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<DATE>2010-05-06</DATE>
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<NAME>Olivia Bottum</NAME>
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<P>LIBERTAS, OR RELIEFE TO THE ENGLISH CAPTIVES IN <HI>ALGIER.</HI></P>
<P>Briefly di&s;cour&s;ing how &s;uch as are in &s;lavery may be &s;oone&s;t &s;et at Liberty, others pre&s;erved therein, and the Great <HI>Turke</HI> reduc'd to renue and keepe the Peace inviolate, to a greater enlargement of Trade and Priviledges than ever the <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Nation hitherto enjoy'd in <HI>Turkie.</HI></P>
<P><HI>Pre&s;ented to the &s;erious Con&s;ideration of the Honourable Court of</HI> Parliament.</P>
<P>BY HENRY ROBINSON, <HI>Gent.</HI></P>
<P><HI>LONDON,</HI> Printed by <HI>Rich. Cotes</HI> for <HI>John Sweeting,</HI> and are to be &s;old at his &s;hop, at the &s;igne of the Angel, in Popes-head Alley. 1642.</P>
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<PB REF="2">
<PB N="1" REF="2">
<HEAD>RELIEFE FOR THE ENGLISH <HI>CAPTI&V;ES</HI> IN ALGIER.</HEAD>
<P>_SUndry propo&s;itions have beene made for redemption of our Captives in <HI>Algier;</HI> Some take it to be a worke of Charity to Ran&s;ome them, and que&s;tionle&s;&s;e it were &s;o, but that their ran|&s;omes will &s;o much more encourage and enable tho&s;e Pyrates to take them &s;laves againe, and twice as many more; Others conceive a Fleete of twenty Ships at Sea for about five yeares together, would be their utter ruine, by making prize of them if they &s;tirr'd out, or rot and peri&s;h if they keepe at home: but how doubtfull the &s;ucce&s;&s;e here|of
<PB N="2" REF="3">may be, will appeare by &s;undry rea&s;ons.</P>
<P>Fir&s;t, becau&s;e our Fleet cannot alwayes &s;o ride be|fore <HI>Algier,</HI> but their &s;hips (ob&s;erving all advantages) will pa&s;&s;e both out and in, though with &s;ome haz|zard.</P>
<P>Secondly, being once but out of reach, they doe not onely out-&s;aile us, but at Sea, wor&s;e than in a wood, are hardly to be met withall.</P>
<P>Thirdly, it would be a long and chargeable peece of worke, for what if we &s;hould take five or ten of them in a yeare? the re&s;t would likely take &s;ome of ours in lieu thereof; and being above a hundred &s;aile at pre&s;ent, to take but ten a yeare, and more we are not likely, would prove a ten yeares taske and charge unto us.</P>
<P>Fourthly, the leave we have of the Grand <HI>Seignior,</HI> is onely to take Pyrates of <HI>Algier,</HI> but how &s;hall we di&s;tingui&s;h the Pyrates from others of <HI>Algier?</HI> For &s;carce ever a &s;hip of them, but is both Merchant, and a Pyrate, many times in the &s;elfe-&s;ame voyage: I ve|rily beleeve not one of them but de&s;ires to be &s;o, and wants onely opportunity: Now &s;ince every &s;hip &s;eekes for conveniency to play the Pyrate, and yet unle&s;&s;e taken in the fact, may &s;till pretend to be a Merchant-man, what good can our Fleet effect in &s;o milde a way? To hinder them from comming out of Port, you may not, as contrary to our Articles of Peace with them, &s;ince they will all, though never &s;o many, pretend a Merchants voyage, without giving you leave to &s;earch their Cockets, meet with them where or when you can at Sea, they are &s;till Marchant-men, unle&s;&s;e they have taken a prize, and then too, for how can we hinder them in a Merchants voyage, to take their enemies, whether <HI>Italians, French, Spaniards, Dutch,</HI> or any Nation el&s;e, but <HI>Engli&s;h?</HI> So that the ca&s;e &s;tands thus; keepe as many Fleetes as you will
<PB N="3" REF="3">abroad, you may not keepe the Pyrates from com|ming out of Port: meete with them as often as you can at Sea, unle&s;&s;e you light upon tho&s;e very &s;hips, which have fir&s;t prey'd upon the <HI>Engli&s;h,</HI> three fourthes whereof will likely &s;cape you, our labour is all in vaine; Nor can much be replyed to this Objection, for though the Grand <HI>Seignior</HI> give us leave to take the <HI>Algier</HI> Pyrates, it is not becau&s;e he meanes really we &s;hall take them, that may &s;o much &s;tead him in all attempts, as hereafter appeares more plainely, but becau&s;e he thinkes we cannot; and if we could, and did, what ere our Capitulations be, his expo&s;ition will be &s;uch as &s;hall make us pay deere for taking them: So that whil&s;t we have e&s;tate in <HI>Turkie,</HI> every Pyrate taken, will be a Merchant-man, the taking whereof, much more a number of them, would doubtle&s;&s;e prove a breach of Peace, e&s;pecially being his owne Interpreter, as is well knowne to the Mer|chants co&s;t, upon all occa&s;ions, and Amba&s;&s;ador, Na|tion, and whole effects, endangered no le&s;&s;e than if we had &s;acked <HI>Con&s;tantinople</HI> it &s;elfe.</P>
<P>Fifthly, grant we might and could ruine at la&s;t this ne&s;t of Robbers, which in likelihood, by rea&s;on of their Situation, we cannot be able for one or two yeares &s;pace, to damnifie &s;o much, as we might the Imperiall &s;eate it &s;elfe, and whole Territories be&s;ides on the <HI>Mediterranean</HI> Coa&s;t; Yet if after many yeares charge and trouble it were effected, the rooting out this one Nation might chance bring in Dominion of &s;everall others into tho&s;e parts, and prove more pe&s;tiferous to us in matter of our commerce for the future: So that unle&s;&s;e the Grand <HI>Seignior</HI> will give us leave to a&s;&s;ault them all, Men of Warre and Mer|chants, both by Sea and Land, as they doe us at plea|&s;ure, whereby to force them to a friend&s;hip, it may prove nece&s;&s;ary for us to make open warre again&s;t
<PB N="4" REF="4">him, and how by this cour&s;e it may not onely be ef|fected, but that this cour&s;e is the mo&s;t probable (&s;ub|mitting my &s;elfe notwith&s;tanding, to better judge|ments) likelye&s;t to be more beneficiall in the end, and of le&s;&s;e charge and detriment in the atchieving, may happily thus be made appeare.</P>
<P>The mo&s;t con&s;iderable benefit redounding to this Kingdome by the <HI>Turkie</HI> Trade, is the annuall expor|tation of above twenty thou&s;and Broad cloath, dyed and dre&s;&s;ed in their full manufacture for the&s;e latter yeares, what we bring home in returne thereof, is not &s;o materiall, as Silke, Cotton wooll, Cotton yarne, Galls, Grograines, Grograine yarne, &amp;c. all or mo&s;t whereof we can have el&s;e where, or be without in ca&s;e of nece&s;&s;ity, and for the mo&s;t part, to further the&s;e re|turnes, about fifty thou&s;and pounds <HI>per annum,</HI> u&s;ed to be &s;ent from <HI>Legorne</HI> unto <HI>Aleppo,</HI> in <HI>Spani&s;h</HI> Reals of <HI>eight,</HI> which otherwi&s;e might perhaps have beene brought for <HI>England</HI> in <HI>&s;pecie,</HI> and at wor&s;t by ex|change, or in &s;ome commodities or other; and it is worth notice, that though the <HI>Turkie</HI> company have of late thus exported above twenty thou&s;and col|lour'd clothes <HI>per annum,</HI> yet it is certaine, they can|not, as the ca&s;e &s;tands, continue the trade to profit for above halfe that quantity in the future, unle&s;&s;e the <HI>Ve|netian,</HI> and <HI>French</HI> Cloath be yet farther beaten out, which (by the way) may very likely take effect, if ab&s;taining from &s;ending fal&s;e-made cloath, the Cu|&s;tomes and charges were taken off here in <HI>England,</HI> and we thereby enabled to under-&s;ell them.</P>
<P>This I conceive, is the true &s;tate of the <HI>Turkie</HI> trade; together with the utmo&s;t benefit, (except the venting of a little Tin) to be put into the ballance again&s;t the inconveniencies we &s;uffer for this Trades &s;ake, to the di&s;honour of God, and the King, and prejudice of the Common weale, which is by &s;uffering &s;ome foure
<PB N="5" REF="4">or five thou&s;and of his Maje&s;ties loving Subjects to remaine in chaines, and leaving the re&s;t liable to be carried away Captives at the&s;e Pyrates plea&s;ure, haz|zarding the lo&s;&s;e of their very Soules as well as bo|dies; wherewith, que&s;tionle&s;&s;e, God is much offend|ed, and will one day take account thereof, and the Kings Maje&s;ty no little di&s;honour'd by keeping Peace with Infidels, upon &s;uch di&s;-advantages, and &s;uffe|ring his Subjects, not onely to give Merchandize for Merchandize, and money to boote, to our Countries common prejudice, but when we &s;hall have carryed them our Commodities, and monies to their owne hou&s;es, (a great conveniency to tho&s;e effeminate la|zy people) and laden with their Country Commo|dities for our returnes, to &s;uffer both us, our Ships, and returnes, as &s;oone as we are out of Port, to be taken Captive by Subjects of the &s;ame Prince; which, it is true, he therefore calls Pyrates, but onely the better to delude Chri&s;tians, for he can command them if he plea&s;e, and if he could not, might at lea&s;t give us leave to right our &s;elves; the latter is unque&s;ti|onable, and the other is proved &s;ince nothing ap|peares, but that he may as well hereafter, in that he did command them heretofore, and they in obedi|ence kept the Peace &s;ome yeares together, and pretend even to this day, not to continue it, becau&s;e we broke it fir&s;t; which perhaps may in part be true, but was in way of Pyracy, not countenanced by our State, and in &s;uch ca&s;es Ju&s;tice, and equity require onely that re&s;titution be made, which we may proffer now on our part, and demand the like from them, that cannot be declin'd, if they meane really: and this will yet appeare more plainely, even on the Grand <HI>Seigni|ors</HI> part too, in that he, or his Mini&s;ters by him, e|very three yeares &s;ub&s;tituted, have the Hull or tenths of every Ship or <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> prize is taken; And how
<PB N="6" REF="5">prejudiciall it is to this Commonwealth, to lo&s;e &s;o many Ships, the &s;trength and &s;afety of the Kingdome, &s;o much money and Merchandize, the wealth and riches of the Kingdome, and &s;o many men all Mar|riners, able to winne and keepe a Kingdome, were it but lawfull for them, needes no Rhetorique to ex|pre&s;&s;e.</P>
<P>And &s;ince we &s;peake of the <HI>Turkie</HI> trade, &s;o famous not onely over <HI>England,</HI> but all parts of the knowne world be&s;ides, in&s;omuch that the worthy Society hath rather reap'd envy thereby than otherwi&s;e, be|ing accu&s;ed as Monopolizing &s;o rich and large a ju|ri&s;diction, it many not be ami&s;&s;e to rectifie many mens under&s;tandings, how they for the mo&s;t part have &s;howne them&s;elves truer Common-wealths-men than Brethren of their owne Society, or re&s;pectors of pri|vate profit.</P>
<P>Concerning Companies, and Corporations of Mer|chants, Trading for one place or Country, and the nece&s;&s;ity thereof in generall, I have already beene for|ward in publi&s;hing my opinion, which for mo&s;t part may be applyed to this in particular; but whereas it may well be expected that a Trade would not be long continued without both gaine unto the Merchants, and honour to the Kingdome, I verily beleive, it may ea&s;ily be made appeare, that this great Trade which &s;ets &s;o many Manufactors aworke, maintaines &s;o many Marriners and Warlike Ships, if a <HI>medium</HI> of the whole &s;tocke imployed therein for the&s;e ten yeares pa&s;t be calculated, it will not prove to have produced five pound <HI>per centum</HI> profit unto the Intere&s;&s;ed, who yet never lo&s;t &s;hip, either going or comming, through Gods particular Patronage and Providence; But for the di&s;honor our King and Country &s;uffers, through|out tho&s;e Territories of the Grand <HI>Seignior,</HI> where we Traffique, nay, at the Imperiall Seat it &s;elfe, is both
<PB N="7" REF="5">infamous and intolerable, as the violating our Capi|tulations and Articles of Peace and Commerce with them, infinite inju&s;tices done us, importing ten or twenty thou&s;and pounds &s;terling at a time, vilifying and injuring our Nation, di&s;-re&s;pecting the Per&s;on of our Amba&s;&s;ador, who repre&s;enting Soveraignety, by Law of Nations is held as Sacred, and in fine, &s;o &s;candalou&s;ly intreating us, as more honourable it is for us to have it lye concealed than publi&s;hed.</P>
<P>Thus then I hope it will be granted, our Trade with <HI>Turkie,</HI> upon the&s;e termes, will not countervaile the di&s;advantages, and how it may be remedyed fol|lowes now.</P>
<P>I thinke it will be confe&s;&s;ed by mo&s;t experienced men in Martiall and Maritine affaires, who are like|wi&s;e well enformed of ours, and the Grand <HI>Seigniors</HI> &s;trength at Sea, that we are able to &s;end a Fleet into tho&s;e parts, (and yet not be di&s;arm'd at home) which by Gods a&s;&s;i&s;tance all the force of <HI>Turkie</HI> neither will or can encounter and it will &s;eeme &s;o much more probable by relation of a fight made in the <HI>Ar|chi-Pelago, anno</HI> 1633. betweene the <HI>Hector,</HI> and <HI>Wil|liam,</HI> and <HI>Ralph,</HI> two <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Merchants &s;hips, and at lea&s;t fifty <HI>Turki&s;h</HI> gallies, the two &s;hips it is true were &s;unke at la&s;t, and mo&s;t of the men &s;laine, but fir&s;t the &s;hips were becalm'd, and could not &s;tirre, and yet kill'd above a thou&s;and men upon the gallies, and &s;o ruin'd the whole Fleete, as made it altogether un&s;er|viceable: For the <HI>Algier</HI> Pyrates, and tho&s;e of <HI>Tunnis,</HI> both men of warre, &s;undry Merchants &s;ingle &s;hips have happened in mid&s;t of Fleetes, and Squadrons, and to my knowledge, by relation of tho&s;e very Mar|riners of be&s;t repute, about the &s;ame yeare 1633. the &s;hippes <HI>Rainebow</HI> and <HI>Samuel,</HI> each of them &s;ingle in a Merchants voyage, light unawares in mid&s;t of &s;e|venteene
<PB N="8" REF="6"><HI>Turki&s;h</HI> men of warre, which had not the re&s;olution to a&s;&s;ault them; yet doe I know the time, when two or three, nay one <HI>Turkes</HI> &s;hip, hath taken an <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> of better &s;trength, and &s;urely may doe it oftner, if God doe but permit, and we forbeare to renue againe the credit, which a long time we enjoy|ed by force, and vertue of ancient acts and enterpri|zes of pui&s;&s;ance and valour: yet why they &s;hould thus &s;ingle a&s;&s;ault one of our &s;hips, and at other times let a &s;ingle &s;hip pa&s;&s;e by ten or twenty of theirs, with|out the lea&s;t offence, this may &s;erve for another rea|&s;on, in that they direct their fights and whole voya|ges by a kind of &s;orcery, in putting two arrowes together, whereby are meant the Chri&s;tians and the <HI>Turkes,</HI> at certaine times and places, which of them|&s;elves, fight and vanqui&s;h one another; and &s;o give <HI>omen</HI> to the <HI>Turkes,</HI> for their future government and good, or bad &s;ucce&s;&s;e accordingly.</P>
<P>But for this enterprize again&s;t the <HI>Turkes,</HI> I con|ceive forty &s;hips will doe the feate, and that perhaps within a yeare or two, and happily, not onely get re&s;titution of our pre&s;ent Captives, but compell the Grand <HI>Seignior</HI> him&s;elfe to make a Peace with us up|on better termes than ever: The&s;e forty &s;ale of &s;hips may Ride at the Ca&s;tle of <HI>Con&s;tantinople,</HI> all windes and weathers, interdicting all Commerce betwixt that City, and all the <HI>Turkes</HI> dominions in the white Sea, which Coa&s;ting is above a thou&s;and miles voy|age Ea&s;tward, and neere a thou&s;and We&s;tward, and out of this Sea comes a great proportion of that Ci|ties provi&s;ion, as Corne, Rice, and all manner of Pul&s;e, Rai&s;ins, Lemmons, Pepper, Cinnamon, Sugar, and all other Spices, Woollen cloath, Coffe, Flax, Turbants, Indico, with all manner of Drugges, and other India Commodities: Now although perhaps we are not &s;o fully informed as we might be, how
<PB N="9" REF="6">con&s;iderable the&s;e provi&s;ions are to the reliefe of <HI>Con|&s;tantinople,</HI> yet &s;urely by the experience we have of o|ther parts in <HI>Europe,</HI> better knowen unto us, it will &s;ound con&s;onant unto rea&s;on, that a City, &s;o &s;eated, and &s;o populous as that, cannot &s;ub&s;i&s;t, if the inter|cour&s;e of the white Sea, from whence it may with mo&s;t convenience be furni&s;hed, &s;hould be &s;u&s;pended: yet I will &s;eeke to prove it by another, or rather the &s;ame argument, though differently fram'd, which will come as home, and perhaps be &s;ooner granted, and that is this: All people, e&s;pecially multitudes, provide them&s;elves of nece&s;&s;aries from &s;uch parts as are neere&s;t, and can furni&s;h them with the be&s;t, be&s;t cheape; now that the white Sea is able to mini&s;ter to <HI>Con&s;tantinople</HI> a large quantity upon the&s;e termes, by rea&s;on of its owne fruitfulne&s;&s;e, and that Cities &s;itu|ation, will not be much controverted, or ea&s;ily be made appeare to rea&s;on, &s;o that &s;ince the Inhabitants of the white Sea coa&s;t, both have and doe &s;till plow and plant for maintenance of that City, although it were po&s;&s;ible, and that there were ground enough upon the blacke Sea Coa&s;t, to yeeld &s;ufficient provi&s;i|ons for <HI>Con&s;tantinople,</HI> and people enough to manure that ground, both which are mo&s;t improbable, (for in &s;uch ca&s;e that ground mu&s;t have before laine wa&s;te, and tho&s;e people had no employment) yet this can|not be brought to pa&s;&s;e, nor &s;etled in a yeare or two: &s;o that though the cutting off the white Sea, doe not quite &s;tarve <HI>Con&s;tantinople,</HI> yet doubtle&s;&s;e, it will bring them to a great &s;traite, and in a &s;hort time rai&s;e the price of all provi&s;ions and Merchandize, which us'd to come from thence, &s;o much as will ea&s;ily cau&s;e a tumultuous and rude multitude to rebell, and render them&s;elves lyable to become a booty, or el&s;e impor|tune the Grand <HI>Seignior</HI> to a Peace with us, e&s;pecially when they under&s;tand, and &s;ee we de&s;ire nothing but
<PB N="10" REF="7">ju&s;tice for the injuries we received, and will then be as willing to entertaine any honorable compo&s;ition, and termes of friend&s;hip as they them&s;elves can wi&s;h.</P>
<P>Now though this &s;hould not fully take effect, I be|lieve it will quickly be acknowledged by men of rea|&s;on, that to hinder the intercour&s;e and commerce of &s;o many Kingdomes by Sea, for &s;ome thou&s;and miles circuit, cannot be &s;o incon&s;iderable a thing as not to make them weary of it in a &s;hort time, and that ex|cept the Ca&s;tles of <HI>Co&s;tantinople,</HI> there is &s;carce any Towne or Fort upon the <HI>Turki&s;h</HI> Coa&s;t, which this Fleet, with Gods a&s;&s;i&s;tance, were not able to batter downe to ground, and &s;acke at plea&s;ure; where, if they found no other riches, may lade them&s;elves with &s;laves, and &s;ell for ready money in <HI>Italy</HI> and <HI>Spaine.</HI> The Towne of <HI>Algier</HI> it &s;elfe is very &s;trong, yet with a&s;&s;i&s;tance of tho&s;e Moores, which are alwaies at grea|te&s;t enmity with them, is not thought able long to with&s;tand a parcell of this force, e&s;pecially when they &s;hall con&s;ider the hazzard in contracting with us, when making and keeping Peace, they may prey upon all the world be&s;ides: And even at &s;elfe-&s;ame time, when once it &s;hall appeare, as in likeli-hood it will, that fewer &s;hips can doe the &s;ervice at <HI>Con&s;tantinople,</HI> the re&s;t may for <HI>Algier,</HI> and rove among&s;t the I&s;lands, and Turki&s;h &s;hore, where they cannot want bread and meate to furni&s;h the whole Fleet, and &s;laves to make money of, defraying their other charges.</P>
<P>And whereas it will be objected, how both the <HI>French</HI> and <HI>Venetians</HI> will be glad to &s;ee, and continue us in this variance with the Grand <HI>Seigniour,</HI> endea|vouring to keepe us from ever being reconciled againe for advantagement of their owne Trade, although I conceive as afore, that we had better never have Peace with him upon &s;uch di&s;advantage and di&s;honour, yet I hope it may appeare by other arguments, how
<PB N="11" REF="7">it is very probable the Turkie Trade will not be lo&s;t for ever by the&s;e proceedings. For fir&s;t, <HI>Mar&s;eils</HI> is worne out of &s;hipping, and almo&s;t all that little trade they drave of late, hath beene in <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Ve&s;&s;els. The u&s;e of the <HI>Venetian</HI> cloath is likewi&s;e much decrea&s;ed, but we mu&s;t prevaile with them to forbeare the Trade &s;o long as this enterprize is a foote, which they may well conde&s;cend unto, in recompence of the benefit they receive by our alliance, &s;ince of them&s;elves they cannot put ten &s;hips to Sea, and mo&s;t of the Woolls wherewith they make their Cloath is brought to them from <HI>Spaine</HI> in <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Bottomes: Be&s;ides the trade and friend&s;hip of <HI>Venice,</HI> unle&s;&s;e they be al&s;o as de&s;irous to continue it, doth le&s;&s;e import us, than that of any other Chri&s;tian &s;tate of note; for mo&s;t e|vident it is, we are not onely not beholding to them for any trade, but that little we have by importati|on of their Currants, may chance be found dammage|able to this Kingdome, in that the quantity we bring from thence, co&s;ts yearely &s;eventy thou&s;and pounds &s;terling, paid all in ready money, which for this cau&s;e we &s;end from <HI>Legorne</HI> thither, and otherwi&s;e perhaps might bring in <HI>&s;pecie</HI> into <HI>England.</HI></P>
<P>And in ca&s;e the <HI>Turke</HI> &s;hould never be reconciled to us againe, which his owne intere&s;t in commerce, need of our cloath, and dammages we can doe him, will likely urge to, the State of <HI>Venice</HI> will que&s;tionle&s;&s;e be willing to grant us a Staple in their Gulph, from whence our cloath might be tran&s;ported, as in for|mer times it was, to greater profit, by <HI>Turkes, Jewes,</HI> and <HI>Italians,</HI> to all parts of Turkie: The like may mo&s;t commodiou&s;ly be done from <HI>Legorne,</HI> which out of &s;ome experience had in tho&s;e parts, I know is pra|cti&s;ed at pre&s;ent, and make no &s;cruple, but may be perfected hereafter in &s;uch ample manner, as we &s;hall &s;tand in need of.</P>
<P><PB N="12" REF="8">
But &s;ince this enterprize will not onely be a matter of great expence, but that by the Law of Nations, a Warre &s;hould not be made without preceding inti|mation, it may be requi&s;ite that the Captives be fir&s;t demanded by an extraordinary Amba&s;&s;ador, or &s;ome Gentleman, &s;ent expre&s;&s;e to the Grand <HI>Seignior;</HI> which one way or other will be a notable advantage to us, for if it take effect, it will prevent the charge and trouble of &s;o great an expedition; if not, the Mer|chants in the meane time, may in a faire way with|draw their e&s;tates, which at pre&s;ent are above 300. thou&s;and pounds, and the Amba&s;&s;ador with the whole Nation retire them&s;elves for <HI>England:</HI> in both which perhaps we may come &s;hort, not only if we go on over-ha&s;tily, but al&s;o if we &s;hould omit requiring re&s;titution fir&s;t in a faire way, for they que&s;tionle&s;&s;e will have notice, and even upon &s;u&s;picion &s;eek to keepe beforehand by intercepting our Amba&s;&s;ador, Nation, and whole E&s;tates; Which con&s;iderations how ever weake, I am bold humbly to pre&s;ent to their deepe wi&s;domes that can be&s;t refine them.</P>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
<PB REF="8">
</DIV1>
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</TEXT>
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