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<DATE>2011-06-17</DATE>
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<NAME>Greg Schutz</NAME>
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<FRONT>
<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
<PB REF="1" MS="y">
<P>THE HISTORY OF THE Propagation &amp; Improvement OF VEGETABLES By the concurrence of <HI>Art</HI> and <HI>Nature:</HI></P>
<P>Shewing the &s;everal ways for the Propaga|tion of Plants u&s;ually cultivated in <HI>England,</HI> as they are increa&s;ed by Seed, Off-&s;ets, Suckers, Truncheons, Cut|tings, Slips, Laying, Circumpo&s;ition, the &s;everal ways of Graftings and Inoculations; as likewi&s;e the methods for Im|provement and be&s;t Culture of Field, Orchard, and Garden Plants, the means u&s;ed for remedy of Annoyances incident to them; with the effect of Nature, and her manner of working upon the &s;everal Endeavors and Operations of the ARTIST.</P>
<P>Written according to OBSERVATIONS made from Experience and Practice:</P>
<P>By <HI>Robert Sharrock,</HI> Fellow of <HI>New Colledge.</HI></P>
<P><HI>Oxford:</HI> Printed by <HI>A. Lichfield,</HI> Printer to the Univer&s;ity, for <HI>Tho: Robin&s;on.</HI> 1660.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="dedication">
<PB REF="2">
<PB REF="2">
<HEAD><HI>TO THE HONORABLE ROBERT BOYLE</HI> <ABBR>E&s;q</ABBR> The mo&s;t worthy pattern of true Honor. <HI>AND</HI> Learned Promoter of true Science.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>IT is a &s;aying in the Civil Law, <HI>That a thing which is any Mans own, cannot be made more his by any new Act or Deed:</HI> The con&s;equence of which, is, that the De|dication of this Piece to you will be meer|ly nugatory, &s;ince by all right it is already yours. For it is not long &s;ince I imagined no more being either Author, or Compiler of any matter on this &s;ubject, then of doing any other thing which I have neither fancy nor fitne&s;s to. But you were plea&s;ed to judge me able, and (which obliged me to this task) to propo&s;e it unto me as your de|&s;ire
<PB REF="3">that I &s;hould make an e&s;&s;ay of that abili|ty, in writing &s;omewhat even on this &s;ubject, that might be of Philo&s;ophical and common u&s;e. To have que&s;tioned your judgement herein, might have &s;tained me with too much arrogance, and to have been care|le&s;&s;e of your plea&s;ure, with unworthine&s;s and want of good Manners. Remembring therefore tho&s;e re&s;pects I owe to Honor, Learning, and &s;uch per&s;ons as &s;tudy its ad|vancement and promotion, I could not de|ny this poor endeavor, the product of which ari&s;ing originally from your own act, I thought fit &s;hould be delivered over to your plea&s;ure, &s;ince to you, as its primary cau&s;e (which is its prime commendation) it ought to belong.</P>
<P>And Sir, If it may not be trouble&s;ome unto you to receive &s;ome brief account of this action, and the Fortunes which happen|ed to me in pur&s;uance of your &s;atisfaction therein, you will give me leave to acquaint you, that it having been your Honors expre&s;s de&s;ire, that this Piece might extend as far, and be as comprehen&s;ive and full, as my pre&s;ent Experience, Knowledge, and Recol|lection of the matter of Vegetable Propaga|tion &s;hould permit: I gave my &s;elf the trou|ble to run over with my eye, all Books I could precure of the&s;e &s;ubjects, not intend|ing to tru&s;t any, but thereby to be put in mind
<PB REF="3">of the particulars, concerning which, I had no rea&s;on to have a Regi&s;ter ready in my head. Here fir&s;t my fortune was to finde a multitude of mon&s;trous untruths, and pro|digies of lies, in both Latine and Engli&s;h old and new Writers, wor&s;e in their kinde then the &s;tories in Sir <HI>Iohn Mandevel's</HI> Travels, or in the Hi&s;tory of Fryer <HI>Bacon</HI> and his Man <HI>Miles;</HI> or el&s;e what may be more ridicu|lou&s;ly removed not onely from truth, but from any &s;emblance thereof. And which moved me mo&s;t at this very &s;ea&s;on, when we e&s;teemed the World to be now awaked, I found in the Shops Authors newly &s;et forth (I hope again&s;t their own wills) who &s;e|riou&s;ly profe&s;&s;ed to have <HI>made a &s;elect choice of Experiments</HI> of this nature, <HI>and to report nothing, but what from ob&s;ervation and experience they have certainly found true,</HI> yet de&s;erving not to have the credit of <HI>Wecker</HI> and <HI>Porta,</HI> Profe&s;&s;ions in &s;uch Papers, which &s;eem to me at no time pro|per, but when the per&s;ons credits, together with their Books, are joyntly to be &s;et to &s;ale. You ea&s;ily believe that I am not free to follow the&s;e Examples, for then, fir&s;t, I mu&s;t abu&s;e your Noble Name, by in&s;cribing it to a mo&s;t unworthy Di&s;cour&s;e, and then (which is too common a fault) traduce as many Readers, as ignorance and &s;imple|ne&s;s
<PB REF="4">of nature hath made credulous.</P>
<P>But as to tho&s;e Authors, in who&s;e relati|ons I found any thing of truth, I have done them this right, That where ever I could re|late an Operation or Experiment in their words, with truth and fitne&s;s, I &s;pared to coyn new (de&s;iring to &s;upplant no Author in his credit, nor to purloyn his reputation) though I had learned the truth of the &s;ame thing from the te&s;timony of my eyes: Ha|ving indeed &s;ome quarrel at the fa&s;hion of ordinary Writers, who &s;tudy in nothing to benefit Learning, but by giving new words to old matter.</P>
<P>I have left out none of the Heads pro|po&s;ed in the Catalogue, which I pre&s;ented you with, a year &s;ince, except the la&s;t, which you de&s;ired might &s;hew the methods and ways of keeping u&s;eful Vegetables without putrefaction, and the preparing them with their &s;everal parts and products for humane u&s;e. This at pre&s;ent I thought nece&s;&s;ary to forbear, for I found the matter too much for one Chapter, and my lei&s;ure too little to make a Book thereon: nor dur&s;t I e&s;teem my Ob&s;ervations &s;uch, as might en|able me to write an adequate Treati&s;e on that &s;ubject, which reaches in compa&s;s the large&s;t, and as I firmly believe (however the Animal and Mineral Kingdom abound with
<PB REF="4">great and potent Medicines) not the wor&s;t. Part of the <HI>Pharmacopoea,</HI> and many parti|culars beyond; but rather think fit to em|ploy my &s;elf &s;ome more years in the Expe|rience and Practice of Preparations, and take the pains of collecting and trying &s;uch intelligible and probable proce&s;&s;es as &s;hall come to my hand, either reported hereto|fore, or u&s;ed now, e&s;pecially in our Nation, for fitting matters to Alimental, Medical, and Mechanical u&s;e, before I &s;hall imagine to have the lea&s;t hand in that Hi&s;tory, which may as well be learn'd by &s;uch as are con|cern'd to know it, from Modern Di&s;pen&s;a|tories, and other novel Writers. But the perfection of that Hi&s;tory, with correction of proce&s;&s;es capable of amendment, is, in my e&s;timation, a de&s;ign and work worthy of the Care, Patronage, and Governance, and fit to be carryed on by the intere&s;t, if too tedious, for the Pen and Pains of your Honor.</P>
<P>As to the form and compo&s;ure of matter under tho&s;e Heads, I mu&s;t make it a parti|cular bu&s;ine&s;s to beg your pardon; for I finde it even in my own judgement exceed|ing rude, and it could be no otherwi&s;e, when the Revi&s;e of the Pre&s;s, was, for a great part, the fir&s;t review made of my own Writing; and indeed, the whole piece in
<PB REF="5">every part &s;eems de&s;titute of beauty, and without any thing of great worth, value, or noblene&s;s. For I finde, that the opera|tions them&s;elves, and other matters that do belong to the &s;ubject in hand, and &s;o capa|ble to come under this Hi&s;tory, are for the mo&s;t part common, and devoid of curio&s;i|ty: Nor dur&s;t I embelli&s;h their plainne&s;s with Stories taken from our Learned and Profound Writers of Natural Magick, be|cau&s;e I intended, as no very imperfect, &s;o likewi&s;e a true Inventary of what the pow|er of man, at this pre&s;ent time, on this &s;ub|ject, is, with the Co-operation of Nature, able to produce: For the&s;e rea&s;ons, and perchance becau&s;e of another piece then un|der my hand, to which I had more propen&s;e affections. I was exerci&s;ed in this writing, not without &s;ome reluctancy and untoward|ne&s;s of minde; and it &s;urely had proved to me a piece of meer drudgery, had not the hope of giving you &s;atisfaction, and making this a te&s;timony of my obey&s;ance and hum|ble &s;ubmi&s;&s;ion to your Judgement and de|&s;ires in&s;pirited me, and let a light&s;omne&s;s into my thoughts. What I have written, I &s;hall not commend, by any Prefaces, to any Reader, though I &s;hall give him here &s;ome things new, and of my proper Ob&s;ervation: I know that many, by their own Intere&s;t
<PB REF="5">and (that great power) Temporal Profit, will be tempted to give it the reading. Nei|ther &s;hall I, in imitation of &s;ome Modern Alchymi&s;ts, for o&s;tentation, bid them goe; and by the improvement (which I hope may be &s;ome to mo&s;t Readers) be charitable to the poor: Hoping, that for Gods &s;ake, they will rather (as they are bound by Obligati|ons infinitely more high) be thereto moved; nor need I excu&s;e my &s;elf to them for any deficiency in this Writing, you having in|gaged your &s;elf to be the Proprieter there|of, and by your acceptance of this poor Piece, greatly obliging,</P>
<CLOSER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE> <SIGNED>Your Honors unfeignedly Devoted in all hum|ble and affectionate ob&s;ervance. <HI>R. SHARROCK.</HI></SIGNED></CLOSER>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="from Will. Parker" TYPE="encomium">
<PB REF="6">
<PB REF="6">
<HEAD>To the Author on his two late publi&s;ht Pieces, <HI>The Hypothe&s;is of the Law of Nature,</HI> and, <HI>The Hi&s;tory of Propagation.</HI></HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<LG>
<L>OF late to th' privy Chambers of the minde</L>
<L>You led's, to which a glimmering ray had &s;hin'd</L>
<L>From God th'Aby&s;s of light; but much adoe</L>
<L>There had been made to &s;top that ray out too.</L>
<L>Here 'twas you drew a Curtain, and we &s;aw</L>
<L>The &s;acred Tables of our Natures Law;</L>
<L>The frame of which was made of poli&s;ht gla&s;s,</L>
<L>Where each Soul, fair and foul, might &s;ee its face:</L>
<L>And there hung Ju&s;tice Scale, ready to weigh</L>
<L>All actions, good and bad, ju&s;t as they lay:</L>
<L>Ju&s;tice her &s;elf we &s;aw not, for 'twas &s;ed,</L>
<L>That long agoe her Lady&s;hip was fled.</L>
<L>But Duties way-marks, up and down there &s;tood,</L>
<L>And the forgotten bounds of Ill and Good.</L>
<L>Much Furniture be&s;ides; all by th'abu&s;e</L>
<L>Of new invented fa&s;hions, out of u&s;e.</L>
</LG>
<LG>
<L>Now Sir, you'r walkt abroad, you teach to Sow,</L>
<L>And Plant, and Graft, and &s;hew how all things grow</L>
<L>By th'be&s;t improvements; how to harne&s;s Art</L>
<L>With Nature, and to make her draw her part:</L>
<L>How Nature varies all her Scenes, and makes</L>
<L>Things orderly and u&s;eful for our &s;akes.</L>
<L>You trace her &s;teps, and make us plainly &s;ee't,</L>
<L>To be great Providence that guides her feet:</L>
<L>Thus when at home, and when abroad, you can</L>
<L>Contrive to honor God, and plea&s;ure Man.</L>
</LG>
<CLOSER><SIGNED><HI>Will: Parker,</HI> Scholl: of <HI>New Coll.</HI></SIGNED></CLOSER>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="from Ed. Spencer" TYPE="encomium">
<PB REF="7">
<HEAD>A Gratulation unto the Author, upon his Hi&s;tory of the Propagation of Vegetables.</HEAD>
<LG>
<L>WEe'l blame Antiquity no more, that &s;he</L>
<L>Has &s;wallowed <HI>Solomons</HI> Phytology;</L>
<L>Tho&s;e long-lo&s;t &s;acred Relicts you revive,</L>
<L>Limning the nature of each Vegetive.</L>
<L>Natures mo&s;t hidden &s;tore, you open &s;et,</L>
<L>As if y'were keeper to her Cabinet.</L>
</LG>
<LG>
<L>Mid'&s;t Plants and Trees you mu&s;e, thence we confe&s;s,</L>
<L><HI>England</HI> again hath got her <HI>Druides:</HI></L>
<L>Your Garden, a new Academy; can</L>
<L>Be made <HI>Lycaeum,</HI> or turn'd <HI>Vatican.</HI></L>
</LG>
<LG>
<L>So the fam'd Epicure, long &s;ince did try</L>
<L>To make his Garden teach Phylo&s;ophy;</L>
<L>Where he, by <HI>&s;hufling</HI> Atomes, repre&s;ents</L>
<L>All changes; a <HI>Cator</HI> of Elements</L>
<L>He then <HI>laid out,</HI> and (what was yet more high)</L>
<L>Boldly <HI>di&s;carded</HI> Heavens Deity.</L>
<L>You &s;light that <HI>play,</HI> and &s;hew there's no <HI>&s;equence,</HI></L>
<L>No <HI>&s;uit of things,</HI> without a Providence.</L>
<L>Each Herb's engraven'd with a Heavenly Frame,</L>
<L>Like th' <HI>Hyacinth</HI> en&s;tamp'd with <HI>Ajax</HI>'s name:</L>
<L>As a my&s;terious Rabbin's wont to &s;pell</L>
<L>The name of God, from a dark Syllable:</L>
<L>So you read him in's &s;ecrets works; Each clod</L>
<L>Speaks th' God of Nature, makes not Nature God.</L>
</LG>
<LG>
<L>May the&s;e your Vegetives, thus ordered, prove</L>
<L>A <HI>Vocal Forre&s;t,</HI> or <HI>Dodona</HI>'s <HI>Grove.</HI></L>
<L>To &s;peak your worth, that &s;o our non-plus'd cry</L>
<L>May be a&s;&s;i&s;ted by <HI>Dendrology.</HI></L>
</LG>
<CLOSER><SIGNED><HI>Ed: Spencer</HI> Fell: of <HI>N. C.</HI></SIGNED></CLOSER>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="table of contents">
<PB REF="7">
<HEAD>The CONTENTS.</HEAD>
<DIV2 N="1" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. I. Of Propagation by Seed.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>NUm. 1.</HI> Of propagation of Vegetables in general, with a Preface to the Di&s;cour&s;e. <HI>Pag. 1</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 2.</HI> A Catalogue of Plants that may be encrea&s;ed by Seeds: with a que&s;tion touching Maiden-hair, Harts-tongue, and Plants of like nature. <HI>Pag. 4</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 3.</HI> The Sea&s;ons of &s;owing particular Plants, with pro|per Animadver&s;ions to this head. <HI>Pag. 10</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 4.</HI> Examples of Sowing, with &s;ome particular dire|ctions for &s;ome choice Vegetables; with general Ob&s;er|vations for the manner of &s;owing. <HI>Pag. 16</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Examp. 1.</HI> From Mr. <HI>Parkin&s;on,</HI> directing skilfully the ordering of <HI>Tulips,</HI> in their propagation by Seed. <HI>ibid.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Examp. 2.</HI> Of Anemones. <HI>Pag. 18</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Examp. 3.</HI> Of Clover-gra&s;s. <HI>Pag. 19</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>General Ob&s;ervations for the manner of Sowing. <HI>Pag. 23</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 5.</HI> Of variety of kindes, different in colour, ta&s;te, &s;mell, and other &s;en&s;ible qualities, proceeding from &s;ome &s;eeds, and what Plants they are that bring &s;eeds yielding &s;uch variety, whence the beauty of Flowers chiefly ari&s;es. <HI>Pag. 25</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 6.</HI> Some other relations touching tran&s;mutation, and the po&s;&s;ibility of a change of one Species into ano|ther,
<PB REF="8">examined in particulars of the Vegetable, Ani|mal and Mineral Kingdoms. <HI>Pag. 28</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 7.</HI> Of pre&s;ervation for Seed, with advantagious dire|ctions therein. <HI>Pag. 33</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 8.</HI> The manner of growing by Seed, Hi&s;torically &s;et down, with &s;ome Philo&s;ophical conceits thereabouts. <HI>Pag. 35</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 9.</HI> Of the cau&s;e of greenne&s;s in the Leaves of Ve|getables. <HI>Pag. 40</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="2" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. II. Of Propagation by Off-&s;ets.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 1.</HI> A Catalogue of Plants which may be propaga|ted by Off-&s;ets and Suckers ari&s;ing with Roots from the Stool and Root of the Mother Plant. <HI>Pag. 43</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 2.</HI> The way of making Off-&s;ets by Art. <HI>Pag. 45</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 3.</HI> Rules for direction in taking off Suckers, or Off|&s;ets. <HI>Pag. 46</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 4.</HI> Examples of planting by Off-&s;ets in Licorice, Hops and Saffron. <HI>Pag. 47, 48</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 5.</HI> Variety of colours, in what flowers, from what Off-&s;ets. <HI>Pag. 49</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="3" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. III. Of Propagation by Stems, Cuttings or Slips.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>N. 1.</HI> A Catalogue of Plants this way propagable. <HI>Pag. 50</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 2.</HI> Explication of the manner of propagation by &s;tems cut off from the Mother-plant, or &s;lipt, by Examples and Rules for particular direction. <HI>Pag. 51</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 3.</HI> Experiments made of the &s;ucce&s;s of the cuttings off divers Plants &s;et in Water. <HI>Pag. 53</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 4.</HI> The manner of growing by cuttings. <HI>Pag. 55</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 5.</HI> Of propagation by the &s;owing &s;mall and almo&s;t in|&s;en&s;ible parts of Vegetables. <HI>Pag. 56</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="4" TYPE="chapter">
<PB REF="8" MS="y">
<HEAD>CHAP. IV. Of Propagation by laying.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 1.</HI> What Plants are this way increa&s;ed. <HI>Pag. 57</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 2.</HI> The example of this manner of propagation. <HI>ib.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 3.</HI> Requi&s;ites for the manner of laying. <HI>Pag. 58</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 4.</HI> Of propagation by Circumpo&s;ition. <HI>Pag. 59</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 5.</HI> Of the manner of growth by circumpo&s;ition, and whether thence an argument may be made for the de|&s;cen&s;ion of Sap. <HI>Pag. 60</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="5" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. V. Of In&s;itions.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>N. 1.</HI> Of grafting in general, and particularly of &s;houl|der-grafting, Whip-grafting, Grafting in the cleft, and Ablactation; &s;hewing the manner of doing the&s;e &s;everal operations. <HI>Pag. 61</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 2.</HI> What Plants take on different kindes, with divers Experiments and Stories on this &s;ubject. <HI>Pag. 66</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 3.</HI> Rules for Grafting. <HI>Pag. 68</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 4 Kirkers</HI> Experiments concerning In&s;itions examin|ed, and oppo&s;ed by new Experiments. <HI>Pag. 73</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 5.</HI> The manner of growing by Grafts, Hi&s;torically &s;et down, with addition of &s;ome Philo&s;ophical con&s;ide|rations. <HI>Pag. 74</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="6" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>CHAP. VI. Of the ways for, and Sea&s;ons of &s;etting Plants.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 1.</HI> Of cultivated Plants. <HI>Pag. 79</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 2.</HI> Of the &s;etting of Woods, Fruit-Trees, and Plants uncultivated. <HI>Pag. 81</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 3.</HI> Whether any Vegetables may be &s;et &s;o as to grow in the Air. <HI>Pag. 84</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="7" TYPE="chapter">
<PB REF="9">
<HEAD>CHAP. VII. Of the means for the Improvement and be&s;t culture of Corn, Gra&s;s, and other Vegeta|bles belonging to Husbandry; and of the ways for removing the &s;eve|ral annoyances that u&s;ually hinder &s;uch advantage.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 1.</HI> Of the annoyances to Land, and the Impedi|ments that u&s;ually di&s;temper it, to the di&s;advantage of ohe Husbandman. <HI>Pag. 86</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 2.</HI> Of the remedies proper to cure the exce&s;&s;ive cold|ne&s;s and moi&s;ture in Lands, and the ways of improve|ment thereby, in grounds &s;ubject to the&s;e di&s;tempers, by dreining, Pigeons and Poultrey dung, Urine, Soot, A&s;hes, Hor&s;e and Sheep dung: O Ground cold and dry, and how the&s;e Soyls may be applyable thereto. <HI>Pag. 87</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 3.</HI> The ways of improvement of dry, light, &s;andy, gravelly, flinty Land, by floating, Marl, Chalk, Lime. <HI>Pag. 92</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 4.</HI> Remedies for accidental annoyances and hin|drances of Improvement, particularly the ways to de&s;troy Fern, Heath, Ant-hills, Mo&s;s, Ru&s;hes, Re&s;t-harrow, Broom, or any &s;uch Weed or Shrubs, that infect the ground: Whether liming of Corn prevents bla&s;ting, the effects of that and Brine in Improvement: Concerning Moles, and the ways to de&s;troy them or drown them; a way of Antipathy, as to this effect, in Animals and Vogetables to the Bodies of their own kinde, when they are in the way of corruption: of the change of Seed; and Mr. <HI>Blith</HI>'s way of pre&s;erving Corn from C<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 chunk">, Rooks, <HI>&amp;c. Pag. 97</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="8" TYPE="chapter">
<PB REF="9">
<HEAD>CHAP. VIII. Of the Means of Improvement and be&s;t culture of of &s;uch Plants or Flowers as are u&s;ually cultiva|ted in Gardens or Orchards, and of the ways u|&s;ed for the removing &s;uch annoyances as are com|monly incident to them.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 1.</HI> Of the annoyances in general incident to Gar|den Plants. <HI>Pag. 103</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 2.</HI> Of defences of choice Plants from cold. <HI>Pag. 104</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 3.</HI> Of &s;hade requi&s;ite to &s;undry Plants, e&s;pecially when young, for their defence from the Sun and Winde; and of watering, nece&s;&s;ary to cultivated Plants. <HI>Pag. 107, 108</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 4. 1.</HI> Examples of the be&s;t Culture of Hops, and ways of ordering them after they are fir&s;t &s;et, taken out of Mr. <HI>Blith. Pag. 109</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>2.</HI> Mr. <HI>Parkin&s;ons</HI> way of ordering the Seedlings of Tulips grown. <HI>Pag. 111</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 5.</HI> Of annoyances by Plants growing too thick and near together, and of the remedy thereof, and im|provement by pruning Trees, and &s;etting them at great di&s;tances; plucking off the young Germens of Garden-flowers, to make the re&s;t more fair; of the &s;izing of Turneps, Carrots, Par&s;neps; of Weed|ing. <HI>Pag. 114</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 6.</HI> Of Pi&s;mires, Earwigs, Canker and rottenne&s;s in choice Plants, Catterpillars, Mo&s;&s;ine&s;s, Bark-binding, Bur&s;ting of Gilly-flowers. <HI>Pag. 122</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 7.</HI> Of improvement and melioration of divers Sallad Herbs, by blanching or whiting, from the French Gardiner, and Mr. <HI>P</HI>'s Ob&s;ervati|ons. <HI>Pag. 125</HI></ITEM>
<PB REF="10">
<ITEM><HI>N. 7.</HI> Of Acceleration and Retardation of Plants, in re&s;pect to their Germination and maturity. <HI>Pag. 129</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Num. 8.</HI> Of melioration by Richne&s;s, or other conve|nient Minera in the Soyl, for the feeding and better nouri&s;hment of &s;everal Plants: Of artificial Begs, and the change of Seed, as a means to bring fair Flowers: Of Exo&s;&s;ation of Fruit, or making it grow without Stones. <HI>Pag. 134</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>N. 9.</HI> The conclu&s;ion of the Treati&s;e, with one or two choice ob&s;ervations of the wi&s;e and good Providence of God, which may be &s;een in the admirable make of Vegetables, and fitne&s;s to their ends, which are not generally taken notice of, but are, with many more, over&s;een by men bu&s;ie in the affairs of the world. <HI>Pag. 139</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="errata">
<HEAD>ERRATA.</HEAD>
<P>Page 8. col. 2. l. 17, r. <HI>Scorzonera.</HI> p. 10. l. 5. are but young p. 11. l. 15. <HI>properata &s;atio,</HI> p. 27. l. 6, 8, 9. r. Serotine, p. 33. l. 21. r. &s;oe that to bear Seed yearly, is general to all, unle&s;s p. 61. l. 3. and I am well con|tented, p. 94. l. 22. as po&s;&s;ible p. 117. l. 20. adapt|ed p. 149. l. 18. Ve&s;tments.</P>
</DIV1>
</FRONT>
<BODY>
<DIV1 TYPE="text">
<PB N="1" REF="10">
<HEAD><HI>THE HISTORY OF</HI> Artificial propagation of Plants.</HEAD>
<DIV2 N="1" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD><HI>CAP. I.</HI> Of Propagation by Seed.</HEAD>
<DIV3 N="1" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>Num. 1.</HI> Of Propagation of Vegetables in general, with a Preface to the Di&s;cour&s;e.</HEAD>
<P>_THe Illu&s;trious and Renowned Lord <HI>Bacon,</HI> in his Di&s;cour&s;e concerning the advance|ment of Learning, reckons it among the Deficients of Natural Hi&s;tory, <HI>That the Co-operation of Man, with Nature in parti|culars, hath not been ob&s;erved; and that in tho&s;e Col|lections which are made of Agriculture, and other ma|nual Arts, there is commonly a neglect and rejection of Experiments, familiar and vulgar, which yet to the in|terpretation of Nature,</HI> and which I &s;hall adde, general profit, <HI>do as much, if not more conduce, then Experiments of a higher quality.</HI> The &s;ame noble Per&s;on, in his
<PB N="2" REF="11">partition of Philo&s;ophy, complains of the want of an In|ventary of what in any &s;ubjects by Nature and Art is certainly, and may be undoubtedly wrought. <HI>I</HI> be|lieve his Lord&s;hip hath had many of his minde in for|mer, has now, and is likely to have in future ages; for among&s;t tho&s;e few Writings extant on the&s;e Sub|jects, &s;ome prove altogether u&s;ele&s;s, as being &s;o full of their natural Magick and Romantick Stories, that we know no more what to credit in tho&s;e Relations, in the Natural, then what in civil Hi&s;tory we may be|lieve of King <HI>Arthur; Guy</HI> of <HI>Warwick</HI> in ours; or of <HI>Hector</HI> and <HI>Priam</HI> in the <HI>Trojan</HI> Story: O|thers elevated in their Fancies, write in a Language of their own, addre&s;&s;ing their Di&s;cour&s;e to the Sens of Art, &s;peaking rather to amu&s;e, than in&s;truct, and prove like blazing Stars, that di&s;tract many, and di|rect few.</P>
<P>Many of tho&s;e who would write for Univer&s;al In|&s;truction, either know the things that might make up the matter of their Hi&s;tory, but want the skill to draw up &s;uch an Inventary, as his Lord&s;hip requires, as common Trade&s;men and Arti&s;ans; or el&s;e indeed are learned enough to draw up the writing, but &s;tand aloof from the knowledge of mo&s;t of the particulars therein to be ingro&s;t; which is the ordinary ca&s;e of us, &s;uch of us as have preten&s;ions to Scholar&s;hip.</P>
<P>I being nece&s;&s;itated by my obligations and re&s;pect to a Per&s;on truly Noble, to give &s;ome account of the particular effects of Man, co-operating with nature, in the matter of our Engli&s;h Vegetables, as they are improved by Husbandmen and Gardiners, de&s;ire to undertake no more, but to give a &s;incere endeavour, That the way of the Arti&s;t be &s;et down, and the ef|fect of Nature thereon; in the fir&s;t of which, I in|tend
<PB N="3" REF="11">my directions &s;o plain, as if appointed for the in&s;truction of &s;ome Arti&s;ts rude and untaught Ap|prentice: and the &s;econd's, if not &s;o homely, yet as ea|&s;ie and evident, being a little di&s;gu&s;ted with any thing intended for the u&s;e of Philo&s;ophy, when o|vergarni&s;hed with Rhetorical Tropes, which like Flowers &s;tuck in a Window for what&s;oever intended (either cheat or ornament) certainly create a dark|ne&s;s in the place. <HI>Behemenical, Paracel&s;ian,</HI> and &s;uch Phra&s;e as many Alchimi&s;ts u&s;e, I mu&s;t for the &s;ame rea&s;on avoid.</P>
<P>In the drawing up the Inventary, I will &s;tudy that it may be true in all parts, and not to mingle, accord|ing to the example of <HI>Pliny, Weeker, Porta,</HI> and ma|ny more, both Latine and Engli&s;h Writers, any fal&s;e relation, without its di&s;tingui&s;hing Character; and if it be not perfect, it &s;hall be for want of skill, or pre&s;ent remembrance of particulars.</P>
<P>The end of the Arti&s;t is to Propagate and Improve: To propagate, is to multiply the individuals of each kinde: And to improve, is to bring them, being propagated, to a more then ordinary excellency and goodne&s;s. The ways of increa&s;ing the particulars of each kinde, are, 1. By Seed, 2. By off-&s;et, taken from a Mother-Plant. 3. By laying the Branch of a growing Plant down into the Earth. 4. By bearing up a Soil to it. 5. By Stems &s;et without roots. And la&s;tly, By the various ways of grafting and in&s;i|tions.</P>
<P>Concerning all the&s;e, as likewi&s;e the pre&s;ervation and melioration of things propagated, I &s;hall endea|vor to enumerate what Plants may be increa&s;ed by each of the&s;e ways, and to &s;hew how the operation in each may be performed, and what the product is
<PB N="4" REF="12">that by nature thence ordinarily en&s;ues: Definitions are hopele&s;s in this matter, u&s;ele&s;s too, and it might be harmful: If I &s;hould define Sowing, to be the ca&s;t|ing of Seed into the Earth, in &s;uch maner, and at &s;uch time, when in the &s;urface of the bed the earth would &s;o ferment, as might be proper to the expli|cation and further germination of the Seed and in|crea&s;e of the Plant, there might a world of contro|ver&s;ies ari&s;e about the particulars therein contained; and yet all that is there would be u&s;ele&s;s, till the par|ticular Plants, and the maner of the operation, and time required to the &s;owing of their Seeds be fir&s;t de|clared: I &s;hall therefore wave all &s;uch endeavors, and ha&s;ten to what may rather prove for u&s;e than pomp.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="2" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 2.</HI> A Catalogue of Plants that may be encrea&s;ed by Seeds.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM>Aconite.</ITEM>
<ITEM>F. Adonis.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Alli&s;&s;anders.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Alkanet.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Alaternus.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Alliaria.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Almonds, <HI>the bitter from our Engli&s;h Fruit, &s;er|ving for his own kinde, or to make &s;tocks for Aprecots and Peaches.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Ammi.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Amaranthus.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Angelica.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Anemones.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Aprecots.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Aparine.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Apple-Trees <HI>of all &s;orts.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Apples <HI>of Love.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Ar&s;emart.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Armerias.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Archangels.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ari&s;tolochia.</ITEM>
<ITEM>A&s;h.</ITEM>
<ITEM>A&s;paragus.</ITEM>
<ITEM>A&s;phodels.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Avens <HI>of all &s;orts.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Balm Apple.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bal&s;amina.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ba&s;il.</ITEM>
<PB N="5" REF="12">
<ITEM>Balm.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Barberies.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bay-Trees.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Beech.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Beans.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bears-cars.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Betony.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bell-flowers.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Beets.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bi&s;tort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bitter Almonds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Blite.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Blew-bottle.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bloodwort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bryonies.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bulbous Violets.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Burrage.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Buglo&s;&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Burdock.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Burnet Saxafrage.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Burnet.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Burrs.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Buckthorn.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bullets <HI>of all &s;orts.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Cabbage Plants.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Campions.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Carnations.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Calamint.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Camomile.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Caucalis.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Carrots wilde.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Carrots.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Caraway.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Carduus Benedictus.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Centory</ITEM>
<ITEM>Celandine.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Chickweeds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Chondrillas.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Chervil.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cherries.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Che&s;nuts.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>The</HI> Cornelian Cherry.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cichory.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Citrulls.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ciches.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Claries.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Coleworts.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>The Seed of</HI> Clematis, <HI>but it comes not up till the &s;econd year.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Coleflower.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Corn <HI>of all &s;orts.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Coronopus Ruellii.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Comfrey.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Corianders.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Columbines.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Convolvulus major, minor, <HI>and other Bind weeds.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Corn&s;allet.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Coronopus.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Mo&s;t &s;orts of</HI> Cow&s;lips.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Crown Imperial.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cranes-Bills.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Crowfoot <HI>of mo&s;t &s;orts.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Cucumbers.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cumin.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cyclamens.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cypres <HI>from out-landi&s;h
<PB N="6" REF="13">&s;eed.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Dandelion.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dames Violet.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Some</HI> Day&s;ies.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Diers Weed.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dittaender.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Divels bit.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dittany.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dill.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Docks.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dogs-bane.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Earth-nut.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Egrimony.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Elecampane.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Endive.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Epatioa's.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Eupatorium cannabinum.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Evergreen Privet.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ewe.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Feverfew.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Eennel flowers.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Fennel.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Fenugreek.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Figwort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Fig-trees.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Fibberds.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>The</HI> Firre-Tree.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Some</HI> Flags.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Flowers-de-Luce.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Flos Adonis.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Flaxes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Fleabane.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Fluellens.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Foxgloves.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Frittelaries.</ITEM>
<ITEM>French Mallows.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Fumitery.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Garlick.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Garden cre&s;&s;es.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Germanders.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ginny.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Gilly-flowers.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Gourds.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Mo&s;t of our Engli&s;h</HI> Gra&s;s; <HI>to this end, Husband|men u&s;e Hay-du&s;t (as they call it, in which lie the Seeds of their gra&s;s) to &s;ow upon &s;uch Grounds as they mean to turn from Fallow in|to Pa&s;ture, or where they would have the Gra&s;s grow thicker.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Grain <HI>of all &s;orts.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Ground&s;el.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Groundpine.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Gromwell.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hawkweeds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hartwort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hawthorn.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ha&s;elnuts.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Henbane.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hemp.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hellebores.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hereules <HI>his all heal.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Hyacinths.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hor&s;e-radi&s;h.</ITEM>
<PB N="7" REF="13">
<ITEM>Horned-Poppy.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hony-wort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Horehounds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hounds Toungues.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Holyoke.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hony&s;uckles.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Holly or Holme.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hypericum.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>all</HI> Hy&s;&s;opes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Indian Pepper.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ironworte.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Juniper.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Kidney-beans.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Knapweed.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Knot-gra&s;&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lady&s;mocks.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lamb-lettuce.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lark-&s;purs.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lavander.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Langdebeefe.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Leeks.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Some</HI> Lillyes, <HI>though but few.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Lychnis Calcedonica.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Linum umbella<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">um.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lovage.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lupines.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Marioranes <HI>of all kinds.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Mandrakes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ma&s;tique.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Common</HI> Marygolds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mallows.</ITEM>
<ITEM>French and African Mari|golds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mar&s;hmallowes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ma&s;terwort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Maple.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Malacotones.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Melons.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Melilot, <HI>and its kinds.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Medlars.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mercuries.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Molyes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Motherworte.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mu&s;tard.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mu&s;cipula.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mulleines.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mulberries <HI>by &s;eed from hotter climates than our own; for our heat ripens not the &s;eed.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Mirtles <HI>likewi&s;e.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Narci&s;&s;es.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dead-Nettles.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Stinging Nettles.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Noli-me-tangere.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Night &s;hades.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Nigella.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Oke.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Onions.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Some of the</HI> Orchis <HI>or &s;tones.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Orach.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Orpines.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Paronychia.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pancies.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Peucedanum.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Par&s;ley.</ITEM>
<PB N="8" REF="14">
<ITEM>Par&s;nips.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Panax Herculeus.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pellitory.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pennyworts.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Peonyes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pea&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pea&s;e everla&s;ting.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pears.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Peaches.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Periclimenum.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pinks.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pimpernel.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>The</HI> Pitch-tree.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Plums.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Plantains.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Wild and garden</HI> Poppyes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pondweed.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pompions.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Primro&s;es.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ever green Privet.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pul&s;atillas.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pur&s;lane.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Quinces.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Radi&s;h.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ragworte.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Rampions.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Radix-cava.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Reeds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ribwort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ro&s;emary <HI>by Out-landi&s;h &s;eed, &s;ometimes by our own.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Roman Nettles.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Some</HI> Ro&s;es, <HI>the Flower be|ing not gathered, but left to &s;eed.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Rocket.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ru&s;hes <HI>of many &s;orts.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Rue <HI>of all &s;orts.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Some of the</HI> Saffrons, <HI>and</HI> Mede Saffrons, <HI>who&s;e &s;eed lyes under the earth.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Satyrions.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Savory.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sabina baccifera.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Scorpion gra&s;&s;es.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Scurvey gra&s;&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Scorodonia.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Scabiou&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Scorzoneca, <HI>but it comes up with &s;ome difficulty.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Se&s;eli aethiopicum, <HI>or</HI> Hart|wort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Se&s;amoides,</ITEM>
<ITEM>Shepheards pur&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Skirrets.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sloes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Smalladge.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sneezewort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Snapdragon.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sowth i&s;tle.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sorrels.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Spiderwort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Spinach.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Spurges <HI>of many kinds.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Spignel.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Stitchwort.</ITEM>
<PB N="9" REF="14">
<ITEM>Starreflowers.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Stock gilliflowers.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Starrewort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Flowers of the Sun.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sword-flags.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Swine-cre&s;&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Swallow-wort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sycamores.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tarragon.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tea&s;els.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Terrae-glandes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Thorney Apples.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Thorough-wax.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Thyme, <HI>both the Winter and Summer &s;ort.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Thi&s;tles.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tabacco.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Thla&s;pies.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Toad-flaxes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tragopogon.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Trefoile, <HI>and its kinds.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Tulips.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Turnips, <HI>and all its wilde kinds.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Tut&s;an.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Venus Looking-gla&s;&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Vervain.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Vetches.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Violets.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Vipers-gra&s;&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Virgine-bower.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Umbilicus-Veneris.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Vines <HI>from outlandi&s;h &s;eed.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Water-betony.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Water-lilly.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Wallnuts.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Winter-cre&s;&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Winter-cherries.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Willow-weeds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Woolfs-bane.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Wormwood.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Woodroof.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Wood-&s;orrel.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Woad.</ITEM>
</LIST>
<P><HI>There is a great controver&s;ie concerning</HI> Harts|tongue, Maydenhair <HI>of divers &s;orts,</HI> Scolopendrium, Fernes, <HI>and other Plants, who&s;e property is to have the back of the leaf lined with a brown du&s;ty &s;ub|&s;tance, whether this be a &s;eed, or onely particular mole, and character of Plants of that nature.</HI></P>
<P><HI>I dare not disbelieve this, when perfectly ripe, to be a true &s;eed, becau&s;e divers, very experienced per&s;ons (as Mr.</HI> Bobart <HI>particularly) affirm, that they have &s;een the &s;mall Plants, or Seedlings at a di&s;tance
<PB N="10" REF="15">all round the Mother-plant grow up as is ordinary from &s;hed &s;eed of other plants, and by</HI> Mi&s;cro&s;copes, <HI>the likene&s;&s;e of this du&s;t to other &s;eeds is apparently &s;een.</HI></P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 3.</HI> The Sea&s;ons of Sowing.</HEAD>
<P>Fir&s;t, the mo&s;t naturall time of Sowing is that which Nature it &s;elf followes <HI>(viz.)</HI> when the &s;eeds of their own accord fall into the ground.</P>
<P>At this &s;ea&s;on may be &s;owen all &s;tony &s;eeds that can endure the Winter, as Cherries, Plums, Peaches, Apples, Peares, likewi&s;e all Nuts, Buckthorne, A&s;h, Oke, and mo&s;t wild Engli&s;h Plants, though they may as well be &s;owed any time before the Spring.</P>
<P>The &s;eed of hot, and &s;weet hearbs, as Thyme, Sa|vory, Marjerome of &s;ome kinds, and other hot hearbs, if they get any rea&s;onable &s;trength and growth before the fro&s;ts, doe well enough; al&s;o Angelica &s;eed, Scur|vey-gra&s;&s;e, and the &s;eed of Bears-ears, Ani&s;eed, Fritellary, Crocus; and, for ought I know, all the re&s;t of Bulbous-rooted flowers: So Tulips and Ane|mones thrive be&s;t, and come &s;oone&s;t, being &s;owed af|ter the &s;eeds are gathered, or in Autumn: For many <HI>October</HI> does well, but care mu&s;t be had to keep ten|der Plants from Fro&s;ts and the violence of Winter weather, when they but young from the &s;eedlings. If you doubt the nature of any &s;eed, divide your quan|tity, and &s;ow &s;ome of it in the Spring, &s;ome before the Winter.</P>
<P>At this time al&s;o mu&s;t be &s;owed divers Plants, for that by experience 'tis found, that being &s;owed in the Spring they will not grow at lea&s;t not that year:
<PB N="11" REF="15">Of this kinde Myrrhis, or &s;weet Chervill, and all Rubarbs, which ea&s;ily grow then, but faile being &s;owen in the Spring.</P>
<P>The mi&s;take of the time has made &s;ome admire, that when they with care had &s;owen Angelica &s;eeds &s;everall times together, this never grew; on the contrary, the Seed being &s;hed would grow in any place, never &s;o uncouth or &s;tony; nay even carried away by the water, would grow wherever it was lodged in the banks, and that well and lu&s;tily; where|as the rea&s;on of the difference was in the &s;ea&s;on, for the laborious Arti&s;t kept the &s;eeds till Spring was his hindrance, whereas better in&s;tructed Nature would have committed them to the earth many months &s;ooner. 'Tis a true Proverb, <HI>properata &s;atio &s;olet &s;aepe decipere, &s;era &s;emper.</HI></P>
<P>Some &s;eeds are &s;owen at the breaking of the Fro&s;t, and the very fir&s;t beginning of Spring, and that up|on a hot bed, for the greater &s;ecurity and &s;peed of the Plant to be propagated: So the early Radi&s;h, the Sen&s;itive Plant, Maracoc, Balm Apples, French Marygolds, Muskmelons, all Cucumbers, African Marygolds, the Marvail of the world, the Indian Cre&s;&s;e, or yellow Larksheel, Lettices that they may be had early.</P>
<P>The hot Bed is made with hor&s;e-dung laid four, five, or &s;ix foot high, and of the &s;ame breadth com|monly, increa&s;ing or dimini&s;hing the quantity of the dung (which u&s;es to be fre&s;h, as it comes from the &s;table, mingled with &s;tale Litter, Hay, &amp;c.) accor|ding as you would have the heat greater or le&s;&s;e, upon which bed of dung you lay fine mould, five fin|gers breadth in deepne&s;&s;e or thereabouts, compa&s;&s;ing it round with hay-bands which keep the dung toge|ther,
<PB N="12" REF="16">and hinder the &s;teaming out of the heat by the &s;ides; then &s;taking it up with &s;takes, and putting bended &s;ticks in the manner of a very low roofe to hold up tilts that are put to &s;ecure the Plants, the hot bed is perfectly fini&s;hed. Tho&s;e that u&s;e Cap|gla&s;&s;es, or Ca&s;ements made to lye upon a frame over their beds, neverthele&s;&s;e mu&s;t u&s;e, though not tilts, yet covering with &s;traw, litter, or the like.</P>
<P>A&s;paragus and Chervil are be&s;t &s;own in Winter be|fore Chri&s;tma&s;&s;e, or &s;hortly after, and in the beginning of Spring without any hot bed. In <HI>February,</HI> or af|terwards, are &s;own Par&s;nips, Leeks, Onions, Ani&s;eeds, Carrets, Radi&s;h, Spinage, Larks-&s;purs, Marygolds, Caerefolium, Corn-&s;allet, and with the fir&s;t of the&s;e the Roun&s;eval pea&s;e.</P>
<P>Colliflowers and Cabbages in the middle of <HI>Fe|bruary,</HI> Muskmelons &s;omewhat after, or then for a venture. 'Tis ob&s;erv'd by all I have enquired of, that the le&s;&s;e of the Winter the Cabbage or Colly|flowers feels, the more &s;ubject 'tis to Caterpillars. In <HI>March</HI> or <HI>April</HI> (or according to &s;ome with us, from the beginning of <HI>February;</HI> or, if the Fro&s;ts breake, any time in <HI>January</HI>) Carrot, Radi&s;h, To|bacco, Fennel, Cre&s;&s;es, Skirrets are ordinarily &s;owen.</P>
<P>In <HI>April,</HI> Marjerome, Ba&s;il, Coleflowers; for by often tran&s;planting and care you may have Coleflow|ers from &s;eed, &s;owen in the Spring, though it be very far gone even to <HI>June</HI> or <HI>July</HI> the &s;ame yeare, Pincks, Armeriaes, Convolvulus, Kidney-beans, Lupins, Hy&s;&s;ope, Lavander, Stock-gillyflowers, Thyme, Hemp.</P>
<P>About the latter end of <HI>April,</HI> Pur&s;lane, Clove|gilliflowers, Carnations, Ba&s;il, Ro&s;emary.</P>
<PB N="13" REF="16">
<P>About <HI>Mid&s;ummer</HI> &s;ow the early Pea&s;e; to be ripe &s;ix weeks after <HI>Michaelma&s;&s;e.</HI></P>
<P>Note that our Gardiners, though there be &s;ome perill, chu&s;e to &s;ow early, becau&s;e they have much advantage by all &s;orts of forward commodities; &s;o Turnips &s;owed early, many run to &s;eed, yet one good then, is worth three at another &s;ea&s;on. The &s;ame may be &s;aid of Pea&s;e and Carrets, which by cold are &s;poyled many times; yet it is ob&s;erved by &s;ome, that oftentimes, whether by difference of ground, or other accident, the Bean latter &s;owed wil overtake the former, and &s;o in &s;ome &s;orts of Pea&s;e.</P>
<P>Many &s;eeds are be&s;t &s;owen about <HI>Augu&s;t,</HI> &s;o Tur|nips, and the black Radi&s;h, for a peculiar rea&s;on; which is, being &s;owen &s;ooner, they are apt to run up to &s;eed before Winter, and not to fil the root at all. Onions for winter provi&s;ion, Lettice and Corn-&s;allet for the &s;ame occa&s;ion; Spinage too, alwaies upon that account, though otherwi&s;e they may be &s;owen with the fir&s;t. Nay, our Gardiners here in <HI>Ox|ford</HI> &s;ow Turnips in <HI>April,</HI> and &s;o forward till the Winter.</P>
<P>Cabbage plants are &s;owed commonly about <HI>Au|gu&s;t;</HI> and the fir&s;t Coleflowers, that they may before Winter be &s;o grown, as to be tran&s;planted at greater di&s;tance, &s;o to abide till the Spring. I have known &s;ome, when fro&s;t has &s;poyl'd the winter Cabbage-plants, to have furni&s;hed them&s;elves from plants rai|&s;ed in the Spring upon a hot bed.</P>
<P>Many &s;eeds mu&s;t be gathered a little before they are throughly ripe with the &s;talkes on which they grow; for &s;hould it abide until the full maturitie in the Garden, by wind and weather great part of the
<PB N="14" REF="17">&s;eed would be &s;hed, which will ea&s;ily perfect its ripene&s;&s;e as it lyes cut upon its &s;talk, being laid any where within doore upon a cloath or mat where the Sunne comes. Of this kind is Lettice, and mo&s;t of tho&s;e &s;eeds that ari&s;e from the &s;tock with a wooli|ne&s;&s;e.</P>
<P>There are many Plants that will grow in all times of &s;owing, and therefore are &s;owen many months, one after another; &s;o Radi&s;hes, and Spinach, and Pea&s;e, which are &s;owen with the fir&s;t in the Spring; and &s;o month after month till Autumn. Tho&s;e Let|tice which abide the winter are wont to be tran&s;plan|ted to Cabbage in the Spring, even as Cabbages are with admirable &s;ucce&s;s.</P>
<P>Our Gardiners, that they may have Cucumbers to &s;el one under another, plant them in hot beds from <HI>February</HI> even till <HI>May.</HI></P>
<P>Pea&s;e are &s;owen from the beginning of <HI>November</HI> (or by &s;ome a fortnight before, though with &s;ome danger of the biting fro&s;t) and &s;o forward til after <HI>Shrovetide.</HI></P>
<P>Roun&s;evals, if &s;owed never &s;o early, will &s;carce come before the latter part of the Month of <HI>June.</HI></P>
<P>Husbandmen generally u&s;e to &s;ow Wheat under furrow in the Autumne; but I have &s;een it with good &s;ucce&s;s &s;owen in the Spring, and harrowed in after the manner of &s;owing Barley; the crop being as good as any other times upon the &s;ame ground, after the u&s;ual country procedure.</P>
<P>Some &s;eeds mu&s;t be &s;owen dry, not after raine or watering: Of this kind is Myrrhis &s;eed, Ba&s;il, Scor|zonera, and all &s;uch as being wet run to a Mu&s;ci|lage.</P>
<P>Many times they &s;ow divers &s;eeds in a Bed toge|ther,
<PB N="15" REF="17">as Radi&s;hes and Carrots, that by &s;uch time as the Carrots come up, the Radi&s;hes may be gone. Upon beds newly &s;et with Licorice they &s;ow Onions or Radi&s;h, or Lettice if their Licorice plants or ground be but weak, &s;o as not quickly to cau&s;e a &s;ha|dow with their leaves. <HI>London</HI> Gardiners &s;ow Radi&s;h, Lettice, Par&s;ley, Carrots, on the &s;ame bed, gather|ing each in their &s;ea&s;ons, and leaving the Par&s;nips till the Winter; before which time they are not e|&s;teemed good, or whol&s;ome.</P>
<P>Note, that where your grounds are very warm by rea&s;on of hedges, hot beds, dunghils, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> that may abate the power of the fro&s;t, &s;eeds may be ventured into the ground much &s;ooner than otherwi&s;e in ordi|nary places.</P>
<P>Cabbage &s;eeds and Coleflowers are &s;owed in <HI>Au|gu&s;t,</HI> or &s;o timely as to be exactly well rooted plants before winter; and this is the be&s;t way: Or are &s;owed after, &s;o that they are tran&s;planted in the time of cold. This way is hazardous in the winter, by rea&s;on of the nipping Fro&s;ts, and chargeable, in that they require much attendance, and covering, and uncovering, which tho&s;e plants that are confirmed before winter doe not. Secondly, they are more &s;ubject to Caterpillars in the Summer; but the way of rai&s;ing of them by hot beds in the Spring for Cab|bages is the wor&s;t way of all, and mo&s;t &s;ubject to the peril of that vermine.</P>
<P>Tho&s;e Plants of the Spring &s;owing, that you &s;ow later than ordinary, require to be the more watered and &s;hadowed from the heat.</P>
<P>Tho&s;e in the Spring that are &s;owed earlyer than ordinary, require the more to be defended from the cold.</P>
<PB N="16" REF="18">
<P>Tho&s;e in the Autumne, that you prematurely &s;ow, are to be watered and &s;hadowed the more. Tho&s;e which you &s;ow late are to be better defended from the Winter till they have gotten &s;trength.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="4" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 4.</HI> Examples of Sowing with &s;ome particular directions for &s;ome choice Vegetables.</HEAD>
<DIV4 N="1" TYPE="example">
<HEAD><HI>Examp. 1.</HI> From <HI>Mr. Parkin&s;on;</HI> directing skillfully the ordering of <HI>Tulips</HI> in their propagation by &s;eed.</HEAD>
<P>The fir&s;t example I &s;hall give you out of Mr. <HI>Parkin|&s;on:</HI> The time (&s;ayes he) and manner of Sowing Tulip|&s;eed is thus, you may not &s;ow them in the Spring of the year, if you hope to have any good of them, but in the Autumne, or pre&s;ently after they be through ripe and dry; yet if you &s;ow them not untill the end of <HI>Octob.</HI> they will come forward never the wor&s;e, but rather the better: for it is often &s;een, that over-early &s;owing cau&s;eth them to &s;pring out of the ground over-early, &s;o that if a &s;harp &s;pring chance to follow, it may goe near to &s;poile all, or mo&s;t of the &s;eed: We u&s;ually &s;ow the &s;ame years &s;eed, yet if you chance to keep of your own, or have of others, &s;uch &s;eed as is two years old, they will thrive and doe well enough; E&s;|pecially if they were ripe and well gathered: you mu&s;t not &s;ow them too thick, for &s;o doing hath lo&s;t many a Peck of &s;eed; for if the &s;eed lie one upon an|other, that it hath not roome upon the &s;prouting to enter or take root in the earth, it peri&s;heth by and by; Some u&s;e to tread down the ground where they mean to &s;ow their &s;eed, and having &s;owen them thereon, doe cover them over the thickne&s;s of a mans Thumb, with fine fifted earth, and they think they
<PB N="17" REF="18">doe well, and have good rea&s;on for it: For con&s;ider|ing the nature of young Tulip roots is to runne down deeper into the ground, every year more then other, they think to hinder their quick de&s;cent by the fa&s;t|ne&s;s of the ground, that &s;o they may increa&s;e the bet|ter. This way may plea&s;e &s;ome, but I doe not u&s;e it, nor can find the rea&s;on &s;ufficient; for they doe not con|&s;ider that the &s;tifne&s;s of the earth doth cau&s;e the roots of the young Tulips to be long before they grow great, in that the &s;tiffe ground doth more hinder the well thriving of the Roots then a loo&s;e doth: and al|though the roots doe runne down deeper in a loo&s;e earth, yet they may ea&s;ily by tran&s;planting be holpen and rai&s;'d up high enough. I have al&s;o &s;een &s;ome Tulips not once removed from their &s;owing to their flowering; but if you will not loo&s;e them you mu&s;t take them up while their leaf or &s;talk be fre&s;h and not withered: for if you doe not follow the &s;talk down to the root, be it never &s;o deep you will leave them behind you.</P>
<P>The ground al&s;o mu&s;t be re&s;pected, for the finer, &s;ofter and richer the mould is, wherein you &s;ow the &s;eed, the greater &s;hall be your increa&s;e and variety. Sift it therefore from &s;tones and rubbi&s;h, and let it be either fat naturall ground of it &s;elf, or being muckt, let it be throughly rotten: &s;ome I know to mend their ground doe make &s;uch a mixture of grounds, that they mar it in the making.</P>
<P><HI>Ferrarius</HI> bids that the &s;eed be &s;owen in <HI>Septemb.</HI> (as &s;oon as rain &s;hall make the ground fit) half a fingers breadth in good Garden mould, not to be removed in two years after, at which time they are to be removed and placed in &s;everall beds, according to their &s;eve|<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">all bigne&s;s, where in 4 or 5 years they will bear their flowers.</P>
</DIV4>
<DIV4 N="2" TYPE="example">
<PB N="18" REF="19">
<HEAD>Example <HI>2.</HI> Of Anemone's</HEAD>
<P>Within a moneth after the &s;eed of Anemone's is gather'd and prepared, (in <HI>Augu&s;t,</HI> &s;aies <HI>Ferrarius,</HI> or three dayes before the full Moon in <HI>Septemb.</HI>) it mu&s;t be &s;own, for by that means you &s;hall gain a year in the growing, over that you &s;hould doe if you &s;owed it the next &s;pring: If there remain any Wooline&s;s in the &s;eed, pull it a&s;under as well as you can, and then &s;ow your &s;eed rea&s;onably thinne upon a plain &s;mooth bed of fine earth, or rather in pots or tubs, and af|ter the &s;owing &s;ift or gently &s;trew over them &s;ome fine good fre&s;h mould, about one fingers thickne&s;s at the mo&s;t for the fir&s;t time; and about a month after their &s;pringing up, &s;ift, or &s;trew over them in like man|ner (this is a nece&s;&s;ary circum&s;tance) another fingers thickne&s;s of fine earth, and in the mean time if the weather prove dry, you mu&s;t water them gently and often, and thus doing you &s;hall have them &s;pring up before winter and grow pretty &s;trong, able to abide the &s;harp winter, in their Nonage, in u&s;ing &s;ome little care to cover them loo&s;ly with Fearne, furze, or Bean-&s;traw or any &s;uch things, which mu&s;t neither+ly clo&s;e to, nor too farre from them.</P>
<P>The next Spring after the &s;owing, or which is bet|ter the next <HI>Augu&s;t</HI> you may remove them, and &s;et them in order by Rowes with &s;ufficient di&s;tance one from another, where they may abide, until you &s;ee what manner of flower they will bear.</P>
<P>Many of them being thus ordered, if your mould be fine, loo&s;e and fre&s;h, not &s;tony, clayi&s;h, or from a middin, will bear flowers the &s;econd year after the &s;owing, and mo&s;t or all of them the third year, if your
<PB N="19" REF="19">ground be fr&ecirc;e from &s;moaks and other annoyances. Nay Mr. <HI>Au&s;ten</HI> of <HI>Wadham Coll.</HI> a skillfull flori&s;t, a&s;&s;u|red me that he has had Anemones from the &s;eed &s;ow|ed in &s;ummer, that were in flower within ten moneths of the time of their &s;owing.</P>
</DIV4>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 3.</HI> Clovergra&s;&s;e being e&s;teemed as great an improve|ment as any our ground is capable of: I &s;hall adde &s;uch &s;peciall directions as are given for the ordering there|of: <HI>Sir</HI> Richard We&s;tons ob&s;ervations and rules are as falloweth.</HEAD>
<P>Clovergra&s;&s;e-&s;eed thrives be&s;t when you &s;ow it in the wor&s;t and barrenne&s;t ground. Such as our wor&s;t heath ground in England. The ground is thus prepar'd for &s;eed.</P>
<P>Fir&s;t pare of the heath; then make the paring into little hills: you may put to one hill as much paring as comes off from a Rod or Pole of ground, which is the &s;quare of &s;ixteen feet and a half. The hill being &s;ufficiently made and prepared (as they doe in De|von&s;hiring as we call it) are to be fired and burnt into a&s;hes. And unto the a&s;hes of every hill you mu&s;t put a peck of un&s;lake Lime; the Lime is to be covered over with the a&s;hes, and &s;o to &s;tand til Rain comes and &s;lakes the lime. After that mingle your a&s;hes and Lime together, and &s;o &s;pread it over your land. This done; either again&s;t, or &s;hortly after rain, plough and &s;owe; ploughing not above foure inches deep and not in furrowes, but as plain as you can, and to make it yet plainer, harrow afterwards, and that with bu&s;hes under your Harrowes.</P>
<P>The ground being thus prepared you may &s;ow your &s;eeds. An Acre of ground will take about ten pounds
<PB N="20" REF="20">of Clover-gra&s;&s;e-&s;eed, which is in mea&s;ure &s;omwhat more then half a Peck. The chief &s;ea&s;on for &s;owing it is <HI>April</HI> or the latter end of <HI>March.</HI></P>
<P>About the fift of <HI>June</HI> it will be ready to be cut. It yeelds excellent hay. The time of cutting it will be more exactly knowne, by ob&s;erving when it begins to knot: for that is the time: And ere the year be done, it will yeild you three of tho&s;e crops, all of them very good hay; and after you have thus cut it the third time, you may then feed the ground with Cat|tle all the winter, as you doe other ground.</P>
<P>But if you intend to pre&s;erve &s;eed, then mu&s;t you expect but two crops that year, and you mu&s;t cut the fir&s;t according to the fore&s;aid directions, but the &s;e|cond growth mu&s;t be let &s;tand, till the &s;eed of it be come to a full and dead ripene&s;&s;e, and then mu&s;t you cut it, and thre&s;h the tops, and &s;o pre&s;erve the &s;eed, you &s;hall have at lea&s;t five bu&s;hells of &s;eed from every Acre.</P>
<P>This &s;eed thus thre&s;hed off, there will be left long &s;talks, the&s;e your Cattle will eat; but when they grow old and hard, you are to boile tho&s;e &s;talks and make a ma&s;h of them, and it will be very nou|ri&s;hing either for Hogs, or any thing that eat thereof.</P>
<P>After the &s;econd cutting for &s;eed, you mu&s;t cut that year no more; but as it &s;prings again, feed it with Cattle. One Acre of it will feed you as many Cowes as &s;ix ordinary Acres, and you will find your milke much richer; which induces &s;ome not to cut it at all, but onely to graze it for their Dayry.</P>
<P>Being once &s;owed, it will la&s;t five years, and then being plowed, it will yeild three or four years toge|ther rich crops of wheat, and after that a crop of Oats.</P>
<PB N="21" REF="20">
<P>And as the Oats begin to come up, then &s;ow it with Clover-&s;eed (which is in it &s;elf excellent Ma|nure) for your need not be&s;tow any new dre&s;&s;ing up|on the ground, and by that time you have cut your Oates, you will find a delicare gra&s;&s;e grown up un|derneath, upon which if you plea&s;e, you may graze with Cattle or Hor&s;e all that year after, and the next year take your crop as before at plea&s;ure.</P>
<P>To prevent mi&s;take, I mu&s;t give this adverti&s;e|ment, that whereas Sir <HI>Richard We&s;ton</HI> commends heathy ground, he is not to be under&s;tood, of &s;uch dry and barren ground without its be&s;t Manure by chalk, lime, and the like artifices of hu&s;bandry. For otherwi&s;e it has failed in the growth &amp; improve|ment thereby expected. Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> commends ground naturally good, betwixt ten and twenty &s;hillings an Acre: giving this generall Rule, that no land can be too good for Clover that is not too good for Corn.</P>
<P>Hempe and Flax are v&s;ed to have the &s;ame culture, and the be&s;t hu&s;bandry that I have ob&s;erved of them has been in <HI>Stafford&s;hire,</HI> where this procedure is generally ob&s;erved. About the beginning or middle of <HI>Aprill</HI> the flax &s;eed is &s;owen upon new broken ground, immediately upon its being broken up. The &s;eed they either have from their own Crop, or buy it from a warmer Country: Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> reports the true Ea&s;t-Country &s;eed to be farre the be&s;t, who for tryall of both, &s;owed on the &s;ame land, the Ridge or Mid|dle with our Country &s;eed, and both the furrowes, with Dutch or ea&s;t-country &s;eed, (&s;uch as is bought in the &s;eed&s;mens &s;hops at <HI>Billing&s;gate</HI> in <HI>London</HI>) the effect was that our &s;eed, though on the ridge it had the advantage of the ground, was encompa&s;&s;ed with the Dutch, as with a wall about it, &s;o much the Ea&s;terne
<PB N="22" REF="21">&s;eed did out grow it, He likewi&s;e for warmer parts, as E&s;&s;ex and Kent thinks <HI>mid-March</HI> a convenient fea&s;on for &s;owing it: If weeds grow therein they care|fully weed their crop and pull it in dry weather when it lookes yellow, le&s;t growing over ripe it blacken and mildew, and tye it up in handfulls that it may perfectly dry. Then they ripple it, is, that they get out the &s;eeds by drawing it through an <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">ngine like an iron double tooth combe, which they call a Ripple: the boles of &s;eed pulled off, they lay on a boarded or play&s;terd floore to dry, it being dryed they lay it up and thre&s;h it not out of the boles till <HI>March,</HI> when they winnow it clean from the huskes.</P>
<P>The watering of it is thus: The Flax being well dryed, they bind up about 20 handfulls in a bundle and putting many of the&s;e bundles together they &s;take them down in the water, that they may not be carryed away by the Streame. The flax abides in water 4 or 5 dayes and nights, then they &s;pread it on the gra&s;&s;e that it may dry, turning it every 3 dayes, and when it is full dryed they lay it up and hou&s;e it, and when they &s;ee their occa&s;ion they u&s;e their Brake and Crack, in&s;truments devi&s;ed for the purpo&s;e to bring the Tow from the Flax. The whole Government and hu&s;|bandry of hemp from the &s;eed to the di&s;taffe is &s;o like this of Flax that the &s;ame example and rule may very well &s;erve for both.</P>
<P>Woad, according to Mr. <HI>Bliths</HI> directions, is be&s;t &s;ow|ed where you &s;ow your Barly or Oates, upon that very hu&s;bandry or tilth, about the middle of <HI>March,</HI> and may grow up among the Corn becau&s;e it groweth not fa&s;t the fir&s;t &s;ummer, but after the Corn is cut it mu&s;t be pre&s;erved; it requires a rich and warme &s;oil.
<PB N="23" REF="21">This plant is of great u&s;e to Dyars, and coloureth the bright yellow or lemon colour, It abates the &s;trength and &s;uperrichne&s;&s;e of land, and may prepare for Corn in land of its own Nature too rich, which is, as Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> ob&s;erves, &s;ometimes a fault, though not &s;o fre|quently as the contrary extreme.</P>
<P>Beans require a low deep ground and Wateri&s;h, not dry, &s;andy or gravelly &s;oyle: This is true of feild beanes, though I fir&s;t Tooke notice of the great diffe|rence in our London Gardens, where the labourers for their own eating would give one part in three more for a mea&s;ure of beanes from the former than from the latter &s;oyl, who a&s;&s;ured me that from the &s;ame &s;eed and care garden beans have much more meale, pulpe, or kernell and thinner skins in the moi&s;t than in the dryer and le&s;&s;e wateri&s;h ground.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="4" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 4.</HI> The Generall ob&s;ervations for the manner of &s;owing.</HEAD>
<P>Be&s;ides the Examples afore&s;aid, I &s;hall adde &s;ome rules &s;uch as by Gardiners are u&s;ually ob&s;erved.</P>
<P>This is generall that all &s;eeds mu&s;t be covered with the earth, which is done, either by &s;owing the ground and turning the &s;eed in under the furrow, or by drawing trenches in the &s;oyle, and then drawing the earth over them with a hoe, or &s;owing the beds ready dre&s;t, and hacking in the &s;eed with the &s;ame in&s;trument, or by harrowing, raking with a rake or drawing bu&s;hes over the &s;owed ground to cover the &s;eed, or to &s;et the &s;ingle &s;eeds with a &s;tick, or la&s;tly to &s;ow the ground and afterwards to &s;ift or &s;trow fine mould thereon.</P>
<P>The two la&s;te wayes are for choice &s;eeds when the workeman de&s;ires to loo&s;e none for want of burying
<PB N="24" REF="22">the &s;owing under furrow is for &s;uch &s;eeds as mu&s;t en|dure the winter, the depth of ground being part of their &s;ecurity again&s;t the winter colds: nor are all &s;eeds of &s;trength to &s;hoot their germen through &s;o &s;o much earth. The &s;owing intrenches is u&s;ed for Pea&s;e, there being thereby &s;paces left between the rowes, of half a yard more or le&s;&s;e, to gather them as they ripen, and roome whence to draw mould to the roots, which frequently done, is very advantageous to them. It is likewi&s;e hand&s;ome for Spinach, Endive, Thyme, Savory or other garden herbs to grow in rowes after this manner of &s;owing.</P>
<P>Moi&s;ture is ab&s;olutely nece&s;&s;ary for the growth of all plants, two or three dayes after a great rain is accounted a good &s;ea&s;on; in dry weather two dayes after rain &s;ay the London Gardiners, agreably to that of <HI>Ferrarius, Nec tamen &s;imulac magnis imbribus ter|ra permaduit &s;eres, &s;ed tanti&s;per expectabis, dum pluvi|us ille mador modice ex&s;iccetur, ne madenti limo&s;o&abque; in &s;olo &s;tatutae radices exputre&s;cant</HI> de Fl. cult. l. 3. c. 1. Seeds that are apt to run to a Mu&s;cilage are unfit to en|dure moi&s;ture upon that account, as el&s; where I noted.</P>
<P>I pre&s;cribe nothing concerning the ob&s;ervation of the faces of the moone, becau&s;e I much doubt of any effect therefrom. Neither doe Gardiners that work, nor Authors that write, pre&s;cribe alike rules; but contra|dict each other in their direction, for the particular ob&s;ervation of this Planet, as to any intended pro|duction. Nor is it agreeable to my rea&s;on, that the moones being in the full at the fir&s;t explication of the two di&s;&s;imilar leaves, or germination of the plant, &s;hould cau&s;e a double flower, this germination ac|cording to this pre&s;ent Hi&s;tory, differing little from other augmentations of the &s;ame plant, in oppo&s;ite
<PB N="25" REF="22">quarters immediately en&s;uing: &s;o that if a full moone be proper, I &s;ee no rea&s;on why it may not be effectuall, by vertue of the &s;ame pha&s;is the third, as the fir&s;t or the twelveth, as the &s;ixt day of the &s;eed|lings augmentation.</P>
<P>The meliorating of ground belongs to the head of Improvement; here I &s;hall only ob&s;erve that where ground is very light, as in &s;ome London and Kenti&s;h gardens, it is found profitable after &s;owing to tread in the &s;eed.</P>
<P>Some &s;teep all garden &s;eed before they &s;ow them to make the germination the more &s;peedy, but &s;eeing there be no better wayes of infu&s;ion than in Farth and Water, why the &s;ame bo&s;ome of a well watered ground &s;hould not be mo&s;t fit for this operation I &s;ee not.</P>
<P>In &s;eeds that are long in coming up, the &s;eed bed is not to be digged up the fir&s;t winter: For I know diver&s;e &s;eeds that will for a great part of them ly un|der ground the fir&s;t, year and come up the &s;econd: of this Nature is the A&s;h-key &s;ometimes, the Peach, Malecotone and &s;ome Plums.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="5" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 5.</HI> Of variety of kindes, different in colour, ta&s;te, &s;mell, and other &s;en&s;ible qualities, proceeding from &s;ome &s;eeds, and what plonts they are that bring &s;eeds yeild-&s;uch va riety.</HEAD>
<P>In Carnations you have &s;eeds that give admirable Variety from the Orange-tawny Carnation and all his &s;trip't kinds that are double and keepe their taw|ny in them in any mea&s;ure. The white, Tawny and Carnations darkly &s;potted, <HI>Ferrarius</HI> commends for producing variety of colours and &s;tripes. Kernells of divers Apples and Peares bring variety of kinds, different in ta&s;te, &s;mell, colour, and hardne&s;&s;e, and
<PB N="26" REF="23">are as often promoted to better, as the degenerate to wor&s;t, as I am very credibly informed, by per&s;ons that profe&s;&s;e them&s;elves to have &s;een the experience. The kernells of the Burgundy Pear has brought a no|ble alteration and produceth a pear farre beyond that excellent kind: Peaches and Malecotones doe ordina|rity the like, &s;o that by &s;eed is thought to be their be&s;t propagation.</P>
<P>Our Gardiners in choo&s;ing the &s;eed of &s;tock-Gylli-flowers to make them bring double &s;tocks, take their &s;eed from &s;uch tops as bring fine leaves in their flower, of ecially if it be one &s;trip't; but Mr. <HI>P.</HI> &s;ayes tho&s;e that bear double &s;eeds, cannot be di&s;tingui&s;hed from the other, and I have rea&s;on to beleive him, for &s;uch as chu&s;e their &s;eed this way, doe not find that it an&s;wers their expectation.</P>
<P>For Tulips that are early, or Praecoces, the pur|ple &s;ays Mr. <HI>Parkin&s;on,</HI> I have found to be the be&s;t, next thereto is the purple with white edges, and &s;o likewi&s;e the red, with yellow edges; but each of them will bring mo&s;t of their own Colours. For the Me|dia's, take tho&s;e colours that are light, rather white then yellow, and purple, then red, yea white, not yellow, purple, not red: but the&s;e again to be &s;potted is the be&s;t, and the more the better; but withall or aboveall, in the&s;e re&s;pect the bottome of the flower (which in the precox Tulipa you cannot, becau&s;e you &s;hall find no other ground in them but yellow) for if the flower be white or whiti&s;h, &s;ported, or edged and &s;traked, and the bottome blew or purple (which is found in the Holias, and in the Cloath of Silver, this is beyond all other the mo&s;t excellent, and out of que&s;tion the choi&s;e&s;t of an hundred, to beget the greate&s;t and mo&s;t plea&s;ant variety, and raritie, and
<PB N="27" REF="23">&s;o in degree the meaner in beauty you &s;ow, the le&s;&s;er &s;hall your ple &s;ure in varieties be: Be&s;tow not your time in &s;owing red or yellow Tulipa-&s;eed, or the diver&s;e mixtures of them, they will (as I have found by experience) &s;eldome be worth your paines. The Serolina being not beautifull, brings forth no &s;peci|all varietye: <HI>Ferrarius</HI> lib. 3, chap. 7. commends the Serolina for &s;eed, (but I find he makes but two &s;orts; Praecoces and Serolin's) and among them the white, with the black purple, or blew bottomes or Scarlet with skycoloured bottome inclining to pur|ple; for both them will (&s;ayes he) bring Tulips mark't with varietye and hand&s;omne&s;&s;e: But Tulips with|out a blacki&s;h bottome are noe good breeders of va|rious coloured flowers.</P>
<P>The two le&s;&s;er Spani&s;h ba&s;tard Daffodills, the leaves of which are of a whiti&s;h green colour, one alittle broader then the other, and the flowers pure white, bending down their their heads, that they almo&s;t touch the Stalk again, give Seed from which &s;prings much varietye, few or none keeping either colour or height with their mother plant.</P>
<P>The &s;eeds of divers Son breads, by name the Ro|man Sowbred with round leaves, the Autumnall I|vy leaved Sowbread, &s;ome flowers-de-lis, and many &s;orts of Bears-eares doe the like in produceing admi|rable variety.</P>
<P>As for Anemones, take't from Mr. <HI>P.</HI> and our common dayly experience that there is not &s;o great variety of double flowers rai&s;ed from the &s;eeds of thinne leave'd Anemones as from the broad leaved ones. Of the Latifolias, the double Orange-rawny &s;eed being &s;owen, yeildeth pretty varietyes, but the pur|ples, or reds, or crim&s;ons, yeild &s;mall varietyes, but
<PB N="28" REF="24">&s;uch as draw neare&s;t to their originall, although &s;ome be a little deeper or lighter then others: But the light colours are they that are chief for choice, as white, a&s;h-colour, blu&s;h or Carnation, light Orange, Simple, or party-coloured, &s;ingle (or double if they bear &s;eed) which mu&s;t be carefully gathered, and that not be|fore it be fully ripe, which you &s;hall know by the head, for when the &s;eed with the woolline&s;&s;e begin|neth a little to ri&s;e of it &s;elf at the lower end, then mu&s;t it be quickly gathered, le&s;t the wind carry it all away, after it is thus carefully gather'd it mu&s;t be layd to dry for a week or more, which then being gently rubbed with a little dry &s;and, or earth will cau&s;e the &s;eed to be better &s;eparated, although not throughly, from the wooline&s;s or downe that compa&s;&s;eth it.</P>
<P>In the &s;eed of the Mervayle-of-the-world, take notice, that if you would have variable flowers, you mu&s;t chu&s;e out &s;uch flowers as be variable while they blow, that you may have their &s;eed! for in this plant if the flower be of a &s;ingle colour, the &s;eed will likely bring the &s;ame.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="6" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 6.</HI> Some other relations of tran&s;mutation, and the po&s;&s;ibility of a change of ones &s;pecies into another exa|mined.</HEAD>
<P>I have often heard per&s;ons affirme, that they have &s;owed Barley, or &s;ome other grain, and in the ground the &s;eed has been &s;o altered as to &s;end forth Oates in|&s;teed of corn, according to its own &s;pecies. I am as yet farre from giving any a&s;&s;ent to this their Hi|&s;tory. The Rea&s;ons why I di&s;beleive them are, fir&s;t, becau&s;e the Relators affirme whole fields to be thus varied, and that to one &s;pecies (viz) of Oates, which is different from Barley in the &s;traw, eare and grain
<PB N="29" REF="24">it &s;elfe. Whereas in the variation of &s;eed, in tho&s;e vegetables, in which the change is undoubted, the co|lour only or &s;ome other ea&s;ily alterable accidents, &s;uch as the &s;en&s;ible qualities are generally found are tran&s;|muted, and this tran&s;mutation ends not at all in a|nother divers kind; but in &s;everall &s;mall diver&s;ities of the &s;ame kind; The &s;toryes of Wheat turned to Mu&s;tard-&s;eed were as likely to be true, and is a fit parallell to create a right beleife of the true cau&s;e of the mentioned effect. Secondly, I knew a Gentleman who plowed a piece of land in the &s;pring, and then &s;owed it not, but after it was harrowed and prepared for &s;eed left it to its own Genius and nature to pro|duce what it was inclined to: The Ground was off its own Nature apt to bring forth wild-Oates amid&s;t the Corn, now in defect of Corn there grew as many wild-Oates unmixt from any other weeds, as the land could carry. This was tryed in a great peice of land, and much proffit was made of the Oates, the Gentle|man having cut them green for Fodder <HI>Anno</HI> 1657.</P>
<P>My judgment therefore is, That the fallacy which befell my above named Relators was, that they mi|&s;took the cau&s;e of the production of the Oates menti|oned; for to me it is much more ea&s;ie to conceive, that by &s;ome evill accident, as it often happens (the &s;eed corn being corrupted and peri&s;h't in the ground) the ground it's &s;elf from its own Seminary, &s;ent out the &s;uppo&s;ititious Crop of Oates or Mu&s;tard, than that there &s;hould be a variety of &s;o &s;trange a Nature, and declen&s;ion from its property, in the i&s;&s;ue of any &s;pe|cies.</P>
<P>It is indeed growen to be a great que&s;tion, whether the tran&s;mutation of a &s;pecies be po&s;&s;ible either in the vegetable, Animal, or Minerall kingdome. For the
<PB N="30" REF="25">po&s;&s;ibility of it in the vegetable: I have heard Mr. <HI>Bobart</HI> and his <HI>Son</HI> often report it, and proffer to make oath that the Crocus and Sladiolus, as likwi&s;e the Leu|coium, and Hyacinths by a long &s;tanding without re|planting have in his garden changed from one kind to the other: and for &s;atisfaction about the curio&s;ity in the pre&s;ence of Mr. <HI>Boyle</HI> I tooke up &s;ome bulbs of the very numericall roots whereof the relation was made, though the alteration was perfected before, where we &s;aw the diver&s;e bulbs growing as it were on the &s;ame &s;toole, clo&s;e together, but no bulb half of the one kind, and the other half of the other: But the change-time being pa&s;t it was rea&s;on we &s;hould be|leive the report of good arti&s;ts in matters of their own faculty.</P>
<P>Mr. <HI>Wrench</HI> a skilfull, and indu&s;trious gardiner for fruit and kitching-plants told me that the la&s;t year there was a change betwixt the kinds of the Cole|flower, and the cabbage. Others I know who as from their experience mo&s;t confidently affirme that they have prime-ro&s;es of the milk white colour, the root whereof before in another ground bare Oxelips: and it is u&s;ually beleived that divers &s;ingle flowers may be changed into double by frequent tran&s;plantations, made into better grounds. I knew tho&s;e that have had the wood Anemonies, and Colchiums double, who affirme that they took them into their garden wild, and fingle, and that that change was made by the &s;oyle, and culrure of the place.</P>
<P>For the animall Kingdome the in&s;tances of tran&s;|mutation are in &s;ilkwormes, cadiz, and all caterpil|lars, which after a long &s;leep from the reptile turne into the volatile kind.</P>
<P>The minerall Kingdom is &s;uppo&s;ed to be famous
<PB N="31" REF="25">and fruitfull in the&s;e changes, the hope of the Phi|lo&s;ophers &s;tone, or perfecting medicine requiring this beleife: Yet I am per&s;waded that in many of their changes they rather &s;eparate, and bring to apparence a latent minerall, than produce it by the tran&s;mutation of another into that nature. <HI>Sennertus</HI> recants tho&s;e writtings of his, that affirmed iron to have been turned into copper by naturall, and artificiall waters of Vitri|oll. The effect only in his &s;econd, and more ma|ture judgment being the &s;eparation of a copper be|fore latent in the Vitrioll, and the precipitation of it by the parts of the iron: and I have &s;een &s;ome ex|periments made by the honorable Per&s;on, for whom I am now writing, that have added &s;trength to my for|mer per&s;wa&s;ion, particularly the &s;uppo&s;ed tran&s;mu|tation of quick&s;ilver into lead, publi&s;hed as real by the learned <HI>Vintzerus</HI> and others, and to be made by di&s;|&s;olving the quick&s;ilver in aqua fortis, &amp; precipitating it by the tincture of Minium, proved but &s;ophi&s;ticall, the Lead produced that way being indeed not made of the Mercury, but only reduced out of the tincture of Minium, wherein it lurck't, as that Gentleman doth more circum&s;tantially &s;et down in his own pa|pers, and others of the like nature, which it were not proper here further to in&s;i&s;t on.</P>
<P>It is a que&s;tion, whether there be any reall tran&s;|mutation, from the vegetable to the minerall king|dome, in petrifaction of any &s;ort of wood: tho&s;e petri|factions, which I have &s;een in England, are made thus, &s;ome particles of &s;tone, that impregnate the bo|dy of water, make a cru&s;t about the &s;tick that is to be petrified, and enter into the pores thereof, as fa&s;t as they are layed open by the water, wa&s;hing through the &s;tick, wherein there interceeds, noe change of
<PB N="32" REF="26">the &s;ame parts, but by addition of &s;ome, and &s;ub|&s;traction of others, if I imagine aright, the new ef|fect is wrought. The proof whereof may be, that the fibres of wood appear vi&s;ible and to the touch and ta&s;te amid&s;t the body of the &s;tone.</P>
<P>In Ireland there is a Lake wherein (as that Noble Per&s;on I but now mentioned, hath related to me) there is &s;oe great a petrifying faculty that the be&s;t wher&s;tones u&s;ed in that nation, are made of wood, ca&s;t therein to be petrified. In which &s;tones though all the lineaments of the woody fibres remain, yet they are indued with the hardne&s;&s;e, and other quali|ties of an exact &s;tone. And Corall, the entire &s;tony|ne&s;&s;e thereof noe man can doubt, may well be ima|gined to be originally a vegetable bearing root, &s;talk, and leafe; and that afterward it is turned into its hardne&s;&s;e by the peculiar property of the water: whe|ther the&s;e operations of nature are likewi&s;e perfected by addition and &s;ub&s;traction of parts only, or whether it be required that &s;ome parts for the production of this effect be tran&s;muted I &s;hall not determine.</P>
<P>And for the deciding the whole que&s;tion, if the form be &s;pecificall, and &s;o made by the aggregation of a cer|tain number of accidents, tho&s;e accidents &amp; that num|ber mu&s;t be a&s;&s;igned that are thought enough to com|pleat a new form, before we may begin to judge in this matter for that very many accidents maybe changed it appears by the above named in&s;tances in vegetables &amp; in other bodyes many more: Vinegerand Wine, are the &s;ame parts tran&s;po&s;ed and yet there &s;eemes to be more difference between them than between En|dive and Cichory, Maidenhaire and Scolopendrium, Rubarb and Dockes, which are in Vegetables e&s;teem|ed for diver&s;e &s;pecies formally or &s;pecifically di&s;tin|gui&s;hed.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="7" TYPE="number">
<PB N="33" REF="26">
<HEAD><HI>N. 7.</HI> Of Provi&s;ion for &s;eed.</HEAD>
<P>Many Rootes are to be tran&s;planted at the latter end of the year, and will bring forth perfect &s;eeds: as, Carrets, Par&s;neps, Turneps. Cabbages are to be layd in Cellars all winter, the roote and Cabbage be|ing replanted in the &s;pring, or the &s;eed may be got, though not in &s;o plentifull a manner, from the &s;talks of Cabbages, whence in the &s;ea&s;on the Cabbage was ta|ken either replanted, or &s;tanding in their old places: Coleflowers give their &s;eed from the like care that is be&s;towed on the Cabbage.</P>
<P>I have &s;een Gardiners that provide Cabbage-&s;eed in great quantitie for the &s;hops in London upon their cour&s;e ground, to &s;ow Cabbage &s;eed which without tran&s;plantation &s;hall bring forth Coleworts for boyling hearbs, and then a crop of &s;eed: many plants that bear fruit bring their &s;eed every year in their fruits, &s;o Apples, Peares, Plumes, Peaches, Aprecots, Wheat, Barley, Rye, Pea&s;e, Beanes, and many that beare no fruit doe the like, &s;o Lettuce, Radi&s;h all gra&s;&s;es, &s;o that unle&s;&s;e &s;ome peculiar plants which require to be excepted: Yucca Indica, bears nei|ther flower nor &s;eed in le&s;&s;e than four years time: 'tis generall that each &s;eed will ripen every year, and the be&s;t generall token of maturity is its loo&s;ne&s;s from the pedall by which its joyned to the &s;tock, &s;o as ker|nells in ripe Apples grow loo&s;e from the core.</P>
<P>Tho&s;e per&s;ons that make Verjuce or Cider can be&s;t furni&s;h him that intends a Nur&s;ery, for notwith&s;tand|ing both the violence of Mill or Pre&s;&s;e, the kernells e&s;cape entire enough for Vegetation; but care mu&s;t be had that they be immediately &s;owen after the pre&s;&s;ing
<PB N="34" REF="27">le&s;t being layd on a heap they heat, in the manner of wet Hay, and burn the germen of the &s;eed, which in the moi&s;ture of the brui&s;ed fruit by that heat will prematurely &s;prout forth to its own peri&s;hing.</P>
<P>In providing Lettuce &s;eed, mark the plants that you &s;ee &s;tronge&s;t for &s;eed, and after they have begun to &s;hoot &s;talks, &s;trip away the lowe&s;t leaves, for two or three h<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">nds breadth above the ground, that by them the &s;talk be not rotted.</P>
<P>Let Carnation and Gilly flower-Cods of &s;eed &s;tand upon the Roote &s;o long as you may, for danger of fro&s;t, then cut the &s;tems off with the Cods on them and dry them &s;o, as not to loo&s;e the &s;eeds; The dryne&s;&s;e of the Cods and blackne&s;s of the &s;eed is an Argument of ripene&s;&s;e: <HI>Ferrarius</HI> Lib. 3. Cap. 15. Reports, that the bottome of every Cod brings the be&s;t &s;eed: and the large&s;t flowers.</P>
<P>The &s;eed of Crocus's are only, or at lea&s;t, be&s;t taken from the ordinary &s;tript vernall Crocus, the great purple Crocus, the great blew Crocus of Naples, the &s;tript purple, the le&s;&s;e purple, flame coloured, the purple with &s;mall leaves, the yellow &s;tript, the cloath of Gold. Clovergra&s;&s;e and &s;eeds of that nature, are provided by letting the gra&s;&s;e run timely to &s;eed, particularly by moving it about <HI>May</HI> and thence ab&s;taining till the&s;eed is through ripe.</P>
<P>Such &s;eeds as are weighty and &s;inke in water are be&s;t; the contrary are u&s;ually languid and unfit for propagation.</P>
<P>Out-Landi&s;h &s;eeds are u&s;ed for &s;uch plants, who&s;e &s;eeds cannot be got here for want of Maturity, or any other rea&s;on.</P>
<P>The Spani&s;h-Muske-Melon-&s;eed is accounted be&s;t, though we u&s;e our own with good &s;ucce&s;&s;e: few Gar|diners
<PB N="34" REF="27">here will u&s;e their own Onion-&s;eed, for they find it runnes to Scallions: Myrtle with us comes not to &s;eed, nor Mulbery. For the &s;en&s;itive plant, the Amaracoc or Pa&s;&s;ion flower &amp;c. we &s;end for &s;eed to the Barbado's.</P>
<P>What advantage our Nation might have by propa|gation of exotique plants by &s;eed brought new from &s;everall Countryes beyond the Seas, tis hard to ghe&s;&s;e that the<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">e would be advantage tis certain. I remem|ber that <HI>Bellonius</HI> a man very diligent, and much em|ployed about knowing the nature of plants, growing in other Countrys than his own, which was France, wrote a whole book to &s;hew the po&s;&s;ibility and advan|tage of this improvement, to per&s;wade Merchants to furni&s;h gentlemen with &s;eed, and them to u&s;e it. Tis known that Peaches, Aprecots, Nectarins were lately not only &s;trangers to England, but to France likewi&s;e. Mulbery is likewi&s;e on Exotique plant, and by King James his Command &s;ent for over and pro|pagated by &s;eed.</P>
<P><GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">xotique Seeds are good not only to propagate plants yet not with us, but likewi&s;e to make a more plentifull production then can with ea&s;e be made from any other way of propagation of &s;uch we already have.</P>
<P>Care mu&s;t be had in &s;owing &s;eed, or at lea&s;t in &s;et|ting them, where you intend that they &s;hall thrive, that the ground bear the be&s;t proportion may be to the places and the particular Minera of the places where &s;uch plants in other parts u&s;e to grow, not to put mountainous plants in low and moi&s;t grounds. Why the Taurick Cedars, were they planted in Walles, &s;hould not grow I know no rea&s;on.</P>
<PB N="35" REF="28">
<P>It were worth the while to con&s;ider in all &s;eeds, whether there be noe di&s;tingui&s;hable difference in the &s;eed, that may be of u&s;e, as to &s;ooner, or great|er growth. In the &s;ame bed divers &s;eeds being &s;ow|ed of one kind, particularly Apples, Peares, Plummes, Cherrys, or Peaches, &s;ome Apple &s;eedlings will in the &s;ame mould, and di&s;tances, much out&s;hoot the re&s;t of the &s;ame kind, and &s;o in the Pears, and other ker|nels: it might here be enquired, whether the great or le&s;&s;e, &s;end bigger plants, and of &s;peedier growth? as it is by &s;ome ob&s;erved in buds, that the fairer the bud is upon the &s;heild and &s;tronger, the better thrives the inoculation, and not only growes more certainly but more lu&s;tily.</P>
<P N="2">2. Whether the Canker in pippins, ari&s;e not from an incongruous grafting, and it were not better to bring them up from kernells, or graft them on a more mild &s;tock than that of a Crab.</P>
<P>Whether there might not be gotten diver&s;e years &s;ooner trees of &s;tature from kernells of great bodyed and quick growing Apple trees, and &s;uch who&s;e ker|nells vary not much their kindes, than from Crabbs, which is a wood of a &s;low growth and har&s;h Nature.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="8" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 8.</HI> The manner of growing by &s;eed.</HEAD>
<P>The &s;eed is con&s;idered either as allready made, or as it is under the hands of Nature, imperfect, yet in the way to be made.</P>
<P>In it made, there are con&s;iderable, fir&s;t, the Coates and cotton that cover it about, and pre&s;erve it from injuries; &s;econdly, the e&s;&s;entiall and proper parts of the &s;eed it &s;elf.</P>
<P>Many &s;eeds have two Coates above the Cotton,
<PB N="36" REF="28">and one thinne one under, next inve&s;ting the &s;eed, &s;uch are Sicamores.</P>
<P>All &s;eeds that I know have within their Covers ac|tually a Neb, which an&s;wers to a roote, which is joyned to leaves more or le&s;&s;e in number: betwixt the &s;talks of, or amid&s;t the&s;e leaves there is a bud, eye or Germen, ju&s;t oppo&s;ite to the Neb, or initiall Roote, but by rea&s;on of its &s;mallne&s;&s;e it is &s;carce di&s;|cernable in many &s;eeds till it begins to &s;pring.</P>
<LIST>
<ITEM>1. Mo&s;t plants have only two leaues actually joyn|ed to the Neb, which are commonly very unlike the proper leaves of the plant: of this &s;ort are the flowers of the Sunne, Ediffarum Clypeatum, Cucumbers, Melons, Amaranthus, Thi&s;tles, Thla&s;pyes, Mallows of divers kinds, Arch-angells Spurges, Nettles, Cla|ry, Orach, Dill, Par&s;ely hath two leaves di&s;&s;imilar, but not much &s;oe, Melilot two di&s;&s;imilar, and one, if I mi&s;take not, &s;imilar.</ITEM>
<ITEM>2. Many plants have more Leaves in the ari&s;ing from the Neb, as Cre&s;&s;es have &s;ix.</ITEM>
<ITEM>3. Some plants have but one di&s;&s;imilar leafe as A|nemones, Tulips, Fritellaryes and all bulbous &s;pring flowers that I have ob&s;erved. Wheat, Barley, Rye, all grain and gra&s;&s;es that I know have a germen wrap <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">ped up att one end of the grain in a ho&s;e or &s;heath which germen con&s;i&s;ts of leaves wrapped about the bud by a plica, or folding made the long way of the leafe, not overthwart as in Sicamores, Maples and o|ther complicated leaves of &s;eeds, Nor doth the whole corn divide it &s;elfe into leaves, and coates or huske as in tho&s;e examples, but the greater part thereof containes a meale which by the heat and moi&s;ture of the &s;oyl is turned into a pappy &s;ub&s;tance not unlike the Chyle found in the lacteals of animal
<PB N="37" REF="29">bodyes, and may, be as I &s;uppo&s;e, repo&s;ed nouri&s;hment for the young blade at &s;uch time as the earth would prove but a dry Nur&s;e. I have taken notice that Car|riations come up &s;ometimes with three, &s;ometimes with four leaves, though the mo&s;t have but two: and it is Mr. <HI>Bobarts</HI> ob&s;ervation, that &s;uch as come up with more leaves than two, prove double flowers, which if it generally holds true, it were a compendious way to weed out all the re&s;t at the fir&s;t coming up, to avoid the labour of culture of &s;uch plants as in the end will not prove advantageous for profit or plea&s;ure.</ITEM>
</LIST>
<P>Beanes, Pea&s;e, Kidney-beanes, Lupined, have this peculiarity, that the grain being clert, each half is as one of the&s;e di&s;&s;imular leaves, which is u&s;ually contained in every &s;eed, and between the&s;e thick leaves are contayned other &s;imilar leaves, or &s;uch as differ but in growth o<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter"> bigne&s;&s;e from the true leaves of the Plant. 'Tis to be ob&s;erved in all the&s;e great &s;eeds, that though the pul&s;e, or thick part of the grain peri&s;h, yet if the Neb and &s;mal leaves are entire, the &s;eed may pro&s;per; as I have &s;een Feild-beanes that have been eaten through with wormes, prove good thriveing &s;eed. But tis reported, that Pi&s;mires have learned the wit to &s;poyl the &s;eed from growing in their &s;tore-hou&s;es, by biting off the very Neb before they repo&s;e the grain.</P>
<P>The growth of the plant from the &s;eed is thus by convenient moy&s;ture and heat, the Neb &s;tricks through the Covers, and goes directly down, if not impeded, in earth or water, <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 word"> convenient way, ordinarily, two or three inches, in which time the leaves either row|led up, or otherwi&s;e inclo&s;ed, break their bonds, and expl<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 chunk">te them&s;elves <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 word"> being lifted commonly a lit|le higher by the growth of the &s;talk, or lengthned
<PB N="38" REF="29">Neb and you may ob&s;erve, that the growth above ground, at the fir&s;t motion upward, is nothing pro|portionable to the motion downward. After the root is well made and fa&s;tned betwixt the leaves that were, actually contained in the &s;eed, there ari&s;es into more plain &s;ight and appearance, that litle <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">ermen before, in many plants &s;carce-&s;een, like to that bud, which is left on plants in winter, which &s;pringing, brings forth the true leaves and Branche, of the plant &s;owen.</P>
<P>If I am enquired of, whether each &s;eed has a com|pleat e&s;&s;ence and di&s;tinct form of its own. Nay fur|ther, whether it be a true and perfect plant? I mu&s;t &s;ay that I have found it &s;o to be, even more than an egge, a liveing thing, and immediately nouri&s;hable It has root to grow, body to bear the port of the plant, Bark to direct the Sap into all its parts, and germen or bud to &s;ecure the meanes of future growth, and to boote leaves, which is all and &s;omewhat more than in the winter the &s;turdie&s;t Oke can boa&s;t of.</P>
<P>It has been accounted an Intere&s;t in Philo&s;ophy heretofore, and that in our Schooles, that &s;eed &s;hould not be e&s;teemed an actual and formal plant, becau&s;e of divers ab&s;urdities, that if &s;eed were animall, would happen in their Schoole doctrine; as that there would be pluralities of formes in the &s;ame trees; The Soule might be divi&s;ible into parts; The &s;ame thing might be agent and patient; Nay &s;ome have &s;aid, that it may be of dangerous con&s;equence in Divinity, if it were granted, that &s;eeds had the actuall formes and e&s;&s;ence of that thing who&s;e Seeds they were.</P>
<P>I am glad tis noe Here&s;y now, to appeale to &s;en&s;e from a Doctors opinion, and that I may freely in this matter require, to be tryed by my garden, though it be again&s;t the &s;entence and Judgment of the Doctors
<PB N="39" REF="30"><HI>Conimbra, Suarez, Ruvio, Pererius, Bonamicue, Fon&s;eca;</HI> and that we begin to lay a&s;ide the fear, that from a certain truth, ill con&s;equences may ari&s;e: That Canon will certainly hold longe<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">t which is be&s;t built in the bottome.</P>
<P>It is conceived by &s;ome that the immediate cau&s;e of the Growth of the &s;eed, is the Spirit working up|on the Salt and Sulphur, Earth and other con&s;tituent parts or Elements of the Seed: For the Spirit is &s;up|po&s;ed to be made Volatile by the heat of the earth and water, which in Spring and Autumne, (the cheife times of germination) is of a proper temperature for formentation; and then the &s;pirit being &s;o Volatized, and ri&s;eing up and expanding it &s;elf every way aug|ments the whole plant, and di&s;tends the &s;ides of the &s;eed, whereby the growth of the &s;eed plant is effect|ed.</P>
<P>But how it comes to pa&s;&s;e, that the conveiance of the&s;e expanded particles is ordered to proceed, accord|ing to the lineaments of each Vegetable, noe per&s;on to my knowledge has yet made any conceit; and it be|ing beyond any ocular di&s;covery of the mo&s;t acute Searchers, to finde out the Conduits or Trunckes &s;erving to &s;o intricate a carriage, and how it comes to pa&s;&s;e, that a &s;eed fir&s;t, has its Neb thru&s;t downe without dilatation of the &s;ides, and then, how the upper part of the Neb or germen orderly frames the Vegetable above ground in &s;o trim a body, rather then a confu&s;ed ma&s;&s;e, I take it not for any part of my taske to enquire.</P>
<P>I &s;hall likewi&s;e leave it to the imaginations of Phi|lo&s;ophers to determine, whether upon the di&s;tention made, it be by an elective faculty in the Seedling, filled up with &s;imilar parts drawn from the Earth, and
<PB N="40" REF="30">&s;o by Nature originally fitted &s;pecifically for that plant: or whether there being a continual motion of particles from the earth, pre&s;&s;ing upon the plant, tho&s;e only get entrance who&s;e &s;hapes and figures are &s;uch, as corre&s;pond to the pores in the young Ve|getable; which meeting in the body of the plant with its con&s;tituent parts in nature not unlike them|&s;elves, they ea&s;ily are joyned thereto, and &s;o cau&s;e an augmentation in the whole: or whether di&s;&s;imilar parts, either to fill up the Vacuum made by di&s;tention, or for other rea&s;ons, got up into the plant, doe ob|tain there a change of nature, and from the form, Soul, Archeus, or other principle, are altered from their fir&s;t being, into a likene&s;&s;e of nature with the Seedling, and become homogeneous to it; The&s;e are Que&s;tions, in the determination of which, till I am better informed, I de&s;ire to take no &s;ide.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="9" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 9.</HI> Of the cau&s;e of Greenne&s;s in the leaves of Ve|getables.</HEAD>
<P>It has been made a que&s;tion by &s;ome what it is that cau&s;es greenne&s;&s;e in all Herbes, e&s;pecially &s;uch who&s;e &s;eed, and the &s;talk, and Leafe, contained therein are white, and whether the cold beating of aire and wa|ter upon Vegetables may not have &s;ome influence in the production of this effect.</P>
<P>I truely have been tempted to think the affirmative, which is that the coldne&s;&s;e and briskne&s;&s;e of the free aire, in plants that grow in the land, and the like qua|litie of the water, in water plants produces the ver|dure or greenne&s;&s;e, that is generally the beauteous Ve&s;tment of all Vegetables, or at the lea&s;t has &s;ome con&s;iderable influence as to this production: for by ex|perience
<PB N="41" REF="31">I have proved that plants being in a clo&s;e roome, brought up from &s;eeds in pot, or otherwi&s;e, the leaves and &s;talks prove to be white, or pale, &amp; not green, which is according to the Lord <HI>Bacons</HI> expe|riment, who <HI>Cent.</HI> 5. <HI>Exp.</HI> 47. &s;etting a Standard Damask-Ro&s;e-Tree &amp;c. in an earthen pan of water, where bearing leaves in the winter, in a chamber where no fire was, the leaves were found (as his Lord&s;hip relates) more pale and light coloured, then leaves u&s;e to be abroad; which palene&s;&s;e, I &s;uppo&s;e to be greater or le&s;&s;e, proportionably to the fre&s;hne&s;&s;e and freene&s;&s;e of the aire that the plant enjoyes. Gra&s;&s;e will likewi&s;e change its colour, if by any weighty bo|dy, or other lying upon it in the field, it be kept from the aire: The truth is, all plants have peculiar de|light in the aire, which I have proved by this Expe|riment; I have taken young &s;eedlings in a pot, and put them in a window where there was a quarry out, the &s;eedling would immediately leave its upright growth; and direct its body &s;traight to the hole, and &s;o become almo&s;t flat and levell with the earth in the pot: Then turning the pot &s;o, that the inclination of the &s;talk might be from the hole, the plant has then crook't it &s;elf in form of a horn, or the letter C. to the aire a|gain. Upon the Second turn of the pot, the upper horn being placed from the aire, the plant would, with its upper part, return to the open place, and leave the &s;talk now in the form of an S. Nay, &s;ometimes I have bid per&s;ons tell me, which way they would have &s;uch a plant grow; they have marked the place in the brime of the Pot, that mark I have turned to the hole in the window, by which means the plant without any force, and that in not many houres &s;pace, hath inclined its &s;talkes to the mark made.</P>
<PB N="42" REF="31">
<P>That the aire has great influence in producing the verdure of plants, may likewi&s;e not improbably be ar|gued from the Experiments of Planching, or whiting the leaves of Artichockes, Endive, Mirrh is, Cicho|ry, Alexanders, and other plants, which is done by warm keeping of them, without the approach or &s;en|timent of the Coole and fre&s;h aire; whereby all plants that otherwi&s;e would bear a green colour, become exactly white.</P>
<P>Hence it may likewi&s;e bee, that tho roots of mo&s;t Ve|getables that are under ground, and covered from the aire, are white generally, whereas the &s;tem, and up|per parts of them are ordinarily green, and many rootes that are by nature of a peculiar colour, as Ra|di&s;hes, yet the point of the roote that is deepe&s;t in the ground, retaines a whitene&s;&s;e, as well as other|roots, being in that part of the roote removed from the aire, the red part commonly &s;tanding above or ju&s;t in the furface of the earth.</P>
<P>Hence al&s;o it may be, that tho&s;e leaves of Cabbages &amp; Lettuce that are expanded in the free aire are green, tho&s;e that being covered with their fellowes: and &s;e|cluded from the bla&s;ts of wind and weather, and kept in a warme Covert, become as white as any thing that is artificially blanch't.</P>
<P>True it is that, there be plants that grow in the bottome of waters, and &s;o cannot be &s;uppo&s;ed to have this help from the aire, otherwi&s;e than as the aire chills the water, and the water having received this qualitie from the aire, makes the like impre&s;&s;ion up|on its dome&s;tique plants.</P>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="2" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="43" REF="32">
<HEAD><HI>Chap. 2.</HI> Of Propagation by offsets.</HEAD>
<DIV3 N="1" TYPE="number">
<HEAD>N. 1. A Catalogue of Plants which may be propa|gated by offsets and &s;uckers ari&s;ing with Roots from the &s;tool and Roote of the Mother Plant.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM>Aconite or Wolfes-bane.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Adders-tongue.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Alexanders.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Anemones.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Angelica.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ari&s;tolochias.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Artichockes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>A&s;phodels.</ITEM>
<ITEM>A&s;arum.</ITEM>
<ITEM>A&s;paragus.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Avens.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Barberies.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Barrenworth.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bawme.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bears-eares.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>water and wood</HI> Betony.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bi&s;tort.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Spani&s;h</HI> Broome.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Butchers Broome.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Brooklime.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Briony.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Burts, <HI>and &s;uch like Apples.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Buglo&s;&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Burdocke.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Burnet.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Calamus aromaticus, <HI>which requires moi|&s;ture.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Camomill.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Caltha <HI>or</HI> March Mari|gold.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cherryes <HI>where the &s;tock is not grafted.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Chives.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cinquefoyle.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Clownes all-heal.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Co&s;tmary.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cow&s;lips.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Comfrey.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cow&s;lips <HI>of Jeru&s;alem.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Coltsfoote.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Columbines.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>The</HI> Crown <HI>imperiall.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Crowfoot.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cuckowpints.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dames violet.</ITEM>
<PB N="44" REF="32">
<ITEM>Day&s;yes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dens Leonis bulbo&s;us.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dittander.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dockstooth.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dockes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dorias <HI>his wound wort.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Dragons.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Dulcamara, <HI>or woody night-&s;hade.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Egrimony.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Elmes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Elic ampane.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Everla&s;ting</HI> Vetch.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ewe.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Fernes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Feverfew.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Figtrees.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Filbeards.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Filipendula.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Flowers-de-Luct.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Fleuellen <HI>or</HI> Speedwell.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Galingall.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Garliques</ITEM>
<ITEM>Gentianella.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Germander.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Goo&s;berryes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Golden-rod.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ground Jvy.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ha&s;elnuts.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Harts tongue.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Herbaparis.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Helleborine.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hellebores.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hercules all heal.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hyacinths.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hor&s;radi&s;h.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hou&s;eleeke.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hor&s;emints.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hops.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hor&s;etaile.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ja&s;mine.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Jeru&s;alem Artichoke.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Konti&s;h Codlings.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Knapweed.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lovage.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lady's bed &s;traw.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lilyes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lilium convallium.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lunaria.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lungwoort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mandrakes, <HI>for often there may be take~ from them par+ticles of their roots, which will grow well, though the u&s;uall way of their propagation is by &s;eed.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Mar&s;hmallowes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ma&s;terwort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Madder.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mints.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Moly.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Monkshood.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mulberryes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mugwort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Nur&s;e-gardens.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>All &s;orts of</HI> Orchis, <HI>or</HI> Docks-&s;tone.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Peta&s;itis.</ITEM>
<PB N="45" REF="33">
<ITEM>Periwincle.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Peony.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pea&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pilewort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Poplars.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Potatoes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Prunella.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Primro&s;es.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pul&s;atillas.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ra&s;pes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Radix cava.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Reeds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ro&s;es <HI>of mo&s;t kindes.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Ru&s;cus <HI>or Butchers broome.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Rubarbs.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Satyrions.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Saponoria.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sanicle.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Scabious.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sedum.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Serpillum.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Setfoyle.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Skirrets <HI>though &s;eeds will produce better.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Smallage.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sorrells.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Solidago Saracenica.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Solomons Seal.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Some</HI> Spurges.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Stitchwort.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Strawberryes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sword flags.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tarragon.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tan&s;ey.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tni&s;tles.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>All &s;o<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">ts of</HI> Tulips.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Valerians.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Some</HI> Vetches.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Vervaine.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Times.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Violets <HI>except the yellow.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Water mints.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Water Lillyes <HI>and mo&s;t of the other water plants.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Winter Cherryes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Willow weeds.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Woolfes bane.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Wormewood.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Yarrow.</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="2" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 2.</HI> The way of making Offsets by Art.</HEAD>
<P>Nature u&s;ually provides this help of propagation, without the wit or indu&s;try of men, called to her a&s;&s;i&s;tance, but that not generally in all plants, nor alwayes in any one: and therefore I e&s;teeme it well de&s;erving any mans learning who delight in Gardeus, to know any meanes to enlarge this way of propagation
<PB N="46" REF="33">beyond the bounds it is carryed to by natures cour&s;e, There is a pretty way (which in truth I fir&s;t learned from Mr. <HI>Bobart</HI> our Phy&s;ique Gardiner) for the ma|king Offsets where nature never intended them; which is done by bareing the root of plants of woody &s;ub|&s;tance, and then making a cut of the &s;ame fa&s;hion with that which is made in laying: Into this cleft a &s;tone mu&s;t be put, or &s;omething that will make the root gape, then cover the roote over three inches with mould, and the lip that is lifted up will &s;prout into branches, the roote of the old tree nouri&s;hing it. When the branches are growen, cut off this plant with its Roote to live of its &s;elf.</P>
<P>If you can, leave an eye on the lip of your roote, which you after the incition lift up; for the branches will then more &s;peedily and certainly i&s;&s;ue out of the root &s;o cut.</P>
<P>In Bulbous Rootes, <HI>Ferrarius</HI> makes offsets thus: If (&s;ayes he) a Bulbous roor is barren of Offsets: either put it in better earth, or cut it upon the bottom in the crown of the roote whence the fibres &s;pring, and that but lightly with your naile, and &s;prinkle &s;ome drydu&s;t as a medicine to the wound; and the effect he affirms to be this, that &s;o many wounds as you &s;hall make, into &s;o many offsets &s;hall the genitall vertue di&s;po&s;e it &s;elf.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 3.</HI> Rules for direction in taking off Suckers, or Offsets.</HEAD>
<P>Care mu&s;t be had, that the Damme be not de|&s;troyed in her delivery from her new brood, which may ea&s;ily be done, if too great a wound be made upon the &s;toole, or mother-plant, by tearing off the Suc|kers. Tis <HI>Ferrarius</HI> his peculiar precept about Ane|monyes:
<PB N="47" REF="34">That they be &s;ure as to take off &s;uch Offsets that will &s;carce hang on, &s;o not to teare off &s;uch as hold fa&s;t to the mother-plant, for that would be to the peril both of the offset and motherplant. Yet I have &s;een the very &s;ub&s;tance of Sowbreads to have beene divided with a knife through the heart, and yet grow well on either part, when they have not after|ward been over glutted with wet. Flaggs. Beares eares, Primro&s;es and Cow&s;lips, and generally all rootes, that are not Bulbous or tuberous mu&s;t have, and doe require a violent &s;eparation, but the le&s;&s;e the wound is, the better &s;hall your plant thrive, and be le&s;&s;e &s;ubject to corrupt by the moi&s;ture in the earth.</P>
<P>In the replantation there is required the generall care of young &s;ets, all plants of fibrous rootes are a&s;|&s;ured in their growth, by convenient watering, but for bulbous and tuberous the Gatdiners hand is, and ought to be more &s;paring, becau&s;e that moi&s;ture is a peculiar enemy to the&s;e plants, and often rots them, if it get into any crany of their rootes.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="4" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 4.</HI> Examples of planting by Offsets.</HEAD>
<P>Licorice requires the riche&s;t &amp; mo&s;t forced ground, very deep, that there may be roome for the downright roote, light, without &s;tones or gravell, and dry from moi&s;ture: The &s;ets are made either from the runners that creep along the upper part of the ground from the roote, or el&s;e are taken from the Crown of the ma&s;ter-roote, and are &s;et at a foot di&s;tance or le&s;&s;e in <HI>February,</HI> or <HI>March,</HI> according to cu&s;tome, though I &s;uppo&s;e any time in the winter might as well &s;erve the turn, the richer the ground is, the further they may be &s;et apart.</P>
<PB N="48" REF="34">
<P>Hoppes require to be planted in a very rich well &s;oyled land, and not moori&s;h, unle&s;&s;e the bog be fir&s;t well dreyned, the &s;tronger the &s;etts are, the more immediately will proffit ari&s;e from the Garden, if three or four inches about, they are &s;o much the better, let the center of the hills be ten foot removed each from other, that you may put the more poleson a hill, and both the &s;un and plow may have free pa&s;&s;age between them: tho&s;e that have le&s;s ground make le&s;&s;e di&s;tances, and toyle their garden with the &s;pade, and put but three poles to a hill, whereas &s;uch as plant 9 or 10 foote di&s;tance, u&s;e four at the lea&s;t, if not five: In planting, which is thought to be be&s;t done, when the fro&s;ts are pa&s;t, (&s;ome pre&s;cribe <HI>April</HI> for the &s;ea&s;on) there is nothing required but that they be &s;et about the center of the place, intended for the Hill upon the plain &s;urface of the ground in good mould, about three, four, or five in number according to the bigne&s;s of the Hill intended, and ordered with the u&s;uall care of offsets: be&s;ides this particular that as the &s;ets grow the hill mu&s;t be rai&s;ed to their heads.</P>
<P>Saffron delights in a rea&s;onable good and dry light ground, not extreamly &s;oyled or moi&s;t, 'tis plant|ed chiefly in &s;ome parts of E&s;&s;ex, Suffolke, and be|tween that and Cambridge, at Saffron-Walden. They are &s;et in the manner of bulbous roots, being taken when the bulbe is at the fulle&s;t, commonly about Mid&s;ummer, the bulbs are &s;et by a line, (that the beds may be weeded with a hoe) and that either with a &s;etting &s;tick or by trenches made in the manner of tho&s;e wherein garden pea&s;e are u&s;ually &s;owed. This beares in the middle of the flower three chives, which is the Saffron, to be gathered every morning early and dryed for u&s;e, every &s;econd or third year at the fur|the&s;t the beds mu&s;t be replanted, and the offsets drawn away.</P>
<PB N="49" REF="35">
<P>The generall way of this propagation is to take the offsets that ri&s;e from the bulbous and tuberous rooted plants, as Tulips, Anemones, Narci&s;&s;es, Crocus's, &amp;c. &amp; the &s;uckers which from the roots of poplars, Elmes, Nuttrees, Peares, Burts, Nur&s;gardens, Kenti&s;h Codlings, Goo&s;eberryes, Ro&s;es, Ru&s;cus, Calamus Aromaticus are very plentifully are drawn, and more, or le&s;s from all mentioned in the Catalogue. N. 1. Chap. 2. and to replant them in the &s;ea&s;ons of &s;etting, which are related in the proper chapter for that operation, in|to proper beds, and in convenient di&s;tances for their future education and growth.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 3.</HI> Variety of colours, in what flowers, from what offsets.</HEAD>
<P>Our Gardiners re&s;pect mo&s;t the roots of widdowes, for that they find by experience that they multiply the variety of Tulips not only from &s;eeds, but from the offsets of the&s;e widdows: I my &s;elf have &s;een ad|mirable declen&s;ions of them from their naturall pur|ple and white.</P>
<P>The royall Crocus &s;triped gives now and then very pretty variety from its offsets, as &s;ometimes I have &s;een on the &s;ame roote an ordinary &s;triped Crocus and another of a perfect flame colour, though the varie|ry here be not &s;o great as in Tulips.</P>
<P>Concerning the manner of growth by Offsets there is little to be &s;poken particularly, their roots being actually made while they remaine upon the mother plant, and their growth being like that of o|ther well rooted vegetables.</P>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="3" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="50" REF="35">
<HEAD><HI>CHAP. 3.</HI> Of propagations by &s;temmes, cuttings or &s;lippes.</HEAD>
<DIV3 N="1" TYPE="number">
<HEAD>N. 1. A Catalogue of plants this way propagable.</HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM>Abrotonum Vnguentarium.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bal&s;amita.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Barberyes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ba&s;il.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ba&s;ilmint.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bay.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Baume.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Box.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Brooklime.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Burts. <HI>and generally all &s;uch plants as break out into protuberances like warts upon the bark.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Bugle.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cornelian Cherry.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Many</HI> Crowfootes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Donas <HI>his woodwort be|ing cut off neer the roote.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Elder.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Evergreen-Privet.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Germanders.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Gilliflowers.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Hy&s;&s;ope.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ja&s;mine.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Kenti&s;h Codlings.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Knotgra&s;&s;e.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lavander.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Lawrell.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Marjerome.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mar&s;h-mallowes. <HI>being ta|ken up neer the roote.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Ma&s;tique.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mulberyes.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Nur&s;gardens.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Penny-royall.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Periwincle.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pincks.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Polium mon&s;tanum.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Prunella <HI>or</HI> Selfe heale.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Quinces.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Some</HI> Ro&s;es, <HI>as the ever|green Ro&s;e.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Ro&s;emary.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Rue.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sage, <HI>both Engli&s;h and French.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Savory.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Savin. <HI>in moi&s;t ground, and &s;hadowy</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Scordium.</ITEM>
<PB N="51" REF="36">
<ITEM>Southernwood.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Spearmints.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Strawberies, <HI>and generally all plants that have joynts upon creeping &s;trings.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Thime.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tripolium.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Veronica erecta.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Vines.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Violets.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Wall flowers.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Watercre&s;&s;e <HI>in water.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Withy.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Willow.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Woodbine.</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="1" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 1.</HI> Explication of the Manner of propagation by &s;temmes cut off from the Mother-plant, or &s;lip't by example and Rules for particular direction.</HEAD>
<P>For example, I &s;hall chu&s;e to in&s;tance in Gil|liflowers or Carnations, for which flowers ob&s;erve this order, Seeke out from the &s;temmes &s;uch &s;hoots onely as are rea&s;onable &s;trong, but yet young and not either too &s;mall or &s;lender, or having any &s;econd &s;hoots from the joynts of them, or run up into a &s;pindle, cut the&s;e &s;lips off from the &s;tem or roote with a knife either clo&s;e to the maine branch, if it be &s;hort, or leaving a joynt or two behind, if it be long enough, at which it may &s;hoote anew: when you have cut off your &s;lips you may either &s;et them by and by, or el&s;e (as the be&s;t Gardiners u&s;e to doe) ca&s;t them into a tub of water for a day or two, then in a bed of rich and fine mould, fir&s;t cutting off your &s;lip clo&s;e at the joynt, and having cut away the low|e&s;t leaves clo&s;e to the &s;talke, and the uppermo&s;t even at the top, with a litle &s;tick, make a little hole in the earth, and put your &s;lip therein &s;o deep that the up|per lea&s;e may be wholly above the ground (&s;ome u&s;e to cleave the &s;talk in the middle, and put a little earth or clay or chickweed, which we more u&s;e, within the cleft, this is Mr. <HI>Hills</HI> way in Sir <HI>Hugh Plat,</HI>
<PB N="52" REF="36">but many good and skilful Gardiners doe not u&s;e it; then clo&s;e the ground unto the &s;temme of the plant.</P>
<P>As for the time, If you &s;lip and &s;et them in <HI>Sep|tember,</HI> as many u&s;e to doe, or yet in <HI>Augu&s;t,</HI> as &s;ome may think will doe well, yet (unle&s;&s;e they be the mo&s;t ordinary &s;orts which are likely to grow at a|ny time and in any place) the mo&s;t of them, if not all, will either a&s;&s;uredly peri&s;h or never pro&s;per well: the &s;ea&s;on indeed is from the beginning of <HI>May</HI> to the middle of <HI>June</HI> at furthe&s;t.</P>
<P><HI>Ferrarius</HI> Lib. 2. c. 15. &s;ayes, that from the moneth of <HI>February</HI> to the middle of <HI>March</HI> (viz) in the time of their germination, is the be&s;t time to &s;lip this flow|er. He neither will have them &s;lipt, nor twi&s;ted in the Roote, nor Barly put under them to rai&s;e adulte|rous fibres, but only advi&s;es that they be cut off in a joynt. The truth is, both the Spring and Autumne are good Sea&s;ons for makeing out Roots, the latter requires that the &s;lip be &s;o early &s;et as that they may have time enough to take Roote, before the coldne&s;s of winter: The former, that the plant &s;et in the &s;pring, may have taken Roote before the Sun ri&s;es to emit violent and parching heats, which are gene|rall Rules for Vernall and Autumnall &s;ettings.</P>
<P>Woody plants that bear leaves mu&s;t be taken off, &amp; planted &s;ome time between the fall of the leafe and the &s;pring, &s;ome preferre the planting them in the beginning, &s;ome at the going out of the winter a|bout the beginning of <HI>February,</HI> Immediately when the great fro&s;ts breake, at the fir&s;t towardne&s;&s;e to &s;pring is a good &s;ea&s;on according to generall be|leife.</P>
<DIV4 TYPE="number">
<PB N="53" REF="37">
<HEAD>Experiments made of the &s;uccc&s;&s;e of the cuttings off di|ve<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">s plants &s;et in water.</HEAD>
<P>Becau&s;e in &s;ome di&s;qui&s;itions of naturall Philo&s;o|phy, there may &s;ome matter of argument ari&s;e from experiments of the conver&s;ion of water into nutri|ment and &s;ub&s;tance of various and very different plants, whereof &s;ome are hot, others cold, &s;ome e|&s;teemed of a fre&s;h, others of a &s;alt nature, &s;ome in regard of mans body of healing, others of excoria|ting and bli&s;tring qualityes, &s;ome &s;pecifiques for the head, and the di&s;ea&s;es thereof, others for the heart, and others for the wombe: I &s;hall &s;et down the truth of &s;ome few trialls concerning the growth or corrup|tion of &s;uch cuttings, of divers Vegetables as with|out roots I kept in my chamber, in Vialls of water. Not willing thence to make any motion towards the re&s;tauration of the ancient doctrine concerning the production of all things out of water, or to rake up the &s;catter'd judgments of the once renowned <HI>Thales,</HI> which he made from the ob&s;ervation of the generati|on of fi&s;hes, and petrifaction by this element; as like|wi&s;e from the influence (for he was aware thereof) and cau&s;alitie it has in the production and nori&s;hment of vegetable, and (if not immediately) by con&s;e|quence of animall bodyes. Nor de&s;iring to make from the&s;e experiments (though I beleive the in&s;tance may be as well proper as &s;pecious) any argument for the more fa&s;hionable opinion of <HI>Epicurus,</HI> by &s;hewing the various productions that may be made by the divers &s;hufflings and po&s;itions of that which has the repute of the mo&s;t pure and defecated element, but clearly intending to keep to my task, which is Hi&s;tory, and rather to &s;erve, than to be the Philo&s;opher: I in &s;hort
<PB N="54" REF="37">give the Reader this account: That <HI>May</HI> 1658, in Gla&s;&s;es of water the plants following grew from cut|ings, and made them&s;elves roots in the water, by name, they were Bal&s;amira minor, Mints, Sedum mul|tifudum, Penny-royall, Bugle, Prunella, water cre&s;&s;e, Purple-gra&s;&s;e, Periwincle, Dorias his wound-wort, Crow-foot, Brooklime, Mar&s;h-mallows, Lawrell, Scordium, Tripolium, Knot-gra&s;&s;e, Nummularia, minima, Ba&s;il-Mint, Curl-mint, Hor&s;-mint, Panax-coloni, Feverfew, and &s;ome others which I kept no account of, I have had at other times.</P>
<P>Plants that upon triall made by cuttings <HI>May</HI> 1658, did not grow being placed in Vialls of water were Mugwort, Ro&s;emary, Stock-gilly-flowers, A|laternus, Lavander-cotten, Sage, Armeria's, Camo|mill, Ro&s;emary, Polium montanum.</P>
<P>Stock-gilly-flowers, Bawne, Tan&s;y, Ground&s;el, Lavander-cotton, Sage, Majorane, being likewi&s;e &s;et in gla&s;&s;es of water di&s;&s;olved into a mu&s;cilage, and &s;o corrupted before they attained to any roots.</P>
<P>Plants that were corrupted by the water in &s;ome part of the &s;tems and &s;o dyed after leaves &s;ent forth and roots &s;hot, were, Ba&s;il, Mint, Mar&s;nmal|lows after it had grown a &s;pan, Panax-coloni, Bal|&s;amita minor, after &s;ix weeks growing, which made me doubt whether there were not the &s;ame rea&s;on of the dying of the&s;e plants that there is of gra&s;ts of Pears upon Apples, or Apples upon thorns, which grow for a while, it may be &s;ome years but &s;urely dye before they arrive to any Maturitye: and &s;econdly whether this rea&s;on was not the unlikene&s;&s;e and di|ver&s;ity of parts between the &s;tock to be nouri&s;hed, and the nouri&s;hment appo&s;ed thereunto, for though &s;ome dyed after leafe and growth made, as purplewort pare|ticularly
<PB N="55" REF="38">by running into a Mu&s;cilage; yet generally there appeared noe &s;uch evident cau&s;e of their fail|ing.</P>
<P>Plants that increa&s;ed in weight, being planted in the water, were the&s;e, and the quantitie thus much.</P>
<P>Sedum multifidum in a moneth increa&s;ed in weight, half a Scruple: Scordium as much in a fortnight. Do|nas his woundwort, grew in 6 weekes, gr. 13. Bugula in &s;ome what le&s;&s;e time gr. 15. Watercre&s;&s;e gr. 25 in a moneth. Ranunculus half a Scruple in 6 weekes, and Periwinckle as much. Prunella, Brooklime, Scordi|um, and mo&s;t of the &s;orts of mints got weight pro|portionably.</P>
</DIV4>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="2" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 2.</HI> The manner of growing by cuttings.</HEAD>
<P>Such who de&s;ire to ob&s;erve the working of Bees, get Ca&s;ements to their Hives, that their eyes may not &s;uffer impediment from the darkne&s;s of the place, for prevention of the &s;ame hinderance the u&s;e of beds of a Diaphanous &s;oyl, in as Diaphanous bounds, or plainly of water in a gla&s;&s;e, I have found a proper re|medy: and &s;hall therefore from my ob&s;ervation of the growth of the&s;e particulars de&s;ire the reader will ima|gine the re&s;t, or judge them alike, as truly for what I remember I have always found them.</P>
<P>For the manner of plants growing by water, I ob|&s;erved that tho&s;e plants that had many joynts ea&s;ily grew and put forth roots only ju&s;t at the joynt. Knot|gra&s;&s;e, Crow-foot, Panax-Coloni, all &s;orts of Mints, Penny-royall, Scordium, Bugle, Prook|lime, Periwincle, which I conceive to be the rea|&s;on why in &s;etting them the practice is to cut of the plant ju&s;t in a joynt, for &s;o the roots immediately
<PB N="56" REF="38">&s;pring thence and no part of the &s;tem corrupts, which it would, if it were cut of at greater di&s;tance.</P>
<P>In tho&s;e herbs where there were no exact joynts, the roots &s;prung forth under &s;ome buds, as in Tripolium, Donas his woundwort, Mar&s;hmallows.</P>
<P>Every root that was made came forth fir&s;t very white and &s;ingle, but afterward in very hand&s;ome order and proportions, from thence aro&s;e other fibres &s;triking every way in the water, where the &s;ide of the Wialls made no impediment to the growth of the &s;purres i&s;&s;ueing from the fir&s;t and originall root.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 3.</HI> Of propagation by the &s;owing &s;mall and almo&s;t in&s;en&s;ible parts of Vegetables.</HEAD>
<P>Tis a generally received truth from common experi|ence, that if the water wherein mu&s;hrooms have been &s;teeped or wa&s;hed, be powred forth upon an old hot bed, or the parts and offalls of Mu&s;hroms broken to peice; bee &s;trawed thereon, that from the&s;e parts as from a &s;eed, there will &s;peedily ari&s;e &s;tore of Mu&s;h|roomes, every &s;mall particle of that imperfect plant being rather beleived &s;eminall in the &s;ame manner as the boughs of Quinces &amp;c. than that as in Adianthum, and diver&s;e fernes, nature has di&s;gui&s;ed any parti|cular &s;eed clancularly to be the mean of Propagation in it.</P>
<P><HI>Kircher</HI> the Je&s;uit affirmes that if you take an herb and &s;hred it &s;mall, or reduce it into A&s;hes, the&s;e being &s;owed an herb will &s;pring thence of the &s;ame &s;pecies with the A&s;hes or &s;hreds &s;owen: I thought that newes upon my fir&s;t reading was too good to be true, and upon tryall made in very many &s;orts, could never make this way of propagation hold effectuall to the producing of any plant, and if it were
<PB N="57" REF="39">true it were an ill Cu&s;tome the Gardiners u&s;e to &s;ow their &s;eeds with a great quantity of a&s;hes which are made from the wood or &s;traw and leaves of Vege|tables generally and a wonder that they never &s;hould come up amid&s;t the &s;eeds mo&s;t &s;ea&s;onably &s;owed.</P>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="4" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD><HI>Chap. 4.</HI> Of Propagation by laying.</HEAD>
<DIV3 N="1" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 1.</HI> What plants are this way encrea&s;ed.</HEAD>
<P>The plants that are u&s;ually propagated this way, are Vines, Woodbines, Ja&s;mines, Mulberies, Savin: Evergreen privet in Woods all &s;orts of Wil|loves and Sallowes to fill up bare places Carnations, Gilliflowers, ro&s;es, Hor&s;-che&s;nut and all tho&s;e plants that will grow by Cuttings will this way grow with much more ea&s;e, by care and good watering gardiners doe apply this way with profit to &s;uch plants as cannot well by any other meanes be encrea&s;|ed for want of &s;eeds and offsets, and by rea&s;on of the repugnancy of their nature to grow either by cuttings or in&s;ition.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="2" TYPE="number">
<HEAD>The example of this manner of Propagation.</HEAD>
<P>The mo&s;t u&s;uall flower to be laid in Gardens, is the Gilliflower which every Gardiner here u&s;es, and is thus performed; Take tho&s;e &s;lips yon intend to lay, and cut the &s;talk ju&s;t under that joynt of the &s;lip, which is next the roote or middle &s;tem, or under the 2d joynt half way through the &s;talk: then &s;lit it up|ward to the next joynt from that under which you made your fir&s;t inci&s;ion, and put the top of a Carna|tion-leafe, or any other thing to hold open the &s;lit,
<PB N="58" REF="39">(though that be not altogether &s;o needfull, for the cut being made on the lower &s;ide, and the Slip being towards the root bent down gently, as the manner is and the top of the &s;lip rai&s;ed with mould, the &s;lip will be open of its own accord and remain &s;o if you place it well) at the fir&s;t &s;ome peg down the middle of the &s;lip with &s;ticks, that it may not ri&s;e from the po&s;iture in which tis fir&s;t lay'd, you mu&s;t remember to put good earth, enough to mould up yout new Nur&s;ery, and to water it upon all occa&s;ions, and then in 7 or 8 weekes you may expect Rootes.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<HEAD>Requi&s;ites for the manner of laying.</HEAD>
<P N="1">1. To Laying, tis pro&s;itable if not nece&s;&s;ary, that you (in the &s;ea&s;on of doeing this operation) cut the thing you lay, much in the manner you cut Gil|lyflowers, in laying them, unle&s;&s;e in &s;ome plants that take any way as Vines, and 'tis &s;o much the better if in Ro&s;es and other Layers of a woody &s;ub&s;tance, with an Awie you prick the &s;tock at the place laid, as it is done in propagation by Circumpo&s;ition.</P>
<P N="2">2. Another Requi&s;ite is, that dureing the time of drought they be continually watered, and kept moi&s;t, otherwi&s;e they will make no exact roots perchance only a kind of knob or button full of fre&s;h &s;ap upon the tongue of the cut in the branch layd down, yet I have found the&s;e branches cut off with watering in the &s;ummer to grow well enough after their tran&s;plantation.</P>
<P N="3">3. The &s;ea&s;ons mo&s;t fit for this operation, is, in the beginning of the &s;pring or declen&s;ion of the tor|rid heat of &s;ummer, that they may enjoy the moi&s;t|ne&s;&s;e of &s;uch &s;ea&s;ons mo&s;t proper for the enticeing
<PB N="59" REF="40">forth of roots, and mo&s;t &s;afe from exce&s;&s;ive hear or cold.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="1 [i.e. 4]" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 1.</HI> Of propagation by Circumpo&s;ition.</HEAD>
<P>Circumpo&s;ition is a kind of laying, the difference is, that in this the mould is born up to the bough which is to be taken off: in laying the bough is to be depre&s;&s;ed into the mould. Wee u&s;e this mo&s;t in Apples afrer this manner, fir&s;t break the bough a lit|tle above the place where tis &s;eparated from the main &s;tock or arm, &s;o that the hat or other Ve&s;&s;ell that holds up the Mould to the inci&s;ion or di&s;barked place may re&s;t upon the &s;tock, then &s;lit an hat, an old boot, or take any &s;trong peice of old cour&s;e cloath, tying or &s;ow|ing it &s;o &s;trongly that it may be able to hold up the mould to the inci&s;ion, &s;ometime before you fill this cap with mould, remember with an awle or point of a penknife, to bore two rowes of holes upon the up|&s;ide of the cut about half an inch or more, one from another, then fill it with good mould, or &s;uch as is agreeable to the tree you work upon, and in the heat of &s;ummer, water it now and then, The time of this operation is not in the &s;ummer, as Mr. <HI>P.</HI> &s;uppo&s;es (which mi&s;take was &s;ufficient cau&s;e why he &s;hould not like the experiment) but in the &s;pring before the &s;ap ri&s;es, particularly in <HI>Febr.</HI> or the beginning of <HI>March.</HI></P>
<P>Such plants are propagable this way that might take by laying, but that the branches are too farre ri&s;en from the ground to be laid along therein; and there|fore it becomes nece&s;&s;ary, &s;ince they cannot &s;toope to the earth, that the earth &s;hould be lifted up to them.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 TYPE="illustration">
<PB REF="40">
<PB REF="41">
<LIST>
<HEAD>The Exemplification of the Operations by the Figure.</HEAD>
<ITEM><HI>a</HI> Denotes the ordinary cutting of the Bark for Inoculation.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>b b</HI> The &s;ides of the Bark, lifted up for the putting in of the Shield.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>c</HI> The Shield taken off with the Bud, which lies under the Stalk of the Leaf cut off.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>ln</HI> The Shield put into the Stock to be bound up.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>d</HI> The Bark cut out in an oblong &s;quare, according to ano|ther u&s;ual way of Inoculation.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>e</HI> The Shield cut out for the fitting the di&s;-barked &s;quare.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>m</HI> The &s;ame Shield put into the Stock.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>f</HI> A variation of the fore-mentioned way, by cutting off the upper part of the oblique &s;quare, and binding the lower part down upon the Shield.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI><GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter"> <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter"></HI> The Shield &s;o put in to be bound up.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>c</HI> Another variation by &s;litting the Bark, that the Bud and Leaf may &s;tand forth at <HI>c,</HI> and the Bark &s;lit be bound down upon the Shield.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>h</HI> A cro&s;s cut for Inoculation.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>i</HI> The &s;ame cro&s;s cut lifted up in this Figure, &s;omewhat to big</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>k</HI> The Shield cut off to be put therein.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>p</HI> The Shield put in.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>g</HI> or <HI>q</HI> The cut of the Cyon or Stock for whip-grafting.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>r</HI> 7 The cut of Cyon and Stock for Shoulder grafting.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>s</HI> The cut of the Cyons, and &s;lit of the Stock for Grafting in the cleft.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>x</HI> The Stock &s;et for Ablactation or approach.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>u</HI> The Cyon of the Branch for the &s;ame operation.</ITEM>
<ITEM>1 2 The Branch that is to be taken off by Circumpo&s;ition.</ITEM>
<ITEM>3 The Branch that bears up the mould to the di&s;-barked place.</ITEM>
<ITEM>4. The Branch of a Carnation to be laid.</ITEM>
<ITEM>5. The joynt where the &s;lit begins.</ITEM>
<ITEM>6. The next joynt where the &s;lit is propped open: with a peice of a Carnation Leaf put in.</ITEM>
</LIST>
<P>Adde this at the 60^t^h Page.</P>
<PB REF="41">
<P><FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>Section of a tree trunk, showing various grafts</FIGDESC>
</FIGURE></P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="5" TYPE="number">
<PB REF="42">
<PB N="60" REF="42">
<HEAD><HI>N. 5.</HI> Of the manner of growth by Circumpo&s;ition, and whether thence an argument may be made for the de|&s;cention of Sap.</HEAD>
<P>Concerning the manner of growth by Circumpo|&s;ition I &s;hall only make this remark, whereas it is &s;uppo&s;ed by &s;ome, that the roots are made above the disbarked place, by the de&s;cention of the &s;ap, which is &s;uppo&s;ed to be at the fall of the leaf, I have found experience very contradictory to their &s;uppo&s;alls; for the leaves fall not till after Michaelma&s;&s;e; and nature proceeds to the germination, and encrea&s;e of roots from the &s;pring all the &s;ummer long, &s;o that nothing can be argued rightly from this operation, or from the effect and product of nature thereupon for that o|pinion, which makes the &s;ap to be every winter re|po&s;ed in the roote, as in a large receptacle, and of its de&s;cention thither after every Autumne. If it were there as in a repo&s;itory, it were a wonder that roots &s;hould be drier in <HI>Decemb.</HI> then in <HI>May,</HI> or <HI>June,</HI> and &s;en&s;ibly more devoid of juice. And if it did de&s;cend after Autumne; how could it a&s;cend at the &s;ame time? That it doth then a&s;cend is plain from this experiment; Take up a tree, or other vegetable, in the fall of the leafe; the leaves will wither, and the bark begin in a little time to wrinkle; then &s;et it again in a proper &s;oile, well watered; the effect will be that the leaves will recover fre&s;hne&s;&s;e, and the bark wax plump and the body frime, and full as before, which could not be but by a fre&s;h &s;upply of a&s;cending &s;ap, which might fill up the pores made by the weather, and exhalation of the &s;unne. I am contented to beleive that the &s;ap is in winter where I &s;ee it to be, (viz) on the body of the tree coagulated, or cru&s;ted into a new coate, encompa&s;&s;ing the whole, which was not extant
<PB N="61" REF="43">the year before, and on the top fa&s;hioned into new &s;huits which vi&s;ibly appear the product of that matter the place of which is a&s;&s;erted to be el&s;ewhere and not I am as well contented not to &s;uppo&s;e it abideing where upon the mo&s;t &s;edulous inque&s;t it cannot be found.</P>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="5" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD><HI>Chap. 5</HI> Of In&s;itions.</HEAD>
<DIV3 N="1" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 1.</HI> Of Grafting in generall and particularly of &s;hould|er-grafting, Whippe-Grafting, Grafting in the cleft and Ablactation.</HEAD>
<P>Grafting is an Art of &s;o placeing, the Cyon upon a &s;tock that the &s;ap may pa&s;&s;e from the &s;tock to the Cyon without impediment. For the right operation of which it is a cheif remarke, that the &s;pace which is between the bark and the &s;tock is the great Channell for conveiance and keeping of &s;ap, &s;o that every one that grafts, well &s;o orders the manner, that the&s;e &s;paces be &s;o laid that the pa&s;&s;age may be ea&s;y and di|rect from the &s;pace under the bark of the &s;tock, to the &s;pace under the bark of the Cyon</P>
<P>This may be done &s;everall ways.</P>
<P>Fir&s;t by &s;houlder grafting, the operation of which Mr. <HI>Au&s;tin</HI> do's well de&s;cribe thus: Cut off the top of the &s;tock in &s;ome &s;mooth &s;treight place that may an&s;werable to the &s;treightne&s;s of the graft when &s;et on; then prepare the graft thus, ob&s;erve which &s;ide is &s;traighte&s;t at the bottome, or bige&s;t end, &s;o that it may
<PB N="62" REF="43">fit the &s;traight part of the graft when &s;et on, then cut one &s;ide only of the graft downe a&s;lope about an inch long or litle more, and cut through the bark at the top of the cut place: and make it like a &s;hould+er, that it may re&s;t ju&s;t upon the top of the &s;tock, but cut not this &s;houlder to deep, (only through the bark or litle more, and the le&s;&s;e the better) but cut the graft thinne at the lower end of the cut, &s;o that it may decline in one continued direct &s;moothne&s;&s;e, without dints, ridges, &s;paces or windings all along the &s;lope, from on &s;ide of the Cyon to the other, o|therwi&s;e it cannot joyne in all places to the &s;tock. The graft being thus prepar'd, Lay the cut part of the graft upon the &s;traight &s;ide of the &s;tock and mea|&s;ure ju&s;t the length of the cut part or &s;lope of the Graft, and with your knife take off &s;o much of the bark of the &s;tock, (but cut not away the wood of the &s;tock) then lay the cut &s;ide of the graft upon the cut&s;ide of the &s;tock, and let the &s;houlder of the graft re&s;t di|rectly upon the top of the &s;tock, &s;o that the cut parts may joyne even and &s;mooth all along the in&s;ide of the barke of the graft, being placed upon the in&s;ide of the bark of the &s;tock, and &s;o joyne them fa&s;t together with &s;ome &s;trong Ru&s;hes or flags, and clay them on e|very &s;ide that noe Rain get in.</P>
<P>If the &s;tock be very little the way of Grafting is the &s;ame, only excepted, that in this ca&s;e there mu&s;t &s;ome of the &s;ub&s;tance of the wood be taken away, that the graft in it's &s;lope be not too big for the cut in the &s;tock, in which operation &s;o much there mu&s;t be taken from the &s;tock, that the in&s;ide of the barke of the graft may an&s;were the in&s;ide of the bark of the &s;tock, which being done, all things el&s;e are the for|mer way performed. This is call'd whip-grafting, and
<PB N="63" REF="44">is appo&s;ed to the former, when no wood is cut from the &s;tock: for &s;houlder-grafting 'tis required, that the &s;tock exceed not in bigne&s;&s;e, for then the bark being taken from it there will not be a right application of the &s;ap-channells of Cyon and &s;tock required in the definition of grafting, the disbarked place in the &s;tock nece&s;&s;arily being much greater then that in the graft. Yet if the &s;tock be not 3 inches circumference it will doe very well. The one of the&s;e wayes is called &s;houlder-grafting; becau&s;e the upper end of the downright cut is intended and made fit to leane as it were upon the &s;houlder of the &s;tock: The other Whip-grafting, becau&s;e the operator only makes his &s;treight-down right cut and tarryes not to indent it at all.</P>
<P>Some think this way fit only for great &s;tocks: but I have grafted &s;eedlings this way, &s;o &s;mall that the Cyon was put in like a Wedg, and was very even to the &s;tock on each &s;ide, neither &s;tocks nor Cyons being neer an inch round: but if &s;mall plants are this way grafted, they mu&s;t be tyed about after the for|mer manner u&s;ed in &s;houlder-grafting; the wound made by cleaving is very quickly made up, and ce|mented by the &s;ap in grafting a young &s;tock, whereas in old it is quite contrary,</P>
<P>The way of grafting in the cleft, has been of long u&s;e, and is generally known to all gardiners, The &s;tock mu&s;t be cleft in an even place, and the cleft &s;o prepar'd with your knife, in the cleaving, that the &s;ides be not ragg'd, both &s;ides of the graft are to be cut down &s;lopewi&s;e, and &s;houlders made or not made at plea&s;ure; M. <HI>Au&s;tin</HI> well advi&s;es that the out&s;ide of the graft be bigger then the in&s;ide, unle&s;&s;e the tree be big, but if it be &s;o great as to pinch the graft much,
<PB N="65" REF="44">then to make the inner &s;ide thicker a very little, that &s;o it may pre&s;erve the out&s;ide from being &s;o pinch't, as to make the bark of the Cyon &s;it loo&s;e, and not re|ceive the &s;ap from the &s;tock into the common chan|nel, in &s;uch manner as is requi&s;ite for the begetting of a continuation between them.</P>
<P>There are other ways of grafting very excellent; as in a great tree, to prepare your Cyon as for the &s;houlder-graft, and then to take off &s;o much of the bark, the head being before cut off as that the &s;lope may ju&s;t fit the disbarked place, as in &s;ome of the fi|gures of Inoculation. Sometimes the Cyon being &s;o prepar'd we rai&s;e up the bark, as in the other figures of Inoculation; but to cut it off fit, I count the be&s;t way, and have often practized with univer&s;all &s;ucce&s;&s;e.</P>
<P>Ablactation is the &s;ame with grafting, &s;aving that in that way the Cyon remaines on its own &s;tock, and on the &s;tock you gr<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">ft together. For the &s;tock you graft, being planted by the tree from which you have your Cyon, you disbarke and cut the Cyon, &s;o that the inward part of its bark may an&s;wer the like di&s;|barked place in the &s;tock, &s;o they being bound up to|gether, and not &s;eperated till you are &s;ure they are &s;urely incorporated, at which time the Cyon is cut from its own, and lives only by the other &s;tock.</P>
<P>It is an ordinary imagination that by this way of Ablactation, Heterogeneous conjunctions may be made to pro&s;per, but tho&s;e that con&s;ider that the cau&s;e of the impo&s;&s;ibility of di&s;&s;imilar plants thrive|ing by any way of In&s;ition, is not the difficulty of their fir&s;t uniting, but the di&s;ability of the root and &s;tock to nouri&s;h the head with convenient nouri&s;h|ment, will not ea&s;ily admit &s;uch a fancy; Pears upon Apples, and Services; Apples upon Thorns, and the
<PB N="66" REF="45">like plants will with ea&s;e take, and continue in good growth longer then &s;uch time as is required that the Cyon &s;hould depend upon the mother plant in Ab|lactation for the fa&s;tening of it till cementation be made; But after a perfect conjunction, and great &s;hoots &s;pring out, they (almo&s;t con&s;tantly notwith|&s;tanding the greate&s;t care) will dye, which is an e|vident &s;igne that this way can admini&s;ter no help, it only providing that nouri&s;hment be not wanting to the fir&s;t moneths, and not &s;ecuring them from the dan|ger of wanting for the future, fit and whole&s;ome Nu|triment for their maintenance and growth.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="6" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 6.</HI> What Plants take on different kinds.</HEAD>
<P>This is a generall rule for grafting, Inoculation, Ablactation, and conjunction by penetration, or any &s;uch way of propagation, that the Cyon or thing im|planted be of like nature to the &s;tock, to tell what neerne&s;&s;e in every kind is enough, is matter of great Art; 'Tis known that Plums will not grow upon Cherries, nor Peares upon Apples for many years, though for a while they may pro&s;per.</P>
<P>I find that divers plants will take by enarching or Ablactation, that will not take by grafting; &s;o Grapes, as the early red upon the great Fox-Grape; Apricots al&s;o and Peaches, which being &s;ecured upon their own &s;tocks, will admit implantation unto another al&s;o, and take unto it, which by grafting I could never bring them to.</P>
<P>The &s;trange&s;t conjunctions that we ob&s;erve to agree, are the Whitethorn with the Pear, Quinces with the Pear, the Pear with the Quinces, the Medlar with the Whitethorn, the Apricots with Plums that are
<PB N="67" REF="45">of full &s;ap, and &s;ometimes upon hard &s;curvy Plums, mo&s;t u&s;e the White-Pear-Plums for that purpo&s;e; I find not but &s;ome other are as good (viz) the Pri|mordian, Mu&s;cle, Violet. And it is true, that all ro&s;es cement and continue well upon bryers, as on the &s;weet-bryer, dogro&s;e, I have Cherryes that grow upon Plum-&s;tocks which is Sir <HI>Hugh Plat's</HI> experi|ment from Mr. <HI>Hill.</HI> p. 113. and Currans upon Goo&s;e|berries: what duration they may be of I expect to learn. I am not convinced by experience that Pears upon White-thorn are wor&s;e in their fruit but if &s;o I &s;hall preferre Apple-kernells before Crabs for a Nur&s;ery. I have ta&s;ted very excellent Katherine Pears without &s;tone or hardne&s;&s;e, that came from a Thorn-&s;tock: nor were they &s;maller or harder (which Mr. <HI>Taverner</HI> a&s;&s;erts) then ordinary fruit upon the proper &s;tock, however I advi&s;e that &s;uch as &s;hall for want of Pear, u&s;e Thorn-&s;tocks, that they graft very low, for otherwi&s;e the Thorn not growing proportionably to the graft, will cau&s;e the graft to decay, being never able to grow thereon, unto the bigne&s;s u&s;uall in Pear trees.</P>
<P>There are almo&s;t infinite &s;toryes of &s;trange conjun|ctions which urge earne&s;tly for credit, &s;ome of inci&s;i|ons made upon animall bodyes: The Lord of <HI>Piere&s;ch</HI> had a pre&s;ent made him of a Plum-tree branch which bore blo&s;&s;omes and leaves, which &s;prang from a thorn that grew in the brea&s;t of a Shepheard, this Shepheard having got this Thorn by falling upon a plumtree. Raw &s;ilk has grown on the eye brow of a Lady, menti|oned by <HI>Borellus,</HI> ob&s;erv. 10 cent. 1. being drawn through the fle&s;h to &s;titch up the lips of a wound there, and the growth was &s;o con&s;iderable that it re|quired
<PB N="68" REF="46">frequent cutting; and there was a Spaniard late|ly had a bramble that grew out of his belly. The improvement that from the&s;e and the like &s;toryes, the Author in the cited place propo&s;es, is, That with the bli&s;tering plai&s;ter the bodyes of divers bea&s;ts be excoriated and planted anew with &s;ilke, woole, or the like, where it may likely grow to the great advan|tage of the owners. When this has well &s;ucceeded, I &s;hall propo&s;e another raritie from the fir&s;t &s;tory (viz) That &s;uch who live about Gla&s;&s;enbury plant upon them &s;elves &s;ome of that famed thorn that beares leaves on Chri&s;tmas day; for if the button moulds, according to the &s;tory, made from the wood, kept their time of blowing upon the doublet, through the &s;ilke of the button, doubtle&s;&s;e the plant grafted upon the fle&s;h may grow through the very doublet too. Or in the mean time I &s;hall wage on the &s;ucce&s;&s;e of my improv|ment, a&s;much as the ob&s;ervator &s;hall doe on his.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="2" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 2.</HI> Rules for Grafting.</HEAD>
<P>The time of grafting, po&s;&s;ibly is any time of the winter; I have &s;een Apples grafted in <HI>November,</HI> &amp; at <HI>Chri&s;tmas,</HI> and yet thrive very well; but the be&s;t time is, that which immediately precedes the &s;pring: if po&s;&s;i|ble let the Cyons be gathered before the trees &s;hoot their buds though &s;ome will grow now and then, not|with&s;tanding they be &s;prouted, 'Tis no matter though the &s;tocks are budded; I have at Ea&s;ter grafted above an hundred Apples and Pears without any fail.</P>
<P>The be&s;t way to keep grafts a long time, e&s;pecially in pretty hot &s;pring weather, is to wrap them all in wet mo&s;&s;e, or cover them with earth.</P>
<P>Lute is made with hor&s;e-dung &amp; &s;tiff clay well mix'd together; Mr. <HI>Au&s;tin</HI> advi&s;es, that in &s;houlder-graft|ing
<PB N="69" REF="46">the Cyon may be put upon the We&s;t or South|&s;ide of the &s;tock, becau&s;e if &s;o, tho&s;e winds which are mo&s;t dangerous cannot &s;o &s;oon break off the grafts as on the other &s;ides.</P>
<P>If you would have a &s;preading tree, put in a long Cyon; if a &s;traight tree, put on a &s;hort one, or let but one bud thrive.</P>
<P>Good bearing trees are made from Cyons of the like fruitfullne&s;&s;e. Unbind grafts when they have &s;hot great &s;hoots, that the binding eat not into the tree, &s;trengthen tho&s;e that are weak with a &s;tick tyed above and below the grafted place, like Splinters to a broken bone, till the cementation be made and con|firmed.</P>
<P>If you would have &s;tore of any fruit quickly, cut off the head of an old &s;tock, and graft thereon.</P>
<P>To Trees that bear great heads, and are of a fa&s;t and binding bark, &s;uch as Cherrie trees, &s;ome hard Ap|ples, and other kinds of great fruit-bearing, and other plants, it is e&s;teemed nece&s;&s;ary by &s;ome to put in more grafts than one, lea&s;t the &s;ap finding not way enough, the tree receive a check and peri&s;h by the di&s;appointment of the &s;ap. However this rea&s;on may hold, certainly 'tis prudence to put in more Cy|ons than one in &s;uch trees, lea&s;t that one failing, the &s;tock likewi&s;e dye, being bark-bound and not able to put out a germen.</P>
<P>Cyons are be&s;t cho&s;en from the faire&s;t, &s;tronge&s;t, not under-&s;hoots or &s;uckers, which will be long ere they bear fruit, which is contrary to the intention of graft|ing; the prime u&s;e of which I beleive rather to be the expediting, than the improvement of fruit.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="2" TYPE="number">
<PB N="70" REF="47">
<HEAD><HI>N. 2.</HI> Of Inoculation</HEAD>
<P>Inoculation is performed by takeing off that eye or little bud which containes the beginning of a bough provided for growth in the next &s;pring, and planting it &s;o upon another &s;tock that the &s;ap of the &s;tock may without impediment or interrupt cour&s;e pa&s;&s;e unto the little eye (as I may call it) imperfect or inchoate bough, and &s;erve it for Nutriment: For which operati|on the Bark mu&s;t be cut either downright, with a cro&s;s cut on the top; the downright cut being about an inch long, and the cro&s;s cut onely big enough to &s;erve for the ea&s;ie lifting up the Bark: and then the &s;ides being lifted up with a Knife or Quill, the Shield is to be put in, and the lips or &s;ides of the Bark before lifted up, are to be bound down upon the &s;hield: Or the cro&s;s cut may be in the middle, and then the &s;hield is to be made picked at both ends (otherwi&s;e in the forementioned way, the lower end onely is made picked) and the four lips are to be lifted up for the letting in the &s;hield. Others cut the Bark clean out in an oblong &s;quare, and cutting the &s;hield exactly in the &s;ame dimen&s;ions and figure, apply it to the di&s;|barked place in the Stock. Others cut their &s;hield in the mentioned Figure, but take not off all the Bark an&s;wering the oblong &s;quare &s;hield, but leave the lower part on the &s;tock, under which they put the lower end of the Shield, and binde it down thereon. Other varieties there may be, and are u&s;ed, &s;ome more of which are delineated in the annexed Figures: To take off the Bud clean from the Cyon, the be&s;t way is, to draw the lines of your &s;hield through the Bark with your Knife, and to take off the re&s;t of the Bark thereabouts, leaving onely the in|tended Shield thereon.</P>
<PB N="71" REF="47">
<P>Having &s;o far prepared your Bud before you take it off, remember to open the Bark of the Stock, for otherwi&s;e the &s;hield will take hurt by the Air, which mu&s;t be placed upon the Stock with all &s;peed, and bound with &s;omething that may be of a yielding na|ture. The be&s;t way of taking off Buds, is with a Quill which is cut like a &s;coop, the one half, or two thirds, taken away for about an inch in length at the end: In taking the Bud off, be &s;ure not to leave the Root behinde; for bindings, u&s;e any &s;orts of &s;oft Ru&s;hes that will hold tying, long &s;lipes of Linnen or Yarn.</P>
<P>I prefer &s;uch binding as need not be taken off till I expect the &s;pringing of the Bud, for there is much peril in premature loo&s;ing the bonds, yet 'tis nece&s;|&s;ary to unbinde when&s;oever the Stock &s;wells about the place of Inoculation. The time of Inoculating is, from the fir&s;t time you can get &s;trong Buds that will come off after the fro&s;ts are gone in the Spring, till &s;uch time as that the Buds then implanted may be fa&s;t cemented before Fro&s;ts return in the Winter. You may Inoculate with the la&s;t years Buds, which are &s;trong commonly, and fit to be put in at Ea|&s;ter.</P>
<P>Other Rules for Inoculation are, That the Cyon from whence you take the Bud be not weak, for then the &s;hield will be &s;o too, and likely bow or double in the putting in, which is a great rea&s;on why the double yellow Provence Ro&s;e is &s;o hardly propagated by this means; other Ro&s;es, as the Ro&s;a Mundi, Velvet, Marble, and Apples, Aprecotes, and the like, very ea&s;ily, that the Bud be not &s;prung out much before it be taken off.</P>
<P>If you carry Buds far, expo&s;e them not to the
<PB N="72" REF="48">Sun, but cut off the leaves, or &s;ome part of them, and wrap them up in wet Mo&s;s or fre&s;h leaves, to keep them cool.</P>
<P>If the Bud take, in the <HI>March</HI> after cut off all that groweth above it, &s;tripping away all the Buds that come forth el&s;ewhere, or at the lea&s;t all &s;ave one: &s;ome conceive one nece&s;&s;ary for the drawing up the &s;ap.</P>
<P>Choo&s;e &s;trong Buds for Inoculation, and &s;trong Cyons for grafting, and put them always on a &s;mooth place of the &s;tock.</P>
<P>Any thing may be propagated by Inoculation, un|le&s;s the &s;lenderne&s;s and weakne&s;s of the Shield hin|der, that can be by grafting. Apples and Pears, though &s;eldon Inoculated, certainly take. I have &s;ometimes u&s;ed to cut off the &s;hield with a &s;harp knife flat, with part of the Wood thereto adjoyning, and put it in &s;o; But this way, though many take, e&s;pecially in Apples, yet the ordinary way &s;eems better and more certain. Some take off Shields without a Quill, &s;lipping them off with their fingers; but this is the ready way to leave the root of the Bud behinde on the Cyon, which being wanting, the other part of the Shield is unprofitable.</P>
<P>A pair of Compa&s;&s;es made flat at the ends, and &s;harp with edges, is an apt In&s;trument to cut away Bark for Inoculation, both for a true breadth and di|&s;tance all at once; and &s;o likewi&s;e with the &s;ame you may take off the bud truly to fit the &s;ame place again in the &s;tock, Sir <HI>H. P.</HI> p. 113.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<PB N="73" REF="48">
<HEAD><HI>N. 3. Kirckers</HI> Experiments concerning In&s;itions examined.</HEAD>
<P><HI>Kircker,</HI> a Learned man, the <HI>Pliny</HI> of his time, after he had reproved the fal&s;ities in <HI>Wecker, Alexius,</HI> and <HI>Porta,</HI> who had a&s;&s;erted a change of colours and rare variety of flowers, by &s;teeping tho&s;e roots in juices who&s;e colours were de&s;ired, &s;eems to me as much to be blamed, in that he writes &s;o confidently of things which are as much like Paradoxes, and equally gain|&s;aid by experience.</P>
<P>He &s;ays, that he doubts not, but has from experi|ence the&s;e effects; That a white Ro&s;e, grafted upon a red, will bring that Ro&s;e we call Ro&s;a Mundi, or a Flower both red and white. This I have often prov'd fal&s;e by mine own tryal: That a Gel&s;imine grafted on a Broom, will bring yellow flowers like tho&s;e of the Broom; That I tryed, and could not make to grow, &s;o far it was from bearing any Flowers, <HI>v. Kir|cher: ars Magn. p.</HI> 13. <HI>C.</HI> 6. But that Ja&s;mine upon Ja&s;mine will grow and thrive, my own and others ex|perience can atte&s;t.</P>
<P>The &s;ame Doctor, in another Book of his, <HI>De Magnete,</HI> where he has many good Eperiments a|bout that Stone, yet as to his <GAP DESC="foreign">, either he is out, or there is greater difference betwixt the Countrey where he tryed his experiments, and <HI>Eng|land,</HI> then I can imagine; I have tryed Mulberies on Beech, Quinces, Apples, Pears, Elms, Pop|lars, and by grafting they would not take, yet he af|firms they take ea&s;ily; and more, that Mulberies are by conjunction with white Poplars, made to be of a white kinde, and bear white Mulberies; That Pears
<PB N="74" REF="49">being grafted on a Mulbery, being a red colour'd Pear, &s;uch I &s;uppo&s;e we call the Bloody Pear, and that a Peach being Inoculated on it, it &s;ends forth a bloody Peach, are his a&s;&s;ertions, which conjunctions I &s;ee will not with us take, but if they would, I could promi&s;e my &s;elf no greater alteration of colour thereby, then I finde in the Flowers of Ro&s;es, which I have tryed in very many different &s;orts, and expe|rienc'd to follow the Cyon without any participation of colour from the &s;tock.</P>
<P>I having heard the &s;ame relation made of chang|ing the colours of Tulips, by Artificial grafting the Bulbs of the white and red, and other colours, by proportionable indentments in each Bulb, tryed it this year in divers Roots, and made the In&s;itions, and put together the parts as artificially as I could, ac|cording to the rules here given; but the event is, that the Bulbs come not up at all, but die upon the opera|tion.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="4" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>Num. 4.</HI> The maner of growing by Grafts.</HEAD>
<P>'Tis prov'd by experience, that there is every year a new coat of Wood made to every thriving Tree, by appo&s;ition of &s;ap hardned into a thin Board (as I may call it) in&s;omuch that I have known divers Woodmen, that would boldly a&s;&s;ert the determinate number of years, that any Oke, or other Wood, has thrived in, by the number of tho&s;e &s;everal di&s;tinct Rings of Wood that are to be counted from the mid|dle or center of the Tree, to the out&s;ide of it, it being credited, and that I think with rea&s;on, that e|very one of the&s;e Rings aro&s;e from the appo&s;ed and hardned &s;ap of every &s;everal year.</P>
<P>Now in grafting upon a frim &s;tock, it comes to
<PB N="75" REF="49">pa&s;s, that the &s;ap of the &s;tock is appo&s;ed to the body of the Cyon, and &s;o inclo&s;eth the Cyon with the la&s;t coat of the whole Tree, that there is, as it were, one and the &s;ame pa&s;t of new Wood, that doth clo&s;e|ly encompa&s;s the whole, both Stock and Cyon, which when harden'd, grows to be &s;trong, and of the &s;ame u&s;e that &s;plinters are to a broken Bone; and Gardners wi&s;ely provide for the &s;trengthning of the compagination of the Cyon and Stock, until this &s;ap be incru&s;ted to a hardne&s;s; when the fir&s;t year of their grafting, they do not onely binde up the Cyon to the Stock, but u&s;e &s;plinters of old Wood, that neither the winde, or other accidents, may di&s;locate what with Art was joyned together. This fir&s;t, for the maner of conjunction and fa&s;tning of the Woods: Nor do I make any difference between Grafting and Inoculation, becau&s;e I am per&s;waded, that as there is in every Seed an actual Plant, &s;o there is in every Bud an actual Bough, and that a Cyon and a Bud differ but as a greater and le&s;&s;et branch.</P>
<P>But how the &s;ap of the Stock; &s;uppo&s;e White Thorn can &s;erve to make the Wood, Bark, Leaves, and Fruit of its Cyon, &s;uppo&s;e a Pear, is a difficult que&s;tion: For grant there be an elective attraction of &s;ap from the earth; yet how &s;hall a white Thorn choo&s;e that which is fit for a Pear? My thoughts are, that for tho&s;e who maintain election of &s;imilar parts, it were be&s;t to &s;uppo&s;e a great likene&s;s in all Grafts and Stocks, as to their inward nature and parts, though not outward figuration; and there being this likene&s;s in the &s;ub&s;tance, it will not be hard to con|clude, that the Cyon, by altering the po&s;ition of the &s;ame &s;ub&s;tantial parts, may make to the &s;ight, &s;mell, touch, ta&s;te, a thing of another fa&s;hion.</P>
<PB N="76" REF="50">
<P>For tho&s;e qualities that affect the &s;en&s;es vary of|ten in one and the &s;ame thing: The Apple in the be|ginning that is without &s;mell, of &s;owr ta&s;te, green colour, hard to the touch, &s;hall in a little &s;pace be fragrant to the No&s;e, &s;weet to the Palat, of a gol|den or ruddy colour, and &s;oft to the feeling: And in a thou&s;and in&s;tances 'tis found, that &s;everal po&s;itures of the &s;ame parts, &s;hall produce &s;everal oppo&s;ite co|lours, and other &s;en&s;ible appearances in the &s;ame thing: There is no inherent colour, either in the infu&s;ion of Galls or Vitriol (though limpid they are not) &s;o dark or deep as to come near the blackne&s;s of Inck, which notwith&s;tanding, being mixt, they pro|duce it. Two other infu&s;ions of like colour, would not upon mixture ari&s;e to &s;uch an effect, becau&s;e not able to di&s;po&s;e each others particles into &s;uch po&s;itures. Spirit of Vitriol, though without colour, di&s;po&s;es the parts of this Inck &s;o as to de&s;troy the blackne&s;s; Oyl of Tartar re&s;tores both po&s;ition of parts and pri|&s;tine colour; and that it ari&s;es from different po&s;itures, may be argued, becau&s;e there is a vi&s;ible motion, &s;tri|ving, and local mutation in them, before the&s;e la&s;t effects are produced; and 'tis plain, that when the Inck, by rea&s;on of the &s;pirit of Vitriol, di&s;appeared, yet all the parts were there, for el&s;e it will not be ima|ginable how a limpid Liquor, as Oyl of Tartar, &s;hould reduce the colours which it does not by it &s;elf gene|rate, as it is plain, becau&s;e re&s;toring Letters writ|ten with Inck, and taken off with Spirit of Vitriol, it makes no blackne&s;s on the Paper, &s;ave onely upon the Lines of the Letters: The&s;e two limpid Li|quors likewi&s;e, being put together, turn into a good con&s;i&s;tence and milky colour.</P>
<PB N="77" REF="50">
<P>But he that de&s;ires more in&s;tances of this kinde and matter, that, according to this Doctrine, may much help the Theory of Colours, and particularly the force both of Sulphurous and Volatile, as likewi&s;e of Alkalizat and acid &s;alts, and in what particulars Co|lours likely depend not in their cau&s;ation from any &s;alt at all, may beg his information from that Noble per&s;on (in order to who&s;e command, for all his inti|mations to me are &s;uch I am now writing) who has &s;ome while &s;ince honored me with the &s;ight of his Papers concerning this &s;ubject, containing many ex|cellent Experiments made by his Honor for the eluci|dation of this Doctrine; or otherwi&s;e, for the pre|&s;ent, may &s;ee very good in&s;tances hereof in Dr. <HI>Willis</HI> his Treati&s;e <HI>De Ferment, cap.</HI> 11. And truly, if Ta&s;tes, Colours, Smells, were not ea&s;ily alterable, it would not be that we &s;hould from the &s;eed of the &s;ame Plant attain to &s;uch change and variety of Flowers and Fruits as are mentioned above, nor of Flowers from the &s;ame off-&s;et.</P>
<P>But if there be &s;uppo&s;ed in the world, and all &s;everal Bodies, but one Element or material princi|ple, from which by Natures unde&s;cryed Wi&s;dom, in appointing it into &s;everal motions and changes of &s;cituation, and giving different Mea&s;ures and Figu|rations to its &s;malle&s;t Particles, there ari&s;e all the varieties in the world, then there will be no difficul|ty how the &s;ame &s;ort of matter &s;hould give &s;ub&s;tance both to the Stock and Graff, though Plants of diffe|rent nature, and bearing different Boughs, Leaves, Fruits, Seeds, each from other; for if from any matter, any thing may be made without difference, then particularly the wilde&s;t &s;tock may afford Ele|ments fit to nouri&s;h the Boughs of any Plant, of
<PB N="78" REF="51">how gentle and noble nature &s;oever.</P>
<P>But la&s;tly, If all the&s;e Con&s;iderations be too trou|ble&s;ome, I can help a lazy Naturali&s;t to an admira|ble expedient for the re&s;olving this appearance; let him be content to believe, that when the Sap, ga|ther'd in the Root, comes to the place of conjuncture, it is there forc'd to undergoe a total corruption and lap&s;e into the Bed of its fir&s;t matter, from whence, by a new generation, there ari&s;es a new &s;ap, begot in the Tree by a &s;pecifick faculty, which in a Pear graff may be call'd a Pear-&s;ap-making-power, and &s;o in all the re&s;t: And for the commendation of this la&s;t way of Re&s;olution, I mu&s;t expre&s;s this its ex|cellency, that it is equally applyable to all things in the world, each thing being made (and the cau&s;e as ea&s;ily believed) by &s;ome &s;uch thing-making power.</P>
<P>Or it might not be ami&s;s to entitle <HI>Diva Colchodea,</HI> the grand-general form-making-intelligence, to the production of all the&s;e effects, and in Romantick gui&s;e, to place her, as it were, in a non-erring chair, &s;itting in the very place of conjuncture of Cyon and Stock, and working by ways and arts belonging to her own Trade (and therefore, as her proper my&s;teries, not to be revealed) to the forming in mo&s;t occult and admirable maner of the appearing effect.</P>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="6" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="79" REF="51">
<HEAD><HI>CHAP. VI.</HI> Of the ways for, and Sea&s;ons of &s;etting Plants.</HEAD>
<P>ALl Trees and Shrubs of Woody &s;ub&s;tance, that have Bodies able to endure the cold, are be&s;t &s;et before the Winter, a&s;&s;oon as the Leaves begin to fall: A Quick&s;et of this &s;ea&s;on, will far outgrow the like planted in the Spring. Artichocks and A&s;para|gus Roots do exceeding well, being planted at this Sea&s;on, if &s;et in a rich warm mould, and well de|fended in the en&s;uing Winter from the violence of the fro&s;ts: Artichokes are with us &s;et above an Ell di&s;tance, and thereby in the Winter, a Trench being made between the rows, the Mould is ca&s;t up on ridges for the defence of the Roots; and in the Sum|mer, Cole-flowers, or other Garden-&s;tuff is &s;et in the di&s;tances. For Herbs and choice Plants, e&s;pecially tho&s;e that are &s;et without Roots, it is mo&s;t fit and u|&s;ual that they be &s;et in the Spring, as Hy&s;ope, Time, Savory, Marjerome, Wall-flowers, Pincks, Gilly|flowers and Carnations, with this Caution; That by how much more tender each Plant is, in regard of cold, the later it requires to be &s;et, and in the warm|er place.</P>
<P>For all bulbous and tuberous rooted Plants, it is accounted the be&s;t way for their pre&s;ervation and im|provement, that they be taken up every year out of the ground, and kept &s;ome time out of the ground. The Univer&s;al and Catholick order of all Bulbous
<PB N="80" REF="52">Plants, &s;ays <HI>Laurembergius,</HI> is, that about St. <HI>James</HI> cyde they be taken out of the ground, and put in a place cold and dry, of a free air, not in the Sun, nor covered with Sand or Earth, or acce&s;&s;ible to Mice; let them abide &s;o a Moneth, or thereabluts, then &s;et them again, when they are taken up, cut off the Fi|bres that grow from under the head: nor need any thus take them up every year (unle&s;s it be for the tran&s;plantation of the off-&s;ets) by which forbearance, the &s;tock of Tulips is very much increa&s;ed. <HI>Ferra|rius</HI> more particularly forbids the abiding of Ane|mones in the Earth all the Summer, as being found prejudicial to them by his experience. But Fritel|laries, and Peonies, and the Crown Imperial, he will not have removed from their Beds, unle&s;s into a Cellar, in a pot of Earth.</P>
<P>Nor are all taken at the &s;ame time, as he &s;eems to intimate; for Narci&s;&s;es and Crocu&s;&s;es are common|ly taken up fir&s;t, generally when the flower is gone, the leaf withered, and the Bulb full, it is the be&s;t &s;ea&s;on to take them up; &s;ome keep them out of the ground longer, as till Chri&s;tma&s;s, or after; as this year, being in <HI>London,</HI> my be&s;t Tulips, Anemones and Ranunculus's, were in the Hou&s;e till the begin|ning of <HI>February,</HI> and yet did well enough: But com|monly we re-plant them about Michaelma&s;s, or there|abouts: &s;ome great Flori&s;ts keep them out of the ground no longer than till they grow dry; &s;ome re|plant them in <HI>June,</HI> &s;ome in <HI>July</HI> or <HI>Augu&s;t;</HI> &s;ome take not up their Ranunculus Roots at all. Tho&s;e Gardiners, who&s;e Beds are apt to be over-flowed or &s;oaked with cold water in the Winter, the later they &s;et, I believe their Bulbous and Tuberous Roots will prove the better.</P>
<PB N="81" REF="52">
<P>The ordinary time to plant Anemones, &s;ays Mr. <HI>Parkin&s;on,</HI> is mo&s;t commonly in <HI>Augu&s;t,</HI> which will bear Flowers, &s;ome peradventure before Winter, but u&s;ually in <HI>February, March,</HI> and <HI>April,</HI> few or none abiding until <HI>May:</HI> But if you will keep &s;ome Roots out of the ground un-planted till <HI>Febr. March</HI> &amp; <HI>April,</HI> and plant &s;ome at one time, and &s;ome at ano|ther, you &s;hall have them bear Flowers according to their planting; tho&s;e that are planted in <HI>Febr.</HI> will flower about the middle or end of <HI>May,</HI> and &s;o the re&s;t accordingly, &amp; thus you have the plea&s;ure of the&s;e Plants out of their &s;ea&s;ons, which is not permitted to be enjoyed by any other that I know, Nature not be|ing &s;o prone to be furthered by Art in other things, as in this, yet regard is to be had, that in keeping your Anemones out of the ground for this purpo&s;e, you neither keep them too dry nor too moi&s;t, for &s;prouting or rotting, and in planting them, you &s;et them not in too open a Sunny place, but where they may be &s;omewhat &s;hadowed.</P>
<DIV3 N="2" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 2.</HI> Of the &s;etting of Woods Fruit-Trees, and Plants uncultivated.</HEAD>
<P>Concerning Plants that are ordinarily &s;et abroad, and are not cultivated in Gardens or Orchards, few ob&s;ervations can be made that are not very vulgar; 'tis greatly his intere&s;t that mindes the thriving of his Trees, that they be &s;et that the Roots may run ju&s;t under the Turf, in the &s;urface of the Earth, the higher the better, if they are kept moi&s;t at the root with wet &s;traw, or the like, and defended from in|juries the fir&s;t year. I have &s;een &s;oom plants &s;o bu|ried in a depth of thick clay or gravel, that they could not &s;hoot for many years a &s;prig of a Span long, whereas others &s;et orderly in the &s;ame place did
<PB N="82" REF="53">thrive abundantly: And tho&s;e that think to amend the matter by digging a hole a yard deep, or more, and putting in the Tree with a little good earth, do but cheat them&s;elves; for the Tree would thrive as well upon a Stone Wall, that is wa&s;hed with rain Water, as in that hole, when once the Root is come to the &s;ides thereof: This I &s;peak generally and not of &s;uch particular Trees as delight in a fingular Mi|nera of Earth.</P>
<P>And for Orchards, it is a very nece&s;&s;ary requi&s;ite, that the Roots of Fruit-trees &s;tand above the Gra|vel, Clay, or Rock, if any &s;uch be, provi&s;ion for which I have known made two ways, the u&s;ual and mo&s;t common is, to plant with &s;uch Standards which have no down-right Roots, which may be gotten in any well ordered Nur&s;eries, for in &s;uch, the Seedling Plants are taken up the &s;econd year, and the down-right Roots being cut off &s;hort, they are &s;et in beds for grafting, and by this means &s;hoot their Root rather in compa&s;s, then directly down|wards. The &s;econd way is a more unu&s;ual experi|ment <HI>(viz.)</HI> To &s;et the Fruit-Tree on the top of the ground, without any hole dig'd, &amp; to lay a load of &s;uch dirt as is found in &s;treets to the root, upon the Turf; yet &s;o, that the rain may abide, and not by rea&s;on of the banck, run from the root of the new &s;et fruit-tree.</P>
<P>For Wall-Trees, it is convenient the Roots be &s;et at &s;uch di&s;tance from the foundation of the Walls, that they may have room in the Earth for their roots; a foot is a convenient &s;pace generally, for then the heads will without difficulty be drawn to the Wall, and the Roots not be prejudiced.</P>
<P>Tho&s;e Wall-Fruits that are &s;et abroad, as Vines, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> being-kept &s;horn in their Branches, and not &s;uf|fered
<PB N="83" REF="53">to climb, become good bearers, e&s;pecially if they are &s;et near the reflection of Gravel-Walks, or upon other Ground kept bare from Weeds.</P>
<P>For the planting of Woods in general, for increa&s;e of under Wood, Mr. <HI>Blith's</HI> way is generally appro|ved; to ca&s;t up double Dirches, and plant any &s;orts of Wood in the form of a Quick-&s;et: Some &s;ow &s;eed on the Bancks in orderly rows, and &s;et likewi&s;e on the top, as well as both &s;ides of the Bank. The time is, a&s;&s;oon as the Leaf is fallen, in any Weather or Sea&s;on. The Plants in a more &s;ound ground, are A&s;h, Oak, Elm, Sycamore, Maples, Crabs, Thorns; in a more moi&s;t Ground, as a drained Bog, Poplar, Willow, Sallow, O&s;ier, which grow by Truncheons. In which watery &s;oils, the way of rai&s;ing Ditches is mo&s;t nece&s;&s;ary: For neither Willow, Sallow, O&s;ier, nor any other Plant, will grow in a Bog, without &s;oundne&s;s of ground: What Plants grow by cut|tings, what by laying for the more ready thickning of Woods, may be &s;een above in the proper Chapter.</P>
<P>There is a &s;tory freely defended and frequently, both in di&s;cour&s;es Printed and &s;poken, that the chips of Elm, being &s;owed, will grow; but that is &s;ome|what like <HI>Kirchers</HI> experiments, before-mentioned in the Chapter of cuttings, and not a whit more true; otherwi&s;e, to &s;ow tho&s;e Chips would be a good pro|fitable and frugal way for thickning Woods. The cau&s;e of the Countrey mans mi&s;take (for I &s;uppo&s;e not that this error aro&s;e from Philo&s;ophers) I ima|gine to be this: At the felling of great Elms many chips mu&s;t needs be &s;cattered, and flie round about the Tree, and be covered in Gra&s;s thereabouts; now the next year, after the fall, there ari&s;e generally great numbers of Suckers from the Toots of the old
<PB N="84" REF="54">Tree, which roots, mu&s;t emit all the &s;ap they ga|ther up into the&s;e Suckers, the great Trunck being removed. And the&s;e Suckers are ea&s;ily mi&s;taken to a|ri&s;e from the chips, becau&s;e they always come upon the felling of Elms where chips are found, and grow at &s;uch di&s;tance as chips are ordinarily &s;cattered.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 3.</HI> Whether any Vegetables may be &s;et &s;o as to grow in the Air.</HEAD>
<P>There is a que&s;tion now-adays frequently propo&s;ed, Whether there be more Soils then the ordinary Turf or &s;urface of the Earth, tempered with &s;ome water, &s;oyl being meant for the ground, in which things may be &s;et to grow. I need not &s;peak much upon it, as to Water, which by Experiments related in the Chapter concerning Propagation by cuttings, appears to have a property to elicite Roots, and make them where they were not, and nouri&s;h the Plants by them after they were made; to which, I mu&s;t adde this circum&s;tance, not before mentioned, that Periwinckle, and divers others, continued their growth by this nouri&s;hment alone, from year to year, not dying in the Winter: How long they might have continued, I can't a&s;&s;ert, for being ab&s;ent this Win|ter, and no fires being kept near, the water in the Gla&s;&s;es, was &s;o raryfied by the Fro&s;t, that the &s;ides could not contain it, but were forced a&s;under there|by, and &s;o the Plants peri&s;hed; whereas otherwi&s;e, they being &s;et in a <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">oom over my Laboratory, I que|&s;tion not, had many of them continued till now.</P>
<P>Some put forward, that the Air might have the faculty of nouri&s;hing Vegetables a&s;cribed to it: And no wonder, when <HI>Paracel&s;us</HI> makes it a
<PB N="85" REF="54">&s;ufficient nouri&s;hment for men, and brings in&s;tances for the proof of his a&s;&s;ertion. But I finde, That Onions, Tulips, and all Bulbous Roots, though they &s;hoot out a green leaf, yet do very much le&s;&s;en in their weight, and it appears, that this growth is but the motion of the &s;ame parts, or &s;ome few of them, to &s;ettle and gather in another place, and an|other order or &s;cituation in relation to each other; for the Onion particularly hath the thicker coverings of the Bulb very much &s;tretched out, and each co|vering, as it increa&s;eth in length and breadth, by ri|&s;ing into a leaf, &s;o the thickne&s;s con&s;iderable while it covered the Bulb onely, decrea&s;eth proportionably and is molden into a thinner, and more largely ex|tended Ve&s;tment.</P>
<P>I have hung up divers Sedums, Orpines, Tithy|malls, and other &s;uch Plants, which I imagined mo&s;t likely to grow by the Air onely, and to encrea&s;e and be augmented thereby, and found, that by all my endeavors, though the Plant grew well, yet they al|ways lo&s;t weight, and never got the fourth part of a grain.</P>
<P>Aloes likewi&s;e, though being hang'd up in the air with a cloath dipped in Sallat Oyl, it &s;ends forth for many years new leaves, yet it always grows le&s;s and le&s;s in weight, till at la&s;t the olde&s;t leaves fal|ling off, and new coming up, it grows to no|thing.</P>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="7" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="86" REF="55">
<HEAD><HI>CHAP. VII.</HI> Of the means for the Improvement and be&s;t culture of Corn, Gra&s;s, and other Vegetables belonging to Husbandry; and of the ways for removing the &s;everal annoy|ances that u&s;ually hinder &s;uch ad|vantage.</HEAD>
<DIV3 N="1" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>Num. 1.</HI> Of the Annoyances to Land, and the Impe|diments that u&s;ually di&s;temper it, to the di&s;advan|tage of the Husbandman.</HEAD>
<P>THe Impediments that with us hinder the Husbandmen from making the greate&s;t ad|vantage of their ground, are either the di|&s;tempers of the ground it &s;elf, or &s;ome evil accidents that occa&s;ionally happen thereto, or to the vegeta|bles growing thereon. The di&s;tempers are general|ly cau&s;ed, either by the abounding of water, above all other principles, which cau&s;es coldne&s;s, and a Drop&s;ical di&s;po&s;ition in the Earth; or by the abound|ing of a dry Earth or Mineral, and the want of moi|&s;ture and &s;altne&s;s, and that Spirit which &s;hould cau&s;e
<PB N="87" REF="55">that motion in the in&s;en&s;ible particles of the Earth, which is proper for the exciting the Seeds of all things, and &s;o &s;tirring the ground, that the &s;everal particles may be at liberty to enter the Bodies of Vegetables fit for them; the accidents come by bla&s;ting Winds, rapacious Fowls, Vermine, and Weeds, Fearn, Heath, Broom, and other impro|fitable Vegetables; of the&s;e, and the u&s;ual remedies again&s;t them, &s;omewhat, and the be&s;t that at the pre|&s;ent occurs, I &s;hall &s;peak in this Chapter.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="2" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 2.</HI> Of the remedies proper to cure the exce&s;&s;ive cold|ne&s;s and moi&s;ture in Lands, and the ways of Im|provement thereby, in Grounds &s;ubject to the&s;e di|&s;tempers, by draining, Pigeons and Poultry dung, Urine, Soot, A&s;hes, Hor&s;e and Sheep dung: Of Ground cold and dry, and how the&s;e Soyls may be applyable thereto.</HEAD>
<P>Boggine&s;s and ob&s;truction of Springs more or le&s;s, is generally the cau&s;e of the chill or coldne&s;s that lies upon Lands, and breeds the Ru&s;h and other in|commodities, and therefore the foundation of the cure, and improvement thereby, mu&s;t be to remove this internal cau&s;e, by laying the ground dry, and dreining the Bog: In the relation of which opera|tion, and many more of this Chapter, I &s;hall ea&s;e my &s;elf, by giving you Mr. <HI>Blith</HI>'s ob&s;ervations and directions thereabouts, who was both a Practicer him&s;elf, and que&s;tionle&s;s a very faithful and true Re|porter of his experience.</P>
<P>In cold, ru&s;hy land, &s;ays he, the moi&s;ture, or cold hun|gry water, is found between the fir&s;t &amp; &s;econd &s;warth of the Land; and then oft-times you come immedi|ately
<PB N="88" REF="56">unto a little Gravel, or Stonyne&s;s, in which this water is, and &s;ometimes below this, in an hun|gry Gravel, and many times this Gravel or Stony|ne&s;s lieth lower: But in boggy Land it u&s;ually lieth deeper then in ru&s;hy; but to the bottom, where the &s;pewing Spring lyeth, you mu&s;t goe, and one &s;pades depth, or graft beneath, how deep &s;oever it be, if you will drain the Land to purpo&s;e.</P>
<P>And for the matter or Bog-maker, that is mo&s;t ea&s;ily di&s;cover d, for &s;ometimes it lieth within two foot of the top of the ground, and &s;ometimes, and very u&s;ually within three or four foot, yet &s;ome lie far deeper, &s;ix, eight, or nine foot, and all the&s;e are feazable to be wrought, and the Bog to be di&s;overed; but until thou come pa&s;t the black Earth, or Turf, which u&s;ually is two or three foot thick, unto ano|ther &s;ort of earth, and &s;ometimes unto old Wood, and Trees, (I mean the proportion and form thereof, but the nature is turned as &s;oft and tender as the Earth it &s;elf) which have lain there no man knows how long; and then to a white Earth many times, like Lime, which the Tanner &amp; White-Tawer takes out of their Lime-pits, and then to a Gravel, or Sand where the water lieth, and then one Spades depth clearly under this, which is indeed nothing el&s;e but a Spring, that would fain bur&s;t forth at &s;ome certain place, which if it did clearly break out, and ran quick and lively, as other Springs doe, your Bog would die, but being held down by the power and weight of the Earth, that oppo&s;eth the Spring, which boils and works up into the earth, as it were, blows it up, and filleth the earth with winde, as I may call it, and makes it &s;well and ri&s;e like a Puff-Ball, as &s;eldom or never you &s;hall finde any Fog, but it lieth higher, and ri&s;ing from the adjacent Land to it, &s;o that I be|lieve,
<PB N="89" REF="56">could you po&s;&s;ibly light of the very place where the Spring naturally lieth, you need but open that very place to your Quick-Spring, and give it a clear vent, and certainly your Bog would decay; by rea&s;on whereof, it hath &s;o corrupted and &s;woln the earth, as a Drop&s;ie doth Mans Body; for if you ob&s;erve the mould, it is very light and hollow, and three foot &s;quare thereof, is not above the weight of one &s;ollid foot of natural Earth, Clay, or Land, whereby I conceive, that how much &s;oever this mould is for|ced from the natural weight or hardne&s;s of &s;olid Earth or Clay, &s;o much it is corrupted, &s;woln, or in|crea&s;ed and blown up, and &s;o much it mu&s;t be taken down, or let forth, before ever it be reduced; I there|fore pre&s;cribe this direction: Go to the bottom of the Bog, and there make a Trench in the &s;ound ground, or el&s;e in &s;ome old Ditch, &s;o low as you verily con|ceive your &s;elf a&s;&s;uredly under the level of the Spring or &s;pewing water, and then carry up your Trench into your Bog &s;traight through the middle of it, one foot under that Spring or &s;pewing water, upon your level, unle&s;s it ri&s;e higher; as many times the Water or Spring ri&s;eth, as the Land ri&s;eth, and &s;ometimes lieth very level unto the head of the Bog, unto which you mu&s;t carry your Drain, or within two or three yards of the very head of it, and then &s;trike another Trench overthwart the very head both ways, from that middle Trench, as far your Bog goeth, all along to the very end of it, &s;till continu|ing one foot at lea&s;t under the &s;ame, and po&s;&s;ibly this may work a &s;trange change in the ground of it &s;elf, without any more Trenching.</P>
<P>Or thus you may work it &s;omewhat a more certain way, but more chargeable, <HI>(viz.)</HI> After you have
<PB N="90" REF="57">brought a Trench to the bottom of the Bog, then cut a good &s;ub&s;tantial Trench about the Bog, I mean, according to the form of your Bog, whether round, &s;quare, or long, or three or four yards within your Boggy ground; for &s;o far, I do verily believe, it will drain that which you leave without your Trench, at the depth afore&s;aid, that is underneath the Spring|water round; And when you have &s;o done, make one work or two ju&s;t overthwart it, upwards and down|wards, all under the matter of the Bog, as is afore|&s;aid, and in one years patience, through Gods ble&s;|&s;ing, expect your de&s;ired I&s;&s;ue: And if it be in &s;uch a place as will occa&s;ion great danger to your Cattle; then having wrought your works and drains as afore|&s;aid, all upon &s;traight lines (by all means prevent as many Angles, Crooks and Turnings, as is po&s;&s;ible, for tho&s;e will occa&s;ion but &s;toppages of the Water, and filling up of Trenches, and lo&s;s of ground, and much more trouble then otherwi&s;e.) Then you mu&s;t take good green Faggots, Willow, Alder, Elm, or Thorn, and lay in the bottom of your Works, then take your Turf you took up in the top of your Trench, and plant them thereupon with the Soard downward, and then fill up your works level again, until you come to the bottom or neither end of your work, where your Trench is &s;o &s;hallow, that it will not endanger your Cattle; or rather take great pib|ble Stones, or Flint Stones, and &s;o fill up the bot|tom of your Trench, about fifteen Inches high, and take your Turf and Plant it as afore&s;aid, being cut very fit for your Trench, that it may ly clo&s;e as it is laid down; and then having covered it all over with Earth, and made it even as the other ground, wait and expect a wonderful effect, through the ble&s;sing
<PB N="91" REF="57">of God; but if you may, without eminent danger, leave your works open, that is mo&s;t certain of all.</P>
<P>Other and &s;econd remedies for all cold Land, are Figeons Dung, Dung of Poultry, which abound in heat and volatile &s;alt; the&s;e are onely &s;owed by the hand, for fear of burning the Com in the chitting of the Grain: I have ob&s;erved, where the&s;e Dungs have been over plentifully laid, that the place bare no Corn at all, when as in other places, where it was moderately &s;trawed, the Crop was exceeding great. The &s;ame effect there is in Urine and Soot, from the &s;ame principles, <HI>(viz.)</HI> much eager &s;pirit and vola|tile &s;alt, and therefore the &s;ame caution is to be had in their u&s;e. I have &s;een half the Trees in a Codling|hedge killed, by watering them over-much with Chamber-lye. Hor&s;e-dung, if not rotten, lying thick, will doe the &s;ame, but rather by an actual heat which it creates by its fermentation, than by the power of &s;ingle principles, as in the former in&s;tan|ces, but the exce&s;s of it is harmful, being laid in &s;uch quantities as it may heat, and certainly burns the root of any ordinary Vegerables that grow near it. Sheep-dung, Fog-dung likewi&s;e, and all Soyl and Litters of Cattle, by rea&s;on of their Dung, U|rine, and heat of their Bodies, lying thereon, have a warmth in them, and are fit for cold Lands on that account; and by rea&s;on of their moi&s;ture, for dry Lands al&s;o; for it is to be ob&s;erved, that many Grounds are dry and cold too, in all parts of the North and North-we&s;t, as <HI>England</HI> lies, and in <HI>Eng|land</HI> many of our Wood-lands e&s;pecially; and &s;o all hot and moi&s;t &s;oils are mo&s;t proper for them: Burn|ing and beaking is in many places very &s;ucce&s;sfully u&s;ed to this effect; The actual fire heating the
<PB N="92" REF="58">ground, and the a&s;hes of Fern, Brake, Heath, &amp;c. of like nature, yielding a &s;alt, very profitable for, and expedient to joyn with the other principles in the ground, to cau&s;e a fermentation and fruitful|ne&s;s.</P>
<P>'Tis a general rule, that there is nothing in ani|mal Bodies, but will turn to excellent Manure: Their Horns, Bones, Hair, He&s;h, both of Bea&s;ts, Fi&s;h, and Fowl, are very rich; and tho&s;e that know the vertue of them, buy at Cities for the purpo&s;e, rags which are made of Wool, Sheep-trotters, &s;tinck|ing Fi&s;h, or other Offal of Animals, which mu&s;t ei|ther be mixed with other Dung, or not laid over thick.</P>
<P>But it is to be ob&s;erved, That where moi&s;ture is rather required then heat, there floating by Land|floods, the dirt and mud of Ponds and High-ways is mo&s;t proper: where warmth and heat, is a greater need; there &s;oyl that is made by a mixture of the Offal of Animals, will be more to the purpo&s;e and advantage of the Husbandman.</P>
<P>La&s;tly, 'Tis probable that any thing that has active parts in it, if it be not ju&s;t of the nature of the ground, will rai&s;e improvement: Heterogeneous things, upon their meeting, ordinarily cau&s;ing than &s;tir, which is thought, by mo&s;t Naturali&s;ts now, to have great influence upon Vegeration.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 3.</HI> The ways of Improvement of dry, light, &s;andy, gravelly, flinty Lands, by floating, Marl, Chalk, Lime.</HEAD>
<P>Dryne&s;&s;e is generally a great cau&s;e of barrenne&s;&s;e, and is an u&s;ual annoyance in Sandy and gravelly
<PB N="93" REF="58">grounds, more e&s;pecially, in regard that they retein not the rain-water &s;o well as clay, or Land of a mixt &s;oil: The proper remedy for this defect, is artificial watering, which tempers the ground mo&s;t pro|perly for the improvement of the growth of the mo&s;t u&s;eful Plants, Grain and Gra&s;s: For fir&s;t, Water in its own nature and property is a &s;oil, and has an ex|ceeding agreeablene&s;s with the Bodies of mo&s;t Vege|tables, as appears by the experiments of their growth in water onely. And &s;econdly, There is a very con|&s;iderable accrewment to dry, &s;andy, and gravelly Earth, by the fatty &s;oyl and wa&s;h that is carryed both in Land-floods, and other Water, that having pa&s;&s;ed through Cities, Roads, or other places of like na|ture, are drawn over the ground, for the &s;alt, and other the mixt earth, that was carryed in the Flood, being apt to re&s;ide to the bottom, is left generally behinde upon the Land; and the &s;alt diluted in the Water, ea&s;ily enters the Turf, and carries with it other Particles thither, where, by the heat of the Sun, (they being in conjunction with the Sand, Gravel, or other Bodies Heterogeneous, and unlike to them|&s;elves) they cau&s;e by their mutual fermentation, as is &s;uppo&s;ed, or &s;ome other way, that temper of ground which is mo&s;t fit for the growth of all Grain, Gra&s;&s;es, and other Vegetables of general u&s;e.</P>
<P>For drawing the water over Land, the u&s;e is, that by the eye or level which is ea&s;ily made to help the eye: Fir&s;t, Di&s;covery be made where the water may be conveighed over the mo&s;t Land: Then Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> advi&s;es, to cut our the Ma&s;ter Trench or Wa|ter-cour&s;e, to &s;uch a bigne&s;s, as may contain all the Land-flood, or at lea&s;t, be able to bring it within the Land intended for this improvement: When the
<PB N="94" REF="59">water is brought thither, carry it along in a foot broad Trench, or le&s;&s;er, all along the level: If the level be too dead, the le&s;&s;er &s;tream will follow, &s;o that a convenient de&s;cent mu&s;t be minded, to give the water a fair pa&s;&s;age. If there be di&s;covered in this le&s;&s;er Trench, any mi&s;take or failing, it may with ea&s;e be amended, by going higher to, or low|er from the level, and the fir&s;t Trench be &s;topt up again, for this Trench need be no deeper then the thickne&s;s of the upper Turf: This done, the Wa|ter-cour&s;e mu&s;t be cut out, which mu&s;t be large e|nough to contain the whole Water which is intended for the enrichment of the Land, which largene&s;s ought to con&s;i&s;t in breadth, and not in deepne&s;s, for a &s;hallow Trench, about a foot deep, is be&s;t for this work: When the Trench is brought near to the end of the Land, it is to be drawn narrower and narrower.</P>
<P>Further directions the Author gives the Improver, in the&s;e words.</P>
<P>As &s;oon, &s;ays he, as thou ha&s;t brought the Water upon the Land, and turned it over, or upon it, be &s;ure thou take it off as &s;peedily as po&s;&s;ibly, and &s;o fail not to cut thy work; &s;o as unle&s;&s;e thy Land be very &s;ound, and thy Land-flood very rich, thou mu&s;t take it off the &s;ooner by a deep draining Trench. Therefore I pre&s;cribe no certain breadth, betwixt floating and draining Trenches; but if the Land be &s;ounder and dryer, or lieth more de&s;cending, thou mai&s;t let it run the broader; and as the Land is moi&s;t, &s;ad, ru&s;hy, or level, let it run the le&s;&s;er breadth or compa&s;s; and for the draining Trench, it mu&s;t be made &s;o deep, that it goe to the bottom of the cold, &s;pewing, moi&s;t Water, that feeds the Flag and Ru&s;h; for the widene&s;s of it, u&s;e thine own liber|ty,
<PB N="95" REF="59">but be &s;ure to make it &s;o wide, as thou mai&s;t goe to the bottom of it, which mu&s;t be &s;o low as any moi&s;ture lieth, which moi&s;ture, u&s;ually lieth under the upper and &s;econd &s;warth of the Earth, in &s;ome Gravel or Sand, or el&s;e, where &s;ome greater Stones are mixed with Clay, under which thou mu&s;t goe half one Spades graft deep, at the lea&s;t: Yea, &s;up|po&s;e the corruption that feeds and nouri&s;heth the Ru&s;h or Flag, &s;hould be a yard, or four foot deep, to the bottom of it, thou mu&s;t goe, if ever thou wilt drain it to purpo&s;e, or make the utmo&s;t advan|tage of either floating or draining, without which, thy Water cannot have its kindely operation: The truth is, otherwi&s;e the benefit might happen to be no greater then the Patients, who incurr'd a Drop&s;ie in his cure from a Fever; whereas by this means there is a double benefit, the fir&s;t whereof comes by the commodity of watering, the &s;econd, by the dreining Trenches nece&s;&s;arily annexed thereunto: And whereas the afore&s;aid Author commends water|ing or floating as an help to boggy, ru&s;hy, quagmiry Land, I &s;uppo&s;e no benefit, but hurt would ari&s;e thereby to &s;uch Lands, if the&s;e dreining Trenches did not open the pa&s;&s;ages of the ob&s;tructed Springs original cau&s;es of the Bog or Ru&s;hine&s;s, as well as let out the Water newly introduced by the float|ing.</P>
<P>The time of the operation for this improvement, mu&s;t be when the Gra&s;s is all off the ground, for el&s;e the &s;oil will &s;tain it that comes along with the Flood: Often watering is good, but to keep it long in a place, breeds the Ru&s;h. By this very Husban|dry, Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> brings precedents of improvement of Land, from Eighteen pence, to Thirty &s;hillings
<PB N="96" REF="60">an Acre; and Mr. <HI>Plat,</HI> from One &s;hilling to Five pounds.</P>
<P>Another remedy for dry and light ground, &s;uch as abound in Sand and Gravel, is Marl, an Earth mo&s;t commonly &s;lippery, or grea&s;ie to the touch, &s;ometimes blew, &s;ometimes grey, otherwhiles yel|low, now and then red, always fryable, &s;o that it will &s;lack after a &s;hower, and not grow afterwards hard or cru&s;ty, as Clay doth, but ea&s;ily re&s;olves to a du&s;t or powder: It &s;addens Land naturally, and &s;o will turn Rye Land as to make it fit for Wheat, Bar|ly and Pea&s;e, and therefore mu&s;t not be u&s;ed twice or thrice together, without &s;ome other more rarifying compo&s;t to intervene, &s;uch as ordinary Dung is; if you lay it down from Tillage, 'tis requi&s;ite that all Marled Land be fir&s;t well dunged.</P>
<P>Chalk al&s;o I have &s;een u&s;ed with very good &s;ucce&s;s in <HI>Hamp&s;hire,</HI> upon the Downs there, which are of &s;o dry a nature, that it is grown Proverbial there, that their Ground requires a &s;hower every day in the Week, and on the Sunday two; and Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> af|firms, that in <HI>Hertford&s;hire,</HI> by Chalk, the Improve|ment is made on Barren, Gravelly, and Flinty Lands.</P>
<P>Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> reports thus of Lime, that it is a &s;uitabler Soyl for light &s;andy Earth, then for a warm Gravel; 'tis improper for a wet and cold Gravel, but for a cold hungry Clay wor&s;t of all; for, &s;ays he, Lime being once &s;lacked and melted, is of a cold nature, and will &s;adden exceedingly, contrary to its nature, in the Stone, for it turns light Land into &s;uch a ca|pacity, that it will bear exceeding good Lammas Wheat, or mixed Corn: About twelve or fourteen Quarter of Lime &s;erves an Acre, it may as well be
<PB N="97" REF="60">over, as under-limed; after Liming, till not long, but return to Pa&s;ture.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="4" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>Num. 4.</HI> Remedies for accidental annoyances and hin|drances of Improvement, particularly the ways to de&s;troy Fern, Heath, Ant-hills, Mo&s;s, Ru&s;hes, Re&s;t-harrow, Broom, or any &s;uch Weed or Shrubs that infect the ground: Whether liming of Corn prevents bla&s;hing, the effects of that and Brine in Improvement: Concerning Moles, and the ways to de&s;troy them or drown them; a way of Antipathy, as to this effect, in Animals and Vegetables to the Bodies of their own kinde, when they are in the way of corruption: Mr. <HI>Blith</HI>'s way of pre&s;erving Corn from Crows, Rooks, <HI>&amp;c.</HI></HEAD>
<P>When any Land runs to Fearn, Heath, or Ant|hills, Mo&s;&s;ine&s;s, Ru&s;hes, coldne&s;s, or any other Weeds or Shrubs, as Go&s;s, Broom, Furz, &amp;c. The mo&s;t proper and improving remedy, is, to plow it three or four year, and then lay it down in good heart. In which operation, care mu&s;t be had to plow up the Weeds clean, and burn the Roots of them in heaps, which warms the ground, and to give it con|venient dunging every year, for &s;o the greater &s;hall the improvement be. This Land mu&s;t be ca&s;t into Furlongs, that the Furrows may convey the Water one to another into a general Trench, that it lie not upon the Land.</P>
<P>If the Land be cold and moi&s;t, lay it the higher on ridges; if hot and dry, &s;andy, or the like, let it lic flat, that it may better retain the Rain wa|ter.</P>
<PB N="98" REF="61">
<P>Be &s;ure you Plow up the Ru&s;hes, Brakes, or other annoying Weeds, and for fail let &s;ome body, with a Spade, follow the Plough, to root up &s;uch as are left after the Culter and Plow-&s;hare.</P>
<P>Harrow this new broken ground with weighty, &s;harp, and long tined Harrows, &s;uch as 'tis a Teems work to draw, that uneven places may be torn up, and good &s;tore of mould rai&s;ed. Cover your Seed with two or three &s;orts of Harrows, each Harrow having tines thicker then the other: &s;ome put weights upon the Harrows in the fir&s;t, and a Thorn under them in the la&s;t operation.</P>
<P>After four years Tilth, lay down your Land, and that upon a Crop of Wheat or Rye, not on a Sum|mer Corn, for &s;o the Soard will come the &s;ooner, e|&s;pecially if the Crop be &s;owed thin, and as early as may be: If you will double or treble the Improve|ment, the Husbandry of &s;owing Clover-gra&s;s, &s;poken of in the fir&s;t Chapter, will here come in mo&s;t pro|perly. This la&s;t Plowing, regard that the Ground be laid down &s;mooth, yet on ridges if the Land be cold, and unle&s;s the Land be of exceeding &s;trength, fail not to manure it, by dung, or otherwi&s;e, this la&s;t &s;ea&s;on of plowing.</P>
<P>Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> reports, and Mr. <HI>Hartlip</HI> likewi&s;e, That the natural helps to pre&s;erve Corn from bla&s;ting, is the &s;teeping of it in thick fat water, or Lime water, Urine or Brine, or the mixing of Lime or A&s;hes, with Corn well wet and moi&s;t, that &s;o it may cloath it &s;elf with the fine&s;t of the Lime or A&s;hes, &amp;c. &s;o as it may fall cloathed all over to the Earth, and &s;o be covered therewith; But I believe he was mi&s;taken in the applying of the Medicine to the prevention of the right and proper di&s;ea&s;e: I have heard &s;uch who
<PB N="99" REF="61">practiced the&s;e Medicines, affirm, that they have ge|nerally, and with rea&s;onable good &s;ucce&s;s, u&s;ed tho&s;e remedies to prevent &s;mootine&s;s; but the very la&s;t year it was ob&s;erved, that where tho&s;e means were u&s;ed, the bla&s;t did as much harm, as on the adjoyn|ing Lands, where there were no &s;uch Applications made to the Seed. And bla&s;ting being the peri&s;h|ing of the tender Kernel, by rea&s;on of a Wind (which from the effect is &s;ometimes called a red Wind) that too &s;harply, and it may be with &s;ome Venome breathes on it at its fir&s;t beginning; I &s;ee no rea&s;on that &s;uch infu&s;ions or applications &s;hould be any de|fence, for it comes from an outward violence, and therefore it is mo&s;t u&s;ually &s;een, that not half a Tree onely, but half a bough &s;hall be bla&s;ted, while the other half of the &s;ame, that grows by one and the &s;ame nouri&s;hment, remains free, &s;ound, and well coloured.</P>
<P>There is a procedure mentioned among Mr. <HI>Speeds</HI> notes, for Liming Corn that carries a good probabi|lity of advantage with it. Fir&s;t, The Grain was &s;teeped in &s;trong Brine of Salt, that would bear an Egge twenty four hours, and then being laid S. S. S. with Lime that is there, was laid a layer of Corn fir&s;t, and then a layer of Lime, and then again a layer of Corn, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> the Lime cleaved to the Wheat, and was &s;owed on Ground not worth Two &s;hillings an Acre; the effect was, That it bare as good a crop of Wheat as ever was &s;een in <HI>England,</HI> and after|ward three Crops a year of Clover, exceeding good, one whereof was equal in value to a Crop of Wheat: This being matter of Fact, I believe it, as to im|provement by fertility, becau&s;e the Brine works ve|ry con&s;iderably in &s;mall proportion, and Lime in this
<PB N="100" REF="62">juncture may do well, both to fertility, and defence of the Grain again&s;t Grubs, and In&s;ects, and Worms, that abide in the Earth; but &s;urely as to bla&s;ting, and Crows and Birds that &s;poil the Corn in the Ear, it has no influence.</P>
<P>Moles by watering are drowned, or driven up to &s;o narrow a compa&s;s, that they may be ea&s;ily taken; I have known them to have been forc'd to leave their holes to run upon the Turf, to &s;ave their lives from the Water-flood. Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> relates, That one Spring, about <HI>March,</HI> one Mole-catcher and his Boy, in a|bout ten days time, in a ground of ninety Acres, be|ing ju&s;t laid down from Tillage, took about three Bu&s;hels, old and yong; they were not to be num|bred, mo&s;t of them being yong and naked, and this he onely did, by ca&s;ting up their Ne&s;ts, which are always built in a great heap, of double bigne&s;s to the re&s;t, mo&s;t ea&s;ily di&s;cerned, and then the old ones would come to look their yong, which he would &s;nap up pre&s;ently al&s;o: At another Sea&s;on then <HI>March,</HI> which is their time of breeding, &s;uch &s;ucce&s;s is not to be expected. In other times the be&s;t way is, if there be any Hedges near, to &s;et the Gins or Traps there, for their ordinary roads are in &s;uch Hedges, and other places they ca&s;t up, are but of uncertain u&s;e; as when they intend forage for one time, though it may be that they minde the u&s;e of that pa&s;&s;age no more at all. <HI>Bellonius</HI> advi&s;es to bury Moles in tho&s;e places, whence you would drive the re&s;t of that Vermine; and there may be &s;omewhat in that re|medy: For many living Bodies have a great di&s;like to, and antipathy again&s;t the putrified Bodies of their own kinde: Thus Worms, putrified at the Belly of a Childe outwardly, and the powder given inwardly,
<PB N="101" REF="62">are e&s;teemed as Medicines de&s;tructive to the Worm in the Belly, though the latter way is by &s;ome thought to breed more then it kills. Nay, in Ve|getables 'tis agreed, That a yong Orchard will not thrive among the Roots of an old rotten Orchard, the rea&s;on whereof, &s;ome &s;uppo&s;e to be the antipa|thy of the yong, again&s;t the old putrifying Roots; but of this effect, other rea&s;ons may be as proba|ble.</P>
<P>There be &s;ome other remedies for the &s;ame annoy|ances, as, particularly, for the de&s;truction of Fearn, the Author named gives this pre&s;cription: In the Spring, when the Fearn begins to grow a little above the Gra&s;s, while it is yong and tender, take a crook|ed Pole, or piece of Wood about &s;ix foot long coming in at one end like a Bow, or made like a blunt Sithe; with this &s;trike off all the heads of the Fearn, as low as you can, even to the ground, if po&s;&s;ible; do this the &s;econd or third time, and it proves generally a certain remedy. The rea&s;on, as I &s;uppo&s;e, is the putrefaction of the Fearn, it being a very moi&s;t Mu&s;|cilaginous Plant, by its own juice, and the moi&s;ture of the Earth, by which the very Roots them&s;elves come to be corrupted, or el&s;e the deprivation of all the Buds that germinate from the Root, by cutting off the Sprouts &s;o un&s;ea&s;onably.</P>
<P>For Ant-hills, to de&s;troy the In&s;ects, and take the hills down, this manner is pre&s;cribed; Divide the upper Turf into five or &s;ix parts, then take it down with a turfing Spade to the bottom of the Banck, the Turf being cut as thin as can be under the roots of the gra&s;s; then take out the Core of the Bank, that when the Turf is returned to its place, it may lie there lower &s;omewhat than the &s;urface of the Earth,
<PB N="102" REF="63">that the moi&s;ture, which will be a certain de&s;tructi|on of the Ants, may a little re&s;ide there: This mu&s;t be done in <HI>November, December,</HI> or <HI>January,</HI> that the Roots of the Gra&s;s may the better take to the ground, before hot weather comes in the Spring.</P>
<P>Among Mr. <HI>Speeds</HI> notes, there are the&s;e Recipts, take red Herrings, and cutting them in pieces, burn the pieces on the Mole-hills; or you may put Gar|lick or Leeks in the Mouthes of their Hills, and the Moles will leave the ground. I have not tryed the&s;e ways, and therefore refer the Reader to his own tryal, belief, or doubt.</P>
<P>I had almo&s;t forgot to mention the change of Seed from grounds of a contrary nature, which by the ex|perience of Husbandmen is found very advantagious, and is thought to prevent &s;mootine&s;s. 'Tis the cu|&s;tom in <HI>Buckingham&s;hire,</HI> for tho&s;e of the Vale to buy their Seed from the Chiltern, on this account; and this experiment is found profitable in Wheat, Barley, Pea&s;e, and all Field Grains; and not &s;o one|ly, but al&s;o in Garden Plants.</P>
<P>For the pre&s;erving early or late &s;owed Corn, or the &s;ame when it begins to corn in the Ear, from Crows, Rooks, or Jack-Dows, Mr. <HI>Blith</HI> has invented this Scare-Crow: You mu&s;t, &s;ays he, kill a Crow or two, and take them into the Field where they haunt, and in the mo&s;t obvious, plain, per&s;picuous places, make a great hole of two foot over, and about twenty Inches deep, on the highe&s;t ground in the Field, which hole mu&s;t be &s;tuck round about the edges with the longe&s;t Feathers; the bottom mu&s;t be covered with the &s;horte&s;t, and &s;ome part of the Carka&s;s; and that Turf or Earth that is digged out of the hole, being laid round upon a heap, you may &s;tick round with
<PB N="103" REF="63">Feathers al&s;o. One Crows Feathers will dre&s;s two or three holes, and about &s;ix or eight holes will &s;erve for a Field of ten or twelve Acres. The Feathers will remain fre&s;h a Moneth, unle&s;s &s;tore of Rain or Weather beat them much; and then (if needful) they mu&s;t be renewed.</P>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="8" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD><HI>CHAP. VIII.</HI> Of the Means of Improvement and be&s;t culture of &s;uch Plants or Flowers as are u&s;ually culti|vated in Gardens or Orchards, and of the ways u&s;ed for the re|moving of &s;uch annoyances as are commonly incident to them.</HEAD>
<DIV3 N="1" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>Num. 1.</HI> Of the annoyances in general incident to Garden Plants.</HEAD>
<P>THe Politician &s;peaks it to be a part of as great skill and prowe&s;s to defend a place already gotten, and to improve it to the benefit of the Prince and Inhabitants, as it was at the fir&s;t to arrive at the Conque&s;t; this is alike true in the Gardinets Province: It is no ea&s;ie thing with him to rai&s;e a
<PB N="104" REF="64">&s;tock of choice Plants, by the &s;everal ways of propa|gation above mentioned, and as hard to pre&s;erve them, being propagated, from de&s;truction by foreign and inte&s;tine violence. For either the &s;harpne&s;&s;e of cold, the torridne&s;s of the Sun, Vermine, or other accident from without, or want of convenient and nouri&s;hable &s;oyl of earth and water, and other Elements proporti|onable to the plant, will be &s;uch internal de<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="2 letters">ciencies, as to cau&s;e utter de&s;truction: or the na&s;tine&s;s and premature, or on the contrary, the tardy and &s;low ger|mination thereof will hinder its excellency; or weeds, or other vegetables, may grow up to its hinde|rance: and many other impediments there are, which with their &s;everal remedies, as they &s;hall &s;ugge&s;t them&s;elves to my thoughts, I &s;hal propo&s;e in the pre|&s;ent Chapter, the la&s;t of this di&s;cour&s;e.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="2" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 2.</HI> Of defences for choice plants from cold.</HEAD>
<P>One great annoyance to all choice flowers and ten|der plants, ari&s;es from the violence of the Winter cold, the defence again&s;t which you &s;hall have as far as I am able to give you, and can think of in the fol|lowing directions.</P>
<P>Let tho&s;e Bulbous Roots that are tender, &s;uch as the great double white Daffodill of <HI>Con&s;tantinople,</HI> and other fine Daffodills that come from hot Coun|tries, the <HI>Ornithagolum Arabicum,</HI> purple Montain, Moly, &amp;c. be planted in a large Tub or pot of earth and hou&s;ed all the Winter, that &s;o they may be de|fended from the fro&s;ts, or el&s;e, (which is the ea&s;i|er way) keep the Roots out of the ground every year from <HI>September</HI> after the leaves and &s;talkes are pa&s;t untill <HI>February,</HI> in &s;ome dry but not hot or windy
<PB N="105" REF="64">place; and then plant them in the ground under a South-wall, which are Mr. <HI>Parkin&s;ons</HI> directions.</P>
<P>Al&s;oe the late Pine-aple Moly, the Civet Moly of <HI>Mompelier,</HI> the litle hollow white <HI>A&s;phodill,</HI> which though its roots are not glandulous as to be capable of the la&s;t way, yet they are well pre&s;erved many yeares if by hou&s;ing they &s;hall be defended from the winter wett and cold.</P>
<P>Ro&s;e-bay Mirtles, the <HI>Indian Gel&s;imines, Jucca In|dica,</HI> Orange trees, mu&s;t be hou&s;ed in the Winter, &s;o likewi&s;e, the Cypre&s;&s;e, Bay, Piracantha, Mir|tle, Pine-tree, Ro&s;e-bay with Spani&s;h &s;eed, or at the lea&s;t mu&s;t be cover'd with &s;traw, or Ferne, or bean-hame, or &s;uch like thing layd upon cro&s;&s;e-&s;ticks to bear it up from the plants till they are two or three yeares growth and fit to be removed to their places, <HI>Arbutus,</HI> or the Strawberry tree, Sea-Ragwort, the Pomegranate, and the Indian Figge require the &s;ame care.</P>
<P><HI>Ferrarius</HI> commends a Garden hou&s;e with Walls of thick mo&s;&s;e as good, and &s;o without que&s;tion it is, a|gain&s;t the Winter cold and Summer heat.</P>
<P>Some defend their Mirtles, Pomegranates, and &s;uch other tender plants, either by hou&s;es made of &s;traw like Bee-hives, or of boards (with inlets for the Sun by ca&s;ements, or without them) Litter of Hor&s;e-&s;tables being layd in very cold weather about the hou&s;es of defence.</P>
<P>It was a cu&s;tome in <HI>Italy,</HI> to make &s;uch fences for Myrtles (e&s;pecially when young) as appeares by <HI>Virgills</HI> Ver&s;e.</P>
<Q>Dum teneras defendo a frigore Myrtos.</Q>
<P>The Roots of the Marvaile of the World, Mr. <HI>Park.</HI> has pre&s;erved by art a Winter, two or three,
<PB N="106" REF="65">(for they'l peri&s;h being let out in a garden, unle&s;&s;e it be under a hou&s;e &s;ide or &s;uch dry place) becau&s;e many times the year not falling out kindely, the plants give no ripe &s;eed, and &s;o Gardiners would be to &s;eek for &s;eed to &s;ow, and Roots to &s;et, if this or the like art to keep them were not u&s;ed: Tis thus, Within a while after the Fro&s;ts have taken the plants that the leaves wither and fall, dig up the Roots whole, and lay them in a dry place for three or foure dayes, that the &s;uperfluous moy&s;ture on the out&s;ide may be withered and dryed; which done, wrap them up &s;everally in two or three browne papers, and lay them by in a box, che&s;t, or tub, in &s;ome convenient place of the hou&s;e all the winter time, where no wind or moi&s;t air may come unto them, and thus &s;hall you have the&s;e Roots to &s;pring afre&s;h the next yeare, if you plant them in the beginning of <HI>March,</HI> as Mr. <HI>P.</HI> has by his own relation &s;ufficient|ly tryed, but &s;ome have tryed to put them up in a barrell or firkin of &s;and and a&s;hes, which al&s;o is good if the &s;and and a&s;hes be throughly drye, but if it be any thing moi&s;t, or if they give again in the Winter, as it is u&s;uall, they have found the moi&s;ture of the Roots, or of the &s;and, or both, to putrifie the Roots.</P>
<P>The &s;ame Author takes notice that tis one great hurt to Gilly-&s;lowers in the Winter, and to all other herbs, to &s;uffer the Snow to lye upon them any time after it is fallen; for it doth &s;o chill them, that the Sun doth (though in Winter) &s;corch them up, &s;hake therefore off your &s;now gently, not &s;uffering it to lye on a day if you can; There is the like in|convenience from Fro&s;ts which corrupt the Roots, and cau&s;e them to rot and breake, for prevention,
<PB N="107" REF="65">take &s;traw, or Litter of an hor&s;e &s;table, and lay &s;ome thereof about every Root of your Gilly-flowers, e&s;pe|cially the be&s;t &s;orts, clo&s;e unto them upon the ground, being carefull that none lye upon the green leaves, or as little as may be: Let it lie till <HI>March</HI> (with its winds) is pa&s;t. The generall Remedy for the&s;e and all flowers, is to be covered with mats, which are removeable at plea&s;ure. The choice&s;t of all are put in pots and hou&s;ed.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="3" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>Num. 3.</HI> Of &s;hades requi&s;ite to &s;undry Plants, e&s;peci|ally when young, for their defence from the Sun and Winde.</HEAD>
<P>All &s;orts of Carnations, Gilly-flowers, and Plants that are tender and yong, e&s;pecially your <HI>April</HI> and <HI>May</HI> Seedlings, are to be pre&s;erved and defended from the violent heat of the Sun, and bla&s;ting Winds: I have &s;een whole Beds of divers &s;orts of young Seedlings, utterly burnt up at their fir&s;t appearing, by the violence of two or three hot days. Nor do Seedlings onely require this, but all Plants that are not altogether wild, of how woody &s;ub&s;tance &s;oever, that are newly growing, from cut|tings, or parts without actual Roots.</P>
<P>Shades are commodious, if not ab&s;olutely nece&s;|&s;ary to many Plants, even when they are well rooted, as Bays, Lawrel, Savin, and mo&s;t Wood-plants, a mixture of Shade and Sun to Straw-berries; &s;o that the Lord <HI>Bacon</HI> wittily advi&s;es, to &s;prinkle a little <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">orrage-&s;eed on the Strawberry-bed, for that the Straw-berries, under tho&s;e Leaves, grow far more large then their fellows.</P>
<P>The be&s;t &s;hades are made by thin well pruned
<PB N="108" REF="66">Hedges drawn through the Garden or Nur&s;ery, or by Mats laid over them, and underpropt by a frame of light Poles: But all Seedlings, Flowers, or other Plants that are kept in Pots, are readily removed in|to convenient &s;hade at plea&s;ure.</P>
<DIV4 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>Of watering.</HEAD>
<P>Watering with water that has &s;tood two or three days in the Sun, is ab&s;olutely nece&s;&s;ary for all Stringy Roots that I know, at their fir&s;t removals; and at any time, when any Trees or Plants are weak, by rea&s;on of Drought: All manner of Layers mu&s;t be &s;pecially regarded for matter of watering; and tho&s;e Plants which are to be propagated by the cir|cumpo&s;ition of a Basket of Mould, (to make Dwarf Plants, as they call them) are &s;pecially to be watered in dry times: All maner of Gourds, Melons, Cu|cumbers, even in ordinary weather, require this help, although already firmly rooted.</P>
<P>But there is this difference in Plants, Tho&s;e that require an hungry ground, &s;hall well be content with thin water Sun'd: But Kitchin ground is be&s;t im|proved by fat water, wherein Ordure has been wa&s;hed.</P>
<P>And &s;ome caution is to be had, that by too much water you do not chill or over-glut the ground, often and little is the be&s;t u&s;e, and in the Spring and Au|tumn when Fro&s;ts are feared, 'tis better watering in the Morning then at Night; in Summer, the Night I e&s;teem the better Sea&s;on.</P>
<P>There is a pretty way of watering choice Plants, by wetting a &s;treiner, and &s;o letting one end of it hang over a Ve&s;&s;el of water, which will draw up the
<PB N="109" REF="66">moi&s;ture from the Ba&s;on, and let it gently fall down the &s;treiner to the Root of the Plant.</P>
</DIV4>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="4" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 4.</HI> Examples of the be&s;t Culture of Hops, and ways of ordering them after they are fir&s;t &s;et, taken out of Mr. <HI>Blith.</HI></HEAD>
<P>When, &s;ays he, your Hops are grown two foot high, binde up with a Ru&s;h or Gra&s;s, your &s;prings to the Poles, as doth not of it &s;elf, winding them as oft about the Poles as you can, and winde them accord|ing to the cour&s;e of the Sun, but not when the dew is upon them; your Ru&s;hes lying in the Sun will toughen, &s;ays he, but &s;urely better in the &s;hade.</P>
<P>And now you mu&s;t begin to make your Hills, and for that purpo&s;e get a &s;trong Hoe, of a good broad bit, and cut or hoe up all the Gra&s;s in the borders be|tween your Hills, and therewith make your Hills, with a little of your Mould with them, but not with &s;trong Weeds; and the more your Hills are rai&s;ed, the better, the larger, and &s;tronger grows your Root, and bigger will be your fruit; and from this time you mu&s;t be painful in your Garden, and be ever and anon, till the time of gathering, in rai&s;ing your Hills, and clearing your Ground from Weeds.</P>
<P>In the fir&s;t year &s;uppre&s;s not one Cyon, but &s;uffer them all to climb up the Poles, for &s;hould you bury the Springs of any of your Roots, it would die, &s;o that the more Poles are required to nouri&s;h the Spring. But after the fir&s;t year, you mu&s;t not &s;uffer above two or three &s;talks to grow up to one Pole, but pull down and bury all the re&s;t. Yet you may let them grow four or five foot long, and then choo&s;e out the be&s;t for u&s;e. As &s;oon as your Pole is &s;et, you may
<PB N="110" REF="67">make a circle how broad your Hill &s;hall be, and then hollow it, that it may receive the moi&s;ture, and not long after, proceed to the building of your Hills.</P>
<P>And where you began, or where your Hops are highe&s;t, there begin again, and pare again, and lay them to your Hops, but lay the out circle highe&s;t to re|ceive moi&s;ture; be alway paring up, and laying it to the heap, and that with &s;ome Mould, until the heap comes to be near a yard high, but the fir&s;t year make it not too high; and as you pa&s;s through your Garden, have a forked Wand in your hand to help the Hops that hang not right.</P>
<P>Now the&s;e Hills mu&s;t the next year be pulled down, and dre&s;&s;ed again every year. Some, when their Hop binde is eleven or twelve foot high, break off the tops, which is better then they that have their Poles &s;o long as the Hop runs: But if that your Hop, by the mid&s;t of <HI>July,</HI> attain not to the top of your Pole, then break off the top of the &s;ame Hop, for the re&s;t of the time will nouri&s;h the branches, which other|wi&s;e will loo&s;e all, it being no advantage in running up, to the &s;to<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">k or increa&s;e of the Hop.</P>
<P>In <HI>April,</HI> help every Hill with a handful or two of good Earth, when the Hop is wound about the Pole; but in <HI>March</HI> you will finde, unle&s;s it hath been til|led, all Weeds; but if you have pull'd down your Hills, and laid your ground, as it were, level, it will &s;erve to maintain your Hills for ever; but if you have not pulled down your Hills, you &s;hould, with your Hoe, as it were, undermine them round, till you come near the Principal Root, and take the upper or yong|er Roots in your hand, and di&s;cerning where the new Roots grow out of the old &s;ets, of which be care|ful, but &s;pare not the other; but in the fir&s;t year,
<PB N="111" REF="67">uncover no more but the tops of the old &s;ets, but cut no Roots before the end of <HI>March,</HI> or beginning of <HI>April.</HI> The fir&s;t year of dre&s;&s;ing, you mu&s;t cut off all &s;uch as grew the year before, within one inch of the &s;ame: and every year after, cut them as clo&s;e to the old Roots; tho&s;e that grow downward, are not to be cut, they be tho&s;e that grow outward, which will incumber your Garden, the difference be|tween old and new ea&s;ily appears; you will finde your old &s;ets not increa&s;ed in length, but a little in big|ne&s;s, and in few years, all your &s;ets will be grown into one; and by the colour al&s;o, the main Root be|ing red, the other white; but if this be not early done, then they will not be perceived: And if your &s;ets be &s;mall, and placed in good ground, the Hill well maintained, the new Roots will be greater then the old; if they grow to wilde Hops, the &s;talks will wax red, pluck them up and plant new in their places.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="4" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 4. Mr. Parkin&s;ons</HI> way of ordering the &s;eedlings of Tulips grown.</HEAD>
<P>After the Tulip &s;eed is &s;owne, the fir&s;t yeares &s;pringing bringeth leaves little bigger then the ordi|nary gra&s;&s;e leaves; The &s;econd yeare bigger, and &s;o by degrees, every year bigger then other. The leaves of the praecoces, while they be young, may be di&s;cer|ned from the Media's, by this note which I have ob|&s;erved, <GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">he leaves of them do &s;tand above ground, &s;hewing the &s;mall foot-&s;talkes whereby every leafe doth &s;tand; but the leaves of the Media's or Sero|tines do never wholy appear out of the ground, but
<PB N="112" REF="68">the lower part which is broad abideth under the up|per face of the Earth.</P>
<P>Tho&s;e Tulips now growing to be three yeares old (yet &s;ome at the &s;econd yeare, if the ground and aire be corre&s;pondent) are to be taken up out of the ground (wherein you &s;hall find they have run deep) and be new planted after they have been a little dry'd and clean&s;ed either in the &s;ame or another ground, again placing them rea&s;onable neere one to another, according to their greatne&s;&s;e, which being planted and covered over with earth again, of about an inch or two thickne&s;&s;e, may be left untaken up again two yeares longer, if you will, or el&s;e removed every yeare after, as you plea&s;e, and thus by tran&s;planting them in their due &s;ea&s;on (which is &s;till at the end of <HI>July,</HI> or at the beginning of <HI>Augu&s;t,</HI> or there|abouts) you &s;hall according to the &s;eed and &s;oyle, have &s;ome come to bearing in the fir&s;t ye<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="2 letters"> after their flowering, &s;ome have had them in the fourth: (but that hath been but few and none of the be&s;t, or in a rich ground) &s;ome in the &s;ixth and &s;eventh, and &s;ome peradventure not untill the eighth or tenth yeare. But remember that as the roots grow greater that in the planting you give them the more roome to be di&s;tant one from another, or el&s;e the one will hinder (if not rot) the other.</P>
<P>The &s;eed of the Precoces do not thrive and come forward &s;o fa&s;t as the Media's or Serotines, nor do give any off-&s;ets in their running down, as the Media's do, which u&s;ually leave a &s;mall Root at the head of the other that is run down every yeare; and be&s;ides are more tender and require more care and atten|dance then Media's, and therefore they are the more re&s;pected.</P>
<PB N="113" REF="68">
<P>This is a generall Rule in all Tulips, that all the while they beare bud or leafe, they will not beare flower, whether they be &s;eedlings, or the off-&s;ets of elder Roots, or the Roots them&s;elves, that have here|tofore borne flowers; but when they beare a &s;econd leafe breaking out of the fir&s;t, it is a certain &s;igne that it will then bear a flower, unle&s;&s;e &s;ome ca&s;ualty hinder it; as Fro&s;t or Raine, to &s;poile or nip the bud, or other untimely accident befall it.</P>
<P>To &s;et or plant the be&s;t and bearing Tulips &s;ome what deeper then other Roots, I hold it the be&s;t way; For if the ground be either cold or lye too openly in the cold Northern aire, they will be the better de|fended therein, and not &s;uffer the fro&s;t or cold to peirce them &s;o &s;oon, for the deep fro&s;ts and &s;nowes do pinch the Precoces cheifly, if they be too neer the uppe mo&s;t cru&s;t of the earth, and therefore many with good &s;ucce&s;&s;e cover over their ground before winter with either fre&s;h or old rotten dung, and that will marvellou&s;ly pre&s;erve them. The like cour&s;e you may hold with &s;eedlings, to cau&s;e them to come on the forwarder, &s;o that it be after the fir&s;t yeares &s;ow|ing, and not till then.</P>
<P>To remove Tulips after they have &s;hot forth their Fibres or &s;mall &s;prings which grow under the greater round Roots (that is from <HI>September</HI> untill they be in flower) is very dangerous, for by removing them when they have taken fa&s;t hold in the ground, you do hinder them in the bearing out their flower, and be&s;ides put them in hazard to peri&s;h, at lea&s;t to be put back from bearing a while after, as often I have proved by experience, but when they are now ri&s;en to flower, and &s;o for any time after, you may &s;afely take them up if you will, and remove them
<PB N="114" REF="69">without danger, if you have any good regard to them unle&s;&s;e it be a young bearing Root, which you &s;hall in &s;o doing much hinder, becau&s;e it is yet tender by rea&s;on it beareth now the fir&s;t flower, but all Tulip Roots when their &s;talke and leaves are dry, may mo&s;t &s;afely then be taken out of the ground, and be &s;o kept (&s;o that they lye in a drye, and not in a moi&s;t place) for &s;ix moneths without any great harme, yea I have known them that have had them nine moneths out of the ground, and have done rea&s;onable well, but this you mu&s;t under&s;tand withall, that they have not beene young but elder Roots, and have beene orderly taken up and pre&s;erved; the dryer you keep a Tulip Root the better, &s;o as you let it not lye in the Sun or the Wind, which will pierce and &s;poile it.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="5" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>Num. 5.</HI> Of annoyance by Plants growing too thick and neer together, and of the remedy thereof, and im|provement by pruning Trees, and &s;etting them at great di&s;tances; plucking off the yong Germens of Garden-flowers, to make the re&s;t more fair; of the &s;izing of Turneps, Carrots, Par&s;neps; of Weed|ing.</HEAD>
<P>There is no greater hindrance to the growth and thriving of all Vegetables, than to be &s;o crowded to|gether, that their Roots, Branches and Leaves, in|terfere one with another; and therefore in all Orchard and Garden-plants, who&s;e Fruit and Flowers you re|quire fair, and who&s;e growth you would have con|&s;iderable, provide that they keep their di&s;tances: Apple-Trees, Pear-Trees, Plum-Trees, Cherries, and other Plants, are of diver&s;e &s;tatures, both in re|gard
<PB N="115" REF="69">of one another, and of their own kinde: Some Apple-Trees grow to much greater growth than &s;ome other, Pears to a greater growth then Apples, &s;o that it is hard to appoint a certain di&s;tance for Trees in an Orchard, twenty Foot is &s;pace little e|nough for Standards of common Apples or Pears; but a certain rule is, to provide that one Tree &s;hade not another, and therefore let the lowe&s;t Trees, if you intend to make the mo&s;t of your ground, be &s;et South, and the highe&s;t Pear-trees &s;tand to the North; for &s;hould the higher Trees &s;tand South, they would ca&s;t their &s;hade over the re&s;t of the Orchard.</P>
<P>This Doctrine of &s;etting Trees at &s;uch di&s;tances, the Husbandman hates, for two rea&s;ons; one is, Be|cau&s;e it takes too much of his pa&s;ture from his Cattle; and the other is, That by this means he can have but little Fruit in his Orchard for many years: There|fore to gratifie his covetou&s;ne&s;s, I &s;hall propo&s;e him this practicable way of following and pro&s;ecuting my intention to the utmo&s;t profit, without putting him to the mentioned grievances. For fir&s;t, I &s;hall or|der that he plant his Orchard full of Trees, within three yards di&s;tance one of another, or &s;omewhat nearer, if he plea&s;e; the&s;e &s;hall bear him after a year or two, as many apples as a well grown Orchard u&s;u|ally carries: then let him &s;et this ground to a gardiner, that it may be digged and dunged &s;ea&s;onably, to bring Kitchin Plants, for from this Culture the Trees will receive great advantage. When the Trees are big enough, with the defence of a &s;trong &s;take, and &s;ome Bu&s;hes, to be &s;ecured from Cattle, let him tran&s;plant them into Pa&s;tures of the be&s;t Soyl, where they may &s;tand at great di&s;tances to be &s;helter to Cattle, and no prejudice to the Gra&s;s: One Tree at &s;uch di&s;tance,
<PB N="116" REF="70">&s;hall bear as much as ten in &s;ome Orchards, and thus continue removing, as your Trees grow big enough. I count five or &s;ix inches about to be a good Size, the bigger they are, the more care mu&s;t be taken in their removal, that the Root be tran&s;planted entire as may be, without much di&s;-branching it, or cutting away the &s;purs. And it is convenient, that in the heat of the fir&s;t Summer, wet Straw be laid upon the ground about the Root.</P>
<P>If you have no pa&s;ture to tran&s;plant into, &s;ell your Trees to tho&s;e that have, or &s;et your Standards of &s;trong Trees at twenty foot di&s;tance, and fill up the re&s;t of the ground with Kenti&s;h Codlings, Nur&s;e Gardens, Burts, which are cheap Plants, being pro|pagated by Suckers, or with dwarf Trees, made by Circumpo&s;ition, which may be cut down when the other Orchard thickens too much, and in the mean time are very plentiful bearers.</P>
<P>Pruning Trees is u&s;ed likewi&s;e chiefly to this intent, that the Rays of the Sun may have pa&s;&s;age to all parts of the Tree, &s;o that 'tis a good way for the Pruner to look upward from the North &s;ide of the Tree, upon the South and Ea&s;t, and to cut off, or rather make thin, &s;uch boughs which he findes &s;o thick as to ob&s;truct the Sun: All Boughs likewi&s;e that gall others, and that are actually dead; providing always, that the Boughs taken off be as little as may be, though the more in number, that &s;o the &s;ap may make up the Bark, and the Tree be not decayed by lopping of the greater &s;tems: Which is very perver&s;ly done by mo&s;t Gardiners, who think that to Prune a Tree, is to cut off the lower B<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">ughs bigger or le&s;s, becau&s;e they &s;ee &s;mall watery Fruit grow on them; whereas if the Sun was let in upon
<PB N="117" REF="70">them, their Fruit would be rather more, than le&s;&s;e forward, than that which grows in the middle of the Tree: I count it general, that the under-Boughs ought never to be cut off, but when you have re&s;pect to gra&s;s Roots, or other Garden-&s;tuff, which grows under the Trees, or for the &s;ecurity of the Trees from the brow&s;ing of Cattle, &s;o that to bare the Trunck of the Tree, for four, five, or &s;ix yards, as &s;ome doe, and nouri&s;h it to no profit, but to bear and carry up the head to another Region, that Rooks may the bet|ter build therein, is a common folly, and ridiculous, if well con&s;idered.</P>
<P>And for lopping off great Boughs, I may here adde an ob&s;ervation touching Elms, which is, That if the top of an Elm of any bigne&s;s be cut off, the rot will immediately begin there, and by wet, and other accidents, run downward, and cau&s;e that hallowne&s;s which is ordinarily &s;een in Trees of this kinde.</P>
<P>Another Rule of pruning, is, That the Gardiner never cut off tho&s;e Boughs which are &s;et and adopted for bearing, which is ea&s;ily known for Ro&s;es particu|larly: Ra&s;ps and Vines always bear upon a fre&s;h &s;prout, &s;hot forth the &s;ame Spring, &s;o that the more you prune a Ro&s;e, Ra&s;p, or Vine, the more fre&s;h &s;prouts of that Springs growth are emitted, and the more &s;uch &s;prouts, the greater number of Ro&s;es, Ra&s;ps and Grapes &s;ucceed, unle&s;s &s;ome particular accident de&s;troys them. Many Fruits bear from the &s;hoots of the antecedent Spring, as the generallity of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Nectarins, Aprecots: Many &s;eem to grow from Wood of longer growth, but in that a man may be ea&s;ily mi&s;taken, becau&s;e a very lit|tle, and a Spring of &s;carce di&s;cernable growth, may be enough to &s;erve as a foundation to the pedal of the
<PB N="118" REF="71">Blo&s;&s;om or Fruit, which &s;tanding on the old Wood, it may be thought that the pedal or &s;talk of the Fruit, &s;tands immediately on the Wood, and that there was no Spring interceding. Sometimes the Blo&s;&s;oms of the &s;ame Tree, &s;tand both on the Wood of the pre|&s;ent and antecedent Spring, as it is frequently &s;een in Kenti&s;h Codlings, Nur&s;e Gardens, great bearing Cherries. But where ever the Blo&s;&s;oms are, and there are many Buds fitted and prepared for bearing, they are di&s;cerned by the skilful Gardiner, and may be &s;een by any per&s;on, for tho&s;e are more full in their &s;hutting up than other Buds are, and &s;tand not &s;o clo&s;e made to the &s;tem of the Branch whereon they grow, and contain more &s;mall leaves in their Body then other Buds, being, as I apprehend, the actual rudiment of the en&s;uing Blo&s;&s;om: Such Boughs there|fore, whereon plenty of the&s;e full made Buds, or in|choate Blo&s;&s;oms are &s;een, the Gardiner &s;pares, if he is wi&s;e, for the pre&s;ent year, and (where he may) prunes off &s;uch whereon he &s;ees no &s;uch propen&s;ion to fruitfulne&s;s.</P>
<P>The fairne&s;s and largene&s;s of Flowers and Fruits are very much augmented, by preventing the running up a multitude of Stalks from the &s;ame Root: The Gardiner ob&s;erves this preci&s;ely in his Carnations and Gilly-flowers, not &s;uffering above one, two, or three Spindles upon &s;uch Roots or Stools where he intends a greater fulne&s;s and largene&s;s in the Flowers; and in Anemones the ob&s;ervation is, That if any of the La|tifolia's bring a &s;ingle Flower, on the &s;ame Root with the double, then the cau&s;e u&s;ually is, the &s;tanding of too many Eyes or Germens, and their depending from the &s;ame Root; and the remedy in like manner, no|thing el&s;e but the taking off tho&s;e Off-&s;ets or Suckers,
<PB N="119" REF="71">and parting them from the principal Root, which o|therwi&s;e is robbed of that matter which might rai&s;e in each Flower, both fairne&s;s and multiplicity of leaves.</P>
<P>Shrubs likewi&s;e that bear either Fruits or Flowers, are to be governed in like manner; Goo&s;-berries and Currans degenerate to &s;malne&s;s, or bear not at all, without this care and provi&s;ion, that the Suckers be taken away: This ob&s;ervance is likewi&s;e ab&s;olutely nece&s;&s;ary to Damask Ro&s;es, for when they grow up to thick Bu&s;hes they &s;carce bear, whereas being kept to grow in one &s;ingle great &s;tem, being orderly cut, and not growing in the &s;hade, they bear exceeding|ly.</P>
<P>For Vines, it is a Proverb, make your Vine poor, and it will make you rich: The fewer principal Stems are left, the more it bears, and the rea&s;on is, becau&s;e the Grapes are borne upon &s;hoots of the &s;ame Spring; and tho&s;e &s;hoots then mo&s;t plentifully ari&s;e, when the head of the Vine, in proportion to the Roots, is lea&s;t, as 'tis &s;een in all Trees, which &s;hoot out more immediately after their heads are lopt, than any other year. Pompions follow the nature of Vines, and as two or three &s;tems is enough for the Vine, &s;o two or three runners, and no more, ought to be per|mitted by him that intends the greate&s;t fairne&s;s of this fruit.</P>
<P>It may be proper enough here to &s;peak of Weeding and Si&s;ing: The latter operation is, the plucking up Roots or Plants that are of u&s;e in themelves, but of|fen&s;ive to others in the &s;ame Beds, by rea&s;on of their nearne&s;s: Thus Turneps are howed up when they &s;tand within a foot di&s;tance each of other; for it is be&s;t, when at their full growth their leaves touch not
<PB N="120" REF="72">one another: Carrots are plucked up, when they are an inch Diameter at the head, for then they are of u&s;e, or &s;ooner, if the thickne&s;s of their &s;tanding re|quire it; and this is general for all Roots, Par&s;neps, Radi&s;h, Skirrets, that grow by Seed: Some &s;ow (as I mentioned above) Par&s;neps, Carrots, Radi&s;h, and Sallad Herbs in the &s;ame Bed, fir&s;t Si&s;ing out the Sal|lad Herbs and Radi&s;h, then the Carrots as they grow, leaving the Par&s;neps till Winter, by which means their ground is always full, yet by rea&s;on of the Si|&s;ing in due times, never over-burthened.</P>
<P>The culture of Straw-berries requires &s;omewhat like &s;izing, <HI>(viz.)</HI> The cutting off, immediately after bearing, the &s;pires and &s;trings, which would multiply unto too many Roots and Branches, to have plenty of fair Straw-berries: Nor is this once onely to be done, but as often as they &s;pring anew, &s;o often are they to be taken off, until the time of the Blo&s;&s;oms draws on; I have &s;een &s;ome that were not over curi|ous to tear off the &s;trings by harrowing up and down their Beds of Straw-berries with an Iron Rake.</P>
<P>Some make a que&s;tion, Whether Plants of the &s;ame kinde, by rea&s;on of a &s;uppo&s;al that they require the &s;ame parts for nouri&s;hment; or Weeds and Gra&s;&s;es, by their too great vicinity, may create more annoyance to their Neighbors, I decide not the que|&s;tion, nor can reconcile the Gardiner to Weeds, while&s;t he findes his &s;tronge&s;t Plants de&s;troyed by them: I have &s;een many Trees in a well grown Nur|&s;ery, &s;poiled by the Gra&s;s that grew amid&s;t them; and as I remember, the very Bark of the Trees them|&s;elves was rotted, by a dew ca&s;t upon them from the Gra&s;s: I have likewi&s;e ob&s;erved, a &s;trongly grown Quick&s;et of White Thorn, to have been de&s;troyed by
<PB N="121" REF="72">Alexanders, which it is at the Readers choice to ac|count as a Weed or cultivated Plant.</P>
<P>The time of pruning generally is the dead of Win|ter, for &s;uch Plants as con&s;i&s;t of a Woody &s;ub&s;tance: Pompions are deprived of their &s;uperfluous creepers, and other Gourds likewi&s;e, at their fir&s;t time of &s;pringing and divarication of their Branches. The &s;ea&s;on of pruning for acceleration of ripene&s;s, is when the fruit is made, and begins to grow to &s;ome bigne&s;s, as generally they are, about Mid-Sum|mer: Some have a third time of pruning Wall-Fruit, <HI>viz.</HI> at the time when the Fruit is taken off, as they do Ro&s;es likewi&s;e, when the Flowers are newly gone.</P>
<P>To cut the Branches or Sprigs of a Flower or Tree quite off, cannot properly be called pruning, yet &s;ometimes it proves an u&s;eful operation for &s;uch Plants as are &s;tunted, as they call it, in their growth; Trees that are crooked, or have been bitten with Cattle, or are grown old: Thus Wood-men count it be&s;t to cut tho&s;e Stools of under-Wood down to the Root, that it may begin to &s;hoot afre&s;h, that have been much brow&s;ed by Cattle; and cut down their hedges to the Roots when they grow old and Mo&s;&s;y.</P>
<P>Gardiners likewi&s;e, if by rea&s;on of a &s;harp Win|ter their Anemone's are pinched with cold, and &s;tar|ved, let them not immediately run to flower, but cut off the fir&s;t Springs to the ground, that in a better Sea&s;on they may lay a &s;tronger Foundation for the bearing of fuller and fairer Flowers.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="6" TYPE="number">
<PB N="122" REF="73">
<HEAD><HI>N. 6.</HI> Of Pi&s;mires, Earwigs, Canker and rottenne&s;s in choice Plants, Catterpillars, Mo&s;sine&s;s, Bark|binding, Bur&s;ting of Gilly-flowers.</HEAD>
<P>There are many other annoyances to Vegetables, and generally &s;ooner reckoned than remedyed, a word or two I &s;hall &s;peak of as many of them as come into my minde: Pi&s;mires, e&s;pecially tho&s;e of the black kinde, are exceeding trouble&s;ome in &s;ome Gardens, for they climb the highe&s;t Trees, and &s;poil the Fruit, are commonly e&s;teemed remedile&s;s. <HI>Bellonius,</HI> who took exceeding pains for improvement by Vegetables, commends the decoction of Broath made of any &s;ort of Spurge, as very efficacious for this purpo&s;e: Some draw them to one place, by burying Carryon where they mo&s;t re&s;ort, and then &s;calld them with &s;eething liquor.</P>
<P>To divers choice Flowers, but Carnations and Gilly-flowers e&s;pecially, Ear-wigs are a great an|noyance: Mr. <HI>P</HI>'s way of &s;etting Bea&s;ts Hoofs among the Flowers, upon &s;ticks, to take them, is u&s;ed of every Body here, and generally lik'd: Some that &s;et their Flowers in Pots, &s;et the Pots in Earthen Plates, with double Verges, containing water, or water mingled with &s;oot in the outward verge, to drown the Vermine that &s;hall attempt the pots, and rain water in the &s;econd, which may pa&s;s through the holes of the pots to water the earth therein contained.</P>
<P>The rottenne&s;s and hollowne&s;s, that through age &amp; too much moi&s;ture bulbous and tuberous roots, and the be&s;t Anemones e&s;pecially, are &s;ubject too, is thus provided for; the di&s;ea&s;e mu&s;t be laid open, and the rottenne&s;s cut out &s;o, that in the root there be no capa|city
<PB N="123" REF="73">left to hold water, which I have often mentioned to be a great Enemy both to them and Tulips. <HI>Fer|rarius,</HI> and &s;ome others, pre&s;cribe Plai&s;ters of Ro&s;in, Turpentine, and Wax, to apply to the Cicatrices of the wounded Root, which notwith&s;tanding, I have no great regard for. The &s;ame Author &s;ays, that in moi&s;t Winters Anemones do be&s;t in pots, in dry, bet|ter in beds: With us they are &s;eldom potted, but the borders for the&s;e Plants are u&s;ually laid on pretty high ridges, as Husbandmen lay their Corn Land in deep and moi&s;t ground, to prevent the mi&s;chiefs that u&s;ually happens by too much wet.</P>
<P>Mr. <HI>Parkin&s;on</HI> &s;ays, That if you perceive that your Gilly-flower leaves change any of their Natural fre&s;h colour, and turn yellowi&s;h, or begin to wither in any part, it is a &s;ure &s;ign that the Root is infected with &s;ome canker or rottenne&s;s, which will &s;oon &s;hew it &s;elf in all the re&s;t of its branches, and therefore betime, (el&s;e 'tis in vain) advi&s;es that you cover all, or mo&s;t of the Branches, with fre&s;h Earth, or el&s;e take the faire&s;t &s;lips from it, or according to Art lay it: This way of Mr. <HI>P.</HI> may be applyed unto other Vege|tables.</P>
<P>I know no better way to de&s;troy Catterpillars, Pal|mer worms, and other Vermine of that kinde, then by cru&s;hing their Eggs; as &s;oon as they are laid up|on the leaf by the Fly, &s;ome bru&s;h them off with wet cloathes: 'Tis ob&s;erved, that the little Fly that u&s;u|ally blows upon the Cabbage, choo&s;es &s;uch Plants as are yonge&s;t, and e&s;pecially tho&s;e that were rai&s;ed in hot beds, or endured lea&s;t of cold in the Winter pre|ceding.</P>
<P>Mo&s;&s;ine&s;s of Trees, comes generally either from the barrenne&s;s or coldne&s;s of the ground, and there|fore
<PB N="124" REF="74">I count it vain to attempt the removal of it, without taking away the cau&s;e, and making the ground better; which being done, it will be proper enough to rub down the Trees in a wet day with an hair cloath.</P>
<P>Trees likewi&s;e are &s;ometimes Bark-bound, e&s;pecial|ly &s;uch, the grain of who&s;e Bark runs round the body of the Tree, as in Cherry-trees, and not &s;traight up|ward, according to the grain of the Tree, as in Ap|ples, Pears, <HI>&amp;c.</HI></P>
<P>For the Bark is not generally, as I &s;uppo&s;e, nouri&s;h|ed by appo&s;ition of a new rinde to it, as the &s;ub&s;tance of the Tree is, but by interpo&s;ition of particles, a|mid&s;t the particles of the rinde already made, which if it be &s;o hard as not to admit other Particles for its enlargement, there can be no new addition of a new coat of wood, which ought to accrue every year to the Tree, for there will be no &s;pace wherein the &s;ap may a&s;cend, which is to be hardned into &s;uch new wood, unle&s;s by renting the whole coat of Bark, which &s;ometimes happens.</P>
<P>The remedy for this di&s;ea&s;e, both in Cherry-trees, and other Trees, tho&s;e chiefly who&s;e Barks are hard|ned and gro<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">n cru&s;ty by long &s;tanding in &s;hadowy pla|ces or barren ground, is, that the year after their re|moval, or upon addition of better &s;oil in &s;treight grained Barks; and without either removal or addi|tion of &s;oil in Cherry-trees, and other cro&s;s grained Barks, or in any Trees who&s;e Barks rend of their own accord, the Barks be &s;lit from the top of the Tree to the bottom of the &s;tock, and that according to the bigne&s;s of the Tree, in one, two, or three places: This is a Chyrurgical remedy that never fails, and is ea&s;ily performed.</P>
<PB N="125" REF="74">
<P>Carnations and Gilly-flowers, happen to be often deformed, e&s;pecially tho&s;e which are of the large&s;t &s;orts, by bur&s;ting the Calyx, Cellar, or Ca&s;e wherein they are &s;et, and the u&s;ual remedy is, to inlarge the five inci&s;ions proportionably, by cutting them deeper with a Knife; or to &s;teep ordinary Beans in Water, and then &s;lipping off the outward coat of the Bean, to put it (the end being taken off) upon the head of the Carnation, which will keep the five lips together, and pre&s;erve the Flowers from breaking; nor will the&s;e Hoops, made of the coats of Beans, &s;hrink with the heat of the Sun, as tho&s;e made of the rind of Wil|low, &s;lipped off for the &s;ame purpo&s;e, u&s;ually doe: One Bean is long enough to make two hoops, for they need not be above a quarter of an inch in breadth.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="7" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>Num. 7.</HI> Of improvement and melioration of divers Sallad Herbs, by blanching or whiting, from the French Gardiner, and Mr. <HI>P</HI>'s Ob&s;ervati|ons.</HEAD>
<P>The Lettuce-Royal, being, upon removal, &s;et at a foot or more di&s;tance, when you perceive that the Plants have covered all the ground, then in &s;ome fair day, and when the morning dew is vani&s;ht, you &s;hall tie them in two or three &s;everal places one above an|other, which you may do with any long &s;traw, or raw hemp, and this at &s;everal times, <HI>(viz.)</HI> Not promi&s;|cuou&s;ly, as they &s;tand, but choo&s;ing the faire&s;t Plants fir&s;t, to give room and air to the more feeble, and by this means they will la&s;t you the longer: The fir&s;t being blanched, and ready before the other are fit to binde.</P>
<PB N="126" REF="75">
<P>If you would blanch them with more expedition, you may cover every Plant with a &s;mall earthen pot, fa&s;hion'd like a Gold&s;miths Crucible, and then lay &s;ome hot &s;oyl upon them, and they will quickly be|come white.</P>
<P>Concerning Succories, <HI>Thus,</HI></P>
<P>There are &s;everal kindes of Garden Succories, dif|ferent in leaf and bigne&s;s, but re&s;embling in ta&s;te, and which are to be ordered alike.</P>
<P>Sow it in the Spring upon the Borders, and when it has &s;ix leaves, replant it in rich ground, about eigh|teen inches di&s;tance, paring them at the tops: when they are grown &s;o large, as to cover the ground, tye them up, as I in&s;tructed you before, where I treated of the Roman Lettuce; not to binde them up by hand|fuls, as they grow promi&s;cuou&s;ly, but the &s;tronge&s;t and forwarde&s;t fir&s;t, letting the other fortifie.</P>
<P>There is yet another fa&s;hion of blanching it: In the great heats, when in&s;tead of heading, you per|ceive it would run to Seed, hollow the Earth at the one end of the Plant, and couch it down without vio|lating any of the leaves, and &s;o cover it, leaving out onely the tops and extremity of the leaves, and thus it will become white in a little time, and be hindred from running to Seed.</P>
<P>Tho&s;e who are very curious, binde the leaves gent|ly, before they interre them, to keep out the Grit from entring between them, which is very trouble&s;ome to wa&s;h out, when you would dre&s;s it.</P>
<P>Remember to couch them all at one &s;ide, one upon another, as they grew being planted, beginning with that which is neare&s;t the end of the Bed, and conti|nuing to lay them, the &s;econd upon the fir&s;t, and the
<PB N="127" REF="75">third upon the &s;econd, till you have fini&s;hed all the Ranges.</P>
<P>I finde likewi&s;e two other manners of blanching them for the Winter; the fir&s;t is, at the fir&s;t Fro&s;ts, that you tie them after the ordinary way, and then at the end of eight or ten days, plucking them up, couch them in the Bed where you rai&s;'d them from Seeds, making a &s;mall Trench cro&s;s the Bed the height of your Plant, which will be about eight Inches, begin|ning at one end. In this you &s;hall range your Plants &s;ide by &s;ide, &s;o as they may gently touch, and a lit|tle &s;helving; this done, cover them with &s;mall rot|ten dung of the &s;ame bed: Then make another fur|row for a &s;econd range, in which order, lay your plants as before, continuing this order till you have fini&s;h'd: And la&s;t of all, cover the whole Bed four Fingers thick, with hot &s;oyl fre&s;h drawn out of the Stable, and in a &s;hort time they will be blanched. If you will afterwards cover the bed with &s;ome Mats placed a&s;lant, like the ridge of a Hou&s;e, to pre&s;erve them from the Rain, they will la&s;t a very long time without rotting: When you would have any of them for u&s;e, begin at the la&s;t which you buried, and taking them as they come, draw them out of the range, and break off what you &s;hall finde rotten up|on the place, or that which has contracted any black|ne&s;s from the dung, before you put it into your Ba&s;|ket for the Kitchen.</P>
<P>A &s;econd manner of pre&s;erving it, is, to interre it, as before, in furrows of Sand in the Cellar, placing the Root upmo&s;t, lea&s;t the Sand run in between the leaves, and you finde it in the di&s;h when they &s;erve it. You need not here be&s;tow any dung upon them, it is &s;ufficient that the Sand cover the Plant four fin|gers
<PB N="128" REF="76">high; and when you take it out for u&s;e, before you dre&s;s it, &s;hake it well, the Root upmo&s;t, that all the Sand may fall out from the Leaves. Take them likewi&s;e as they happen to lie in the Ranges.</P>
<P>His directions for blanching Endive, are, that you cover it onely with rea&s;enable warm dung, and draw|ing it out at the fir&s;t appearance of Fro&s;t, that you keep it under Sand in your Cellar, as you do other Roots, but fir&s;t it mu&s;t be almo&s;t white of it &s;elf.</P>
<P>The whiting of Endive, Mr. <HI>Parkin&s;on</HI> commends, when done in another manner: After, &s;ays he, that they are grown to &s;ome rea&s;onable greatne&s;s, but in any ca&s;e before they &s;hoot out a &s;talk in the mid&s;t for Seed, take them up, and the Roots being cut away, lay them to wither for three or four hours, and then bury them in the Sand, &s;o as none of them may lie one upon another, or if you can, touch one another, which by this means will change whiti&s;h, and thereby become very tender, and is a Sallet for Autumn and Winter. Fennel is whited by &s;ome in the &s;ame man|ner, for the &s;ame u&s;e.</P>
<P>To procure the Chard of the Artichocks (which is that which groweth from the Roots of old Plants) you &s;hall make u&s;e of the old Stems which you do not account of. For it will be fit to renew your whole Plantation of the Artichocks every five years, becau&s;e the Plant impoveri&s;hes the Earth, and produces but &s;mall fruit.</P>
<P>The fir&s;t Fruits gathered, you &s;hall pare the Plant within half a foot of the ground, and cut off the &s;tem as low as you can po&s;&s;ible; and thus you will have lu&s;ty &s;lips, which grown about a yard high, you &s;hall binde up with a wreath of long Straw, but not too
<PB N="129" REF="76">clo&s;e, and then environ them with dung to blanch them.</P>
<P>Thus you may leave them till the great Fro&s;ts, be|fore you gather them, and then re&s;erve them for your u&s;e in &s;ome Cellar, or other place le&s;s cold.</P>
<DIV4 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>N.</HI> Of Acceleration and Retardation of Plants, in re|&s;pect to their Germination and maturity.</HEAD>
<P>Acceleration of Plants in their Germination and Maturity, is ranked, by the Lord <HI>Verulam,</HI> among the <HI>Magnalia Naturae,</HI> and is an operation that all Ar|ti&s;ts can do &s;omething in: though I know not any that arrive to the performance of tho&s;e grand propo|&s;als of &s;ome Writers, as that of rai&s;ing Sallads within an hour or two, whiles a Joynt of Mutton is ro&s;ting: The late King of <HI>France,</HI> has been reported to have known a &s;ecret proce&s;s that would produce this effect, and to have e&s;teemed it at a high rate: Cichory was the Seed, as I was informed by Mon&s;ieur <HI>Gi&s;&s;onius,</HI> which he was wont to rai&s;e &s;o &s;oon into his mo&s;t fam'd Sallad.</P>
<P>I have tryed divers of the Experiments propo&s;ed for procuring tho&s;e wonderful &s;peedy Germinations, and that by long infu&s;ions in Milk, &s;trong Muck-wa|ter, and &s;ometimes have added unquenched Lime un|to the infu&s;ions, according to the Experiments &s;et down by a late Writer, who a&s;&s;erts, that by the&s;e u&s;u|ages, Beans, Pea&s;e and Par&s;ly Seed would grow up in few hours, and can onely give the Reader this fruit of my pains, that without any further tryal, he may from my experience be a&s;certained, that the advantage in acceleration is exceeding incon&s;iderable by any of the&s;e means. It was, by my tryal, found much le&s;s
<PB N="130" REF="77">than I imagined could have been by any infu&s;ion, for none of the Seeds (of which I tryed many &s;orts) came up the fir&s;t three or four days; and except Ra|di&s;h, none came up in a fortnights time, though they were &s;own in <HI>Augu&s;t,</HI> and watered.</P>
<P>I have likewi&s;e tryed the Experiment of A&s;hes of Mo&s;s: Fir&s;t, burning a great quantity of Mo&s;s to a&s;hes, and then taking &s;ome of the riche&s;t Garden mould I could procure from a rotten hot Bed, and mixing it with the a&s;hes, I moi&s;tned it with exceeding good Muck-water &s;everal times, and let it as often dry in the Sun; this I did in glazed pans, that the Salt might not be wa&s;hed from the Earth; then I &s;ow|ed Seeds, &s;ome un&s;teeped, &s;ome &s;teeped, and in the beginning of <HI>September</HI> &s;et the Pans upon the Leads of an Hou&s;e: But in effect, the Sallad &s;prang not up that day, nor many days after.</P>
<P>The next day I &s;et into &s;ome of the &s;ame kinde of Soyl, made up of Mo&s;s-a&s;hes and dung, watered as above, divers Seeds &s;teeped in Spirit of Urine alone, Spirit of Urine with water mixed, Spirit of Urine mixt with phlegm of Elder-berries, all withont &s;uc|ce&s;s, though I &s;et them in a Pan of Earth over a gen|tle fire, to &s;peed the Germination: Formerly I have &s;een Spirit of Nitre tryed, but to no purpo&s;e; &s;ome &s;peak of working the&s;e &s;uddain Germinations by &s;ome|what made of Salt, Spirit, and Oyl, chymically united into one Body, which when they &s;hall di&s;cover unto us, or otherwi&s;e make us po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ors of, we &s;hall have a better opinion of the related experiment.</P>
<P>As to ordinary Acceleration, hot Beds are the mo&s;t general and catholick help, and certainly forward Germination much: For Cabbage-&s;eed &s;own in the Spring on a hot Bed, I have &s;een, to bring Plants that
<PB N="131" REF="77">have in their growth and bigne&s;s overtaken &s;uch that were re-planted before the antecedent Winter, and &s;o were in the ground, at the lea&s;t, half a year before them; and that in the &s;ame &s;ort of Soyl. It is certain|ly true, that the Germination will be the more quick, the hotter the weather is; and the larger the bed of Dung is made, and the more it is helped by the re|flection of Brick Walls, or other like advantages: The manner to make the&s;e hot Beds, is mentioned in the fir&s;t Chapter, and their u&s;e there de&s;cribed.</P>
<P>Mr. <HI>Speed, Cap.</HI> 14. <HI>Of Musk-melons,</HI> Gives us from the te&s;timony of two Noble Men, this adver|ti&s;ement: The way, &s;ays he, to have as good Musk|melons as any are in <HI>Italy,</HI> without the unwhole&s;om u&s;e of the Muck-Beds here in <HI>London,</HI> is confirmed by the Earl of <HI>Dor&s;et.</HI> Plant them under a Wall, Pale, or Hedge, on the Sunny &s;ide, with very good Mould purpo&s;ely prepared, and underneath the mould lay a quantity of fre&s;h Barly-&s;traw, and by this ea&s;ie means, u&s;ing the &s;ea&s;onable covertures and nece&s;&s;ary furtherance, you may attain to your uttermo&s;t de&s;ire, without any further trouble. But if you do di&s;cern the Straw to make the Earth too hot, thru&s;t in a Stake through the mould to the &s;traw, that the vapor and heat may evaporate and pa&s;s forth.</P>
<P>For Acceleration of maturity in all Wall-fruits, the practice of Mid&s;ummer pruning is every where al|mo&s;t ob&s;erved, which is, the cutting off all parts of the &s;hoots that are grown out far beyond the Fruit, and do otherwi&s;e take away both the &s;ap that might advantage the Fruit, and the benefit of the Sun like|wi&s;e: This operation in Vines is called gelding, and is u&s;ually transferred to Pompions, Musk-melons, and
<PB N="132" REF="78">Cucumbers, and like Fruits, to accelerate their ripe|ne&s;s: The Joynt beyond the la&s;t Clu&s;ter of Gourd, is the place where the Creepers or Shoots are to be nipt off in Vines or Gourds: In other Wall-Fruit the Gardiner clips them at a convenient di&s;tance from the Wall, &s;o as not to take away all the &s;hade from the Fruit, which in &s;ome proportion is nece&s;&s;ary that the Fruit be not dryed up, and burnt upon the Tree by the Torrid heat of the Mid-&s;ummer Sun, in &s;uch pla|ces where his rays are reflected from a Wall or Floor, or both.</P>
<P>'Tis al&s;o ob&s;erved that in Wall-Fruit, or any other that requires a reflected heat, in order to the ripen|ing of the Fruit; the lower the Boughs are &s;pread, the &s;ooner the Fruit ripens on a Wall: And in Standards, the lower and nearer the Earth any Plant is kept, the better &s;hall it ripen, by rea&s;on of the reflection made from the &s;urface of the Earth; which if be bare from Weeds, is equal to the reflection from &s;ome Walls. In <HI>France,</HI> Vines have no other reflection but this, be|ing tyed to &s;takes, and not &s;uffered to grow above a yard high; and in many places of <HI>England</HI> this onely advantage, without Walls, brings Grapes to that ma|turity which is ordinary in our I&s;land.</P>
<P>The twi&s;ting of the &s;talks, whereby the Bunches of Grapes are joyned to the body of the Vine, done at &s;uch time when the Grape is come to its full big|ne&s;s, is practiced by &s;ome for the accelerating matu|rity; and it may be, that by this twi&s;ting, the Channels, that might otherwi&s;e carry more crude Sap into the Grape, being broken, the heat of the Sun may more &s;peedily reduce that which is already po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ed by the Grape into &s;weetne&s;s, then if &s;owre and undige&s;ted Juice were &s;till &s;upplyed from the Vine.</P>
<PB N="133" REF="78">
<P>Retardation, or hindring Plants from running to Seed, is likewi&s;e of u&s;e for the pre&s;ervation of the Root and Leaf; for there are many Plants, who&s;e la&s;t endeavor being to bear Seed, pre&s;ently die in all parts of them a&s; &s;oon as the Seed is perfected.</P>
<P>Of this kinde are your be&s;t Carnations and Gilly|flowers, the hope of who&s;e continuation is onely by tho&s;e Slips that are not like to bring Seed the pre&s;ent year; to this kinde al&s;o belong divers Herbs, &s;uch as are Par&s;ely, Scurvy-gra&s;s, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> The Spindles there|fore of all &s;uch are timely to be cut off, the younger the better, in choice Plants, for fear of killing the Root; and hereby plenty of Branches and Off-&s;ets, or &s;ide-Plants, will ari&s;e from the old Stem, Stool or Root. Nay, 'tis ob&s;erved by our Gardeners, as like wi&s;e by <HI>Ferrarius,</HI> in his Chapter of the culture of Tulips, That if tho&s;e Flowers are &s;uffered to grow to Seed, the Bulb thereby is certainly much emaciated, and &s;ometimes utterly peri&s;heth; and therefore, on all hands it is counted good to gather Tulips as &s;oon as may be.</P>
<P>Some of the ways of Retardation are generally known, as particularly the experiment of plucking off Ro&s;e Buds as often as they &s;pring, until the time you intend they &s;hall proceed to flower; or the making the Pranches of the Ro&s;e Tree bare of Shoots once or twice in the Spring, for this purpo&s;e, are not unfre|quently practiced. And I have been informed by a Per&s;on of Credit, that at <HI>Bri&s;tol</HI> he &s;aw Ra&s;pes &s;old for four pence the quart at <HI>Michaelmas,</HI> which were thus retarded, by &s;etting the Plants late in moi&s;t ground the &s;ame year: All which ways, I &s;uppo&s;e, may well be transferred to other Plants of like nature, and this la&s;t way is not &s;o common. I have before
<PB N="134" REF="79">mentioned its u&s;e for the retardation of the Flowers of Anemonies.</P>
<P>There is &s;ome u&s;e of retardation to all &s;uch Plants which &s;o prematurely blo&s;&s;om, that they be &s;ubject to bla&s;ting by Spring-Fro&s;ts; I know nothing u&s;ed to prevent this annoyance, but the opening of the Root, and &s;uffering the Snow, and Snow-water, to lie there|on and chil the ground; but of the benefit or danger of this remedy, I have no experience.</P>
</DIV4>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="8" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>Num. 8.</HI> Of melioration by Richne&s;s, or other conve|nient Minera in the Soyl, for the feeding and better nouri&s;hment of &s;everal Plants: Of artificial Begs, and the change of Seed, as a means to bring fair Flowers: Of Exo&s;&s;ation of Fruit, or making it grow without Stones.</HEAD>
<P>The Lord <HI>Verulam</HI> reckons up the making of rich compo&s;ts for the Earth, among the <HI>Magnalia Na|turae,</HI> and mo&s;t advantagious projects for the u&s;e of Man; which richne&s;s, if the modern Hypothe&s;is of Chymi&s;ts be right, con&s;i&s;ts in good proportions of &s;alt Spirit, and Oyl; which are principles generally de|ficient in barren places: Dry Earth, and cold crude water, or the&s;e two mixt together, every where a|bounding: I &s;ay, good proportions, becau&s;e it is mo&s;t certain, that no Vegetable will grow in too great a|bundance of Salt or Spirit, or other violently hot and corro&s;ive matter: Sut and Pidgeons-dung abound much with volatile Salt; and I have this year, upon a cold moi&s;t Clay, &s;een excellent advantage to the Gra&s;s thereby, it being onely &s;trewed thin on the Gra&s;s before the Spring, but of the two, the Sut was be&s;t: upon a dry Sand I &s;hould not have expected the
<PB N="135" REF="79">like improvement by its mixture, and in the&s;e com|po&s;ts them&s;elves by rea&s;on of abundance of &s;alt, with|out due proportions of other principles mixt, nothing will grow, for there is no fermentation without mix|ture of contrary parts or Elements; and all dunging is in order to fermentation: Hence <HI>Columella</HI> com|mends Pidgeon-dung, becau&s;e, &s;ays he, <HI>Prae caeteris terram facit fermentare,</HI> the earth generally abounding in its own nature, with coldne&s;s &amp; moi&s;ture, &s;o that the richne&s;s in Salt or Spirit, temper; a Soyl well, which is deficient in the&s;e principles, for tho&s;e Vegetables that require in the ground &s;o &s;prightful a Fermentati|on. For divers &s;tates of ground, and various Fermen|tations are required to different Plants, nor can any one Soyl indifferently and equally agree with them all according to that of <HI>Virgil.</HI></P>
<Q><LG>
<L>Nec vero terrae ferre omnes omnia po&s;&s;unt,</L>
<L>Fluminibus &s;alices, cra&s;&s;i&s;&abque; paludibus alni</L>
<L>Na&s;cuntur; &s;teriles &s;axo&s;is montibus orni,</L>
<L>Littora myrtetis laeti&s;&s;ima: denique apertos</L>
<L>Bacchus amat colles, Aquilonem &amp; frigora taxi.</L>
<L>A&s;pice &amp; extremis domitum, cultoribus orbem</L>
<L>Eoa&s;&abque; domos Arabum, picto&s;&abque; Gelonos</L>
<L>Divi&s;ae arboribus patriae: &s;ola India nigrum</L>
<L>Fert ebenum, &s;olis e&s;t thurea virga &s;abaeis, &amp;c.</L>
</LG>
<LG>
<L><HI>All Grounds can't all things bear: The Alder Tree</HI></L>
<L><HI>Grows in thick Fens; with Sallows Brooks agree.</HI></L>
<L><HI>A&s;h craggy Mountains: Shores &s;weet Myrtle fills,</HI></L>
<L><HI>And la&s;tly,</HI> Bacchus <HI>loves the Sunny Hills:</HI></L>
<L><HI>The Yew be&s;t pro&s;pers in the North, and cold,</HI></L>
<L><HI>The conquered Worlds remote&s;t Swains behold:</HI></L>
<L><HI>See the Ea&s;tern</HI> Arabs, <HI>the</HI> Geloni, <HI>the&s;e</HI></L>
<L><HI>Countries are all di&s;tingui&s;ht by their Trees:</HI></L>
<PB N="136" REF="80">
<L><HI>The blacke&s;t Ebony from</HI> India <HI>comes,</HI></L>
<L><HI>And from</HI> Sabaea <HI>Aromatick Gums,</HI> &amp;c.</L>
</LG></Q>
<P>Saffron, Tulips, Anemones, and many other Plants which be propagated by bulbous or tuberous off-&s;ets, require for their melioration, to be planted in a light Soyl, that receives &s;ome mixture of fatty earth with it: &s;ome commend Cow-dung rotted, above all other &s;oil, to be mixt with other &s;andy earth for the&s;e Plants.</P>
<P>Boggy Plants require, even when they be planted into Gardens, either a natural or artificial Bog, or to be placed near &s;ome water, by which there is great improvement to all &s;orts of Flags, and particularly, as I have ob&s;erv'd to <HI>Calamus Aromaticus.</HI></P>
<P>The artificial Bog is made by digging a hole in any &s;tiffe Clay, and filling it with Earth taken from a Bog; or in want of &s;uch clay ground, there may be &s;tiffe Clay likewi&s;e brought in, and laid to line the hole or pit in the bottom or floor, and the &s;ides like|wi&s;e, &s;o thick, that the moi&s;ture may not be able to get through: Of this &s;ort, in our Phy&s;ick Garden here in <HI>Oxford,</HI> we have one artficially made by Mr. <HI>Bobart,</HI> for the pre&s;ervation of Boggy Plants, where being &s;ometimes watered, they thrive as well as in their natural places.</P>
<P>However 'tis true, that there is variety of u&s;uage for Plants of different nature, yet for the generality of Plants, they are be&s;t improved by a fat, rich, deep, moi&s;t, and feeding Soil; and it is highly his intere&s;t that intends a flouri&s;hing Orchard, or Kitchin-garden, to improve his ground to the height; divers Flowers reap benefit by the &s;ame advantage; as particularly, Carnations and Auricula's; though for the&s;e, and &s;ome other Plants, the rotten Earth that is u&s;ually found in the Bodies of hollow Willow-Trees, is
<PB N="137" REF="80">thought to be a &s;oyl more &s;pecifically proper, e&s;pecial|ly when mixt with other rich Soyl throughly rotten.</P>
<P>That wilde Plants may be meliorated by tran&s;plan|tation into better Soyl, and by being &s;et at greater di|&s;tances, is no more then what was before noted, and agrees with that of <HI>Virgil, Georg.</HI> 2.</P>
<Q><LG>
<L><HI>Sponte &s;u&acirc; quae &s;e tollunt in luminis auras</HI></L>
<L><HI>Infoecunda quidem, &s;ed laeta &amp; fortia &s;urgunt</HI></L>
<L><HI>Quippe &s;olo natura &s;ube&s;t; tamen haec quo&abque; &s;i quis</HI></L>
<L><HI>In&s;erat, aut &s;crobibus mandet mutata &s;ubactis</HI></L>
<L><HI>Exuerint, Sylve&s;trem animum, cultuque frequenti,</HI></L>
<L><HI>In qua&s;cun&abque; voces artes, haud tarda &s;equentur.</HI></L>
<L><HI>Nec non &amp; &s;terilis quae &s;tirpibus exit ab imis</HI></L>
<L><HI>Hoc faciet vacuos &s;i &s;it dige&s;ta per agros.</HI></L>
<L><HI>Nunc altae frondes &amp; Rami Matris opacant:</HI></L>
<L><HI>Ge&s;centi&abque; adimunt foetus, uruntque ferentem.</HI></L>
</LG>
<LG>
<L>Plants that advance them&s;elves t'etherial Air</L>
<L>Unfruitful be, but &s;trong they prove, and fair;</L>
<L>Becau&s;e they draw their nature from the Soyl:</L>
<L>But the&s;e, if any, graft; or &s;hall with toil</L>
<L>Tran&s;plant, and then in cultur'd Furrows &s;et</L>
<L>Their wilder di&s;po&s;ition they forget:</L>
<L>By frequent culture, they not &s;lowly will</L>
<L>An&s;wer thy labour, and obey thy skill.</L>
<L>So they that &s;pring from Poots, like profit yeild,</L>
<L>If you tran&s;plant them to the open Field,</L>
<L>Which now the Boughs of th'Mother-plant do &s;hade,</L>
<L>And th'Off-&s;ets &s;top her growth, and make her fade.</L>
</LG></Q>
<P>The Seed of wilde Cichory that grows every where in the Fields, being &s;ow'd in rich Garden-&s;oyl, is &s;o improved, that we e&s;teem it ordinarily another Plant,
<PB N="138" REF="81">and give it the name of Garden-Cichory, though in|deed they are the &s;ame. But be&s;ides the goodne&s;s of the ground, and greatne&s;s of the di&s;tances, there may be &s;ome advantage to Field-Plants by changing the Seed, by which action the fermentation is &s;uppo|&s;ed to be augmented in the Ground: Now the&s;e changes are either from one kinde to another, as from Wheat and Barly, to Beans and Pea&s;e, which is the u&s;ual Husbandry of common Fields, or in the &s;ame Seed: Of the former way, <HI>Virgil</HI> gives this Precept.</P>
<Q><L>&mdash; ibi flava &s;eres mutato &s;idere farra,</L>
<L>&V;nde prius laetum &s;iliqua qua&s;&s;ante legumen,</L>
<L>Aut tenues faetus Viciae, tri&s;ti&s;que Lupini</L>
<L>Su&s;tuleris fragiles calamos, &s;ylvamque &s;onantem.</L></Q>
<P>Georg. 1. By Mr. <HI>Ogilby</HI> thus rendred.</P>
<Q><L>&mdash; There changing Sea&s;ons thou &s;halt Barly &s;ow</L>
<L>Where pleafant Pul&s;e with dangling Cods did grow,</L>
<L>Where brittle &s;talks of bitter Lupines &s;tood,</L>
<L>Or &s;lender Vetches in a murmuring Wood.</L></Q>
<P>Of changing the Seed of the &s;ame kinde, be&s;ides Field Corn, which is generally changed every third Sea&s;on at the farthe&s;t, examples may be had in Carna|tions and Gilly-flowers, the Seed of which, being taken from the be&s;t Flowers, are much meliorated by alternation and change of Ground; and it is like this Experiment may hold in the &s;eeds of other Flowers.</P>
<P>Another Experiment, is the exo&s;&s;ation of Fruit, or cau&s;ing it to grew without &s;tones or core, for which effect, the grafting of the upper end of the Cyon downwards, hath been a&s;&s;erted to be a certain way: That the Cyon &s;o grafted will grow, I have experi|ence; but whether in time they will produce the
<PB N="139" REF="81">forementioned effect, I greatly doubt: And if they &s;hould, I much mi&s;tru&s;t their expectations would not be an&s;wered, that intended melioration thereby: For the Fruit, certainly by the lo&s;s of the natural Seed, would be very much di&s;pirited, and loo&s;e the gene|ro&s;ity and noblene&s;s of its nature, as Animals do, and as Vegetables &s;ometimes; as particularly I have ob|&s;erved in Barberries, for I have &s;een a Tree that bare every year on mo&s;t Bunches two &s;orts of Barberries, the one full, and of a deep red; the other of a pale co|lour, and thin &s;ub&s;tance, and inquiring into the cau&s;e, I found the former to have Stones in them, and the latter de&s;titute, which were, as I &s;uppo&s;ed, thereby ema&s;culated.</P>
</DIV3>
<DIV3 N="9" TYPE="number">
<HEAD><HI>N. 9.</HI> The conclu&s;ion of the Treati&s;e, with one or two choice ob&s;ervations of the wi&s;e and good Providence of God, which may be &s;een in the admirable make of Vegetables, and fitne&s;s to their ends, which are not generally taken notice of, but are, with many more, over&s;een by men bu&s;ie in the affairs of the world.</HEAD>
<P>It was the &s;in of the Heathen that they did not ri&s;e in their mindes from the contemplation of the beauty of the creatures, to con&s;ider how &s;uch lineaments could be made, and to glorifie thereby the wi&s;dome of the Maker. The particulars are infinite, that ordinarily to a man exerci&s;ed in things and thoughts, &s;ugge&s;t them&s;elves to avouch Providence, and con|&s;ute the vanity of the old Epicureans in the &s;imple&s;t of their Tenets concerning the framing of this world, of things by a ca&s;uall concurrence of &s;mall motes in|tricated
<PB N="140" REF="82">in their motion, by meer chance into &s;uch beautifull bodies.</P>
<P>It is no unu&s;uall Theme to treat of the admirable hand&s;omene&s;&s;e and beauty in the compo&s;ure of divers Vegetables, and to &s;hew how Nature doth <GAP DESC="foreign"> in them, and characterize out &s;uch variety of ele|gant figures, that every plant &s;hall &s;eem to have more of Mathematicall art, than the Knot wherein it is &s;et: And tis generally noted, that Gods Providence is exceeding good in appointing Nature, and making it her end to continue &s;ome individual is of every Species for the pre&s;ervation of the kinde. That likewi&s;e the &s;ame Providence has approved to its &s;elfe a mo&s;t ex|cellent wi&s;dom in the choi&s;e of mo&s;t certain meanes, for the attainment of this end, it has been mine, and may be an ea&s;ie con&s;ideration to any other.</P>
<P>For what other end, thought I, are there &s;o many coates, and &s;uch cotton ve&s;tment to &s;eeds, but to defend their tenderne&s;&s;e? Why &s;uch hard &s;tones to other, but to hinder their premature &s;pringing, whereby the coldne&s;&s;e of Winter would kill (as in Aprecots, Peaches, Nectarines, <HI>&amp;c.</HI>) their tender &s;eedlings? Why is the ground in Woods covered with Mo&s;&s;e, but that Nature in|tended it as a pre&s;ervation to &s;eeds fallen upon the Turfe in the violence of Winter Fro&s;ts? Why has Nature be&s;et &s;hrubs with prickles, but to defend the tender buds in which the hope of future growth is repo&s;ed from the brow&s;ing of cattell in the Winter? and that this was the end of Providence in it may be conjectured from hence, becau&s;e tho&s;e &s;hrubs which are not all over thorny, have a guard of Thornes directly upon the bud &amp; not el&s;e where, as if &s;ingularly inten|ded for its &s;ecurity. So tis &s;een in the Goo&s;eberry,
<PB N="141" REF="82">Hawthorne, Barbery, Locu&s;t, all Ro&s;es wild and cul|tivated that are not all over thorny, &s;o that the thorns are not u&s;ele&s;&s;e excre&s;cencies as &s;ome have &s;uppo&s;ed, but as profitable as boughs or leaves.</P>
<P>Why have tho&s;e plants that bear no &s;eed with us, as Poplar and Willow, in every bough of any big|ne&s;&s;e, a propen&s;ity of &s;ending forth Roots, by the occa&s;ion of which, each branch is made an entire tree or plant? or if that faculty be wanting, why then is there &s;o great di&s;po&s;ition and forwardne&s;&s;e to propa|gate themelves by off-&s;ets, as in the Elm, poplars &amp;c. And where there can be no off-&s;ets, as in Mu&s;h|roomes, wherefore el&s;e has Nature made the plants propagable by the &s;malle&s;t of their &s;hreds and incon&s;i|derable parts? Why el&s;e is the Indian Fig, that hath no &s;talk, propagable by its leaf alone?</P>
<P>Why have plants &s;uch an eagerne&s;&s;e to flower and &s;eed, and &s;uch an impatience of being di&s;apointed? if you pull off the bud of the Ro&s;e it will &s;pring a|gaine, and not only the Ro&s;e, but mo&s;t other fruits and flowers have the &s;ame de&s;ire to produce their &s;eeds, and have given occa&s;ion to Arti&s;ts to make hence Rules of Retardation.</P>
<P>Why do the Seeds &s;tick clo&s;e to the Pedall by which they are joyned to the &s;tock untill they are ma|ture and fit for propagation, and then fall off in the mo&s;t fit &s;ea&s;on for due preparation to future growth?</P>
<P>Why do tho&s;e plants that u&s;ually die every yeare yet if they are di&s;appointed of running to &s;eed, con|tinue to &s;urvive many years, even &s;o long till they are permitted to run up to leave &s;eed behind them? But that they are appointed by the univer&s;all Law of Nature, not to de&s;ert their order, till they have pro|duced others after their own kind.</P>
<PB N="140" REF="83">
<P>La&s;tly, Why are many Seeds at their fir&s;t ripening &s;o exactly fledged with wings, but that by the wind, they may be carried to &s;uch places as may be fit wombs to receive and feed them, untill they attaine from the being of &s;eeds the mea&s;ure and &s;tature of perfect plants.</P>
<P>Another Specimen of the Wi&s;dom of the God of Nature, may be &s;een in the regular &s;ituation of Branch|es, and the orderly eruption of Buds, upon every Vegetable; for, notwith&s;tanding the report of my Lord <HI>Bacon, Nat. Hi&s;t. Cent.</HI> 6. <HI>Ob&s;erv.</HI> 588. <HI>That Trees and Herbs in the growing forth of their Boughs and Branches, are not figured, and keep no order, but that when they make an eruption, they break forth ca|&s;ually, where they finde be&s;t way in their Bark and Rinde:</HI> I finde my &s;elf nece&s;&s;itated to refer that to an exceeding Wi&s;dom, which his Lord&s;hip refers to chance and ca&s;ualty: For if I ob&s;erve aright both Buds and Leaves, and all eruptions, &s;tand &s;o on every Ve|getable, as to &s;erve mo&s;t fitly for mo&s;t nece&s;&s;ary ends.</P>
<P>As to Leaves, the Learned Doctor <HI>Brown</HI> hath made the Quincunx famous, which may with as great aptne&s;s be applyed, and, I think, more univer&s;ally to the &s;ci|tuation of Buds, or Germens.</P>
<P>This Figure had its name from the numeral Letter V. becau&s;e the points therein, are the &s;ame with the points or Angles in the &s;aid Letter, and becau&s;e that as the Letter is capable of infinite multiplications, &s;o is the Figure, and both in not unlike fa&s;hions: The number thus, V. X.XX.XXX. the Figure thus,
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>three arrangements of dots signifying different arrangements of leaves</FIGDESC>
</FIGURE></P>
<PB N="141" REF="83">
<P>Of this Quincunx I &s;hall propo&s;e three &s;orts. 1. The thicker, as in the Figure <HI>a.</HI> The thinner and le&s;s full of points, are either obliquely &s;et, as in the Figure <HI>b.</HI> or more &s;trait, as in the Figure <HI>c.</HI>
<FIGURE>
<FIGDESC>three more arrangements of dots signifying different arrangements of leaves</FIGDESC>
</FIGURE></P>
<P>The mo&s;t thick &s;ort of Quincunx hath its examples rather in Leaves then Buds, for after this manner &s;tand the Leaves upon mo&s;t Martagons and Lilies, divers Spurges, and Sedums, on which it is mo&s;t vi&s;ible, when the Plants run up to Seed. Trickmadam, Spurge-Laurel, Mar&s;h-mallows, when the &s;tock is exceeding ranck and big, for otherwi&s;e it is &s;ufficed with the re|gulations of the third Figure: The leaves of Firre-tree, Pine-tree, <HI>&amp;c.</HI></P>
<P>The &s;econd, or oblique and &s;ingle Quincunx, may for the mo&s;t part be ob&s;erved, both in the Buds and Leaves that ari&s;e from Trees, and &s;uch other Plants who&s;e Stalks are round; as in the Oak, Elm, Ha&s;el, Apples, Plums, Cherries, Pears, Willows, Sallows, O&s;iers, Black-thorn, White-thorn, Goo&s;-berries, Currants, Ro&s;es, Fenel, Cichory, Thi&s;tles of mo&s;t &s;orts, Docks, But-docks, Sothern-wood, Rue, Se|&s;eli-Aethiopicum,
<PB N="144" REF="84">Sweet-maudlin, Common-mercu|ry, Dulcamara.</P>
<P>The third direct and oblong Quincunx is mo&s;t ob|&s;erved in Plants of a &s;quare &s;talk, as Water-Betony, Fig-wort, Lavander, Mints, St. Johns-Wort, Clowns-All-heal, Rhus-Myrtifolium, Mother-wort, Nep, Colus-Jovis.</P>
<P>Yet tis not unfrequently &s;een on other Stalks al&s;o, as the Sycamore, Elder, Maple, Dog-tree, A&s;h, Hy&s;ope, Nettles, Hemp, Willow-weeds, Tree-Spurge, French-Mercury, Scammony of Montpelier.</P>
<P>And it is to be ob&s;erved, that in divers of tho&s;e Plants who&s;e Stalks are &s;et with Joynts, and tho&s;e Joynts with a beautiful Circle of Leaves, proper to each Plant, contrary to the Quincuncial &s;cituation, the Germens, notwith&s;tanding, are found to follow the order of this lo&s;t mentioned Quincunx, as may be &s;een in Madder, Goo&s;-gra&s;s, Ladies-Bed-&s;traw.</P>
<P>Or if that order be left, yet it is not left to the di&s;advantage of the Plant, but generally it hath in exchange &s;ome other hand&s;ome and proper method of Leaves and Buds. Thus <HI>Linaria-Quadrifolia,</HI> hath on each joynt three, four, five or &s;ix oppo&s;ite Leaves, &amp; under each Leaf a Germen, which ari&s;e to Branches, uniformly &s;et upon the &s;ame round Stalk.</P>
<P>And as to the particular make and frame of tho&s;e Plants, which in the &s;tanding of their Leaves cannot be &s;aid to follow the order of any Quincunx, yet they, in&s;tead of tho&s;e elegant Te&s;&s;ellations, are beautified otherwi&s;e in their &s;ite with as great curio&s;ity. I can|not think of a Plant, according to the ordinary e&s;tima|tion of men, that is more contemptible then that which grows ordinarily in Bogs, or miry Ditches, and is called Great-Hor&s;e-tail; yet if any man plea&s;e to
<PB N="145" REF="84">di&s;artuate the whole, and take particular view both of the parts and conjuncture, they will finde the frame exqui&s;ite enough to de&s;erve a better e&s;teem; for both Stalks and Leaves are made up of divers pieces, fra|med, as it were, in joynt work; all which pieces bear exact proportion each to other; and each receives o|ther by indented terminations, which form very beau|tiful Coronets on the pieces &s;o received; then at a convenient di&s;tance, above each of the&s;e Coronets, there ari&s;eth a very beautiful Circle of Leaves, and the&s;e very Leaves are made up of hollow pieces arti|culately, and proportionably joynted, in imitation of the elegancy of the joynts of the Stalk it &s;elf.</P>
<P>And generally the Leaves that &s;tand not according to the Quincunx, either &s;tand in joynts, in the fa&s;hion of the Burgonion Cro&s;s, as on Cro&s;s-wort; or in a Cir|cle, as on mo&s;t &s;orts of Madder, Ladys-bed&s;traws, Wood|roofs; or in &s;ome other profitable, fit and beautiful po&s;i|ture: And though in the&s;e creeping and entangled Plants, irregularities are not unfrequently &s;een, yet even in the&s;e irregularities them&s;elves, there often &s;eems to be a greater curiou&s;ne&s;s and mo&s;t proper or|der; as particularly, Madder is generally tetragonal, and notwith&s;tanding its circular border of Leaves, u&s;u|ally &s;end; forth Buds, according to the manner of Mints, and other Plants of a four-&s;quare Stalk: This I have &s;ometimes &s;een in many of its Branches to va|ry and turn hexagonal, or to have a &s;talk with fix ribs, upon which declen&s;ion the order of the Germens was thus mo&s;t fitly altered; upon each rib or angle there was always one leaf, and upon every other rib, a ger|men under the leaf; which I found &s;o placed, that no one rib did bear the Bud in the two &s;ucceeding joynts; &s;o that if in the fir&s;t joynt, the three Buds &s;tood on the
<PB N="146" REF="85">fir&s;t, the third, and the fifth ribs, then in the &s;econd joynt, the Buds &s;tood on the &s;econd, the fourth, and the &s;ixth, and &s;o interchangably to the very top.</P>
<P>Now by the&s;e &s;cituations of the Buds, according to the&s;e Ob&s;ervations, it always is &s;o found nece&s;&s;ari|ly to be, that if two Buds &s;tand on the &s;ame joynt, as in the third Quincunx; tho&s;e that &s;tand on the &s;ame heighth, keep always the contrary &s;ides; and further, if the two lowermo&s;t &s;tand North and South, the two next immediately above them &s;tand Ea&s;t and We&s;t. And in the &s;econd, or oblique and &s;ingle Quincunx, when the Buds &s;tand not two at the &s;ame heighth, the &s;econd &s;tands on the oppo&s;ite &s;ide to the fir&s;t, and the fourth to the third; and then likewi&s;e, if the fir&s;t and &s;econd &s;tand Ea&s;t and We&s;t, the two next above them &s;tand North and South.</P>
<P>I may give notice that to finde the&s;e methods, and to expo&s;e them to the eye, a profitable way may be to clip off the &s;talks of the leaves near the Branch, e&s;pecially in the fir&s;t and mo&s;t thick &s;ort of Quin|cunx; in the &s;econd more &s;ingle Quincunx, it may not be ami&s;s to &s;lit the Bark and take it off, for it be|ing laid plain and flat, the Quincuncial order will the better appear; the third &s;ort is vi&s;ible to the eye, as the Plant grows.</P>
<P>Care al&s;o mu&s;t be had, that ob&s;ervation be made on &s;uch Plants who&s;e &s;talks are not twi&s;ted, for the twi&s;t|ing of it brings the Leaves and Germens out of order: There may be&s;ides the&s;e, &s;ome other methods appear not here mentioned, but even in them, he that plea|&s;es to con&s;ider them, I doubt not, will finde con&s;tan|cy for the mo&s;t part to their rule; or if they have no rule, there may likewi&s;e a rea&s;on be found why it was good they &s;hould be without.</P>
<PB N="147" REF="85">
<P>But it is mo&s;t certain, that the&s;e are the general methods, and the&s;e contrivances of the eruption of Buds, &s;erve for divers excellent ends exceeding fitly, and &s;o are arguments, (how poor and incon&s;iderable &s;oever the&s;e Ob&s;ervations may &s;eem) that they came not out thus by the lucky ju&s;tlings and &s;tumbling of blinde chance, but by the Providence of a mo&s;t Pow|erful, Skilful, and Wi&s;e Arti&s;t and Author. For they &s;erve fir&s;t to procure a fit and proportionable &s;hade for the Stalk and Fruit; neither of which in their tenderne&s;s, can endure the &s;corching Sun-beams, for by keeping this method and order, they commu|nicate their &s;hade to all parts of the Tree or Plant; whereas, &s;hould they break out in a di&s;orderly fa&s;hion, &s;ome parts of the Plant, and &s;ome Fruit would be ex|po&s;ed to all weather, where no Buds or Leaves come forth; other parts would be too much &s;hadowed by the two thick eruption of Buds. This order likewi&s;e &s;ets out the Boughs and Branches of each Tree into &s;uch po&s;itions, that one may not ea&s;ily fret upon an|other, or gall its neighbor, but grow in a di&s;tinct room, every Branch having his proportionable allow|ance in that circumference which the whole Tree takes up, whereby it may, without any impediment to others, grow to a convenient bigne&s;s; otherwi&s;e came many Buds out together without method, they could never arrive at any bigne&s;s in their future growth, nor attain to good Fruit, or plea&s;ant Leaves and Flowers, but would run out into &s;uch thick Crows-Ne&s;ts, as I have ob&s;erved &s;ometimes to happen in Plum-Trees by an error or mi&s;chance of nature, in the parturition or bringing forth of the Germens. The ob&s;ervation likewi&s;e of the&s;e methods mu&s;t needs be of u&s;e to the Equilibration and uprightne&s;s of
<PB N="148" REF="86">Trees, for &s;hould all the Boughs break out in one place, or on one &s;ide, the heavine&s;s of that &s;ide or part, would bend down the body into a crookedne&s;s, and de|prive it of that uprightne&s;s and &s;traitne&s;s, which is the mo&s;t u&s;eful &s;ite of mo&s;t Plants; and tho&s;e that are without the&s;e regulations, are generally &s;uch as are made to grow upon and twi&s;t about other things, and not to bear up them&s;elves, as Bind-weeds, and the like.</P>
<P>And now I am come thus far, there comes into my minde that excellent Animadver&s;ion which the mo&s;t wi&s;e King made, when he had con&s;idered the &s;everal Purpo&s;es, Travels, Bu&s;ine&s;&s;es, Changes and Over|tures, which happen to us poor men while we are un|der Heaven, in their &s;everal Sea&s;ons; as particularly, in the days of our Birth, and the days of our Death, in the days of our Planting or being Planted, and tho&s;e of our Plucking, or being Plucked up: When Men get and Increa&s;e their E&s;tates, and when they Loo&s;e, grow Bankrupt and are undone; in the days of their Jollities, Dancings, Lovings, Wooings and Embra|cings; as likewi&s;e in tho&s;e cloudy and dull Sea&s;ons, when &s;atiety of Enjoyment, indi&s;po&s;ition of Body, or other unhappy accidents, has begot Peivi&s;hne&s;s and Loathing; and when Tears and Mourning contri&s;tate all their glory and beauty: Concerning the &s;ea&s;on|ablene&s;s and fitne&s;s of all the E&s;tates of men, their conditions, accidents and di&s;a&s;ters in their &s;everal times, this is his ob&s;ervation, <HI>Eccl.</HI> 3. <HI>That he had &s;een the travel which God had given the Sons of men to be exerci&s;ed therewith,</HI> and found, that God by his providence had made every one of the things made, <HI>beautiful in its time: Moreover, that he had &s;et the age in the middle of them,</HI> yet &s;o, that <HI>no man of them
<PB N="149" REF="86">can finde out the work that God maketh from the begin|ning to the end.</HI></P>
<P>I &s;hall not Apologize for tran&s;lating <GAP DESC="foreign"> the age or <GAP DESC="foreign"> in the middle of them, becau&s;e I know the words, and methinks the &s;en&s;e and context bear it be&s;t, but &s;hall beg leave by a paralleli&s;m to apply it to the pre&s;ent matter; the placing, not the timing of things, and to expre&s;s my thoughts thus: That God has made every thing beautiful in its place, order and &s;cituation, and particularly every part of every Vege|table, and has al&s;o &s;ot the world &s;o curiou&s;ly wrought and modell'd, in the middle of us, yet &s;o, that by rea&s;on of our various affairs and bu&s;ine&s;&s;es, and other fancies, no man can finde out the work that God hath made from the beginning to the end.</P>
<P>La&s;tly, I mu&s;t beg leave to make the &s;ame conclu|&s;ion and Appendix to the Ob&s;ervation, that the King has there appo&s;'d to his, <HI>(viz.)</HI> That the true and onely u&s;e that can be made of tho&s;e elegancies and beauties which in every a&s;pect &s;ugge&s;t them&s;elves un|to us, is no other, but that we <HI>Rejoyce in them</HI> and in their Maker, <HI>and do good in this life.</HI> I mean, that we puzzle not our &s;elves over-much, nor di&s;cruciate our Spirits to re&s;olve what are the cau&s;es, and what the manner of cau&s;ation of the apparent effects of Gods great power, any further then as our labour may &s;erve for tho&s;e excellent and firmly together in|terwoven ends of rejoycing and doing good, and the rather, becau&s;e of the experiment which this mo&s;t wi&s;e Prince, who was helpt by the great riches of his then pui&s;&s;ant Kingdome, (and &s;o not impeded by tho&s;e wants that u&s;ually di&s;comfit private per&s;ons in &s;uch enquiries) made him&s;elf and publi&s;hed concer|ning his own fearch, <HI>Eccl.</HI> 1. <HI>That he gave his heart to
<PB N="150" REF="87">&s;eek and &s;earch out by Wi&s;dome concerning all things that are done under Heaven, and found this to be a &s;ore tra|vell, that God had given the Sons of men to be exerci|&s;ed therewith,</HI> And further, That <HI>with much wi&s;dom there is much vexation, and he that increa&s;eth knowledge, increa&s;eth &s;orrow.</HI></P>
</DIV3>
</DIV2>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
</DIV1>
</BODY>
<BACK>
<DIV1 TYPE="publisher's advertisement">
<PB REF="87">
<HEAD>A Catalogue of &s;ome Books Printed for, and &s;old by <HI>Tho: Robin&s;on.</HI></HEAD>
<LIST>
<ITEM>A Treati&s;e of <HI>Fruit-Trees,</HI> &s;hewing the manner of Grafting, &s;etting, pruning, and ordering them in all re&s;pects, by <HI>Ra: Au&s;tin,</HI> in 4^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>The &s;piritual u&s;e of an <HI>Or|chard</HI> or <HI>Garden</HI> of <HI>Fruit trees,</HI> &s;et forth in divers &s;imilitudes, according to Scripture and experience, by <HI>R. Au&s;tin</HI> 4^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ob&s;ervations on &s;ome part of Sir <HI>Francis Bacons</HI> Natural Hi&s;tory, as it concerns Fruit-trees, Fruits and Flowers, by <HI>Ra. Austin.</HI> in 4^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>An An&s;wer to Mr. <HI>Hoards</HI> Book, entituled, <HI>Gods love to mankinde,</HI> by <HI>W. Twi&s;s</HI> D. D. in Folio.</ITEM>
</LIST>
<LIST>
<HEAD>Books written by <HI>Dr. Owen.</HI></HEAD>
<ITEM>THe Doctrine of the Saints Per&s;everance examined and confirmed, in Folio.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Sociniani&s;m examined, in the confutation of <HI>Biddle's,</HI> and the <HI>Racovian Catech.</HI> in 4^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>A Review of the Annotati|ons of <HI>H. Grotius,</HI> in reference to the Doctrine of the Deity, and &s;atisfaction of Chri&s;t, in An&s;wer to D. <HI>Hamraond,</HI> in 4^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>Of the mortification of &s;in in Believers, in 8^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>Of Temptation. in 8^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>Of the Divine original Au|thority, &s;elf evidencing light and power of the Script. in 8^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>Of Schi&s;m, in reference to the pre&s;ent differences in Re|ligion. in 8^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>A Review of the true nature of Schi&s;m, in An&s;wer to Mr. <HI>Cawdrey,</HI> in 8^o</ITEM>
<ITEM>A Defence of Mr. <HI>Jo: Cot|ton,</HI> and a Reply to Mr. <HI>Caw|drey</HI> about; the nature of Schi&s;m. in 8^o</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Diatriba de Ju&s;titia di vina.</HI> in 8^o</ITEM>
</LIST>
<LIST>
<HEAD>Books written by Dr. <HI>Wallis.</HI></HEAD>
<ITEM>MAthe&s;is &V;niver&s;alis, &s;ive Arithmeticum opu<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">s inte|grum. in <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Adver&s;us Meibomii, de pro|portionibus. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>De Angulo Contactus &amp; &s;emi|circulus. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>De Sectionibus Corticis Tra|ctatus. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Arithmetica Infiniterum. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Eclip&s;eos Soluris ob&s;ervatio. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Commercium Epi&s;tolicum de que&s;tionibus quibu&s;dam Mathe|maticis nuper habitum. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Mens &s;obria &s;erio commendata, Conciolat: &amp; Expo&s;itio Epi&s;to|lum ad Titae. <HI>8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Grammatica Linguae Anglica|nae. <HI>8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Due Correction for M.</HI> Hobbs. <HI>8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Hobbiani Functi dispuncrio. <HI>8^o</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
<LIST>
<PB REF="88">
<HEAD>Books written by Dr. <HI>Zouch.</HI></HEAD>
<ITEM><HI>CA&s;es and que&s;tions re&s;ol|ved in the Civil Law. 8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Juris &amp; Judicii Fecialis, &s;i+ve Juris inter Gentes. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Specimen Que&s;tionum Juris Ci|vilis cum de&s;ignatione Authorum a quibus in utramque partem di&s;|runtur. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>De Legati delinquentis Judi|ce competente di&s;&s;ertatio <HI>12^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Eruditionis Ingenuae specimi|na, <HI>&s;cil.</HI> Artium Logicae, Dia|lect: Rhetor: &amp; Moralis Philo|&s;oph: <HI>12^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Que&s;tionum Juris Civilis Cen|turia. Non minus ad Legum Ge|noralium Cegnitionem, quam ad &s;tudio&s;um Exercitationem, ac|commoda, in <HI>12^o newly pub|li&s;ht.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
<LIST>
<ITEM>HYpothe&s;is de Officiis &s;ecundum human ae rationis dictata &s;eu Naturae Jus, unde Ca&s;us omnes Con&s;cientiae quatenus notiones &agrave; Natura &s;uppetunt dijudicari po&s;|&s;int. Ethnicorum &s;imul &amp; Jure|peritorum con&s;en&s;us e&s;tenditur, Principia &amp; Rationes <HI>Hobbe&s;ii Malme&s;:</HI> ad Ethicam &amp; Politi|cam &s;pectantes. in examen veni|unt. Aut. <HI>R. Sharrock. 8</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>COnciones Octo ad Acade|micos Oxon: Latin&egrave; habitae. Epi&s;tolarum Decas, Authore <HI>Hen: Wilkin&s;on. S. Th.D 8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Rob: Baronii,</HI> Philo&s;: Theolo|giae Ancillans. <HI>12^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Rob: Baronii,</HI> Metaphy&s;ica Generalis &amp; special: omniaead u&s;um Theologiae accomodata <HI>12^o</HI> Latium &amp; Lycium, Graeca cum latinis, &s;ive Gram: Artis in utra|que lingua lucidi&s;&s;ima, Aut: <HI>Ro: Wickens. 8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Manuductio ad Theol: Polemi|cam. Aut: <HI>Jo: Prideaux, S. Th. D. 8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Exercitatio Theolog. de In&s;ipi|enti&acirc; rationis humanae, Grati&acirc; Chri&s;ti de&s;titutae, in rebus fidei-Aut. <HI>R. Cro&s;&s;e, Col. Linc. 4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Fur pro Tribunali, Examen Di|alog: cui in&s;cibitur Fur Praede|&s;tinatus. Auth: <HI>Geo: Kendal, S. Th. D. 8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Mi&s;cellania, &s;ive Meditat: &amp; o|rationes, &amp;c. Auth: <HI>Ed: Ellis, 12^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Homerus <HI>'&Egr;&Bgr;&Rgr;&Agr;&Igr;' &Zgr;&OHgr;&Ngr;:</HI> &s;ive Comparation Homeri cum Scripto|ribus Sacres quoad normam lo|quendi. Auth: <HI>Zach: Bogan. 8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Exercitationes a'iquot Meta|phy&s;icae. per <HI>Tho: Barlow 4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>A compleat Concordance of the Engli&s;h Bible, by</HI> Rob: Wickens. <HI>8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Immortality of humane Souls a&s;&s;erted, in an&s;wer to a Tract, entituled,</HI> Mans morta|lity. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>The want of Church Go|vernment, no warrant for a total omi&s;&s;ion of the Lords Supper, by</HI> Hen: Jeans. <HI>8^o</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>A Mixture of Schola&s;tical and Practical Divinity, by</HI> Hen: Jeanes. <HI>4^o</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
</DIV1>
</BACK>
</TEXT>
</EEBO>
</ETS>
