s;hould know it, to make your &s;erua~nts wi&s;e: for when they &s;hal &s;&eacute;e that you know it, they &s;hall indeuor to be the better.</P>
<P>The cattell for the plough mu&s;t haue pa&s;ture &s;ufficient to doe their worke, and that they be not laboured too much vnder, when they &s;hall come to the manger: for you &s;hould be&s;towe too much co&s;t to re&s;tore them, and &s;o your gaines &s;hould be dimini&s;hed: put them in no hou&s;es in rainie weather: for &s;ur|fetting may come betwixt the haire and the &s;kin, which turneth to the great da|mage of your cattell: and if your cattell haue their ordinarie prouender let it be giue~ to the~ by day light, at y^e &s;ight of the hayward, or of the prouo&s;t, &amp; mingle it
<PB REF="28"> with a little &s;trawe of wheate, or of oates, and not of barley &s;traw, becau&s;e barley &s;trawe hath too many beards, which will offend the mouthes of the hor&s;es. And why doe you &s;ay &s;o? by proofe of the &s;traw I will tell it you: be|cau&s;e it happeneth often that th&eacute;eues doe &s;teale their prouender, and the hor|&s;es doe eate &s;trawe better then the pro|uender, and doe fatten, and doe become better. And let not much fodder be gi|uen to the oxen at once, but litle at once and often, and then they eate it well, and wa&s;te little of it: and when there is greater quantitie before them, they doe eate their bellies full, then they doe lie downe, and doe gnawe, and with the blowing of their breath, doe beginne to hate and to wa&s;te it. And let the cattell be kept cleane, and when they be drie currie them, for that doth them good: and let the oxen be curried with a wi&s;pe the day, and they &s;hall licke them&s;elues the better. Let your kine haue &s;ufficient pa&s;ture, lea&s;t they giue the le&s;&s;e milke. And when the oxe calfe is calued, let him haue his milke one whole moneth:
<PB N="23" REF="28"> at the moneths ende take from him a dugge, and euery w&eacute;eke one dugge, the~ &s;hall he &s;ucke eight w&eacute;ekes, and lay food before him that he may learne to ea&s;e: and let the cowe-calfe bee at her milke thr&eacute;e w&eacute;ekes: at the tr&eacute;e w&eacute;ekes ende take away from her all the other dugs, as from the oxe-calfe, and let them haue wate and foode before them, be they within the hou&s;e or without: for many doe die on the ground of the di&s;ea&s;e of the lights, for lacke of water. Be&s;ides that, if there be any oxe which begins to be out of fle&s;h, be&s;towe &s;ome co&s;t to &s;u&s;teine him: for it is truely &s;ayde, that the penie is well be&s;towed tha bring|eth in two pence. If your kine be f&eacute;eble, picke them out, and tho&s;e that be not good, put them away. And if your kine be fed in pa&s;ture of &s;alt mari&s;h ground, then ought two kine to an&s;were a &s;tone of ch&eacute;e&s;e, and halfe a gallon of butter by the w&eacute;eke: and if they be fedde in pa|&s;ture of wood, or in medows, after mow|ing time, or in &s;tubble, then mu&s;t thr&eacute;e kine an&s;were by the w&eacute;eke, one &s;tone of ch&eacute;e&s;e, and halfe a gallon of butter:
<PB REF="29"> betwene Ea&s;ter &amp; Michaelma&s;&s;e with|out any replie of &s;econd hay betw&eacute;ene Ea&s;ter and Michaelma&s;&s;e, and twentie bearing &s;h&eacute;epe, which are fed in pa&s;ture of &s;alt mari&s;h ground, mu&s;t and may well an&s;were both of ch&eacute;e&s;e and butter euen &s;o as the kine afore&s;aid. And if your &s;h&eacute;epe be fed with fre&s;h pa&s;ture &amp; of fallowes, thirty bearing &s;h&eacute;epe ought to an&s;wer of butter and ch&eacute;e&s;e, euen &s;o as the kine afore me~tioned. Now there be many great prouo&s;ts and &s;urueyors, the which will gain&s;ay this thing, and the rea&s;o~ wherfore they do it, is becau&s;e that they do eat, giue &amp; wa&s;te the white|meat: and know ye, that for to &s;&eacute;e if the whitemeate is not &s;pent, nor otherwi&s;e wa&s;ted, except about the thing afore&s;aid your kine &amp; &s;hape may be &s;o much the better, &amp; ought to an&s;were the proofes a|fore&s;aid: wil you &s;&eacute;e it in them how thr&eacute;e kine mu&s;t make a &s;tone of ch&eacute;e&s;e: the cow of one of the&s;e thr&eacute;e kine &s;halbe but poore, of the which a man ca~not make in two dayes one ch&eacute;e&s;e, woorth one halfe|penie, which is according to the rate of tho&s;e daies, in &s;ix daies iij. ch&eacute;e&s;es worth
<PB N="24" REF="29"> thr&eacute;e halfpence, &amp; the &s;euenth day of the w&eacute;eke is not in the account, becau&s;e that the &s;euenth day &s;hal helpe for the tenth, and for the wa&s;t, &amp; is allowed for y^e co&s;t. Though it were but thr&eacute;e halfepence in the weeke in xxiiij. w&eacute;ekes which are be|twixt Ea&s;ter and Michaelma&s;&s;e, there &s;halbe thr&eacute;e &s;hillings for the wor&s;t cow. Now &s;et downe the profite of the &s;econd cow at &s;o much, &amp; of the third cow euen at &s;o much, then haue you ix. &s;hillings, &amp; therfore you may haue a &s;tone of ch&eacute;e&s;e co~monly to &s;el&punc; And one of the thr&eacute;e kine &s;halbe but poore, of the which a man can not reape the thirde part of a pottell of butter by the w&eacute;eke, and if the gallon of butter is woorth &s;ixe pence, then is the third part of a pottell woorth one penie.</P>
<P>Cau&s;e your hogs to be tried once in the yeare, and if you doe finde any one that is not &s;ound remooue it. K&eacute;epe you neither Bore nor Sow except they be of good kind. Your other Sowes &s;hall you cau&s;e to bee gelded if they doe not pigge: then &s;hal you haue bacon made of them, euen as good as of the hog. In winter mu&s;t you f&eacute;ed them y^t they peri&s;h
<PB REF="30"> not, and that they may be well able to pigge: in thr&eacute;e monethes they n&eacute;ede to be kept with good foode, to witte, in Fe|bruarie, March and Aprill, and thr&eacute;e times in the yeare, mu&s;t your &s;owes farrow pigges, except it be through ill k&eacute;eping. A nouri&s;hment in &s;wine is to haue a long morning, and to lye drie. Cau&s;e your hogges to be gelded whiles they be yong, then they &s;hall growe the better.</P>
<P>S&eacute;e that your &s;h&eacute;epeheard be not too ha&s;tie, for by ha&s;tine&s;&s;e cattel may b&eacute;e to villainou&s;ly driuen, that thereby, they may happen to peri&s;h. When &s;h&eacute;epe do goe a f&eacute;eding, and the &s;h&eacute;epeheard is a|mong&s;t them to ha&s;tie, and driuing the &s;h&eacute;epe too ha&s;tily, then is that a token that he is not gentle to his &s;h&eacute;epe.</P>
<P>Cau&s;e your &s;h&eacute;epe to be milked eue|ry yeare betw&eacute;ene Ea&s;ter and Whit|&s;onday, and tho&s;e that are not to be mil|ked, cau&s;e them to be &s;horne betimes, and marke them from the other, and put them in woods that bee clo&s;ed, or within &s;ome other pa&s;ture grounde where they may fatten, and &s;ell them
<PB N="22" REF="30"> about Mid&s;ommer: for then is &s;h&eacute;epes fle&s;h in &s;ea&s;on, and let there wooll bee &s;old by it &s;elfe, with the &s;kinnes of them that are dead of the morrion. And when you haue &s;olde your &s;h&eacute;epe, your wooll and your &s;kinnes afore&s;aid, &s;et vp again in their &s;teades &s;o many &s;h&eacute;epe. Some men do &s;et vp againe others by the pro|fite they make of them that are dead of the morrion, howe? I wil tel you: if one &s;h&eacute;epe dieth &s;uddenly, they doe put the fle&s;h into the water, &s;o long as from the morning till noone, and then do hang it vp, and when the water is dried vp, they cau&s;e it to be &s;alted and dried: and if they doe &s;&eacute;e that any &s;heepe beginnes to pine away, be it either that her t&eacute;eth do fall, or that her t&eacute;eth falles not, they cau&s;e them to be killed, powdred and dried as the other, and then they doe cau&s;e them to be pre&s;&s;ed, and do &s;pende them at home among their men, and iourneymen, and &s;o much as the pri&s;e amounteth, they doe render in &s;ea&s;on: and of that, and the &s;kins they do &s;et vp againe &s;o many other &s;h&eacute;epe: but I wi&s;h not you to doe the like. S&eacute;e that your
<PB REF="31"> &s;h&eacute;epe be within at home, betweene the fea&s;t of Saint Martin, and Ea&s;ter: I will not &s;ay but if the ground be drie, and the water be drawen to his cour&s;e and place, and the weather be faire, that your muttons may not lie out: and let them that be kept at home haue hay, ei|ther more or le&s;&s;e, according as the wea|ther is: and cau&s;e to dunge the floore of the &s;heepecote euery fortenight, &s;o as I haue told you heretofore, and let &s;traw be laide vpon the &s;ame. And know ye, that you &s;hall haue more profite, then if they did lie in the mire: and if your &s;heepe are within in &s;tormie weather, let them be by them&s;elues, and let them haue of the cour&s;e&s;t hay, or hay mingled with wheate &s;traw, or oate &s;traw well thre&s;hed: Wherefore, I will tell you: They are to&s;&s;ed by night in the myre by &s;tormie weather, and the next day after by rea&s;on of their lying they do not feed, and then they doe come to the cribbe hungrie, and the &s;tronger do thru&s;t out the feeble, and do &s;wallow vp without gnawing the &s;mall hay, and the &s;heepe that hath eaten her belly full gnaweth
<PB N="23" REF="31"> her fodder, and that fodder which is not gnawen nouri&s;heth not, but remai|neth within the bodie, and therefore is vnnaturall, whereby many do peri&s;h: and if the fodder be mingled, they will eate it the better becau&s;e of the cour&s;e|ne&s;&s;e of the fodder: and if you doe lacke hay, take the coddes and the &s;trawe of pea&s;on, which is good fodder for &s;heepe. And when your lambes are yeaned, let the &s;heepeheard take away the wooll which is about the dugges: for it hap|peneth often that the wooll &s;ticketh in the lambes mouth, and &s;o the lambe &s;walloweth it vp: and it remaineth within their &s;tomacke, and thereby ma|ny are peri&s;hed: and at the fea&s;t of S. Simon and Saint Iude, cau&s;e to draw out two of the middle &s;ort, and two of the be&s;t, and two of the woor&s;t, and if you doe finde that they be not &s;ound, cau&s;e the be&s;t of them to be &s;olde, and let hone&s;t per&s;ons haue them vpon good &s;uretie, till hogges-day, and then cau&s;e other to be &s;et vp againe in their &s;tead.</P>
<P>Of g&eacute;e&s;e and hennes, let hem be at the di&s;cretion of the baylie, becau&s;e
<PB REF="32">
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<PB REF="34"> that all the time I was a Bayliffe, both G&eacute;e&s;e and Hennes were let to farme, G&eacute;e&s;e for twelue pence, Hennes for thr&eacute;e pence, and &s;ome for foure pence, by the yeare.</P>
<P>Sell and buie in due &s;ea&s;on, hauing alwaies one hone&s;t man or two, which may te&s;tifie of all things: for there bee &s;ome other per&s;ons then tho&s;e which are accomptable, the which doo encrea&s;e the buyings, and doo dimini&s;h the &s;el|lings: and if any rerage runne lying vpon the finall account, let it be quickly gathered vp: and if they doo name cer|tein per&s;ons which do owe the rerages: k&eacute;epe with you their names: for it hap|peneth often that Seruants and Pro|uo&s;tes, doo &s;erue their owne turnes, and do cau&s;e others to &s;erue their turns which they ought not: and they doo the &s;ame, for to hide their owne delaies. Make a view of the account, or cau&s;e it to be made, by &s;ome tru&s;tie per&s;on, once in the yeare, and a finall account at the y&eacute;eres ende. The view of account mu&s;t be made, to know the e&s;tate of things, as of the profits, receits, &s;ales, buyings,
<PB N="18" REF="34"> and other expen&s;es. And thereupon, if there be any money remaining, take it out of the hands of the Seruants: for it happeneth often that Seruants, and Prouo&s;tes doo make marchandi&s;e by them&s;elues or by others, with their Lords money, to their profit, and not to the profit of their lords, the which thing is not hone&s;t: if you mu&s;t buy or &s;ell in the countrey where is no good order: be you then well adui&s;ed, for you may be defrauded by them which cannot bee contraried. Tho&s;e that haue the cu&s;to|die of &s;uch thinges, mu&s;t of nece&s;&s;itie haue the&s;e foure things: To loue and feare their Lord, and as for the rai&s;ing of profit, they ought to doo it as though the thing were their owne: and as for their expen&s;es, they &s;hould &s;o expend, as &s;uppo&s;ing the thing not to apperteine vnto an other. There be many &s;eruants and Prouo&s;tes which haue the&s;e foure things togither: but many there are which haue fled from the thr&eacute;e fir&s;t, and k&eacute;epe the fourth, and haue v&s;ed the &s;ame contrary to right, as a thing appertei|ning to an other: receiuing and taking
<PB REF="35"> with both their left &amp; right hand, when as they thinke that their delaies can be by no meanes perceiued or knowen.</P>
<P>Vi&s;it often your things, and cau&s;e them to bee vi&s;ited: for it is &s;aide in a common &s;aying: Who often vi&s;iteth his owne goods, if h&eacute;e gaineth not, h&eacute;e dooth not l&eacute;e&s;e: and tho&s;e which &s;erue you by the yeare, &s;hall the more beware to <GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 word"> ill, and &s;hal endeuour them&s;elues the more to doo their be&s;t.</P>
</DIV2>
<TRAILER>Here endeth Husbandry.</TRAILER>
<PB REF="35">
</DIV1>
</BODY>
</TEXT>
</EEBO>
</ETS>
