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<DATE>2010-10-18</DATE>
<RESPSTMT>
<NAME>Olivia Bottum</NAME>
<RESP>MURP</RESP>
</RESPSTMT>
<ITEM>Did text and markup review.</ITEM>
</CHANGE>
</REVDESCR>
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<EEBO>
<IDG S="marc" R="UM" ID="A28438">
<STC T="W">B3306</STC>
<BIBNO T="oclc">12076208</BIBNO>
<VID>53633</VID>
</IDG>
<TEXT LANG="eng">
<FRONT>
<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
<PB REF="1" MS="y">
<P><HI>Janua Scientiarum:</HI> OR, A COMPENDIOUS INTRODUCTION TO
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Geography,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Chronology,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Government,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Hi&s;tory,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Phylo&s;ophy,</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
And all Genteel &s;orts of LITERATURE</P>
<P><HI>By</HI> CHARLES BLOUNT <HI>Gent.</HI></P>
<Q>&mdash; Brevis e&s;&s;e Laboro.</Q>
<P>Printed by <HI>Nath. Thomp&s;on</HI> at the En|trance into the <HI>Old-Spring-Garden</HI> near <HI>Charing-Cro&s;s,</HI> MDCLXXXIV.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="dedication">
<PB REF="2">
<PB REF="2" MS="y">
<P>To His GRACE, Charles Lenox, DUKE of RICHMOND, EARL of MARCH, BARON of SHEDRINGTON, Ma&s;ter of the Hor&s;e TO HIS MOST Sacred Maje&s;ty, And Knight of the mo&s;t Noble Order of the GARTER.</P>
<P>This Piece is mo&s;t humbly Dedicated by the Author, CHARLES BLOUNT.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="errata">
<PB REF="3">
<HEAD>ERRATA.</HEAD>
<P>PAge 2. line 5. read <HI>Corcica,</HI> p. 2. l. 9. r. <HI>Stepha|nus,</HI> p. 31. l. 16. after <HI>Luxury</HI> put <HI>the,</HI> p. 32. l. 3. r. <HI>A&s;tyages,</HI> p. 40. l. 16. r. <HI>Antoninus,</HI> p. 42. l. 16. r. <HI>Con&s;tantinus,</HI> p. 43. l. 5. r. <HI>Heruli,</HI> p. 45. l. 16. r. <HI>Lygdanus,</HI> p. 61. l. 21. r. <HI>Antoninus Pius,</HI> p. 61. l. 22. r. <HI>Aurelius Antoninus,</HI> p. 62. l. 19. r. <HI>Scythia,</HI> p. 63. l. 4. after <HI>whom</HI> r. <HI>he,</HI> p. 64. l. 6. r. <HI>Antoninus,</HI> p. 66. l. 11. after <HI>rather</HI> r. <HI>a,</HI> p. 70. l. 17. r. <HI>Arnuphis,</HI> p. 75. l. 8. for <HI>Vices</HI> r. <HI>Virtues,</HI> p. 77. l. 9. r. <HI>pa&s;&s;ages,</HI> p. 79. l. 20 for <HI>it</HI> r. <HI>them.</HI> p. 80. l. 6. for <HI>Por&s;ona</HI> r. <HI>Por&s;enna,</HI> p. 80. l. 22. r. <HI>agreeably,</HI> p. 95. l. 15. after <HI>attribute</HI> r. <HI>to,</HI> p. 103. l. 6. r. <HI>Senecaes,</HI> p. 104. l. 6. r. <HI>of the Cimbri,</HI> p. 105. l. 2. r. <HI>Pieces,</HI> p. 108. l. 2. r. <HI>Antoninus,</HI> p. 108. l. 14. for <HI>one of</HI> r. <HI>one and,</HI> p. 112. l. 7. r. <HI>Eclip&s;es,</HI> p. 117. l. 18. r. <HI>Wat Tylor,</HI> p. 126. l. 13. r. <HI>Petronius,</HI> p. 135. l. 19. r. <HI>qua&s;i;</HI> in the great &s;heet <HI>Sae&s;ar</HI> for <HI>Cae&s;ar.</HI> For the&s;e and what other faults occurre; the Au|thor entreats the Generous Reader to impute them to his remote Abode from the Pre&s;s.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="publisher's advertisement">
<PB REF="3">
<HEAD>BOOKS Printed and Sold by <HI>Nathaniel Thomp&s;on</HI> at the Entrance into the <HI>Old-Spring-Garden</HI> near <HI>Charing-Cro&s;s.</HI></HEAD>
<P>A Narrative of the <HI>Phanatical Plot,</HI> &s;etting forth the Trea&s;onable and Wicked De&s;igns which they have been carrying on again&s;t King &amp; Government ever &s;ince the la&s;t <HI>We&s;tmin&s;ter</HI> Parlia|ment. With an Account of the Trea|cherous Contrivances again&s;t &s;everal Worthy Per&s;ons, and the Mea&s;ures which they u&s;ed to take off the Kings-Evidence by <HI>Subornation.</HI> To which is added, A Relation of the Evil Practices of <HI>John Row&s;e</HI> (who was lately Execu|ted at <HI>Tyburn,) William Lewis,</HI> (who &s;tands Convicted,) and others. By <HI>John Zeal</HI> Gent. Price 1 <ABBR><HI>s.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P><PB REF="4">A Vindication of the Lord <HI>Ru&s;&s;el</HI>'s Speech and Innocence; In a Dialogue betwixt <HI>Whig</HI> and <HI>Tory:</HI> Being the &s;ame that was Promi&s;ed to the <HI>Ob&s;ervator</HI> in a <HI>Penny-Po&s;t-Letter.</HI> Price 4 <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P><HI>Stafford</HI>'s Memoirs: Or, a Brief and Impartial Account of the Birth and Quality, Impri&s;onment, Tryal and Prin|ciples, Declaration, Comportment, De|votion; La&s;t Speech and Final End of <HI>WILLIAM</HI> late Lord Vi&s;count <HI>STAFFORD,</HI> Beheaded on <HI>Tower-hill Wedne&s;day</HI> the 29th. of <HI>December</HI> 1680. Whereunto is annexed a &s;hort Appen|dix concerning &s;ome Pa&s;&s;ages in <HI>Stephen Colledges</HI> Tryal at <HI>Oxford.</HI> Price Bound 1 <ABBR><HI>s.</HI></ABBR> 6. <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P>The Lawyer Out-law'd; Or a Brief An&s;wer to Mr. <HI>Hunt</HI>'s Defence of the <HI>Charter.</HI> With &s;ome U&s;eful Remarks on the Commons Proceedings in the la&s;t Parliament at <HI>We&s;tmin&s;ter,</HI> In a Letter to Friend. Price 6 <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P><HI>Oates</HI>'s Manife&s;to; or the Complaint of <HI>TIT&V;S OATES</HI> again&s;t the Doctor
<PB REF="4">
of <HI>Salamanca:</HI> And the &s;ame DOCTOR again&s;t <HI>TIT&V;S OATES;</HI> Compriz'd in a Dialogue between the &s;aid Parties, on occa&s;ion of &s;ome Incon&s;i&s;tent Evidence given about the Horrid and Damnable <HI>POPISH PLOT.</HI> Price 6 <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P>A LETTER to Mr. <HI>Elkana Settle,</HI> oc|ca&s;ioned upon his Famous Recanting and <HI>Plot-Ridiculing</HI> Narrative. Price 4 <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P>Some Brief <HI>Remarks</HI> on the Debates of the <HI>Hou&s;e of Commons</HI> in the la&s;t Par|liament at <HI>Oxford,</HI> &amp;c. Price 6 <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P>The <HI>Badger</HI> in the <HI>Fox-Trap,</HI> or a Satyr upon Satyr; An Excellent new Satyr. price 6 <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P>The Arraignment of <HI>Co-Ordinate-Power;</HI> wherein all Arbitrary-proceed|ings are laid open to all Hone&s;t Abhor|rers and Addre&s;&s;ers: with a Touch at the <HI>London Petition</HI> and <HI>Charter,</HI> &amp;c. very u&s;eful for all Lawyers and Gentle|men. Price 1 <ABBR><HI>s.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P><PB REF="5">An An&s;wer to a Scandalous Pamphlet, Entituled, <HI>A Character of a Popi&s;h Suc|ce&s;&s;or, and what</HI> England <HI>may expect from &s;uch a One.</HI> Price 6 <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P>The GENEALOGIES of the High|born Prince and Prince&s;s, GEORGE and ANNE, of <HI>Denmark, &amp;c.</HI> Shewing the Lineal De&s;cent of the&s;e two Noble and Illu&s;trious Families: with Their <HI>Matches, I&s;&s;ue, Times of Death, Place of Sepulcher, Impre&s;ses, Devices,</HI> &amp;c. From the Year of Grace M. to this pre&s;ent Year 1683. <HI>Extracted from the most Authentick Te&s;timonies of the be&s;t Hi&s;torians and An|tiquaries of Their times.</HI> Price bound 1 <ABBR><HI>s.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P><HI>Anima Mundi:</HI> Or, An Hi&s;torical Narration of the Opinions of the An|cients concerning Man's Soul after this Life; according to Un-enlightned Nature.</P>
<P>Great is <HI>Diana</HI> of the <HI>Ephe&s;ians:</HI> Or, the Original of <HI>Idolatry;</HI> Together with the Politick In&s;titution of the <HI>Gentiles</HI> Sacrifices. Both Bound together, price 1 <ABBR><HI>s.</HI></ABBR> 6 <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR> Both written by <HI>C. Blount</HI> Gent.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="list of kings">
<PB REF="6">
<LIST>
<ITEM>Kings of The fir&s;t ASSYRIAN <HI>or</HI> BABYLONISH MONARCHY. (which began An^o. M. 1788 <HI>&amp; la&s;ted</HI> 1646 <HI>yeares) were</HI>
<LIST>
<ITEM>NIMROD.
<LIST>
<ITEM>Belus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ninus or A&s;hur</ITEM>
<ITEM>Semiramis</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ninias</ITEM>
<ITEM>Arius <HI>&amp; others we known till</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Sardanapalus <HI>After whom y^e Empire was di|vided by Rebellion An^o. M. 3148 between</HI>
<LIST>
<HEAD>MEDIA</HEAD>
<ITEM>Arbaces</ITEM>
<ITEM>Mandanes</ITEM>
<ITEM>So&s;armus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Articas</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cardicias</ITEM>
<ITEM>Deioces</ITEM>
<ITEM>Phraortes</ITEM>
<ITEM>Cyaxares</ITEM>
<ITEM>A&s;ty ages <HI>by Succe&s;sion</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
<LIST>
<HEAD>BABYLON</HEAD>
<ITEM>Bele&s;us</ITEM>
<ITEM>Tiglah-Pele&s;ar</ITEM>
<ITEM>Salmana&s;ar</ITEM>
<ITEM>Senacherib</ITEM>
<ITEM>A&s;&s;arhaddon</ITEM>
<ITEM>Merodach-Baladan</ITEM>
<ITEM>Nebuchadnezzar</ITEM>
<ITEM>Evil Merodack</ITEM>
<ITEM>Bel&s;hazar. <HI>by Conque&s;t</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
<ITEM>Kings of the &s;econd <HI>or</HI> PERSIAN MONARCHY, (which began An^o. M. 3434 <HI>and la&s;ted, 228 yeares) were</HI>
<LIST>
<ITEM>CYRUS
<LIST>
<ITEM>Camby&s;es</ITEM>
<ITEM>Darius Hy&s;taspes</ITEM>
<ITEM>Xerxes</ITEM>
<ITEM>Artaxerxes Longimanus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Darius Nothus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Artaxerxes Mnemon</ITEM>
<ITEM>Artaxerxes Ochus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ar&s;ames</ITEM>
<ITEM>Darius Codomannus <HI>Overcome by</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="7">The fir&s;t King of the third GRECIAN <HI>or</HI> MACEDONIAN MONARCHY, (<HI>w^c^h. began</HI> An^o. M. 3642 <HI>&amp; la&s;ted</HI> 300 <HI>yeares) were</HI>
<LIST>
<ITEM>ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
<LIST>
<HEAD>Who dying without &s;ons after him the Empire was divided into the&s;e foure parts.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LIST>
<HEAD>MACEDON</HEAD>
<ITEM><GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter">ridaeus Brother <HI>of</HI> Alex: M.</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ca&s;sander</ITEM>
<ITEM>Phillippus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Antipater</ITEM>
<ITEM>Demetrius Poliorcetes</ITEM>
<ITEM>Pyrrhus King <HI>of</HI> Epirus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ly&s;imachus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Ptolomaeus Ceraunus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Meleager</ITEM>
<ITEM>Anti-pater <HI>the 2<ABBR>^d.</ABBR></HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>So&s;thenes</ITEM>
<ITEM>Antigonus Gonatus</ITEM>
<ITEM>Demetrius <HI>the 2<ABBR>^d.</ABBR></HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Antigonus Do&s;on</ITEM>
<ITEM>Phillipus <HI>the 2<ABBR>^d.</ABBR></HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Per&s;eus <HI>who being Over|come By Paulys Emylius y^e Roman Con&s;ul, Macedon was herby reduced into a Province Under the ROMANS: Who An^o: M: 3924 began</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
<ITEM><LIST>
<HEAD>ASIA MINOR</HEAD>
<ITEM>1 Antigonus Phil: <HI>of Macadon^s. Ba&s;tard</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>2 Demetrius Poliorcetes <HI>Who being expell'd by his Son in Law</HI> Seleucus Nica|nor. <HI>A&s;ia was thereupon A next to</HI> Syria, <HI>and by con|sequence fell, Ioyntly with</HI> Syria <HI>under y^e Dominion of The ROMANS: Who An^o: M: 3924 began</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
<ITEM><LIST>
<HEAD>SYRIA</HEAD>
<ITEM>1 Seleucus Nicanor</ITEM>
<ITEM>2 Antiochus Soter</ITEM>
<ITEM>3 Antiochus Theos</ITEM>
<ITEM>4 Seleuchus Callinachus</ITEM>
<ITEM>5 Seleuchus Ceraunus</ITEM>
<ITEM>6 Antiochus Magnus</ITEM>
<ITEM>7 Seleucus Philopater</ITEM>
<ITEM>8 Antiochus Epiphanes</ITEM>
<ITEM>9 Antiochus Eupater</ITEM>
<ITEM>10 Demetrius Soter</ITEM>
<ITEM>11 Alexander Bala</ITEM>
<ITEM>12 Demetrius Nicanor</ITEM>
<ITEM>13 Antiochus Entheus</ITEM>
<ITEM>14 Tryphon</ITEM>
<ITEM>15 Antiochus Sidetes</ITEM>
<ITEM>16 Demetrius Nicanor, redux</ITEM>
<ITEM>17 Alexander Zebenna</ITEM>
<ITEM>18 Antiochus Grypus</ITEM>
<ITEM>19 Tygranes <HI>who being &s;ubdued by</HI> Pompey, <HI>Syria after that became a Province. Under the ROMANS: Who An^o: M: 3924 began</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
<ITEM><LIST>
<HEAD>EGYPT</HEAD>
<ITEM>1 Ptolomeus lagus Phil: <HI>Ba&s;tard of Mace<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="UOM" EXTENT="1 letter"></HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>2 Ptolom: Philadelphus</ITEM>
<ITEM>3 Ptolom: Evargetes</ITEM>
<ITEM>4 Ptol: Philopater</ITEM>
<ITEM>5 Ptol: Epiphanes</ITEM>
<ITEM>6 Ptolo: Philometor</ITEM>
<ITEM>7 Ptolo: Phy&s;con</ITEM>
<ITEM>8 Ptolom: Lamyrus</ITEM>
<ITEM>9 Ptolom: Alexander</ITEM>
<ITEM>10 Ptol: Lamyrus redux</ITEM>
<ITEM>11 Ptol: Auletes</ITEM>
<ITEM>12 Ptolom Dijoni&s;ius</ITEM>
<ITEM>13 Cleopatra (<HI>Daughter of</HI> Ptolom: Auletes) <HI>who was not only y^e Beloved Mi&s;tre&s;s of</HI> Julius Sae&s;ar, <HI>but al&s;o of Mark Anthony, who&s;e Over throw at</HI> Actium <HI>made her in de&s;pair throw away her Life by y^e Biting of an</HI> A&s;p <HI>&amp; by her Death Egypt was al&s;o reduced into a Province Under the ROMANS: Who An^o: M: 3924 began</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="8">fir&s;t Period of y^e fourth MONARCHY, <HI>or ROMAN EMPIRE (w^c^h. reach'd to</HI> Con&s;tantine y^e Great, <HI>&amp; la&s;ted</HI> 355 <HI>yeares) under</HI>
<LIST>
<ITEM>1. JULIUS CAESAR
<LIST>
<ITEM>2 Augu&s;tus</ITEM>
<ITEM>3 Tiberius</ITEM>
<ITEM>4 Caligula</ITEM>
<ITEM>5 Claudius</ITEM>
<ITEM>6 Nero</ITEM>
<ITEM>7 Galba</ITEM>
<ITEM>8 Otho</ITEM>
<ITEM>9 Vitellius</ITEM>
<ITEM>10 Flavius Ve&s;pa&s;ian</ITEM>
<ITEM>11 Tytus Ve&s;pa&s;ian</ITEM>
<ITEM>12 Domitian</ITEM>
<ITEM>13 Nerva</ITEM>
<ITEM>14 Trajanus</ITEM>
<ITEM>15 Adrianus</ITEM>
<ITEM>16 Antoninus Pius</ITEM>
<ITEM>17 Antoninus Phylo&s;ophus</ITEM>
<ITEM>18 Commodus</ITEM>
<ITEM>19 Pertinax</ITEM>
<ITEM>20 Didius Julianus</ITEM>
<ITEM>21 Septimius Severus</ITEM>
<ITEM>22 Carracalla</ITEM>
<ITEM>23 Macrinus</ITEM>
<ITEM>24 Heliogabalus</ITEM>
<ITEM>25 Alexand: Severus</ITEM>
<ITEM>26 Maximinus Thrax</ITEM>
<ITEM>27 Balbinus, &amp; Puppienus</ITEM>
<ITEM>28 Gordianus</ITEM>
<ITEM>29 Phillippus Arabs</ITEM>
<ITEM>30 Decius</ITEM>
<ITEM>31 Tribonianus Gallus</ITEM>
<ITEM>32 Valerian</ITEM>
<ITEM>33 Galienus</ITEM>
<ITEM>34 Claudius Secundus</ITEM>
<ITEM>35 Aurelianus</ITEM>
<ITEM>36 Tacitus</ITEM>
<ITEM>37 Probus</ITEM>
<ITEM>38 Carus</ITEM>
<ITEM>39 Dyocle&s;ian and</ITEM>
<ITEM>40 Con&s;tantius Chlorus, <HI>The Father of</HI> Con&s;tantine the Great, <HI>Who Removing y^e Seat of y^e Empire from Rome to Byzantium in Greece, did there after his one Name Erect Con&s;tantinople, where (as Hi&s;torians reckon) began (A. Ch. 306) y^e Empire of the Ea&s;t.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
</LIST></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV1>
</FRONT>
<BODY>
<DIV1 N="1" TYPE="book">
<PB N="1" REF="9">
<HEAD><HI>LIB.</HI> I. OF GEOGRAPHY.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>_WHat is</HI> Geography?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It is the de|&s;cription of the Globe of the Earth; and differs from <HI>Topography,</HI> (which is the de&s;cripti|on of particular places) as the whole differs from a part.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Into how many parts is the Earth divided?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Into four;
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Europe,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>A&s;ia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Africa,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>America</HI> both</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>North</HI> and <HI>South.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P><PB N="2" REF="10">Qu. <HI>Which are the chief Countreys of</HI> Europe?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Europe</HI> may be divided into the&s;e three parts:</P>
<P N="1">I. on the Continent,
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Scandinavia,</HI> which comprehends</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Sweden, Denmark,</HI> and <HI>Norway;</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Mu&s;covy,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>or <HI>Ru&s;&s;ia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>France,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Germany,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Poland,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Spain,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Italy,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM>part of <HI>Turkey.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P N="2">II. The <HI>Briti&s;h-I&s;les;</HI> as, <HI>England, Scotland,</HI> and <HI>Ireland.</HI></P>
<P N="3">III. I&s;les on the Mediterranean; as,
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Sardinia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Candia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Sicily,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Corcia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Majorca,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Minorca.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the chief Countreys of</HI> A&s;ia?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. A&s;ia</HI> may be divided al&s;o into three parts; as,</P>
<P N="1">I. On the Continent,
<LIST>
<ITEM>part of <HI>Turkey,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Georgia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Arabia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Per&s;ia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>India,</HI> or <HI>Mo|guls Countrey,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>China,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tartaria.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P N="2"><PB N="3" REF="10">II. I&s;les on the Ocean; as,
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Maldivies,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Ceylan,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Sunda,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Molucques,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Philippines,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Japan.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P N="3">III. I&s;les on the Mediterranean; as,
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Cyprus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Rhodes,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Scio,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Metelin.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the chief Countreys of</HI> Africa?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Africa</HI> in like manner may be divided into three parts; as,</P>
<P N="1">I. On the Continent,
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Barbary,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Aegypt,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Biledulgerid,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Zaara,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Countrey of <HI>Negroes,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Guiney,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Nubia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Abi&s;&s;inea,</HI> or <HI>Ae|thiopia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Zanguebar,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Congo,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Monomotapa,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Caffares.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P N="2">II. I&s;les on the Ocean; as,
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Madera,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Canaries,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Cape Verde,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>St. <HI>Thomas,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>St. <HI>Helena,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Madaga&s;car,</HI> or</ITEM>
<ITEM>St. <HI>Lawrence,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>and <HI>Zocotora.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P N="3">III. an I&s;le on the Mediterranean-Sea, called <HI>Malta.</HI></P>
<P><PB N="4" REF="11">Qu. <HI>Which are the chief Countreys of</HI> America?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Which <HI>America</HI> do you mean? for it is u&s;ually divided in|to <HI>North</HI> and <HI>South.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which then are the chief parts of the Northern</HI> America?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The Northern <HI>America</HI> may likewi&s;e be divided into three parts; as, I. On the Continent,
<LIST>
<ITEM>the <HI>Arctickland,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>New north Wales</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>New &s;outh Wales</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>New Britain,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Canada,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>New France,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>New Scotland,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>New England,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>New York,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>New Jer&s;ey,</HI> or</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Penn&s;ylvania,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Mary-Land,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Virginia,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Carolina,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Florida,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Mexico,</HI> or <HI>New Spain,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>New Mexico,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Land of <HI>Je&s;&s;o,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>and <HI>Anian.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P N="2">II. I&s;les on the North Sea; as, <HI>New-found-land,</HI> and the <HI>Antilles,</HI> which comprehend <HI>Jamaica,</HI> toge|ther with all the <HI>Lucaif</HI> and <HI>Caribbe-I&s;les.</HI></P>
<P N="3"><PB N="5" REF="11">III. an I&s;land in the South Sea, na|med <HI>California.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the chief parts of the Southern</HI> America?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The Southern <HI>America</HI> (ex|cepting one I&s;land, called <HI>Magella|nick</HI>) is all a Continent, having in it the&s;e &s;everal Countreys, <HI>viz.</HI> the firm Land,
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Magellan,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Peru,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Amazones,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Chili,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Bra&s;il,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Paraquay.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is a</HI> Continent?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> A <HI>Continent</HI> is one great parcel of Land, wherein are many Countreys joyned together, with|out being &s;eperated by the Sea.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is an</HI> I&s;land?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> An <HI>I&s;land</HI> is any part of Earth encompa&s;&s;ed round with Water; as, <HI>Great Britain</HI> and <HI>Ireland.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Of what extent or circumfe|rence is the Earth judged to be?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Geographers divide the Globe into 360 parts or degrees;
<PB REF="12" MS="y">
So that reckoning each Degree to be 73 <HI>Italian</HI> miles, or 69 <HI>Engli&s;h,</HI> (which is the &s;ame) its Circumfe|rence will appear to be 26286 miles, and its Diameter 8365 miles.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Of what &s;cituation and extent is</HI> Europe?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Europe</HI> is for the mo&s;t part &s;cituate in the Northern Temperate <HI>Zone,</HI> and contains within its bounds the principal part of the <HI>Roman</HI> and <HI>Graecian</HI> Monarchies: who&s;e length, from <HI>Cape-finis-terre</HI> on the we&s;t of <HI>Spain,</HI> to the River <HI>Ianais</HI> in <HI>Mu&s;|covy,</HI> is 2400 miles; and breadth, from <HI>Cape-Metapan</HI> in <HI>Morea,</HI> to the mo&s;t Northern Promontory of <HI>Norway,</HI> about 2100 miles.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Europe <HI>bounded?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Europe</HI> is bounded on the North with the Northern Ocean, or frozen Sea; on the We&s;t with the We&s;tern or <HI>Atlantick</HI> Ocean; on the South, with the Mediterra|nean Sea, parting <HI>Europe</HI> from <HI>Afri|ca;</HI>
<PB N="7" REF="12">
and la&s;tly, on the Ea&s;t, it is divided from <HI>A&s;ia</HI> by the Rivers <HI>Duina</HI> and <HI>Tanais.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Of what &s;cituation and extent is</HI> A&s;ia?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. A&s;ia</HI> (from whence &s;prang the fir&s;t Monarchies and Religions of the World, and now po&s;&s;e&s;s'd by four the greate&s;t Princes of the Earth, <HI>(viz.)</HI> the Grand Seignior, Sultan of <HI>Per&s;ia,</HI> Great Mogul, and Cham of <HI>China</HI> and <HI>Tartary:</HI>) is &s;eated mo&s;tly in the Temperate Zone: and extends in length, from <HI>Smyrna</HI> in the We&s;t, to the farthe&s;t part of <HI>Tartary</HI> near <HI>Je&s;&s;o</HI> in the Ea&s;t, about 4800 miles; and in breadth, from the lowe&s;t part of <HI>Malacca</HI> in the South, to the Streights of <HI>Wei|gats</HI> in the <HI>North,</HI> near 4200 miles.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> A&s;ia <HI>bounded?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. A&s;ia,</HI> on the we&s;t, is &s;epera|ted from <HI>Africa</HI> by the Red-Sea, and by the <HI>I&s;tmhus</HI> of <HI>Sues;</HI> from <HI>Europe,</HI> by the Rivers <HI>Tanais</HI> and
<PB N="8" REF="13">
<HI>Duina;</HI> and towards the other part of the World, is environ'd by the <HI>Tartarian, Chinean, Indian, Per&s;ian,</HI> and <HI>Arabian</HI> Seas.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Of what &s;cituation and extent is</HI> Africa?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Africa</HI> is &s;cituated under the Torrid <HI>Zone:</HI> being in length, from <HI>Cape-Verde</HI> to <HI>Gaardafuy,</HI> 4300 miles; and in breadth, from <HI>Cape-Bon</HI> to the <HI>Cape of good-hope,</HI> 4200 miles.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Africa <HI>bounded?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Africa</HI> is formed like a Tri|angle, and &s;eperated from all parts of the World but <HI>A&s;ia</HI> by four Seas: being limited, on the North, by the Mediterranean; on the Ea&s;t, by the Red-Sea, or <HI>Arabian-Gulph;</HI> on the South, by the <HI>Aethiopian;</HI> and on the We&s;t, by the <HI>Atlantick</HI>-O|cean.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> America <HI>bounded?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. America</HI> (the fourth and la&s;t known part of the World, which
<PB N="9" REF="13">
<HI>Columbus</HI> fir&s;t di&s;covered 190 years ago) is bounded on the Ea&s;t, by the <HI>Atlantick</HI> and <HI>Vergivian</HI> Seas, which part it from <HI>Europe</HI> and <HI>Africa;</HI> on the We&s;t, by <HI>Mare Pacificum,</HI> which divides it from <HI>A&s;ia;</HI> on the South, by <HI>Terra incognita,</HI> &s;eperated by the Streights of <HI>Magellan;</HI> and on the North, by parts as yet undi&s;cove|red: &s;o as no extent thereof can certainly be given.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Now, fora&s;much as it concerns all</HI> Europeans <HI>to have a more parti|cular knowledge of</HI> Europe, <HI>as well as of the chief Towns in other parts of the World, wherewith we trade: pray tell me fir&s;t, how many Cities and Pari&s;hes there are in</HI> England, <HI>together with its extent, circumference and limits?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> In <HI>England</HI> there are twen|ty-five Cities, whereof <HI>London, York, Bri&s;tol,</HI> and <HI>Norwich,</HI> are the four chief. Al&s;o it is divided into fifty-two Shires or Counties, and tho&s;e again into 9725 Pari&s;hes: being in
<PB N="10" REF="14">
length, from <HI>Barwick</HI> in the North, to the <HI>I&s;le of Wight</HI> in the South, 386 miles; and from <HI>Dover</HI> in the Ea&s;t, to the Lands-end in <HI>Cornwal</HI> in the We&s;t, about 279 miles; and 1300 miles in compa&s;s round about. La&s;t|ly, it is bounded on the South with <HI>Normandy</HI> and <HI>France,</HI> on the Ea&s;t with <HI>Germany</HI> and <HI>Denmark,</HI> on the We&s;t with <HI>Ireland,</HI> and on the North with <HI>Scotland.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the chief Cities or Towns in</HI> France; <HI>and how is it divided?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. France</HI> may be divided into three parts; 1. the Inland, contai|ning the&s;e Provinces, <HI>(viz.)</HI> the <HI>I&s;le of France, Champagne, Orleanois, Burgundy, Lyonnois,</HI> and <HI>Dauphine.</HI> 2. on the Ocean, as are <HI>Picardy, Nor|mandy, Bretagne, Guienne,</HI> and <HI>Ga&s;|coigne.</HI> 3. and la&s;tly, on the Medi|terranean, <HI>Languedock</HI> and <HI>Provence.</HI> As for the chief Cities or Towns of <HI>France,</HI> they are the&s;e; <HI>Paris, Ro|ven,
<PB N="11" REF="14">
Lyons, Bourdeaux, Tholou&s;e, Ro|chel, Aix, Grenoble, Diion, Metz, A|miens, Orleans, Mar&s;eilles</HI> and <HI>Nants.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Italy <HI>divided; and which are its principal Cities and Towns?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Italy</HI> is likewi&s;e u&s;ually di|vided into three parts; 1. the Mid|land, which comprehends the State of the Church, and State of <HI>Tu&s;cany.</HI> 2. <HI>Lombardy,</HI> which con&s;i&s;ts of <HI>Ve|nice, Milan, Genuoa, Parma, Mode|na, Mantua, Trente, Lucca,</HI> and <HI>Piedmont.</HI> 3. and la&s;tly, the Ex|tremes of <HI>Italy;</HI> as, <HI>Naples, &amp;c.</HI> which &s;everal parts are beautified with the&s;e mo&s;t eminent Cities and Towns, <HI>Rome, Venice, Milan, Na|ples, Turin, Genoa,</HI> and <HI>Florence.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Spain <HI>divided;</HI> and <HI>which are its mo&s;t eminent Cities or Towns?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Spain</HI> is divided into five parts, 1. the Inland, con&s;i&s;ting of <HI>Ca&s;tile</HI> and <HI>Leon.</HI> 2. the North-part,
<PB N="12" REF="15">
which contains <HI>Galicia, A&s;turies, Bi&s;cay</HI> and <HI>Navarre.</HI> 3. the Ea&s;t, comprehending <HI>Arragon, Catalogni|a,</HI> and <HI>Valencia.</HI> 4. in the South are, <HI>Murcia, Granada,</HI> and <HI>Andalou&s;ia.</HI> 5. and la&s;tly, in the We&s;t are, <HI>Al|guares</HI> and <HI>Portugal.</HI> The mo&s;t e|minent of the <HI>Spani&s;h</HI> Cities are, <HI>Madrid, Toledo, Burgos, Lisbon, Sevil, Granada, Valencia, Barcelo|na, Salamanca, Caragoza, Leon,</HI> and <HI>Cadiz.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Germany <HI>divided; and which are its chief Towns?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Germany</HI> may be divided into three parts; the fir&s;t belong|ing to the Hou&s;e of <HI>Au&s;tria,</HI> which contains <HI>Austria, Stiria, Carinthia, Carniola, Tirol, Bohemia, Sile&s;ia, Moravia, Lu&s;atia, French-County,</HI> and the Catholick Provinces called <HI>Flanders.</HI> 2. that part divided a|mong the Princes of the Empire; as, the <HI>Palatinate on the Rhine,</HI> the <HI>Eccle&s;iastick Electorates, Franconia,
<PB N="13" REF="15">
He&s;&s;e, Westphalia, Bavaria, Sovabe, upper-Saxony, Brandenburg, Pome|rania,</HI> and <HI>lower-Saxony.</HI> 3. and la&s;t|ly, the <HI>&V;nited Provinces;</HI> as, <HI>Hol|land, Zealand, &V;tretch, Guelderland, Zutphen, Overy&s;&s;el, Frie&s;land,</HI> and <HI>Groningen.</HI> As for the chief Cities and Towns belonging to the&s;e &s;e|veral parts of <HI>Germany,</HI> they are the&s;e, <HI>Vienna, Prague, Cologne, Francfort, Hamburg, Nurembourg, Antwerp, Bru&s;&s;els, Ghent, Am&s;ter|dam,</HI> and the <HI>Hague.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Poland <HI>u&s;ually divi|ded; and which are its mo&s;t eminent Towns?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It is divided into &s;everal Provinces, whereof the chief are, the great and le&s;&s;er <HI>Polands,</HI> toge|ther with <HI>Mozavia, Pru&s;&s;ia, &amp;c.</HI> As for its Towns, the mo&s;t eminent are, <HI>Cracovia, War&s;aw,</HI> and <HI>Dant|zick.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Turkey <HI>in</HI> Europe <HI>divided; and which are its chief Cities?</HI></P>
<P><PB N="14" REF="16"><HI>An&s;. Turkey</HI> in <HI>Europe</HI> may be di|vided into three parts; as 1. the North Provinces, which are, <HI>Roma|nia, Servia, Bulgaria, Bo&s;nia, Hun|garia, Croatia,</HI> and <HI>Dalmatia.</HI> 2. South Provinces; as, <HI>Macedonia, Epirus, The&s;&s;alia, Achaia,</HI> and <HI>Mo|rea,</HI> or <HI>Pelepone&s;us.</HI> 3. and la&s;tly, <HI>Tran&s;ilvanian</HI> Provinces; as, <HI>Tran|&s;ilvania, Valachia, Moldavia,</HI> and <HI>petit Tartars.</HI> As for the chief Ci|ties in the <HI>Europaean Turkey,</HI> they are the&s;e &s;even, <HI>Con&s;tantinople, Adria|nople, Sophia, Buda, Belgrade, Sa|lonichi,</HI> and <HI>Mi&s;i&s;tra.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Mu&s;covy <HI>divided; and which is its chief City and Town?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Mu&s;covy,</HI> or <HI>Ru&s;&s;ia,</HI> (which is all one) may be divided into two parts, North and South, compre|hending &s;everal Principalities and Dukedoms, together with one Re|publick, called <HI>North-Lapland.</HI> The chief City of <HI>Mu&s;covy</HI> is <HI>Mo&s;cow,</HI> but its chief Harbour and place of trade <HI>Arch-Angelo.</HI></P>
<P><PB N="15" REF="16">Qu. <HI>How may</HI> Sweden <HI>be divi|ded; and which are its chief Towns?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Sweden</HI> is divided into ma|ny con&s;iderable Provinces; as, <HI>&V;p|land, Gothland, We&s;t-Lapland, Fin|land, Livonia,</HI> and others: whereof the capital Cities are, <HI>Stockholm</HI> and <HI>&V;p&s;al</HI> in <HI>&V;pland,</HI> and <HI>Calmar</HI> in <HI>Gothland.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How may</HI> Denmark <HI>and</HI> Nor|way <HI>be divided; and which are their chief Towns?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Denmark</HI> and <HI>Norway</HI> are now two Kingdoms united under one Monarch: to which we may add <HI>Greenland</HI> and the I&s;les of <HI>Ferro</HI> and <HI>I&s;eland.</HI> The chief Towns are, <HI>Copenhagen</HI> in <HI>Denmark,</HI> and <HI>Ber|ghen</HI> in <HI>Norway.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the chief Towns in</HI> Scotland?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Edinburgh, St. Andrews, Gla&s;cow, Sterling, Dunbritton, Falk|land, Perth,</HI> and <HI>Aberdeen.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Ireland <HI>divided?</HI></P>
<P><PB N="16" REF="17"><HI>An&s;.</HI> Into four Provinces, <HI>(viz.) Leinster, &V;lster, Munster,</HI> and <HI>Con|naugh;</HI> In which Provinces are 32 Counties.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the chief Cities in</HI> Ireland?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Dublin, Waterford, Galloway, Limrick, King&s;ale, Cork, London|derry</HI> and <HI>Armagh.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is a</HI> Penin&s;ula?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Penin&s;ula, <HI>qua&s;i pene in&s;ula,</HI> almo&s;t an I&s;land, is a part of Land, which being almo&s;t encompa&s;&s;ed round with Water, is yet joyned to the firm land by &s;ome little <HI>I&s;tmhus,</HI> or neck of Earth; as <HI>Africa</HI> is joyn'd to <HI>A&s;ia; Pelepone&s;us</HI> or <HI>Morea</HI> to <HI>Greece; Molucca</HI> to <HI>India; Jutland</HI> to <HI>Hol&s;atia;</HI> and <HI>Corea</HI> to <HI>Tar|tary.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is an</HI> I&s;tmhus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> An <HI>I&s;tmhus</HI> is any narrow neck of Land betwixt two Seas, joyning the Penin&s;ula to the Con|tinent; as that betwixt <HI>Aegypt</HI> and
<PB N="17" REF="17">
<HI>Arabia,</HI> which parts <HI>A&s;ia</HI> from <HI>Afri|ca;</HI> and tho&s;e of <HI>Panama</HI> and <HI>Da|riene</HI> in <HI>America.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is a</HI> Promontory?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> A <HI>Promontory</HI> is an high Hill or Mountain, that &s;hoots it &s;elf out as an Elbow of Land into the Sea, the utmo&s;t extent whereof is call'd a <HI>Fore-land,</HI> or <HI>Cape;</HI> as, the <HI>Cape of good-hope</HI> in the furthe&s;t part of <HI>Africa,</HI> by which tho&s;e pa&s;s that &s;ail into <HI>India:</HI> Al&s;o <HI>Cape-Verde</HI> in <HI>Africa,</HI> the <HI>Cape of Victory</HI> at the mouth of the <HI>Magellanie Seas,</HI> &amp; the <HI>Cape of S. Vincent</HI> in <HI>Portugal,</HI> with many other.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the most eminent Hills or Mountains upon Earth?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Tho&s;e of mo&s;t note are, the <HI>Pyrenaean Hills</HI> betwixt <HI>France</HI> and <HI>Spain, Mount Cenis</HI> and the <HI>Alps</HI> betwixt <HI>France</HI> and <HI>Italy, Mount Atlas</HI> in <HI>Mauritania, Mount Athos</HI> in <HI>Macedon, Mount Cauca&s;us</HI> in <HI>India, Mount Olympus</HI> in <HI>The&s;&s;aly, Mount Taurus</HI> in <HI>A&s;ia, Mount Apennine</HI> in
<PB N="18" REF="18">
<HI>Italy,</HI> and la&s;tly, <HI>el Pico</HI> in <HI>Tenariff</HI> near the <HI>Canary I&s;les,</HI> thought to be the highe&s;t in the World, being 15 miles high, and vi&s;ible 100 miles off at Sea. Now, be&s;ides all the&s;e, there are many other Mountains, no le&s;s fa|mous for their vomiting up of Fire, than for their heighth; as, <HI>Aetna</HI> in <HI>Sicily, Ve&s;uvius</HI> near <HI>Naples</HI> in <HI>Italy, Hecla</HI> in <HI>I&s;eland,</HI> and many others of the like nature in the <HI>Mo|lucca</HI> and <HI>Japane&s;e I&s;lands,</HI> as well as in <HI>Peru, Bra&s;il, Congo</HI> and the <HI>Azores.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the chief</HI> De&s;arts?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Tho&s;e of <HI>Lybia</HI> in <HI>Africk,</HI> that encompa&s;s <HI>Aegypt;</HI> as al&s;o tho&s;e in <HI>Arabia, Tartarie, Nova Zembla, Norway, Lapland, Finmarch, Swe|den, Germany</HI> and <HI>America.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Where are the be&s;t Gold and Silver Mines?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> In <HI>Peru, Arabia, Guinea, Monomotapa, Japan, Per&s;ia, China, Chili,</HI> and <HI>Poto&s;i,</HI> from whence the <HI>Spaniards</HI> have yearly exhau&s;ted 12 millions.</P>
<P><PB N="19" REF="18">Qu. <HI>Having given this general ac|count of the</HI> terra firma, <HI>and particu|lar (becau&s;e mo&s;t nece&s;&s;ary) relation of</HI> Europe: <HI>let us in the next place launch into the Ocean, and examine the watry World; for which end, inform us, how the &s;everal &s;orts of Waters may be di&s;tingui&s;hed?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Into <HI>Seas, Streights, Lakes,</HI> or <HI>Rivers.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the chief Seas?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The <HI>Levant,</HI> or Ea&s;t Sea; the We&s;t, North and South Seas; the <HI>Baltick</HI> Sea; the <HI>Red</HI> Sea; the <HI>Aethiopian</HI> Sea; the Mediterranean Sea; the <HI>Archipelago;</HI> St. <HI>George</HI>'s Sea; the <HI>Euxine</HI> Sea; and the <HI>Dead,</HI> or <HI>Ca&s;pian</HI> Sea, on our Con|tinent; together with the <HI>Magel|lanick</HI> and <HI>Mare-pacificum</HI> on the Continent of <HI>America.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is a</HI> Streight?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> A Streight or Gulph is any narrow part or arm of the Ocean, lying between two &s;hoars, and ope|ning
<PB N="20" REF="19">
a way into the Sea, as, the Streights of <HI>Je&s;&s;o,</HI> lying between the two Continents; the Streights of <HI>Magellan,</HI> between North and South <HI>America;</HI> the Streights of <HI>Gibralter</HI> on the Coa&s;t of <HI>Spain,</HI> be|twixt <HI>Europe</HI> and <HI>Africa;</HI> the Streights of <HI>Babelmandel,</HI> between <HI>A&s;ia</HI> and <HI>Africa;</HI> the Gulph of <HI>Ve|nice</HI> and the Bay of <HI>Bi&s;cay</HI> in <HI>Eu|rope.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is a</HI> Lake?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> A Lake is any place that continually retains &s;tanding-water in it, as <HI>Laggo Major</HI> in <HI>Italy,</HI> the Lake of <HI>Lucerna,</HI> and <HI>Geneva</HI> in <HI>Switzerland, &amp;c.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is a</HI> River?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> A River is any &s;mall branch of the Sea flowing up into a Land; as, the <HI>Thames, Severn, Trent</HI> and <HI>Humber</HI> in <HI>England;</HI> the <HI>Seine, Loyre</HI> and <HI>Rho&s;ne</HI> in <HI>France;</HI> the <HI>Rhine</HI> and <HI>Elbe</HI> in <HI>Germany;</HI> the <HI>Po</HI> and <HI>Tyber</HI> in <HI>Italy;</HI> the River
<PB N="21" REF="19">
<HI>Volga</HI> of <HI>Mu&s;covy,</HI> the greate&s;t in <HI>Europe;</HI> the <HI>Danube</HI> of <HI>Turkey</HI> in <HI>Europe; Euphrates, Tigris</HI> and <HI>Jor|dan</HI> of <HI>Turkey</HI> in <HI>A&s;ia;</HI> the <HI>Indus</HI> and <HI>Ganges</HI> of <HI>India;</HI> and the <HI>Nile</HI> of <HI>Aegypt.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the be&s;t Authors for</HI> Geography?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Ptolomy, Strabo, Stephanuus, Ortelius, Mercator, Scaliger, Ferra|rius, Varenius</HI> and <HI>Munster;</HI> with <HI>Bleau</HI>'s, <HI>John&s;on</HI>'s and <HI>San&s;on</HI>'s Maps.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="2" TYPE="book">
<HEAD><HI>LIB.</HI> II. OF CHRONOLOGY.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>WHat is</HI> Chronology?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Chronology</HI> is the knowledge of Times pa&s;t.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is an Age, or Century?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The &s;pace of an hundred years.</P>
<P><PB N="22" REF="20">Qu. <HI>In what Age of the World was our</HI> Saviour <HI>born?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> About the middle of the one and fortieth Age.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is a Year?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It con&s;i&s;ts of twelve months, and is the &s;pace of time wherein the Sun pa&s;&s;es thorow the twelve Signs of the <HI>Zodiack.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is the</HI> Zodiack?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> An imaginary great Circle in the Heavens, which (as A&s;trolo|gers pretend) containeth the twelve Signs.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Name the twelve Signs.</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagitari|us, Capricornus, Aquarius,</HI> and <HI>Pi&s;ces.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is that which the</HI> Greeks <HI>call</HI> Galaxia, <HI>the</HI> Latines, Via Lactea, <HI>and we, the</HI> Milky-way?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> 'Tis nothing but a number of little Stars, which give but a con|fu&s;ed light, and are not perceptible to the eye without a Pro&s;pective-gla&s;s.</P>
<P><PB N="23" REF="20">Qu. <HI>How many days are there in a year?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Three hundred three &s;core and five days and &s;ix hours, accor|ding to <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI>'s Reformation of the Kalendar.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What becomes of the&s;e odd &s;ix hours that remain every year?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Why, in the &s;pace of four years they make up a day; &s;o that every fourth year hath one day more then ordinary, and is therefore called <HI>Bi&s;&s;extile,</HI> or <HI>Leap-year.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is a Month?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Of months there are two &s;orts; Fir&s;t, a <HI>Lunary</HI> month, con|&s;i&s;ting of four weeks, which is the &s;pace of time wherein the Moon pa&s;&s;es thorow the twelve Signs of the <HI>Zodiack;</HI> and &s;econdly, a <HI>Sola|ry</HI> month, con&s;i&s;ting of thirty days, ten hours and an half, the &s;pace of time wherein the Sun pa&s;&s;es thorow the twelfth part, or one Sign of the <HI>Zodiack.</HI></P>
<P><PB N="24" REF="21">Qu. <HI>How many days are there in each</HI> Solary <HI>month?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Thirty days hath <HI>September, April, June,</HI> and <HI>November; February</HI> hath twenty eight alone, And the re&s;t have thirty one.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How did the Ancients divide their months?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Into <HI>Calends, Nones</HI> and <HI>Ides;</HI> calling the fir&s;t day of every month the <HI>Calends.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How did the Ancients divide their weeks?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Into &s;even days, which they called by the name of the &s;even Planets; the <HI>Sun,</HI> the <HI>Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus</HI> and <HI>Saturn.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What makes the Day and Night?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> When the Sun is above the Horizon, it makes day; and when it is under the Horizon, it makes night.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What are the</HI> Aequinoxes <HI>and</HI> Sol&s;tices?</P>
<P><PB N="25" REF="21"><HI>An&s;.</HI> There are yearly two <HI>Aequi|noxes</HI> and two <HI>Sol&s;tices;</HI> a <HI>Vernal</HI> and <HI>Autumnal</HI> Aequinox, and a <HI>Summer</HI> and <HI>Winter</HI> Sol&s;tice, which begin the four &s;everal &s;ea&s;ons of the year. The <HI>Aequinoxes</HI> are &s;o called from the <HI>Latine</HI>-word <HI>Aequinoctium,</HI> becau&s;e the days and nights are then of equal length, the Sun ri&s;ing and &s;etting at &s;ix, which is upon the 10^t^h^. of <HI>March</HI> and 12^t^h^. of <HI>September.</HI> Al&s;o the <HI>Sol&s;tices</HI> are named from the <HI>Latine</HI>-word <HI>Solstitium,</HI> which &s;ignifies a &s;top of the Sun; becau&s;e, as it comes no nearer us than the Tropick of <HI>Cancer</HI> in the Summer, &s;o goes it not further from us than the Tropick of <HI>Capricorn</HI> in the Winter; which Summer-<HI>Sol&s;tice,</HI> as it makes the longe&s;t day on the 11^t^h^. of <HI>June,</HI> &s;o doth the Winter-<HI>Sol&s;tice</HI> make the &s;horte&s;t day on the 11^t^h^. of <HI>December.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What makes the &s;everal Chan|ges of the Moon?</HI></P>
<P><PB N="26" REF="22"><HI>An&s;.</HI> The Moon &s;hines more or le&s;s according to the proportion of light it receives from the Sun. As for example: We call it <HI>New Moon</HI> when it is in conjunction with the Sun; and then it gives us no light, becau&s;e the dark part of it is to|wards us: But four days after it makes its fir&s;t appearance in the &s;hape of two bright Horns, (the re&s;t of her Body being dark) and then is the <HI>fir&s;t quarter.</HI> Being a week old, half of it appears bright, and the other half dark; at which time it is called a Cre&s;cent, or <HI>Half-moon.</HI> Thus it increa&s;es a week more, till it comes to be <HI>Full;</HI> and then being diametrically oppo&s;ite to the Sun, this &s;trikes its Beams upon that more fully, till four days after full Moon it begins to decrea&s;e, and lo&s;e its light, which is called the <HI>Wain;</HI> three days after which, it appears in the form of a Cre&s;cent; and &s;o lo&s;es its light gradually till <HI>New Moon</HI> a|gain.</P>
<P><PB N="27" REF="22">Qu. <HI>What makes an Eclip&s;e of the Sun?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The interpo&s;ition of the Moon betwixt the Sun and the Earth, which happens when the Moon is the &s;ame Sign and Degree with the Sun; for then the Sun, Moon and Earth are diametrically oppo&s;ite.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What makes an Eclip&s;e of the Moon?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The interpo&s;ition of the Earth betwixt the Sun and the Moon, which happens generally up|on the full of the Moon; at which time this Planet is diametrically op|po&s;ite to the Sun.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is an</HI> Epocha?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It is &s;ome remarkable point of time, from the which Chronolo|gers begin to reckon, in reference to the changes of their own Nation: Thus, the <HI>Jews</HI> reckoned, from their departure out of <HI>Aegypt;</HI> the <HI>Gre|cians,</HI> from their Olympiads in&s;titu|ted
<PB N="28" REF="23">
by <HI>Iphitus;</HI> The <HI>Romans,</HI> from the building of their City; the Chri&s;tians, from the Birth of Chri&s;t; and the <HI>Turks,</HI> from their <HI>Hegira,</HI> or flight of <HI>Mahomet.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is a Lu&s;tre, and an O|lympiad?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> A <HI>Lu&s;tre</HI> among the <HI>Ro|mans</HI> and <HI>Olympiad</HI> among the <HI>Gre|cians,</HI> &s;ignified the &s;pace of five years: becau&s;e the Games &s;o called were celebrated every fifth year.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How do Sacred Chronilogers begin to reckon?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Fir&s;t, from the Creation to <HI>Noah</HI>'s Flood, 1657 years.</P>
<P N="2">2dly. From the Flood to the cal|ling of <HI>Abraham,</HI> 367 years.</P>
<P N="3">3dly. From the calling of <HI>Abra|ham,</HI> to the departure of the <HI>I&s;ra|elites</HI> out of <HI>Aegypt,</HI> 430 years.</P>
<P N="4">4ly. From the <HI>Aegyptians Exodus,</HI> to <HI>Solomon</HI>'s building of the fir&s;t Temple, 480 years.</P>
<P N="5">5ly. From the building of the fir&s;t
<PB N="29" REF="23">
Temple, to the erection of the &s;e|cond by <HI>Zorobabel,</HI> 497 years.</P>
<P N="6">6ly. From the building the &s;econd by <HI>Zorobabel,</HI> to the Birth of our Saviour Chri&s;t, 529 years.</P>
<P N="7">7ly. and <HI>la&s;tly,</HI> From the Birth of our Saviour, to the&s;e pre&s;ent times, 1683 years.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How do Prophane Chronolo|gers begin to reckon?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Fir&s;t, From <HI>Nimrod</HI> to <HI>Cyrus</HI> the Great, 1646 years.</P>
<P N="2">2dly. From <HI>Cyrus</HI> to <HI>Alexander</HI> the Great, 228 years.</P>
<P N="3">3dly. From <HI>Alexander</HI> to <HI>Julius Cae&s;ar,</HI> 300 years.</P>
<P N="4">4ly. From <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> to <HI>Con&s;tantine</HI> the Great, 355 years.</P>
<P N="5">5ly. From <HI>Con&s;tantine</HI> to <HI>Charles</HI> the Great, 455 years.</P>
<P N="6">6ly. From <HI>Charles</HI> the Great to <HI>Radulphus</HI> of <HI>Au&s;purgh,</HI> 472 years.</P>
<P N="7">7ly. and <HI>la&s;tly,</HI> From <HI>Radulphus</HI> to the&s;e pre&s;ent times, 400 years.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the be&s;t Authors for Chronology?</HI></P>
<P><PB N="30" REF="24"><HI>An&s;. Helvicus, Calvi&s;ius, Buchol|cer, Funccius, Petavius, &V;&s;her</HI> and <HI>Al&s;tedius.</HI></P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="3" TYPE="book">
<HEAD><HI>LIB.</HI> III. OF HISTORY.</HEAD>
<DIV2 TYPE="monarchy">
<HEAD><HI>Of the</HI> A&s;&s;yrian MONARCHY.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>WHat is</HI> Hi&s;tory?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> A Record of pa&s;t actions, either Sacred or Civil.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the four chief and mo&s;t ancient Monarchies of the World?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The <HI>A&s;syrian,</HI> the <HI>Per&s;ian,</HI> the <HI>Grecian</HI> and the <HI>Roman.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>&V;nder what Kings did the</HI> A&s;&s;yrian <HI>Monarchy begin, flouri&s;h and expire?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It began under <HI>Nimrod,</HI> and
<PB N="31" REF="24">
flouri&s;h'd till <HI>Sardanapalus,</HI> by who&s;e Lu&s;t it was divided, and al|mo&s;t de&s;troy'd.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>At what time was the</HI> A&s;&s;yrian <HI>Monarchy founded, and how long did it la&s;t?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It was founded about &s;even|teen hundred years after the Crea|tion, and la&s;ted &s;ixteen hundred forty &s;ix years longer.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Tell me the Names of the</HI> A&s;&s;y|rian <HI>Kings in order.</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Nimrod, Belus, Ninus,</HI> or <HI>A&s;hur, Semiramis, Ninias, Arius,</HI> and others unknown, till we come to <HI>Sardanapalus,</HI> by who&s;e Luxury Monarchy became divided between two Rebels, <HI>Arbaces</HI> and <HI>Bele&s;us,</HI> and &s;o continued to them and their Heirs till <HI>Cyrus</HI>'s time, who began the &s;econd Monarchy, called the <HI>Per&s;ian.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How came</HI> Cyrus <HI>to begin the &s;econd Monarchy?</HI></P>
<P><PB N="32" REF="25"><HI>An&s;.</HI> One part of the Empire fal|ling to him by &s;ucce&s;&s;ion from his Grandfather <HI>A&s;tygas,</HI> (one of <HI>Arba|ces</HI>'s Succe&s;&s;ors) he &s;oon conquered <HI>Bel&s;hazzer,</HI> (who was <HI>Bele&s;us</HI>'s Suc|ce&s;&s;or) and &s;o joyning both parts of the Empire together, began a new Monarchy in <HI>Per&s;ia,</HI> his Native-Countrey.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Wat Authors treat of this</HI> A&s;|&s;yrian <HI>Monarchy?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The holy Scriptures, <HI>Jo&s;e|phus, Diodorus, Siculus, Ju&s;tin, Eu|&s;ebius, Matthaeus, &V;&s;her, Raleigh, Ho|el</HI> and <HI>Viginier;</HI> be&s;ides the ancient <HI>Cte&s;ias, Bero&s;us</HI> and <HI>Mega&s;tenes,</HI> whereof only &s;ome few fragments remain.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="2" TYPE="monarchy">
<PB N="33" REF="25">
<HEAD><HI>Of the Second,</HI> OR PERSIAN MONARCHY.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>WHy was this &s;econd Mo|narchy called the Mo|narchy of the</HI> Medes <HI>and</HI> Per&s;ians?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Becau&s;e the Empire did chiefly con&s;i&s;t of tho&s;e two King|doms.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>&V;nder what Kings did this</HI> Per&s;ian <HI>Monarchy begin, flouri&s;h and expire?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It began under <HI>Cyrus,</HI> who&s;e Race ended in his Son <HI>Camby&s;es;</HI> after whom, <HI>Darius Hy&s;ta&s;pes,</HI> ha|ving defeated the <HI>Magi,</HI> and won the Empire from his Competitors by the neighing of his Hor&s;e, it &s;till flouri&s;hed till <HI>Darius Codomanus,</HI> in whom it ended.</P>
<P><PB N="34" REF="26">Qu. <HI>How long did this &s;econd, or</HI> Per&s;ian <HI>Monarchy last?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It la&s;ted 228 years, and was enjoyed only by two Families, that of <HI>Cyrus,</HI> and that of <HI>Darius Hy&s;ta&s;pes.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Tell me the Names of the</HI> Per|&s;ian <HI>Kings in order.</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;w.</HI>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Cyrus the Great,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Camby&s;es,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Darius Hy&s;ta&s;pes,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Xerxes,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Artaxerxes Lon|gimanus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Darius Nothus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Artaxerxes Mne|mon,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Artaxerxes Ochus</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Ar&s;ames;</HI> and la&s;tly,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Dar. Codomanus,</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What Authors write chiefly of this &s;econd Monarchy?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Herodotus, Thucydides, Xe|nophon, Plutarch, Diodorus, Justin</HI> and <HI>Oro&s;ius.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="3" TYPE="monarchy">
<PB N="35" REF="26">
<HEAD><HI>Of the Third,</HI> OR GRECIAN MONARCHY.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>WHy was this Third Mo|narchy call'd the</HI> Greci|an <HI>or</HI> Macedonian <HI>Monarchy?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It was &s;o called from its fir&s;t Founder, <HI>Alexander,</HI> the Son of King <HI>Philip</HI> of <HI>Macedon,</HI> a <HI>Grecian</HI> born.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>When was it that</HI> Alexander <HI>began to reign?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> 329 years before the Birth of Chri&s;t, and in 12 years &s;pace con|quer'd mo&s;t part of the Univer&s;e; and is therefore called, <HI>the Great.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How long did the</HI> Grecian <HI>Monarchy flouri&s;h?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It flouri&s;h'd no longer than <HI>Alexander</HI>'s Life; for he dying without Sons, bequeath'd the Em|pire to the Worthie&s;t; which cau|&s;ed
<PB N="36" REF="27">
great divi&s;ion among&s;t the No|bility, till at length they divided it into four parts: And &s;o it la&s;ted till they were all conquer'd by the <HI>Romans,</HI> who began the <HI>Fourth</HI> and la&s;t Monarchy, under the Conduct of <HI>Julius Cae&s;ar.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which were the Four parts of this</HI> Grecian <HI>Monarchy, after its di|vi&s;ion?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The Kingdoms of <HI>Macedon, A&s;ia minor, Syria</HI> and <HI>Aegypt;</HI> all which were in the &s;pace of 300 years reduced to the <HI>Roman</HI> Yoak.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What Kings &s;ucceeded in</HI> Ma|cedon <HI>after</HI> Alexander?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The fir&s;t was <HI>Alexander</HI>'s Brother <HI>Arideus;</HI> after whom &s;uc|ceeded fifteen Kings more, whereof the la&s;t was <HI>Per&s;eus,</HI> who was over|come by <HI>Paulus Aemylius,</HI> the <HI>Ro|man</HI> Con&s;ul.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What Kings &s;ucceeded in</HI> A&s;ia minor <HI>after</HI> Alexander?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> But Two; whereof the
<PB N="37" REF="27">
fir&s;t was <HI>Antigonus,</HI> King <HI>Philip</HI> of <HI>Macedon</HI>'s Ba&s;tard, and the &s;econd was <HI>Demetrius Poliorcetes,</HI> who be|ing put to flight by his Son-in-law <HI>Seleucus Nicanor;</HI> after that, <HI>A&s;ia minor</HI> was joyn'd to the Kingdom of <HI>Syria.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What Kings &s;ucceeded in</HI> Sy|ria <HI>after</HI> Alexander?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The fir&s;t was <HI>Seleucus Nica|nor,</HI> after whom &s;ucceeded 19 King, whereof the la&s;t was <HI>Tigranes,</HI> who being &s;ubdued by <HI>Pompey, Syria</HI> became a Province to the <HI>Romans.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Now la&s;tly, What Kings &s;uc|ceeded</HI> Alexander <HI>in</HI> Aegypt?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The fir&s;t was <HI>Ptolomaeus Lagus,</HI> (another of King <HI>Philip</HI>'s Ba&s;tards) after whom &s;ucceeded 12 Princes more, till by the death of the famous <HI>Cleopatra, Aegypt</HI> was reduced into a <HI>Roman</HI> Province; And thus <HI>Rome,</HI> having &s;wallowed up the four divi&s;ions of the <HI>Grecian</HI> Monarchy, began another, which
<PB N="38" REF="28">
was called the <HI>Fourth,</HI> or <HI>Roman.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the best ancient Authors that treat of this</HI> Grecian <HI>Monarchy?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Fir&s;t, <HI>Arrianus</HI> and <HI>Quintus Curtius,</HI> that write of <HI>Alexander</HI> him&s;elf; and &s;econdly, <HI>Plutarch, Ju&s;tin, Polybius</HI> and <HI>Diodorus,</HI> that treat concerning his Succe&s;&s;ors.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="4" TYPE="monarchy">
<HEAD><HI>Of the Fourth,</HI> OR, ROMAN MONARCHY.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>WHen was</HI> Rome <HI>fir&s;t founded, and by whom?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Rome</HI> was fir&s;t built 753 years before Chri&s;t, by the two Brothers, <HI>Romulus</HI> and <HI>Rhemus.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How hath</HI> Rome <HI>been ancient|ly govern'd?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Rome</HI> was fir&s;t govern'd &s;uc|ce&s;&s;ively by Kings; then by annual
<PB N="39" REF="28">
Con&s;uls, limited with Senators and Tribunes; and in time of War or di&s;tre&s;s, by Dictators, who beco|ming perpetual, were at la&s;t called <HI>Emperours.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How many were the fir&s;t Kings of</HI> Rome? <HI>name them in order.</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Seven; to wit, <HI>Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullius Ho&s;tilius, Ancus Martius, Tarquinius Pri&s;cius, Servius Tullius,</HI> and <HI>Tarquinius Su|perbus,</HI> who by rea&s;on of his Tyran|ny was the la&s;t King of the <HI>Romans;</HI> after whom they govern'd by Con|&s;uls till the Emperours times.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who was the first</HI> Roman <HI>Emperour?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Julius Cae&s;ar,</HI> who making him&s;elf perpetual Dictator, and ha|ving defeated <HI>Pompey,</HI> took upon him the &s;ole government of the Em|pire, and &s;o began the fourth Mo|narchy, called the <HI>Roman,</HI> which was afterwards e&s;tabli&s;hed by <HI>Au|gustus.</HI></P>
<P><PB N="40" REF="29">Qu. <HI>How many years was it from the building of the City of</HI> Rome, <HI>to the death of</HI> Julius Cae&s;ar?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> 710 years; which was a|bout 42 years before the Birth of Chri&s;t, who was 14 years old when <HI>Augu&s;tus</HI> dy'd.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>The fir&s;t period of this</HI> Roman <HI>Empire, reaching from</HI> Julius Cae&s;ar <HI>to</HI> Con&s;tantine <HI>the Great, tell me in order the Names of the &s;everal Em|perours.</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Julius Cae&s;ar,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Augu&s;tus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tiberius,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Caligula,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Claudius,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Nero,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Galba,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Otho,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Vitellius,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Flavius Ve&s;pa&s;ian,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Titus Ve&s;pa&s;ian,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Domitian,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Nerva,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Trajanus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Adrianus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Antonius Pius,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Anton. Phylo&s;oph.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Commodus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Pertinax,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Didius Julianus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Septimius Severus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Caracalla,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Macrinus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Heliogabalus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><PB N="41" REF="29"><HI>Alexander Severus</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Maximinus Thrax</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Balbinus</HI> &amp; <HI>Pup|pienus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Gordianus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Philippus Arabs,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Decius,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tribonianus Gallus</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Valerian,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Galienus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Claudius &s;ecund'</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Aurelianus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tacitus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Probus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Carus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Diocle&s;ian,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Con&s;tantius Chlo|ras,</HI> Father of</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Con&s;tantine</HI> the Great.</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How many years was it from</HI> Julius Cae&s;ar <HI>to</HI> Con&s;tantine <HI>the Great?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> About 355 years.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Why is the fir&s;t period of the</HI> Roman <HI>Empire reckon'd but to</HI> Con|&s;tantine <HI>the Great, when he had &s;o many con&s;iderable Emperours that &s;ucceeded him, as</HI> Con&s;tantius, Julian the Apo&s;tate, <HI>and others?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Fir&s;t, becau&s;e <HI>Con&s;tantine</HI> the Great was the fir&s;t Chri&s;tian Emperour; and &s;econdly, becau&s;e he removed the Imperial Seat from <HI>Rome</HI> in <HI>Italy,</HI> to <HI>Byzantium</HI> in
<PB N="42" REF="30">
<HI>Greece:</HI> where building a great City he call'd it after his own Name, <HI>Con&s;tantinople,</HI> which &s;oon after produced a divi&s;ion of the Empire into <HI>Ea&s;t</HI> and <HI>We&s;t,</HI> betwixt <HI>Arca|dius</HI> and <HI>Honorius;</HI> and &s;o it conti|nued for &s;everal years under two &s;everal Emperours.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What became of the Empire of the</HI> Ea&s;t, <HI>after its divi&s;ion?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The Empire of the <HI>Ea&s;t,</HI> to|gether with its chief City, <HI>Con&s;tan|tinople,</HI> was taken by the <HI>Turks</HI> (who now po&s;&s;e&s;s it) about 230 years a|go, from the la&s;t <HI>Greek</HI> Emperour, <HI>Con&s;tantius Palaeologus;</HI> whereupon 'tis ob&s;erv'd, that as the City of <HI>Con|&s;tantinople</HI> was built by a <HI>Constan|tine</HI> the fir&s;t, who&s;e Mothers Name was St. <HI>Helena,</HI> &s;o likewi&s;e was it lo&s;t under a <HI>Con&s;tantine</HI> the eleventh, who&s;e Mothers Name al&s;o was <HI>He|lena.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What became of the Empire of the</HI> We&s;t, <HI>which was held at</HI> Rome, <HI>after</HI> Honorius?</P>
<P><PB N="43" REF="30"><HI>An&s;.</HI> About 100 years after <HI>Ho|norius,</HI> the Empire of the <HI>We&s;t</HI> was de&s;troy'd, together with its Empe|rour <HI>Augu&s;tulus,</HI> by <HI>Odoacer</HI> King of the <HI>Herulii;</HI> which Empire hath been &s;ince &s;ucceeded by two Suc|ce&s;&s;ions of We&s;tern Franks: the fir&s;t beginning with <HI>Charles</HI> the Great, and the &s;econd with <HI>Radulphus Au|&s;purgen&s;is</HI> of the Hou&s;e of <HI>Austria,</HI> who po&s;&s;e&s;&s;es the <HI>German</HI> Empire at this pre&s;ent time. But here it is ob&s;ervable, how that as the <HI>Roman</HI> Empire was founded by an <HI>Augu&s;tus,</HI> &s;o was it lo&s;t by an <HI>Augu&s;tulus.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How was the</HI> Roman <HI>Empire de&s;troy'd?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> By the Inva&s;ion of <HI>Barbari|ans,</HI> &s;uch as were the <HI>Hunns, Goths</HI> and <HI>Vandals.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the be&s;t Writers of this Fourth, or</HI> Roman <HI>Monarchy?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Cae&s;ar</HI>'s <HI>Commentaries, Dio|ny&s;ius Halicarna&s;&s;eus, Valerius Maxi|mus, Livy, Plutarch, Suetonius, Ta|citus,</HI>
<PB N="44" REF="31">
both the <HI>Plinies, Velleius Pa|terculus, Ammianus Marcellinus, Appian, Lucius Florus, Herodian, Polybius, Dion Ca&s;&s;ius, Salu&s;t, Zozi|mus, Procopius, Jornandes, Ca&s;&s;io|dorus, Agathias, Hi&s;toriae Augu&s;tae Scriptores,</HI> and all the <HI>Byzantine</HI> Writers, be&s;ides many learned mo|dern Authors of the &s;ame Subject.</P>
</DIV2>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="4" TYPE="book">
<HEAD><HI>LIB.</HI> IV. OF THE GREEK and ROMAN HISTORIANS.</HEAD>
<P>Qu <HI>WHich are the mo&s;t eminent of the</HI> Greek <HI>Hi&s;torians?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Herodotus, Thucydides, Xe|nophon, Polybius, Diodorus Siculus. Diony&s;ius Halicarna&s;&s;eus, Jo&s;ephus,
<PB N="45" REF="31">
Plutarch, Philostratus, Arrianus, Laertius, Appian, Dion Ca&s;&s;ius, He|rodian, Eunapius, Zozimus, Eu&s;ebi|us,</HI> and the <HI>Byzantine</HI> Hi&s;torians, as <HI>Procopius, Agathias,</HI> &amp;c.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Herodotus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Herodotus,</HI> born at <HI>Halicar|na&s;&s;us,</HI> a City in <HI>Greece,</HI> is the mo&s;t ancient of Hi&s;torians we have ex|tant next to <HI>Mo&s;es,</HI> and therefore called by <HI>Cicero, the Father of Hi&s;tory.</HI> He lived about 450 years before Chri&s;t; when, being a man of Qua|lity and Power in his Countrey, and oppo&s;ing <HI>Lydamus,</HI> his Cities Tyrant, he was forced to fly to <HI>Thu|rium,</HI> where he wrote tho&s;e Nine Books of Hi&s;tory, which Po&s;terity called by the names of <HI>the Nine Mu|&s;es,</HI> and which contained the mo&s;t remarkable Tran&s;actions of the World during 240 years, beginning from the time of <HI>Cyrus</HI> the fir&s;t King of <HI>Per&s;ia,</HI> and &s;o on to <HI>Xerxes</HI>'s
<PB N="46" REF="32">
time, wherein <HI>Herodotus</HI> him&s;elf li|ved. As for the Life of <HI>Homer,</HI> (though very ancient, and a&s;cribed to him) it is thought to have been wrote by &s;ome other hand. <HI>Hero|dotus</HI> his Stile (like <HI>Homer</HI>'s) is &s;weet and ea&s;ie; his Dialect <HI>Ionick:</HI> Some (as <HI>Plutarch</HI> and <HI>Chry&s;o&s;tom</HI>) e&s;teem him fabulous: but <HI>Camera|rius, Stephens,</HI> e&s;pecially our late Voyages and Di&s;coveries, have &s;ufficiently vindicated him. He dy|ed, and was buried at <HI>Thurium.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Thucydides?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Thucydides</HI> was twelve years younger than <HI>Herodotus,</HI> and lived 438 years before Chri&s;t. Being but a Boy, he wept at the hearing of <HI>He|rodotus</HI> repeat his Hi&s;tory, whereby <HI>Herodotus</HI> pre&s;aged his future parts. He was the Son of <HI>Orolus,</HI> of a Royal Extraction, and married a rich Wife, the King of <HI>Thrace</HI> his Daughter, by which means he ex|pended
<PB N="47" REF="32">
much money both to the <HI>Athenians</HI> and <HI>Lacedemonians,</HI> for good intelligence of their procee|dings; whereof being well infor|med, he wrote his Hi&s;tory, and call'd it, <HI>A po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ion for everla&s;ting,</HI> which gives an account of the <HI>Pelepone&s;ian</HI> Wars with the <HI>Athenians</HI> for one and twenty years together, in 8 Books, whereof the la&s;t &s;eems uncorrect and unfini&s;hed to the former &s;even, which makes &s;ome think it wrote by his Daughter, others by <HI>Theo|pompus,</HI> but <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius</HI> by <HI>Thucydides</HI> him&s;elf whil&s;t he was &s;ick. His me|thod is preferr'd above all others; His Stile pithy, and full of matter; His Dialect mo&s;t pure <HI>Attick.</HI> How|ever, <HI>Dyoni&s;ius</HI> accu&s;es him of u&s;ing ob&s;olete words. His Orations filled with good Argument, but tedious. La&s;tly, he was an enemy to Fables, and his Relations mo&s;t faithful; writing only of &s;uch things as were acted in his own time and know|ledg,
<PB N="48" REF="33">
which advantage <HI>Herodotus</HI> wanted.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Xenophon?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Xenophon,</HI> by Birth an <HI>Athe|nian,</HI> and Son of one <HI>Grillus,</HI> lived 400 years before Chri&s;t. He was a &s;econd <HI>Tre&s;megistus,</HI> being a great Captain, Phylo&s;opher and Hi&s;torio|grapher. His <HI>Attick</HI> Dialect was &s;o pure, that he was called <HI>Apes Atti|ca,</HI> and was therefore envy'd and hated of <HI>Plato.</HI> He was &s;o generous, that he expo&s;ed the Writings of <HI>Thucydides,</HI> which he might have delivered for his own. <HI>Xenophon</HI>'s Hi&s;tory treats of 46 years Tran&s;a|ctions of the <HI>Greeks,</HI> and begins where <HI>Thucydides</HI> ended; &s;hewing <HI>Alcibiades</HI>'s return to his Countrey, whom <HI>Thucydides</HI> left meditating on that retreat. Al&s;o <HI>Xenophon</HI> gives us the Enterprize of <HI>Cyrus</HI> the younger (under whom he was a General) again&s;t his Brother <HI>Ar|taxerxes,</HI>
<PB N="49" REF="33">
with the <HI>Grecians</HI> retreat out of <HI>Per&s;ia,</HI> which was afterwards an occa&s;ion of his Bani&s;hment. His In&s;titution of the Elder <HI>Cyrus</HI> is a moral Romance, and &s;hews rather what a Prince &s;hould do, than what <HI>Cyrus</HI> really did: there being little true Hi&s;tory in it, &s;ave the taking of <HI>Babylon,</HI> and captivating of <HI>Crae|&s;us,</HI> as appears by the Relation gi|ven of <HI>Cyrus</HI> in <HI>Justin</HI> and other Hi&s;torians. As for the Book <HI>de Ae|quivocis,</HI> attributed to <HI>Xenophon,</HI> it is an Impo&s;ture of <HI>Annius. His works</HI> (&s;aith <HI>Chry&s;o&s;tom) may teach Poli|ticks to all Princes, States-men and Generals;</HI> which made <HI>Scipio</HI> and <HI>Lucullus,</HI> who never went without them, &s;ucceed accordingly, as <HI>Cice|ro</HI> ob&s;erves. A late fooli&s;h <HI>Italian</HI> Author, without any ground for it, accu&s;es <HI>Xenophon</HI> of an immode&s;t Love for <HI>Age&s;ilaus,</HI> only becau&s;e he writes &s;o much in his prai&s;e; but he had learnt too much Morality
<PB N="50" REF="34">
from his Tutor <HI>Socrates,</HI> to commit &s;uch an Act.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Po|lybius?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Polybius,</HI> born at <HI>Megalopo|lis</HI> a City of <HI>Arcadia,</HI> was the Son of <HI>Lycortas</HI> General of the <HI>Achaians,</HI> by whom both Father and Son were &s;ent Emba&s;&s;adors to <HI>Ptolomaeus Epi|phaneus;</HI> and afterwards <HI>Polybius</HI> a&s;&s;ociated with the <HI>Roman</HI> Con&s;ul, as joynt-Commi&s;&s;ioner, in the War again&s;t <HI>Per&s;eus</HI> King of <HI>The&s;&s;aly.</HI> He wrote his Hi&s;tory in 40 Books, whereof only the five fir&s;t remain entire, with an Epitome of the 12 next following, to the beginning of the 18^t^h^. Book, which were thought to be epitomized by <HI>Marcus Brutus.</HI> This Hi&s;tory begins with the &s;econd <HI>Punick</HI> War, and contains not only the Events that pa&s;&s;ed betwixt the <HI>Romans</HI> and <HI>Macedonian</HI> Kings, to the end of that Monarchy, but all other the mo&s;t con&s;iderable actions
<PB N="51" REF="34">
of the World for 53 years; for which rea&s;on he gives it the Name of <HI>&V;niver&s;al.</HI> And for the more compleating hereof, he travell'd him&s;elf over mo&s;t part of <HI>Europe, A&s;ia</HI> and <HI>Africa,</HI> being furni&s;hed with Ships by <HI>Scipio Aemilianus,</HI> who, together with <HI>Lelius,</HI> were his two Bo&s;om-friends; whereupon <HI>Cicero</HI> &s;aith that he wrote a di&s;tinct Treati&s;e of the War of <HI>Numantia,</HI> waged by his Friend <HI>Scipio,</HI> (to whom he was a Councellor, though not a School-ma&s;ter, as &s;ome would have it. He dy'd in the 82^d^. year of his age, which was 230 years before Chri&s;t. He believ'd nothing of Gods, Heaven or Hell, as appears by his &s;ixth Book. <HI>Dyoni&s;ius</HI> accu&s;es his unpolite Stile: <HI>Patricius,</HI> without rea&s;on, blames his method; and <HI>Li|vy</HI> (notwith&s;tanding he tran&s;cribes whole Books of <HI>Polybius verbatim</HI> in his <HI>Decades</HI>) di&s;-ingeniou&s;ly terms him only <HI>a Writer not to be de|&s;pi&s;ed.</HI>
<PB N="52" REF="35">
However, (be&s;ides the mo|dern <HI>Ca&s;aubon) Cicero</HI> and <HI>Plutarch</HI> of old did much e&s;teem him; and <HI>Brutus,</HI> who di&s;liked <HI>Cicero,</HI> did much admire <HI>Polybius.</HI> Finally, as <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius</HI> ob&s;erves, though inferiour to one or other of the <HI>Greeks</HI> for Elo|quence, yet to none for Civil Pru|dence and Military Science.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Dio|dorus Siculus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Diodorus Siculus,</HI> born at <HI>Agyrium</HI> a Town in <HI>Sicily,</HI> lived to a great age under <HI>Julius</HI> and <HI>Au|gu&s;tus Cae&s;ar,</HI> about the middle of who&s;e Reign he dyed. He &s;pent 30 years in writing his <HI>Historical Li|brary,</HI> which in 40 Books (whereof we have but 15 extant) comprized the mo&s;t remarkable pa&s;&s;ages of the World for the &s;pace of 1138 years, (not reckoning what was compre|hended in his fir&s;t &s;ix Books, of tho&s;e fabulous Times before the War of <HI>Troy;</HI>) which is certainly the be&s;t
<PB N="53" REF="35">
account of the ancient Heathen My|thology, we have any where extant. For the perfecting hereof, he tra|vell'd mo&s;t part of <HI>Europe</HI> and <HI>A&s;ia,</HI> as well as into <HI>Aegypt. Henry Ste|phens</HI> was informed that the Re|mainders of this Authors Works were all found in <HI>Sicily,</HI> but how true, I know not. His &s;tile is con|demn'd (as being a <HI>Sicilian,</HI> and li|ving in the declining of the <HI>Greek</HI> Tongue) by <HI>Bodin;</HI> His Chronolo|gy cen&s;ured by <HI>Pighius</HI> and <HI>Sigoni|us;</HI> and <HI>Ludovicus Vives</HI> inveighs again&s;t his whole Book, for de&s;cri|bing the Antiquity of the World according to the ancient <HI>Caldaean</HI> and <HI>Aegyptian</HI> Records. Neverthe|le&s;s, Authors of no le&s;s Credit, as <HI>Photius,</HI> (who prai&s;es his Stile) toge|ther with <HI>Pliny, Eu&s;ebius, Ju&s;tin Martyr,</HI> and <HI>Stephens,</HI> do at lea&s;t e|qualize, if not prefer him to the be&s;t of the <HI>Greek</HI> Hi&s;torians.</P>
<P><PB N="54" REF="36">Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Dio|ny&s;ius Halicarna&s;&s;eus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Diony&s;ius</HI> of <HI>Halicarna&s;&s;us</HI> in <HI>Greece,</HI> lived under <HI>Augu&s;tus</HI> at <HI>Rome,</HI> whither he came &s;oon after the end of the Civil-Wars; where, after 22 years abode, (having well inform'd him&s;elf both from the mo&s;t judicious Books and Men) he wrote his <HI>History of the</HI> Roman <HI>Antiqui|ties,</HI> in 20 Books, (whereof 11 only are extant.) The whole Work be|gan from the Siege of <HI>Troy,</HI> and reached to the fir&s;t <HI>Punick</HI> War, and ended there where <HI>Polybius</HI> began. But the 11 now extant con|clude with the Government of the <HI>Decemviri,</HI> when the Con&s;uls re|&s;umed their Authority, which was 312 Foundation of <HI>Rome.</HI> He was a &s;evere Critick, and cen&s;ures <HI>Pla|to, Demo&s;thenes,</HI> and mo&s;t of the Ancients; al&s;o a mo&s;t accurate O|rator, as appears by his Compo&s;ition of Rhetorick now in being, but too
<PB N="55" REF="36">
exact and rigorous in his Laws of Eloquence; He too much affected digre&s;&s;ions in his Hi&s;tory; al&s;o he was too credulous and &s;uper&s;titious in his <HI>Ethnick</HI> Religion, as when he makes a Statue &s;peak, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> Never|thele&s;s, <HI>Photius</HI> prai&s;es his Stile as mo&s;t Elegant, and &s;ome prefer him before <HI>Livy;</HI> but <HI>Scaliger</HI> e&s;teems him before any of the <HI>Latines</HI> for his account of <HI>Roman</HI> Antiquities, both in re&s;pect of his Chronology and Matter, wherein he is very par|ticular.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Jo|&s;ephus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Jo&s;ephus</HI> the <HI>Jew</HI> was born under <HI>Caligula,</HI> (which was 39 years after Chri&s;ts Incarnation) of Royal Extraction, being de&s;cended from the High-Prie&s;ts of <HI>Jeru&s;alem</HI> by the Father, and from the Royal Blood of the <HI>Machabees</HI> by the Mo|ther: He lived al&s;o under nine Em|perours. In the 26^t^h^. year of his age
<PB N="56" REF="37" MS="y">
he went to <HI>Rome,</HI> and by the a&s;&s;i&s;t|ance of <HI>Poppaea (Augu&s;tus</HI>'s Wife) procured the relea&s;e of tho&s;e Prie&s;ts whom <HI>Faelix</HI> had impri&s;on'd. After|wards, being cho&s;en Captain of the <HI>Galilaeans,</HI> he headed them in their revolt again&s;t the <HI>Romans</HI> under their General <HI>Ve&s;pa&s;ian:</HI> and being wor&s;ted, ob&s;cured him&s;elf in a Well, where he endured great mi&s;ery, till being taken, and brought to <HI>Ve&s;pa|&s;ian,</HI> he there prophe&s;ied of <HI>Ve&s;pa&s;i|an</HI>'s coming to the Empire; which &s;oon happening accordingly, as al&s;o interpreting the Prophecy of a <HI>Me&s;|&s;ias</HI> to &s;ignifie <HI>Ve&s;pa&s;ian</HI> and his Son <HI>Titus,</HI> he was relea&s;ed, and made as a Friend to accompany <HI>Titus</HI> at the taking of <HI>Jeru&s;alem.</HI> After which, he compo&s;ed &s;even Books of that <HI>Judaick</HI> War, which he pre&s;ented to <HI>Titus,</HI> who valued them above all others in his Library. To this he adds his own Life, written by him|&s;elf; And when he was returned to
<PB N="57" REF="37">
<HI>Rome</HI> with <HI>Ve&s;pa&s;ian,</HI> he wrote his twenty Books of the <HI>Jewi&s;h Anti|quities,</HI> beginning from the Creati|on, and &s;o on to the 12^t^h^. year of <HI>Neroe</HI>'s Reign. As for his two Books again&s;t <HI>Apion,</HI> they were to vindi|cate the Antiquity and Honour of the <HI>Jews,</HI> from a Work which <HI>Apion</HI> had publi&s;h'd to the di&s;advantage of <HI>Philo</HI> and his Countrey-men. <HI>Jo&s;e|phus</HI> (tho' <HI>Hebrew</HI> was his Mother-Tongue) wrote his Books in <HI>Greek,</HI> (wherein he was mo&s;t perfect) to have them more generally under|&s;tood by the <HI>Greeks</HI> and <HI>Romans.</HI> The credit of his Hi&s;tory is blamed by many; as, <HI>Maldonat, Melchior, Canus, Pererius, Baronius,</HI> and o|thers, as <HI>Gregory,</HI> who &s;ays, (in his <HI>Po&s;thuma</HI>) that <HI>Jo&s;ephus de&s;troys &s;e|veral Miracles in Holy-Writ, only to make them &s;eem credible.</HI> Neverthe|le&s;s, <HI>Justin Martyr, Eu&s;ebius,</HI> St. <HI>Je|rom, Suidas, Calvi&s;ius,</HI> and <HI>Scaliger,</HI> prefer him to the be&s;t of Writers next
<PB N="58" REF="38">
tho&s;e of the Holy-Writ, as doth the Letters of King <HI>Agrippa</HI> approve him for the true&s;t of Authors. As for his Te&s;timony of Chri&s;t in the 22^d^. Book of his Antiquities, it is by the mo&s;t judicious Criticks thought to have been in&s;erted by another hand, though very ancient. <HI>Jo&s;ephus</HI> publi&s;h'd his Writings al&s;o as well in <HI>Hebrew,</HI> as <HI>Greek.</HI> Finally, <HI>Jo&s;e|phus</HI> has not only writ many things contrary to <HI>Mo&s;es,</HI> but al&s;o omitted many Evangelical Truths; as, the coming of the Wi&s;e-men to <HI>Judaea,</HI> al&s;o <HI>Herod</HI>'s Ma&s;&s;acre of the Infants; and therefore ought to be read with caution. Some (as <HI>Mun&s;ter</HI>) con|found with this Author, that Coun|terfeit <HI>Jo&s;ippus Gorionides</HI> his Wars of the <HI>Jews.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Plutarch?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Plutarch</HI> (who lived under <HI>Domitian</HI> and <HI>Nerva,</HI> but flouri&s;hed chiefly under <HI>Trajan,</HI> about 100
<PB N="59" REF="38">
years after Chri&s;t) was born at <HI>Cheronaea</HI> in <HI>Baeotia;</HI> He was a Prie&s;t of <HI>Apollo,</HI> and both a great Hi&s;torian and Phylo&s;opher. Fir&s;t, as for Hi&s;tory, he wrote the Lives of 24 Famous <HI>Grecians,</HI> educated at <HI>Sparta</HI> and <HI>Athens;</HI> and of 25 <HI>Ro|mans,</HI> bred up under the &s;everal Go|vernments at <HI>Rome:</HI> His <HI>Greek</HI> Lives begin with <HI>The&s;eus</HI> King of <HI>Athens,</HI> in the year of the World 2750. and end with <HI>Philopaemenes,</HI> General of the <HI>Achaians,</HI> in the year of the World 3821. which was 121 years before Chri&s;t. His <HI>Roman</HI> Lives begin with <HI>Romulus</HI> the Foun|der of <HI>Rome,</HI> and end with <HI>Galba</HI> and <HI>Otho,</HI> about 70 years after Chri&s;t, and 820 from the building the City of <HI>Rome.</HI> Now &s;econdly, for his Phylo&s;ophy, contain'd in the Book of his Morals, he learnt it part|ly from his Father <HI>Lampras</HI> his O|ratory, partly from his Grandfather <HI>Nicarchus</HI> his Phylo&s;ophy, and
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partly by the Conver&s;e of his Bro|ther <HI>Timon,</HI> but mo&s;tly from his <HI>Ae|gyptian</HI> Tutor <HI>Ammonius,</HI> and Tra|vels into <HI>Aegypt.</HI> He is e&s;teem'd by all as a mo&s;t wi&s;e grave Author, both in <HI>Phylo&s;ophy</HI> and <HI>Hi&s;tory.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Phi|lo&s;tratus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Philo&s;tratus</HI> flouri&s;h'd from <HI>Severus</HI> to <HI>Phillippus:</HI> and at the reque&s;t of <HI>Julia Augu&s;ta, Severu&s;es</HI> Wife, (who&s;e Secretary he was) wrote the Life of <HI>Apollonius Tya|naeus,</HI> a <HI>Pythagorian Magician,</HI> in eight Books: wherein he followed the Relations of <HI>Damis</HI> the <HI>A&s;&s;y|rian,</HI> and <HI>Apollonius</HI> his A&s;&s;ociate in his Travels; as al&s;o the Records of <HI>Maximus</HI> the <HI>Aegaean,</HI> and two others, be&s;ides <HI>Apollonius</HI> his own Te&s;tament of him&s;elf, and written with his own hand. From hence <HI>Hierocles</HI> (who is for that cau&s;e An|&s;wered by <HI>Eu&s;ebius</HI>) attempts to prefer <HI>Apollonius</HI> before <HI>Chri&s;t;</HI>
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which has rais'd an unju&s;t out|cry of the <HI>PRIESTS</HI> again&s;t our Author <HI>Philo&s;tratus:</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg">&lindx;</NOTE> who&s;e Style is Elegant <HI>Greek,</HI> as well as his <HI>Geographical</HI> De&s;criptions, e&s;pecially of <HI>India,</HI> u&s;eful, and &s;uch as are not to be found in others. But to &s;ay the wor&s;t of him, <HI>Philo&s;tra|tus</HI> is (as <HI>Merric Cau&s;abon</HI> ob&s;erves) (though fabulous, where he would make a God of a <HI>Magician</HI>) yet for &s;ome &s;trange Relations once &s;up|pos'd fal&s;e, and now approv'd true, well de&s;erving to be Read.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Arrianus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Arrianus,</HI> of <HI>Nicomedia</HI> a City in <HI>Bithynia,</HI> was a Prie&s;t of <HI>Ceres</HI> and <HI>Pro&s;erpine;</HI> and flouri&s;h'd under the Emperours <HI>Adrians, Antonius, Pius,</HI> and <HI>Marcus Au|relius Antonius.</HI> He was as well a <HI>Phylo&s;opher</HI> as <HI>Hi&s;torian,</HI> being Educated under <HI>Epictetus</HI> the <HI>Stoick:</HI> who&s;e <HI>Phylo&s;ophy</HI> he collected from
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his Di&s;cour&s;es, and afterwards pub|li&s;hed in Writing as an <HI>Enchiridion.</HI> Be&s;ides which, he publi&s;hed of his own Compo&s;ure, &s;even Books of the Expeditions of <HI>Alexander</HI> the Great, and an eighth Book of &s;o much of the <HI>Ea&s;t-Indies</HI> as was known in his time. He wrote al&s;o ten Books of <HI>Alexander</HI>'s Succe&s;&s;ors, whereof at this day there remains only <HI>Photius</HI>'s Abridgement. He wrote likewi&s;e four other Tracts, none of which are at this time extant: one of <HI>Timoleon</HI> of <HI>Corinths</HI> Acts in <HI>Sicily:</HI> Another of the Art which <HI>Dion</HI> of <HI>Syracu&s;e</HI> u&s;ed to free tho&s;e Countries from the Tyranny of <HI>Diony&s;ius</HI> the Second: A third of the <HI>Parthians</HI> de&s;cent from <HI>Sy|thia</HI> and Wars with the <HI>Romans</HI> un|der <HI>Trajan:</HI> And the fourth, called the <HI>Alanick</HI> Hi&s;tory; which makes &s;ome believe him to be the &s;ame <HI>Arrian</HI> that <HI>Dion</HI> &s;ays was Gover|nour of <HI>Cappadocia</HI> under <HI>Adrian,</HI>
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that made War upon the <HI>Alanians.</HI> His <HI>Greek</HI> is &s;o Attick and Sweet, that it gave him the name of the new or young <HI>Xenophon,</HI> whom attempted to imitate. Not only <HI>Lucian</HI> and <HI>Photius</HI> of old, but al&s;o <HI>Scaliger, Vo&s;&s;ius</HI> and <HI>Bodin</HI> of the modern Criticks prefer him to the be&s;t of the <HI>Greek</HI> Hi&s;torians, provided you will pardon his Arro|gance in the middle of his fir&s;t Book, where he boa&s;ts him&s;elf to exceed all other Authors, as much as <HI>Alexander</HI> excell'd all other Con|querors. Finally of his eight Books, the only that are extant of him, he profe&s;&s;es in the fir&s;t &s;even concer|ning <HI>Alexander</HI> to follow the Re|lations given him by <HI>Aristobulus</HI> and <HI>Ptolomaeus, Lagus,</HI> their Wri|tings, who were Captains under <HI>Alexander;</HI> and in his other eighth and la&s;t Book of the <HI>East-Indies,</HI> to follow the <HI>Geography</HI> of <HI>Marinus Tyrius,</HI> who in this point far ex|ceeds <HI>Ptolomy:</HI></P>
<P><PB N="64" REF="41">Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Diogenes Laertius?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Diogenes Laertius,</HI> &s;o called from <HI>Laerte</HI> a Town in <HI>Cilicia</HI> where he was born, liv'd under <HI>Antonius Pius,</HI> or &s;oon after. He wrote the Lives and Apothegms of the <HI>Phylo&s;ophers</HI> in ten Books, be|ginning with <HI>Thales,</HI> and ending with <HI>Epicurus;</HI> whom (being him|&s;elf an <HI>Epicurean</HI>) he favours even to a fault, making him place his chief Happine&s;s in the plea&s;ures of the mind, and not of the body, which is contrary to the Character given both by <HI>Cicero</HI> and other An|cient Authors of <HI>Epicurus.</HI> Never|thele&s;s from hence <HI>Ga&s;&s;endus</HI> (too much enclin'd to this <HI>Epicurian</HI> Sect) takes occa&s;ion to write &s;o favour|ably of its Founder. However, as <HI>Lactantius</HI> treats only of the Moral <HI>Phylo&s;ophers,</HI> &s;o we owe our be&s;t ac|count of Natural <HI>Phylo&s;ophers</HI> to <HI>Laertius;</HI> notwith&s;tanding <HI>Kecker|man</HI>
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(who is more &s;tudious of Mo|dern, than Ancient Writers,) con|demns him. Finally, <HI>Ludovicus Vives</HI> tells us, that this Piece was written by <HI>Laertius,</HI> to a woman.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Appian?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Appian</HI> of <HI>Alexandria,</HI> re|mov'd thence to <HI>Rome,</HI> where he liv'd (under <HI>Trajan, Adrian,</HI> and <HI>Antoninus Pius,</HI>) at fir&s;t the qua|lity of Advocate, but afterwards for his parts preferr'd to be one of the Emperors Proctors. He wrote in 24 Books an Hi&s;tory Royal, beginning with the taking of <HI>Troy,</HI> and &s;ucce&s;s of <HI>Aeneas,</HI> and exten|ding to the reign of <HI>Augu&s;tus;</HI> nay with &s;ome reflections even to the times of <HI>Trajan.</HI> But of all the&s;e, we have none at this time extant, &s;ave his <HI>Punick, Syriack, Parthian, Mithridattick, Spani&s;h, Hannibalick, Illyrian,</HI> and Civil VVars of the <HI>Romans:</HI> For as for his <HI>Celtick,</HI> or
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VVar with the <HI>Gauls,</HI> we have none but a fragment thereof left us. His Stile is plain and ea&s;ie; and his Orations moving; his De&s;criptions of his Battails Natural, and full of Military knowledge; for all which, he is much extoll'd by <HI>Photius.</HI> And la&s;tly, for his method, he en|deavour'd to imitate <HI>Thucydides</HI> and <HI>Salu&s;t;</HI> but fell far &s;hort: In &s;o much that 'tis rather Rap&s;ody of things mo&s;t important, than a con|tinued Hi&s;tory, as <HI>Livyes:</HI> He flatters the <HI>Romans</HI> right or wrong: and as <HI>Bodin</HI> ob&s;erves in many Re|lations appears too Credulous: Al|&s;o <HI>Sigonius</HI> accu&s;es him of great Le|vity, and many Omi&s;&s;ions: But what is wor&s;t of all, he in&s;erts as his own, whole Paragraphs out of <HI>Po|lybius, Plutarch</HI> and other Antique Authors, without ever acknow|ledging his Theft; which was (I conceive) one great rea&s;on that ex|a&s;perated <HI>Scaliger</HI> &s;o far, as (in his
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Notes upon <HI>Eu&s;ebius</HI>) to call <HI>Ap|pian</HI> a meer Child in Hi&s;tory.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Dion Ca&s;&s;ius?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Dion Ca&s;&s;ius,</HI> who&s;e Sir|name was <HI>Coccius,</HI> or <HI>Cocceianus,</HI> was born at <HI>Nicea</HI> a City of <HI>Bithy|nia,</HI> whither he like wi&s;e retir'd in his old Age to avoid the <HI>Praetorian</HI> Militia, being advi&s;ed thereto by his Familiar Spirit, or <HI>Daemon,</HI> which directed him in all things, as <HI>Socra|tes</HI>'s did him; and diverted him from his former <HI>Phylo&s;ophical</HI> Lear|ning, and Interpretation of Divine Dreams, (whereof he compos'd a Book) to the writing of Hi&s;tory. He liv'd under the Tyrannies of <HI>Commodus, Caracalla, Macrinus</HI> and <HI>Heliogabulus;</HI> in who&s;e Reigns by the prudent conduct of him&s;elf, he e&s;cap'd the lo&s;s either of Life, Goods or Reputation; and arrived &s;afely to the peaceable happy Reign of <HI>Alexander Severus,</HI> under whom
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he publi&s;h'd his <HI>Roman</HI> Hi&s;tory, being directed thereto by his Ge|nius, as well as commanded by <HI>Septimius Severus.</HI> His Father <HI>Apro|nianus</HI> was a Con&s;ular man, as well as Governour of <HI>Dalmatia,</HI> and Pro|con&s;ul of <HI>Cilicia.</HI> Al&s;o he him&s;elf having Con&s;ular Dignity twice be|&s;towed upon him, and comman|ding <HI>Pergamus, Smyrna, Africk, Au&s;tria,</HI> and <HI>Hungary,</HI> was after|wards made Joynt-Con&s;ul with the Emperour <HI>Alexander.</HI></P>
<P>His Hi&s;tory comprehends 981. years, <HI>viz.</HI> from the Building of <HI>Rome,</HI> to the Reign of <HI>Alexander Severus</HI> in 80 Books, divided into eight <HI>Decades,</HI> whereof the fir&s;t 34 Books are lo&s;t: Al&s;o, of the twenty, we have only the Epitomy of <HI>Xiphiline</HI> a <HI>Con&s;tantiniopolitan</HI> Monk; for all that we have entire of <HI>Dion Ca&s;&s;ius</HI> (be&s;ides this <HI>Com|pendium,</HI>) are only the Events of 300 years, beginning with <HI>Lucullus</HI>
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about 71 years before Chri&s;t, and ending with the Death of the Em|perour <HI>Claudius.</HI> But all this Au|thors VVritings that are lo&s;t, what are mo&s;t to be lamented, are the 40 la&s;t years, whereof he was an Eye|witne&s;s. He employ'd ten years in providing Materials for his Hi&s;tory, and twelve more Compo&s;ing it.</P>
<P>He imitates <HI>Thucydides</HI> in his Narratives and Orations, but not in his Ob&s;curity; his Language (&s;aith <HI>Photius</HI>) is Elevated, Copious, and Artificial, but without Labour; he hath di&s;cover'd the <HI>Arcana Imperii,</HI> Election of their Magi&s;trates, <HI>Ro|man</HI> Rites and Ceremones, the <HI>Apothe&s;is</HI> and Con&s;ecration of their departed Emperours, together with the Ceremony of <HI>Augu&s;t</HI>'s Funeral, <HI>Livia</HI>'s Mourning, and the letting flye the Eagle from the Funeral Pile, better than any other <HI>Hi&s;torian,</HI> either before, or &s;ince.</P>
<P><PB N="70" REF="44">Neverthele&s;s he is condemn'd for his tedious &s;uperfluity of Orations; for too much adhering to <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> again&s;t <HI>Pompey</HI> in complyance with the Times; for impartially &s;iding with <HI>Antonius,</HI> and be&s;pattering <HI>Cicero;</HI> for too much Super&s;tition and Credulity given to <HI>Ve&s;pa&s;ian</HI>'s Cure, and <HI>Appollonius Tyanaeus</HI> his Prediction; as well as for his Ca|lumnies again&s;t <HI>Seneca,</HI> unle&s;s his ab|breviator <HI>Tigellinus</HI> mi&s;quotes him. But I &s;hall not accu&s;e him (as <HI>Barro|nius</HI> does,) for attributing the Victories of <HI>Marcus Aurelius</HI> rather to the Magick of the <HI>Egyptian</HI> Sor|cerer <HI>Arnaphis,</HI> than the Prayers of the <HI>Chri&s;tians,</HI> becau&s;e he him|&s;elf was an <HI>Heathen.</HI> La&s;tly, be|&s;ides his Hi&s;tory, <HI>Suidas</HI> and <HI>Vola|terranus</HI> (how true I know not) make him the Author of <HI>Arrianus</HI> the <HI>Phylo&s;ophers</HI> Life, the Actions of <HI>Trajan,</HI> certain <HI>Itineraries,</HI> three Books <HI>de Principe,</HI> and &s;ome &s;mall Tracts of <HI>Morality.</HI></P>
<P><PB N="71" REF="44">Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Herodian?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Herodian,</HI> the Son of <HI>Apol|lonius Difficilis,</HI> was originally a <HI>Grammarian</HI> of <HI>Alexandria,</HI> and liv'd in the third <HI>Century</HI> under <HI>Com|modus</HI> the Emperour. He wrote Eight Books of <HI>Hi&s;tory</HI> of his own time, beginning with the Death of <HI>Marcus Aurelius Antoninus</HI> the <HI>Philo&s;opher,</HI> and ending with the Murder of the two Emperors, <HI>Bal|binus</HI> and <HI>Puppienus.</HI> His <HI>Hi&s;tory</HI> comprehends the &s;pace of 70 years, and is prais'd, not only by <HI>Photius</HI> for his Elegant Stile, but al&s;o by <HI>Julius Capitolinus, Tribonius Pollio, Ammianus Marcellinus,</HI> and <HI>Ste|phanus,</HI> for the Fidelity of his <HI>Ro|man</HI> Accounts, wherein (according to his <HI>Latin</HI> Interpreter <HI>Angelus Po|litianus</HI>) he only &s;werves in his Re|lation of <HI>Alexander</HI> and <HI>Maximus.</HI></P>
<P>He imitates <HI>Dion Ca&s;&s;ius</HI> in his Relation of the Ceremonies u&s;ed
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at the <HI>Apotheo&s;is</HI> of the <HI>Roman</HI> Em|perors, particularly of <HI>Severus</HI> his Funeral Rites, in the beginning of his fourth Book. As for the Cen|&s;urers upon <HI>Herodian,</HI> he is thought by &s;ome to be too full of Orations; as al&s;o, to be too &s;evere upon the Empre&s;s <HI>Mammea,</HI> out of ill will to her Son <HI>Alexander Severus,</HI> to whom he was a declar'd Enemy. <HI>Suidas</HI> &s;aith that <HI>Herodian</HI> wrote many other Pieces, the which (if he did) are now lo&s;t.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Eunapius?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Eunapius Sardianus</HI> liv'd in the times of <HI>Valentinian, Valens</HI> and <HI>Gratian:</HI> He is called <HI>Sardianus</HI> from <HI>Sardis</HI> a City in <HI>Lydia,</HI> the place of his Birth, from whence he travelled to <HI>Athens,</HI> and there be|came eminent, as well for <HI>Sophi&s;try</HI> and <HI>Phy&s;ick,</HI> as <HI>Hi&s;tory;</HI> being the Di&s;ciple of the Great <HI>Proaete&s;ius,</HI> and nearly related to the Noble
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Sophi&s;t <HI>Chry&s;anthius,</HI> who married <HI>Eunapius</HI> his Si&s;ters Daughter. At the per&s;wa&s;ion of this <HI>Chry&s;anthius,</HI> he wrote an elegant piece of the Lives of the <HI>Sophi&s;ts,</HI> and afterwards that other Hi&s;torical Tract of the <HI>Roman</HI> Emperours, beginning where <HI>Hero|dian</HI> left off, and &s;o continuing it to his own times.</P>
<P><HI>Photius</HI> prai&s;es his Stile, but con|demns his Hi&s;tory, for traducing <HI>Con&s;tantine</HI> the Great, and extol|ling <HI>Julian,</HI> as al&s;o (in his Lives of the <HI>Sophi&s;ts</HI>) for being too &s;evere upon the <HI>Chri&s;tians.</HI> La&s;tly, be&s;ides the&s;e two pieces here mention'd, we have likewi&s;e a fragment of another Treati&s;e of <HI>Eunapius,</HI> Entituled, <HI>de Legationibus,</HI> which was fir&s;t pub|li&s;h'd by <HI>Andrea Shottus,</HI> and is now annexed to the <HI>Byzantine</HI> Hi&s;to|rians.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Zo&s;imus?</P>
<P><PB N="74" REF="46"><HI>An&s;. Zo&s;imus</HI> liv'd in the time of <HI>Theodo&s;ius</HI> the younger, and wrote &s;ix Books of <HI>History;</HI> whereof the fir&s;t doth briefly de&s;cribe all the Emperours from <HI>Augu&s;tus</HI> to <HI>Pro|bus,</HI> and &s;o on to <HI>Diocle&s;ian:</HI> But the other five Books (which extends to the Siege of <HI>Rome</HI> by <HI>Alaricus</HI>) are more copious and large, e&s;peci|ally when he treats of the grounds of the Divi&s;ion betwixt <HI>Arcadius</HI> and <HI>Honorius,</HI> whereof he him&s;elf was an Eye-witne&s;s.</P>
<P>This Hi&s;tory of <HI>Zo&s;imus</HI> is &s;aid to be a meer Abridgement of <HI>Euna|pius;</HI> except in tho&s;e pa&s;&s;ages where he prai&s;es <HI>Stilico,</HI> whom <HI>Ennapius</HI> condemns. <HI>Evagrius, Photius</HI> and others &s;ay, that he barks like a Dog at the <HI>Chri&s;tians,</HI> and unworthily traduces <HI>Con&s;tantine</HI> the Great: As al&s;o, that he not only irreligiou&s;ly be&s;patters <HI>Chri&s;tianity,</HI> but Super|&s;titiou&s;ly adhers to <HI>Pagani&s;m,</HI> be|ing over-credulous in &s;undry of the
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<HI>Heathen</HI> Miracles. However, <HI>Le|unclavius,</HI> who fir&s;t Tran&s;lated <HI>Zo|&s;imus</HI> into <HI>Latin,</HI> makes great Apo|logies, as well for his inveighing again&s;t the <HI>Chri&s;tians,</HI> &s;ince <HI>Zo&s;i|mus</HI> him&s;elf was an <HI>Heathen,</HI> as for his Traducing <HI>Con&s;tantine,</HI> &s;ince he di&s;covers as well his Vices. La&s;tly, <HI>Photius</HI> applauds the Purity of his Stile, the Brevity of his Sentences, and Conci&s;ene&s;s of his Phra&s;e, be|ing exempt from Figures or long Orations.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Eu&s;ebius?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Eu&s;ebius Pamphili</HI> (&s;o cal|led from the Intimacy betwixt him and the Martyr <HI>Pamphilius,</HI>) was Bi&s;hop of <HI>Cae&s;area,</HI> the chief Metro|politan of all the Churches in <HI>Pa|le&s;tine,</HI> and mo&s;t Ancient of all the Eccle&s;ia&s;tical Writers in the fourth <HI>Century. For</HI> (as St. <HI>Jerome</HI> in his Life tells us) Eu&s;ebius <HI>flouri&s;h'd un|der</HI> Con&s;tantine <HI>the Great, and his
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Son</HI> Con&s;tantius: So that (perhaps) fear might oblige him to render a more favourable account of <HI>Con|&s;tantine,</HI> than <HI>Zo&s;imus</HI> did. As for his Writings, they are various, both Prophane and Sacred: The Pro|phane, is his <HI>Chronicle</HI> from the be|ginning of the World to <HI>Con&s;tan|tines</HI> twentieth year, which was, 326 years after Chri&s;t; <HI>Jo&s;eph Sca|liger</HI> e&s;teems this Piece to be only a Tran&s;cript out of <HI>Julius Africanus.</HI> As for the Sacred Writings of <HI>Eu&s;e|bius,</HI> they were the&s;e: <HI>Of Evan|gelical Preparation,</HI> fifteen Books; <HI>Of Evangelical Demon&s;tration,</HI> twen|ty Books, whereof but ten are now extant; <HI>Of Divine Apparitions,</HI> five Books; <HI>Of Eccle&s;ia&s;tical Hi&s;tory,</HI> ten Books; <HI>Of the Di&s;agreement of the</HI> Evangeli&s;ts; <HI>upon the Prophet</HI> E&s;ay, ten Books; <HI>Again&s;t Porphyrie,</HI> thirty Books, whereof twenty were only known to St. <HI>Jerome; Of Topicks,</HI> one Book; <HI>A Defence
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of</HI> Origen, in &s;ix Books; <HI>The Life of</HI> Pamphilius, in three Books, and &s;everal other Books of Martyrs; <HI>Learned Commentaries on the whole Book of</HI> P&s;alms; <HI>The Life of</HI> Con|&s;tantine, in, four Books, <HI>Again&s;t</HI> Hierooles, Eight Books; <HI>Again&s;t Fatal De&s;tiny,</HI> one Book; and three Books again&s;t <HI>Marcellus,</HI> mention'd by <HI>Socrates,</HI> lib. 2. <HI>Eccle&s;t. Hi&s;t.</HI> All which &s;everal Pieces have been Tran&s;lated by &s;everal hands. In his <HI>Evangelical Demon&s;tration,</HI> he &s;eems to favour <HI>Arriani&s;m,</HI> notwith&s;tan|ding his Sub&s;cription to the <HI>Nicene-Council,</HI> and therefore is to be read with Caution.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Procopius?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Procopius was born at <HI>Cae|&s;aria</HI> in <HI>Pale&s;tine,</HI> from whence he went to <HI>Con&s;tantinople</HI> in the time of the Emperour <HI>Anastatius,</HI> by whom he was highly e&s;teem'd, as al&s;o by <HI>Ju&s;tin</HI> the fir&s;t; and after|wards
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by <HI>Ju&s;tinian,</HI> &s;o as to be preferr'd to the Senate with the Quality of <HI>Illustrious,</HI> and created <HI>Praefect</HI> of New <HI>Rome:</HI> Be&s;ides which, he was chief Secretary to the General <HI>Beli&s;arius</HI> in all the Wars of <HI>Per&s;ia, Africk</HI> and <HI>Italy;</HI> which makes him every where give &s;o Honourable a Character of him. <HI>Procopius</HI> was both an <HI>Orator, So|phister, Rhetorician</HI> and <HI>Hi&s;torian.</HI> His Hi&s;tory con&s;i&s;ts of eight Books, whereof, the fir&s;t two comprehend the <HI>Per&s;ian</HI> War, Abbreviated by <HI>Photius:</HI> The two next the <HI>Vandal</HI> Wars: and the four la&s;t, the War with the <HI>Goths:</HI> Of all which, there is a <HI>Compendium</HI> in the <HI>Preface</HI> of <HI>Agathias,</HI> who began his <HI>Hi&s;tory</HI> where <HI>Procopius</HI> ended. His ninth Book called <HI>Anecdota,</HI> or the <HI>Secret History of</HI> Ju&s;tinian, which is a Scur|rilous Invective again&s;t that Empe|rour and his Wife <HI>Theodora,</HI> though mention'd in <HI>Suidas,</HI> was thought
<PB N="79" REF="48">
by <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius</HI> to have been lo&s;t, but has &s;ince been made publick by <HI>He&s;chae|lius</HI> and others. Now be&s;ides the fore-mention'd Pieces, there is ano|ther Treati&s;e <HI>de Aedificiis</HI> in &s;ix Books, which <HI>Procopius</HI> wrote for the Honour of <HI>Ju&s;tinians</HI> Buildings in which Di&s;cour&s;e there are &s;ome pa&s;&s;es that make many e&s;teem our Author a <HI>Christian,</HI> but if his whole works are examin'd, he will be found no better than a Super&s;titious <HI>Eth|nick</HI> Writer. <HI>Procopius</HI> is extream|ly condemn'd, not only for his too &s;evere reproach of the <HI>French;</HI> but likewi&s;e, for his <HI>Anecdota</HI> or Libel|lous Invective again&s;t the Emperour and Empre&s;s, <HI>Ju&s;tinian</HI> and <HI>Theo|dora:</HI> Which not only varies from it in Stile, but al&s;o in Matter contra|dicts all his other Works, wherein he ever mentions the Emperour and Empre&s;s with great Honour and Applau&s;e; In&s;omuch that for this very rea&s;on many have doubted
<PB N="80" REF="49">
whether that Piece is not Spurious, and written by &s;ome other hand. La&s;tly, by his Oblique Orations he attempts to imitate the Ancients, but comes far &s;hort of them. His Tran&s;lator <HI>Por&s;ona,</HI> did rather per|vert, than convert him</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Agathias?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Agathias</HI> (the Son of <HI>Mem|nonius</HI>) was born at <HI>Murina</HI> a City of <HI>A&s;ia,</HI> in the Reign of <HI>Ju&s;tinian;</HI> he profe&s;&s;ed the Law, and pleaded as an Advocate at <HI>Smyrna,</HI> for which rea&s;on he was Sir-named <HI>Scholasticus.</HI> His fir&s;t &s;tudy was Poetry, which made him publi&s;h many &s;mall Poems in Heroick Ver&s;e under the Title of <HI>Daphnicks,</HI> toge|ther with divers Epigrams; where|by being prepar'd with a Stile mo&s;t agreeable florid, he (by the advice of <HI>Eutychianus</HI> prime Secretary of State) undertook to write an Hi&s;to|ry concerning the <HI>Empire</HI> and Deeds of
<PB N="81" REF="49">
<HI>Justinian</HI> in five Books, beginning where <HI>Procopius</HI> left off; which Piece he fini&s;h'd in the Reign of <HI>Justin</HI> the &s;econd, as he him&s;elf de|clares in his Preface. Now albeit <HI>Agathias</HI> highly extols <HI>Procopius,</HI> yet he differs from him in many things, particularly in his commen|ding the <HI>French,</HI> whom <HI>Procopius</HI> decryes. He likewi&s;e (though an <HI>Heathen,</HI> as appears by his Di&s;cour&s;e of <HI>Stephen</HI> the <HI>Proto-martyr,</HI>) &s;eems to &s;peak more favourably of the <HI>Christians</HI> in the beginning of his <HI>History,</HI> where he prai&s;es the <HI>French</HI> for being &s;o. Finally, his account of the <HI>Oriental</HI> Monarchys, in the end of his &s;econd Book, as well as his Succe&s;&s;ion of the <HI>Per&s;ian</HI> Kings after <HI>Artaxerxes,</HI> in his fourth Book, are rendred very con&s;iderable by the a&s;&s;i&s;tance of his Interpreter <HI>Sergius,</HI> who was furni&s;h'd herein, by the Notaries and Library-keep|ers of all the Kings and publick Ar|chives in <HI>Per&s;ia,</HI></P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="5" TYPE="book">
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<HEAD><HI>LIB.</HI> V. OF THE ANCIENT LATINE HISTORIANS.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>WHich are the most emi|nent of the Ancient</HI> La|tin <HI>Hi&s;torians?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Julius Cae&s;ar, Salu&s;t, Livy, Paterculus, Valerius Maximus, Quin|tus Curtius, Tacitus, Florus, Suetoni|us, Ju&s;tin,</HI> and <HI>Marcelinus.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Ju|lius Cae&s;ar?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Cajus Julius Cae&s;ar</HI> (de|&s;cended from the Noble <HI>Julian</HI> Fa|mily) was the fir&s;t Founder of the <HI>Roman</HI> Empire; yet no le&s;s emi|nent
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for his <HI>Commentaries,</HI> than his <HI>Conque&s;ts:</HI> U&s;ing his Pen with the &s;ame Vigour, as he us'd his Sword; in &s;o much, that, as <HI>Quintilian</HI> ob|&s;erves, he was the only <HI>Roman,</HI> who for Eloquence might have been op|po&s;ed to <HI>Cicero:</HI> And who, as <HI>Gy|raldus</HI> &s;aith) did alone overcome all others both in Writing and Fight|ing. In his tender years he addicted him&s;elf to Poetry, and Compos'd the Tragedy of <HI>Oedipus,</HI> the Prai&s;e of <HI>Hercules,</HI> and &s;everal other Poems under the Title of <HI>Julii,</HI> which <HI>Au|gu&s;tus</HI> afterwards prohibited to be publi&s;h'd. Neither was he le&s;s fa|mous for his Skill in Oratory, wit|ne&s;s his <HI>Funeral Orations</HI> on his Wife <HI>Cornelia,</HI> and Aunt <HI>Julia,</HI> his Accu&s;ation of <HI>Dolabella,</HI> his Invectives again&s;t <HI>Cato,</HI> and his Orations for the <HI>Bythinian</HI> Law <HI>Plautia,</HI> for <HI>Decius</HI> the <HI>Samnite,</HI> for <HI>Sextilius</HI> and others, Likewi&s;e his two Books of <HI>Analogy</HI> gave him
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great repute among the <HI>Gramma|rians.</HI> Be&s;ides which, he wrote &s;e|veral other Tracts of <HI>Augurie,</HI> and witty <HI>Apothegms;</HI> as well as of the motion of the <HI>Stares,</HI> which he had Learnt in <HI>Egypt,</HI> and wherein he Progno&s;ticated his own Death, on the <HI>Ides</HI> of <HI>March,</HI> as the Elder <HI>Pliny</HI> relates; nor is he le&s;s eminent for his Reformation of the <HI>Kalen|der.</HI> But what &s;urpa&s;&s;ed all his other Writings, were his &s;even Books of <HI>Commentaries,</HI> de&s;cribing nothing but his own Actions, and things that he him&s;elf had &s;een. <HI>A&s;inius Pollio,</HI> (that carping Critick) accu&s;es him (as <HI>Suetonius</HI> &s;aith) for &s;uer|ving from the Truth in many Re|lations about him&s;elf, and that he differs extreamly from the account which <HI>Dion, Plutarch</HI> and other Authors give of the &s;ame Actions; as al&s;o, that he reports many things unju&s;tly to the Defamation of the Ancient <HI>Gauls:</HI> But the&s;e Cen|&s;ures
<PB N="85" REF="51">
are only conjectural. As for the excellency of his Stile, 'tis &s;o Ea&s;ie, Natural and Eloquent, that his <HI>Latin</HI> has ever been compar'd to <HI>Xenophon</HI>'s <HI>Greek,</HI> as well as his other Characters. The eight Book of his <HI>Commentaries</HI> was written by <HI>Hirtius. Cae&s;ars</HI> Writings, though adorn'd with &s;ome Orations, are de&s;titute of many <HI>Rhetorical</HI> Orna|ments, wherewith he could have beautified them; in &s;o much, that <HI>Ci|cero</HI> e&s;teems his <HI>Commentaries</HI> to be nothing but &s;hort Notes prepared by <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> in order to a more com|pleat Hi&s;tory, had not his untimely Murder prevented him.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Sa|lu&s;t?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Cri&s;pus Salu&s;tius,</HI> or, as o|thers call him, <HI>Sallu&s;tius,</HI> was born at <HI>Amiternum</HI> in the <HI>Sabines</HI> Terri|tory, the third year of the 173^d^. <HI>Olympiad,</HI> which was the &s;ame year that <HI>Sylla</HI>'s Souldiers took and
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Sack'd <HI>Athens;</HI> for he was Elder than <HI>Cae&s;ar,</HI> though he out-liv'd him &s;even years, <HI>Salu&s;t</HI> was fir&s;t Educated in <HI>Rome,</HI> &s;pending his youth in Ingenious Studies, &s;o as to be preferr'd to many con&s;iderable Offices in the Government: as, <HI>Se|nator, Tribune, Trea&s;urer,</HI> and <HI>Prae|tour</HI> in <HI>Africk</HI> by the favour of <HI>Ju|lius Cae&s;ar,</HI> in which la&s;t Office, by his Extortions, he grew &s;o va&s;tly Rich, as to purcha&s;e the Village <HI>Ti|burte,</HI> and his Country-hou&s;e at <HI>Ti|voli,</HI> as well as the chief Hou&s;es on <HI>Mount Quirinal</HI> in <HI>Rome,</HI> together with tho&s;e &s;pacious Gardens, called (at this day) <HI>The Gardens of</HI> Salu&s;t. He was de&s;cended from the Noble <HI>Salu&s;tian</HI> Family; and Educated un|der his Tutor <HI>Attejus Praetextatus Philologus.</HI> Of his Works, <HI>Catalin</HI>'s <HI>Con&s;piracy,</HI> and the <HI>Jugurthine</HI> War, are the two chief, that are extant; Be&s;ides which, he wrote the Hi&s;tory of <HI>Rome</HI> from its foundation, with
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a particular Narration of <HI>Marius</HI> and <HI>Sylla,</HI> as al&s;o the Atchievments of <HI>Pompey</HI> in the <HI>Mithridatick</HI> War, of all which, we have only &s;ome few Fragments remain; but for the true delivery of his <HI>Punick</HI> Hi&s;tory, he was &s;o Zealous, that he Travail'd into <HI>Africa</HI> on purpo&s;e, to be the better inform'd. His Stile, in imita|tion of <HI>Thucydides,</HI> whom <HI>Quintili|an</HI> compares him to,) is Conci&s;e, Short, and Pithy. Of the Ancients, as well as <HI>Tacitus,</HI> and <HI>Seneca,</HI> as St. <HI>Au&s;tin</HI> did highly e&s;teem <HI>Salu&s;t;</HI> and of the modern Criticks, <HI>Lip|&s;ius, Turnebus</HI> and <HI>Scaliger</HI> prefer him to <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> or <HI>Livy.</HI> Neverthele&s;s, <HI>A&s;inius Pollio, Livy</HI> and others ac|cu&s;e him for inventing new words, as well as for the u&s;ing ob&s;olete ones; and for too much ob&s;cure brevity in his expre&s;&s;ions, wherein <HI>Tacitus</HI> imitates him. He is likewi&s;e cen&s;ur'd for &s;tealing out of <HI>Thucy|cides</HI> and <HI>Cato</HI> many Select Senten|ces,
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and for the too often repetition of the &s;ame words; as well as for in&s;erting many ine&s;&s;ential things in|to his Hi&s;tory, more e&s;pecially his two Prefaces before <HI>Catalin</HI>'s <HI>Con|&s;piracy,</HI> and the <HI>Jugurthine</HI> War, which relate not at all to the fol|lowing &s;ubjects: But the fir&s;t a ge|neral Harangue again&s;t Idlene&s;s; and the &s;econd an Invective again&s;t tho&s;e whom Debauchery diverted from their Employs. Yet that, for the which he was the mo&s;t condem|ned, is his own extravagant Life, &s;o much contrary to his Writings: When, not being &s;atisfied with his own Wife <HI>Terentia,</HI> whom he mar|ried after her Divorce from <HI>Cicero,</HI> he was taken in Adultery with <HI>Fau&s;ta, Lucius Sylla</HI>'s Daughter; for the which he was not only ex|pell'd the Senate, but condemn'd al&s;o to be Whipt by <HI>Milo,</HI> and fain to buy off that puni&s;hment with Money. Finally, his Orations di&s;|cover
<PB N="89" REF="53">
both his amity to <HI>Cae&s;ar,</HI> and enmity to <HI>Cicero.</HI> Notwith&s;tanding &s;ome que&s;tion, whether the&s;e two addre&s;s'd to <HI>Cae&s;ar,</HI> were <HI>Salu&s;ts</HI> or no. But mo&s;t certain it is, that that one Oration which <HI>Cicero</HI> a|&s;cribes to <HI>Salu&s;t</HI> is counterfeit, and none of his, it being in no wi&s;e Hi&s;torical. The mo&s;t con&s;iderable of his Friends were, <HI>Julius Cae&s;ar, Cornelius Nepos, Me&s;&s;ala,</HI> and <HI>Ni|gidius Figulus.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Livy?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Titus Livius Patavinus,</HI> was born at <HI>Padua,</HI> and flouri&s;h'd chiefly under <HI>Augu&s;tus</HI> and <HI>Tiberius.</HI> He be|gan to write after <HI>Augu&s;tus</HI>'s Tri|umph for the War at <HI>Actium,</HI> and fini&s;hed his Hi&s;tory in the beginning of <HI>Tiberius</HI>'s reign. He wrote (as <HI>Seneca</HI> tells us, many <HI>Philo&s;ophical Dialogues</HI> before he came to <HI>Rome,</HI> the which he dedicated to <HI>Augu&s;tus Cae&s;ar,</HI> whereby he procured his
<PB N="90" REF="54">
Favour. And <HI>Quintinian</HI> informs us, that in a Letter to his Son, he deliver'd many excellent Precepts of <HI>Rhetorick;</HI> but his chief Piece is his Hi&s;tory, which contain'd 142 Books, or (as &s;ome &s;ay) but 140. beginning with the Foundation of <HI>Rome</HI> by <HI>Romulus,</HI> and extending for the &s;pace of 746 years, to the <HI>German</HI> War, mannag'd by <HI>Dru&s;us.</HI> who lo&s;t his Life in that Expedition. This Hi&s;tory was not divided into <HI>Decades</HI> (as now we find it,) by <HI>Livy</HI> him&s;elf, but by others &s;ince his time. And of the 140, or 142 Books which he wrote, there re|main at pre&s;ent not above 35. nei|ther are tho&s;e altogether entire: For that the whole &s;econd <HI>Decade</HI> is wanting; al&s;o we have but the fir&s;t, third and fourth, with half of the fifth, which was found at <HI>Wormes,</HI> by one <HI>Symon Gryneus.</HI> Likewi&s;e the beginning of the fourty third Book has been lately recover'd by a
<PB N="91" REF="54">
<HI>Manu&s;cript</HI> in the Chapter of <HI>Bam|berg.</HI> But for the remaining four|teen <HI>Decades,</HI> we mu&s;t re&s;t con|tented with the Epitomy of <HI>Florus,</HI> who, as &s;ome vainly fancy, was the occa&s;ion of the lo&s;s of the whole. His Stile, notwith&s;tanding <HI>A&s;inius Pollio</HI> blames it for its Patavinity, or <HI>Paduan</HI> Dialect, (where he writes <HI>&s;ibe</HI> for <HI>&s;ibi,</HI> and <HI>qua&s;e</HI> for <HI>qua&s;i,</HI> as we now pronounce it;) is yet extoll'd by <HI>Quintilian,</HI> as mo&s;t Eloquent, and his Hi&s;tory equall'd to <HI>Herodotus.</HI> Al&s;o, however the Emperour <HI>Caligula</HI> accu&s;es him of Verbo&s;ity, yet the &s;ame Prince was no le&s;s an enemy to <HI>Homer, Virgil, Seneca,</HI> and all Ingenious men. It is true, that <HI>Augu&s;tus</HI> blamed <HI>Livy</HI> for too much favouring <HI>Pompey</HI>'s party again&s;t <HI>Cae&s;ar,</HI> but yet he with|drew not his favor from him, as per|ceiving it his Countries cau&s;e, who were all of the <HI>Pompejan</HI> Faction. Again, <HI>Trogus Pompejus</HI> (as <HI>Ju&s;tin</HI>
<PB N="92" REF="55">
informs us) accu&s;es <HI>Livy</HI>'s Orations, as too direct and long, which cen|&s;ure might happily, ari&s;e out of Jealou&s;y betwixt two <HI>Hi&s;torians</HI> of the &s;ame Age and Subject. And for what <HI>Ma&s;cardi</HI> blames him, of be|ginning his Hi&s;tory with part of an <HI>Hexameter</HI> Ver&s;e, 'tis frivolous, &s;ince there is no Pro&s;e without &s;omething of the like nature occuring. <HI>Se|neca</HI> more ju&s;tly accu&s;es him of en|vy to <HI>Salu&s;t,</HI> in preferring <HI>Thucydi|des</HI> &s;o much above him; but yet <HI>Seneca</HI> terms him the mo&s;t Eloquent. Finally, the A&s;per&s;ion which can with mo&s;t difficulty be wip'd off from <HI>Livy,</HI> is that, for the which <HI>Gregory</HI> the Great prohibited him to be kept in any Chri&s;tian Library, and which <HI>Cau&s;abon</HI> mentions in his Preface to <HI>Polybius,</HI> viz. his noto|rious Credulity in the <HI>Pagan</HI> Su|per&s;tition, where he fills his Hi&s;to|ry with <HI>Prodigies;</HI> as, of an <HI>Oxes</HI> Speaking; a <HI>Mules</HI> Engendring,
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the Metamorpho&s;is of Men, Wo|men and other Creatures; &s;howres of Flint-&s;tones, Milk, Blood, Fle&s;h and Chalk; the Statues of Gods Weeping, Speaking, and &s;hedding Tears of Blood, Armies engaging in the Air, and Gho&s;ts appearing; together with Lakes and Rivers of Blood: All which neverthele&s;s he repre&s;ents only as the fond opini|ons of others, and not to be cre|dited.</P>
<P>La&s;t of all, <HI>Gruterus</HI> entitles him the Prince of <HI>Latine</HI> Hi&s;tory, <HI>Bar|thius,</HI> the <HI>Patavinian Syren,</HI> and <HI>Lip&s;ius,</HI> the mo&s;t <HI>Plentiful of Hi|&s;torians,</HI> wherein (as he ob&s;erves) we meet with things too good for us. He died in the fourth year of <HI>Tiberius.</HI> He was cho&s;en by the Senate to be Tutor to the Empe|rour <HI>Claudius</HI> in his youth. And (as <HI>Pliny</HI> the younger tells us) <HI>One travelled to</HI> Rome <HI>from the remote&s;t parts of</HI> Spain, <HI>only to have a &s;ight of</HI> Livy.</P>
<P><PB N="94" REF="56">Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Vellejus Paterculus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Vellejus Paterculus</HI> (de&s;cen|ded from the Ancient War-like Princes of <HI>Campaigne</HI>) was at fir&s;t a Military Tribune in <HI>France,</HI> then Praefect of Hor&s;es in <HI>Germany,</HI> after|wards Quae&s;tor, and la&s;t of all <HI>Tibe|rius</HI>'s Legate in the <HI>Pannonian</HI> War; as he him&s;elf informs us. About the 16th. year of <HI>Tiberius</HI> he compo&s;ed his <HI>Epitomy of</HI> Roman <HI>Hi&s;tory</HI> in two Books, whereof the beginning of the fir&s;t is lo&s;t. He pretends to begin only with the Foundation of <HI>Rome,</HI> neverthele&s;s, as appears by the remains of his fir&s;t Book, He treats of things far more Anci|ent, and &s;o comes down to his own time, the 16th. year of <HI>Tiberius,</HI> which was the 32d. year after the Birth of Chri&s;t. <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius, Lip&s;ius</HI> and others extol the Elegancy of his Stile, and allow him to have given us a Judicious account of
<PB N="95" REF="56">
&s;ome things which are not el&s;e|where to be met with. Neverthe|le&s;s, he is condemned for too much flattering the Hou&s;e of <HI>Augustus,</HI> as well as for para&s;itically applau|ding even the Extravagancies of <HI>Tiberius</HI> and his Evil Councellor <HI>Sejanus,</HI> whom he magnifies for the mo&s;t Vertuous of men. But, to conclude, his greate&s;t Excellency is his Eloquence, which appears chiefly in his Invectives and Enco|miums, as where he traduces <HI>Mark Anthony,</HI> and extols <HI>Cicero.</HI> Some attribute this Author another Frag|ment of the defeat of the <HI>Roman</HI> Legion by the <HI>Gri&s;ons,</HI> the which <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius, Vel&s;erus,</HI> and other Lear|ned Criticks have demon&s;trated to be a counterfeit.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Valerius Maximus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Valerius Maximus,</HI> a <HI>Ro|man</HI> Citizen of a Noble <HI>Patrician</HI> Family, derived his Pedegree from
<PB N="96" REF="57">
the <HI>Valerian</HI> Family by his Fathers &s;ide, and from the <HI>Fabians</HI> by his Mother. In his youth he was ini|tiated in Learning, but coming to be of Age, he &s;erved for &s;ome time in the Wars, and Sailed with <HI>Sex|tus Pompejus</HI> into <HI>A&s;ia:</HI> From whence, being returned to <HI>Rome,</HI> he publi&s;hed in nine Books his va|rious Hi&s;tory, or rather Mi&s;cellani|ous collection of memorable Deeds and Sayings that had occurred a|mong the <HI>Romans;</HI> the which he wrote at the latter end of <HI>Tiberius</HI> his reign, and after the di&s;grace of <HI>Sejanus,</HI> which makes him &s;o boldly traduce that Favourite, whom <HI>Pa|terculus</HI> was obliged to flatter, as writing in the time of his Pro&s;pe|rity. Finally, he is condemn'd for the ob&s;curity and unpolitene&s;s of Stile.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Quintus Curtius?</P>
<P><PB N="97" REF="57"><HI>An&s;. Quintus Curtius Rufus,</HI> though born (as mo&s;t think) in the Reign of <HI>Tiberius,</HI> yet, living to a great Age, flouri&s;hed chiefly under <HI>Ve&s;pa&s;ian:</HI> And was the &s;ame <HI>Cur|tius</HI> whom <HI>Suetonius</HI> makes in his younger days to teach <HI>Rhetorick</HI> un|der <HI>Tiberius;</HI> as al&s;o the &s;ame, to whom (as the younger <HI>Pliny</HI> re|ports,) a Phanta&s;me appear'd in <HI>Africa.</HI> He wrote the Life and Ex|pliots of <HI>Alexander</HI> the Great in ten Books; whereof, the two fir&s;t, and end of the fifth are lo&s;t, as al&s;o the beginning of the &s;ixth; and in &s;ome parts of his tenth or la&s;t Book, there appears a defect: Neverthe|le&s;s, <HI>Chri&s;topher Bruno</HI> has &s;upplyed the two fir&s;t Books out of <HI>Arrianus, Ju&s;tin</HI> and <HI>Diodorus.</HI> As for the Cen&s;ures that pa&s;s upon him, <HI>Gla|rian, Ma&s;cardi</HI> and others condemn him for an ill Geographer, in ma|king the <HI>River Ganges</HI> run from the <HI>South,</HI> and confounding Mount
<PB N="98" REF="58">
<HI>Taurus</HI> with <HI>Cauca&s;us,</HI> as al&s;o mi&s;ta|king the <HI>Jaxartes</HI> of <HI>Pliny</HI> for the <HI>River Tanais:</HI> Likewi&s;e for too much abounding in Sentences, and making per&s;ons &s;peak improper to the Characters they bear, as in the Oration of the <HI>Scythians</HI> to <HI>Alex|ander,</HI> in his &s;eventh Book. But all the&s;e accu&s;ations are frivolous and groundle&s;s, in compari&s;on of that which is urged again&s;t him, for vindicating the Bruti&s;h and Unna|tural Lu&s;t of <HI>Alexander</HI> to the Eunuch <HI>Bagoas,</HI> which <HI>Curtius</HI> ju&s;ti|fies as Lawful. Neverthele&s;s, he is as much e&s;teem'd of among the Cri|ticks, as any of the <HI>Latine Hi&s;tori|ans,</HI> both for &s;incerity and Judge|ment, and Eloquence. <HI>Lip&s;ius</HI> pre|fers him before all others for the peru&s;al of Princes. <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius</HI> &s;aith, <HI>He is more Elegant, than Per&s;picuous;</HI> yet allows his Words to be Choice, his Sentences Accute, his Orations Eloquent, and his Phra&s;e worthy of
<PB N="99" REF="58">
<HI>Augu&s;tus</HI>'s Age. As for his Orati|ons, whether direct or oblique, they are all Excellent. Neither is he impertinent in Digre&s;&s;ions, un|le&s;s you will accu&s;e his De&s;cription of <HI>India</HI> for one, which was really e&s;&s;ential to his De&s;ign. La&s;tly, <HI>Al|phon&s;us</HI> King of <HI>Arragon</HI> was reco|vered from a dangerous fit of Sick|ne&s;s by the diver&s;ion he took in the reading of this Author, which made him cry out, <HI>That he owed his Recovery neither to</HI> Hippocrates <HI>nor</HI> Avicenne, <HI>but only to</HI> Quintus Cur|tius.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Ta|citus.</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Cornelius Tacitus,</HI> Praefect of the <HI>Belgick Gauls</HI> under the Em|perour <HI>Adrian,</HI> be&s;ides his <HI>Annals,</HI> (which reach from the Scene of <HI>Augu&s;tus,</HI> to the end of <HI>Nero</HI>'s Reign, excepting his la&s;t twelve years,) wrote al&s;o an Hi&s;tory, that extends from the Death of <HI>Nero,</HI>
<PB N="100" REF="59">
to the Government of <HI>Nerva</HI> and <HI>Trajan;</HI> of which Hi&s;tory, there are now extant but Five Books: And <HI>Lip&s;ius,</HI> with rea&s;on, con|jectures, that there are at lea&s;t Ten more lo&s;t, in as much as they were all &s;aid to reach from <HI>Galba</HI> to <HI>Tra|jan,</HI> which was the &s;pace of one and twenty years; whereof the five we have now left us, treat but of one whole year. His Hi&s;tory is quoted in the eleventh of his <HI>An|nals,</HI> whence we may conclude That to have been fir&s;t written. Now, be&s;ides his <HI>Annals</HI> and <HI>Hi|&s;tory,</HI> he wrote al&s;o a Treati&s;e of <HI>Germany</HI> and its Inhabitants, with another Book of the Life of his Father in Law <HI>Agricola:</HI> Both which pieces are now extant. But for the other Tract of the corrup|tion of <HI>Roman</HI> Eloquence, which &s;ome attribute to <HI>Tacitus,</HI> and others to <HI>Quintilian,</HI> 'tis thought by <HI>Lip|&s;ius</HI> and other Learned men to have
<PB N="101" REF="59">
been written by neither. Now a|mong the&s;e many Judicious per|&s;ons who extol this Author, <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius</HI> (though he prefers the Eloquence of his <HI>Hi&s;tory</HI> before that of his <HI>Annals,</HI>) yet allows him to be every where <HI>Grave and Elegant:</HI> Al&s;o <HI>Lip&s;ius</HI> calls him, <HI>a &s;harp and pru|dent Writer, and Imitator of</HI> Salu&s;t: <HI>Sidonius</HI> would have him never mention'd without <HI>Prai&s;e:</HI> But the Emperour <HI>Tacitus</HI> had &s;o great a veneration for his Ance&s;tor and Name-&s;ake, that he made his Books be tran&s;crib'd no le&s;s then ten times in one year, and cau&s;ed his Statue to be erected in all publick Libra|ries. Notwith&s;tanding, he hath not been totally exempt from Cen&s;ure: For <HI>Alciatus,</HI> rather out of Affecti|on, than Rea&s;on, preferr'd his Friend <HI>Paulus Jovius</HI> before him; and <HI>Ferret,</HI> as well out of Igno|rance, as Vanity, accu&s;es <HI>Tacitus</HI> of writing ill <HI>Latine;</HI> However
<PB N="102" REF="60">
<HI>Pliny</HI> the younger, magnifies his Eloquence therein. Al&s;o <HI>Vopi&s;cus</HI> (only to ju&s;tify his A&s;&s;ertion, that all Narrations are mixt with un|truths,) accu&s;es <HI>Tacitus</HI> of delive|ring fal&s;ities, but gives no in&s;tance where. Likewi&s;e, <HI>Chry&s;o&s;tom</HI> and <HI>Tertullian</HI> bribed rather with Re|ligion, than Judgment, accu&s;e <HI>Ta|citus</HI> as an Impo&s;ture, for that he derides the Chri&s;tians, abu&s;es the Miracles of <HI>Mo&s;es,</HI> and upbraids the <HI>Jews</HI> for their adoring the Effigies of an A&s;s, in the fifth Book of his <HI>Hi&s;tory:</HI> Which, as coming from an <HI>Heathen,</HI> is not altogether &s;o criminal; but rather to be con|demn'd for a digre&s;&s;ion, than for an Impiety. Finally, he equals as well <HI>Thucydides,</HI> as <HI>Salu&s;t,</HI> in the number of his choice Sentences; out of which, the wi&s;e&s;t Politicians have &s;elected their mo&s;t prudent Maxims of State.</P>
<P><PB N="103" REF="60">Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Lucius Florus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Lucius Annaeus Florus</HI> (de|&s;cended from the Noble <HI>Annaean</HI> Family, and thereby allayed to the <HI>Senececaes</HI>) lived under the Empe|rour <HI>Adrian;</HI> and compo&s;ed an Epitomy of <HI>Roman Hi&s;tory</HI> in four Books. Some que&s;tion whether he was the &s;ame Author that annex'd the Arguments to <HI>Livy</HI>'s <HI>Hi&s;tory;</HI> but 'tis a great errour to imagine, that he ever de&s;ign'd the Epitomy of all <HI>Livy</HI>'s works, much le&s;s, that he &s;hould occa&s;ion the lo&s;s of any part of them. His &s;tile is Poetical, u&s;ing (like <HI>Virgil</HI>) Heme&s;ticks in his Periods, and writes more like a <HI>Declamer</HI> than a <HI>Hi&s;torian,</HI> which makes <HI>Sigonius</HI> brand him for im|pertinent. His account of the <HI>Suns</HI> being &s;een to fall into the <HI>Ocean,</HI> and there heard with Horrour to extingui&s;h its Beams in the Waves; (as mention'd in his De&s;cription of
<PB N="104" REF="61">
<HI>Brutus</HI> his Sea Voyage,) al&s;o his Report of two Spirits in the &s;hape of young men appearing in <HI>Rome</HI> near the Temple of <HI>Ca&s;tor</HI> and <HI>Pol|lux;</HI> (when he &s;peaks of the de|feat of <HI>Cimbri</HI> by <HI>Marius;</HI>) are things altogether incredible, and not fit to be in&s;erted in <HI>Hi&s;tory;</HI> as <HI>Scaliger,</HI> in his Comment on <HI>Eu&s;e|bius,</HI> well ob&s;erves. Yet notwith|&s;tanding, <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius</HI> allows him to be a Writer, that is both Elegant and Eloquent, and (except in &s;ome few places) truly Florid.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Suetonius?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Caius Suetonius Tranquillus</HI> (who&s;e Fathers name was <HI>Suetonius Lenis,</HI> as he him&s;elf te&s;tifies in the Life of <HI>Otho,</HI>) was Secretary of State to the Emperour <HI>Adrian,</HI> till being &s;u&s;pected of too great Fami|liarity with the Empre&s;s <HI>Sabina,</HI> he was removed from that Employ. After which, he apply'd him&s;elf to
<PB N="105" REF="61">
writing, and compos'd the&s;e &s;eve|ral Pices: To wit, <HI>The Lives of the Twelve fir&s;t</HI> Roman <HI>Emperours,</HI> be|ginning with <HI>Julius Cae&s;ar,</HI> and en|ding with the death of <HI>Domitian,</HI> in the 98th. year of Chri&s;t, which piece is now extant: Together with other Tracts of the Illu&s;trious <HI>Grammarians, Rhetoricians,</HI> and <HI>Poets,</HI> whereof at this day, only &s;ome Fragments remain; Be&s;ides, <HI>a Di&s;cour&s;e of the</HI> Roman <HI>Games,</HI> a piece call'd, <HI>the Republick of</HI> Ci|cero, <HI>and of the mo&s;t Illustrious Fa|milies of</HI> Rome, all which are pe|ri&s;h'd in the ruines of time. <HI>Au|&s;onius</HI> likewi&s;e tells us of another Book of Kings divided into three parts, <HI>Which</HI> (he &s;aith) <HI>was written by</HI> Suetonius, <HI>and afterwards con|tracted into a Poem by</HI> Pontius Pau|linus. But for that Treati&s;e of the Life of the Elder <HI>Pliny,</HI> which goes under the Name of <HI>Suetonius,</HI> it was certainly none of his; for the
<PB N="106" REF="62">
great Intimacy betwixt our Author and the younger <HI>Pliny,</HI> would have produced a more Honourable Cha|racter of his Friends Uncle, the Elder <HI>Pliny,</HI> than is there to be found, had <HI>Suetonius</HI> been the Writer of it. Some are of opini|on that the beginning of his fir&s;t Book of the twelve <HI>Cae&s;ars</HI> is wan|ting, becau&s;e there is no mention of the Birth and fir&s;t years of <HI>Julius Cae&s;ar,</HI> as there is of the Original and Education of all the other Em|perours, in the re&s;t of their Lives As for the Cen&s;ures that are pa&s;&s;ed upon <HI>Suetonius,</HI> they are chiefly two; the fir&s;t, <HI>For his exclaiming against the turbulent Super&s;tition of the</HI> Chri&s;tians; And the &s;econd, <HI>for his De&s;cription of Vice in the Lives of</HI> Tiberius, Nero, <HI>and</HI> Caligula; whereof, if you will pardon him the fir&s;t as an <HI>Heathen,</HI> I &s;ee not how he could avoid the other, as a Faithful and True <HI>Hi&s;torian.</HI>
<PB N="107" REF="62">
Neverthele&s;s, <HI>Pliny</HI> calls him, <HI>A mo&s;t Learned and Hone&s;t Author: Suidas, the famous</HI> Roman Gram|marian: <HI>Vopi&s;cus, a fair, Candid and Compendious writer:</HI> But <HI>Ludo|vicus Vives</HI> &s;aith, <HI>That of all the</HI> Greek <HI>and</HI> Latine Hi&s;torians, <HI>He is the mo&s;t pure and diligent, &s;peaking Truth boldly.</HI> Nay, many prefer him before <HI>Livy, Salu&s;t</HI> or <HI>Tacitus:</HI> which Character, though <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius</HI> will not a&s;&s;ent to, yet doth he ap|prove of tho&s;e other Encomiums given him by <HI>Vopi&s;cus</HI> and <HI>Vives.</HI> This Author was at fir&s;t rendred into <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> by that Voluminous Tran&s;lator Dr. <HI>Philemon Holland,</HI> which gave occa&s;ion for one mer|rily di&s;pos'd to break this quibling Je&s;t upon him:
<Q><L><HI>Philemon</HI> with Tran&s;lations doth &s;o fill us,</L>
<L>He will not let <HI>Suetonius</HI> be Tranquillus.</L></Q></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Ju&s;tin?</P>
<P><PB N="108" REF="63"><HI>An&s;. Ju&s;tin</HI> flouri&s;h'd under <HI>An|tonius Pius,</HI> and abbreviated tho&s;e forty four Books of the <HI>&V;niver&s;al Hi&s;tory</HI> of two thou&s;and years from <HI>Ninus</HI> to <HI>Augu&s;tus,</HI> which <HI>Trogus Pompejus</HI> had before compo&s;ed un|der the reign of <HI>Tiberius,</HI> and where|of nothing but this <HI>Epitomy</HI> re|mains; which, neverthele&s;s, we find not to occa&s;ion the lo&s;s of the Original, as &s;ome imagine. <HI>Mar|tin</HI> the <HI>Polander,</HI> as well as <HI>Mun&s;ter,</HI> confound this Author with <HI>Justin</HI> the Martyr, making them one of the &s;ame, becau&s;e they were Con|temporaries; but without any colour of Rea&s;on, as appears by the Scurrilous Invective made by this <HI>Historian</HI> again&s;t the <HI>Jews,</HI> in his 36th. Book, which the Martyr would never have been guilty of. Now of this Author, as well his Method (wherein he follows his Original, even in the very number of Books) as his Stile, are both
<PB N="109" REF="63">
highly commended. The &s;even fir&s;t Books comprehend the Infancy of the World, or fir&s;t Inhabitants thereof, beginning with the de|&s;cription of Kings, Places and Countries of the fir&s;t <HI>A&s;&s;yrian</HI> or <HI>Babyloni&s;h</HI> Monarchies; and from the &s;eventh to the one and fortyeth Book, is a continued Series of the Empire of <HI>Macedon,</HI> beginning with <HI>Philip,</HI> the Father of <HI>Alex|ander</HI> the Great. He u&s;ed no di|rect Orations, for that had rendred him guilty of the &s;ame errour, which <HI>Trogus</HI> him&s;elf condemned in <HI>Livy</HI> and <HI>Salust.</HI> Yet neverthele&s;s, <HI>Ju|&s;tin</HI> is accu&s;ed of &s;ome Digre&s;&s;ions, as in the beginning of his &s;econd Book, where the <HI>Scythians</HI> and <HI>Egyptians</HI> have a long tedious de|bate in preference of each others Antiquity: And likewi&s;e in the twentieth Book, concerning the Birth, Travels, Virtue and Death of <HI>Pythagoras.</HI> Again, <HI>Pererius</HI>
<PB N="110" REF="64">
in his Comment upon <HI>Daniel,</HI> hath convinc'd <HI>Ju&s;tin</HI> of many errours concerning the <HI>Jews:</HI> And <HI>Vopi&s;cus</HI> accu&s;es him of Fal&s;ity. But that wherein he &s;eems mo&s;t of all inex|cu&s;able, is his fal&s;e <HI>Chronology,</HI> which is wholly attributed to the Abbre|viator.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What account have you of</HI> Ammianus Marcellinus?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Ammianus Marcellinus,</HI> a <HI>Graecian</HI> and Citizen of <HI>Antioch,</HI> flouri&s;hed chiefly under the Em|perours <HI>Gratian</HI> and <HI>Valentinian,</HI> holding in his youth divers con&s;i|derable Offices of the <HI>Militia,</HI> par|ticularly, one of the <HI>Guard du Corps,</HI> be&s;ides many other eminent Employs, in all which, he acquitted him&s;elf with much Honour. He wrote an <HI>Hi&s;tory</HI> which extends from the beginning of <HI>Nerva,</HI> to the death of <HI>Valens,</HI> in one and thirty Books: whereof, the fir&s;t thirteen being lo&s;t, the other eigh|teen
<PB N="111" REF="64">
only remain; and tho&s;e (too) full of Imperfection. As well his <HI>Military Profe&s;&s;ion,</HI> as <HI>Greek Birth,</HI> do both contribute to the Rough|ne&s;s of his Stile; and for the &s;ame Rea&s;ons ought to be pardon'd. No other <HI>Hi&s;torian</HI> &s;o well informs us of the Antiquities and Originals of the <HI>Gauls, Germans</HI> and <HI>Burgun|dians,</HI> as he doth; neither hath any <HI>Heathen</HI> Author written le&s;s reflectingly on the <HI>Christians,</HI> not|with&s;tanding the exce&s;&s;ive Prai&s;es he attributes to <HI>Julian,</HI> which were but his due in re&s;pect of Moral Vir|tues: For which rea&s;on, as well as for his &s;incerity, and pre&s;enting us with things no where el&s;e to be met with, he is duly e&s;teem'd of by all Learned men. Yet, neverthele&s;s, &s;ome ju&s;t exceptions may be taken again&s;t him; when, in&s;tead of an <HI>Historian,</HI> he plays the <HI>Philo&s;opher,</HI> and runs away from his Subject: As in the &s;eventh Book, where he
<PB N="112" REF="65">
quits <HI>Julian</HI> at <HI>Paris,</HI> to Speculate the nature of Earth-quakes: Al&s;o, in the beginning of his twentieth Book, where leaving <HI>Con&s;tantius</HI> to prepare again&s;t the <HI>Per&s;ians,</HI> he falls enquiring into the nature of Eclip&s;e; and pre&s;ents his Reader with a Lecture of <HI>A&s;tronomy</HI> in|&s;tead of <HI>History:</HI> And again, in his thirtieth Book, where he leaves <HI>Valentinian</HI> at <HI>Tryers,</HI> whil&s;t he pre|&s;ents you with an Invective again&s;t <HI>Lawyers.</HI> Al&s;o <HI>Marcellinus</HI> is by <HI>Cau&s;ine</HI> accu&s;ed of his too many Poetical De&s;criptions throughout the whole Body of his Writings. But notwith&s;tanding all the&s;e Cen|&s;ures, he is allow'd of by <HI>Vo&s;&s;ius, To be a Grave and Serious Writer, worthy to be beloved by all men.</HI></P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="6" TYPE="book">
<PB N="113" REF="65">
<HEAD><HI>LIB.</HI> VI. OF GOVERNMENT AND SUCCESSION.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>WHich are the three prin|cipal forms of Govern|ment?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Fir&s;t, <HI>Monarchy,</HI> which is the Government of one &s;ingle man alone, as is u&s;ed in <HI>England, France</HI> and <HI>Spain:</HI> Or &s;econdly, an <HI>Ari|&s;tocracy,</HI> where the people are go|verned by a &s;elect number of Noble|men or Grandees, as heretofore the States of <HI>Venice</HI> and <HI>Genoa:</HI> Or thirdly, <HI>Democracy,</HI> which is a Re|publick
<PB N="114" REF="66">
or Commonwealth, where|in the People are govern'd only by &s;uch Magi&s;trates, as they choo&s;e a|mong them&s;elves, as 'tis at this time in <HI>Holland.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What are the Extreams or Abu&s;es of the&s;e three &s;orts of Govern|ment?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> When a <HI>Monarchy</HI> runs in|to <HI>Tyranny, Ari&s;tocracy</HI> into <HI>Oli|garchy,</HI> or <HI>Democracy</HI> into <HI>Anar|chy</HI> and <HI>Confu&s;ion.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How many &s;orts of</HI> Monarchy <HI>are there?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Two, the one <HI>Hereditary,</HI> as in <HI>England</HI> or <HI>France,</HI> and the other <HI>Elective,</HI> as in <HI>Poland.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How hath</HI> England <HI>been An|ciently govern'd?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. England</HI> was fir&s;t under the <HI>Britains:</HI> &s;econdly, Tributary to the <HI>Romans:</HI> thirdly, under the <HI>Saxons;</HI> fourthly, under the <HI>Danes:</HI> and fifthly under the <HI>Normans;</HI> who&s;e Conque&s;t of this I&s;land by
<PB N="115" REF="66">
<HI>William</HI> Duke <HI>Normandy,</HI> is the chief Period of time from whence our <HI>Chronologers</HI> reckon.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Name me the Succe&s;&s;ion of our</HI> Engli&s;h <HI>Monarchs from the Con|que&s;t, together with their &s;everal Races?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Fir&s;t, of the <HI>Norman</HI> Race, were
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>William</HI> the Conquerour,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>William Rufus,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Henry</HI> the fir&s;t, and</ITEM>
<ITEM>King <HI>Stephen.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Secondly, of the Race of <HI>Plan|tagenets,</HI> were
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Henry</HI> the &s;econd,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Richard</HI> the fir&s;t,</ITEM>
<ITEM>King <HI>John,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Henry</HI> the third,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Edward</HI> the fir&s;t,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Edward</HI> the &s;econd,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Edward</HI> the third, and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Richard</HI> the &s;econd.</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P><PB N="116" REF="67">Thirdly, <HI>Plantagenets</HI> of the Hou&s;e of <HI>Lancaster,</HI> were
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Henry</HI> the fourth,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Henry</HI> the fifth, and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Henry</HI> the &s;ixth.</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Fourthly, <HI>Plantagenets</HI> of the Hou&s;e of <HI>York,</HI> were
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Edward</HI> the fourth,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Edward</HI> the fifth, and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Richard</HI> the third.</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Fifthly, of the Race of <HI>Tudors,</HI> were
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Henry</HI> the &s;eventh,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Henry</HI> the eighth,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Edward</HI> the &s;ixth,</ITEM>
<ITEM>Queen <HI>Mary,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM>Queen <HI>Elizabeth.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Sixthly and la&s;tly, of the Race of <HI>Stuarts,</HI> were
<LIST>
<ITEM>King <HI>James,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>King <HI>Charles</HI> the Martyr, and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Charles</HI> the Second, our pre|&s;ent King, whom God pre|&s;erve.</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P><PB N="117" REF="67">Qu. <HI>How many years is it &s;ince</HI> William <HI>Duke of</HI> Normandy <HI>Con|quer'd</HI> England; <HI>or when began he to Reign?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. William</HI> the Conquerour having defeated <HI>Harold</HI> in that fa|mous Battle at <HI>Ha&s;tings</HI> in <HI>Su&s;&s;ex,</HI> began his Reign <HI>Anno Domini</HI> one thou&s;and &s;ixty &s;ix. which is about &s;ix hundred and &s;eventeen years ago.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>When did the Divi&s;ion be|twixt the two Hou&s;es of</HI> York <HI>and</HI> Lanca&s;ter <HI>fir&s;t begin?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It began upon the death of <HI>Richard</HI> the &s;econd: In which Kings reign was that In&s;urrection of <HI>Watt Taylor</HI> and <HI>Jack Straw,</HI> whom the Mayor of <HI>London</HI> &s;o Loyally defeated.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How ended the Quarrel be|twixt the&s;e two Hou&s;es?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> By the Marriage of <HI>Henry</HI> the &s;eventh, to <HI>Elizabeth</HI> the Elde&s;t Daughter of <HI>Edward</HI> the Fourth;
<PB N="118" REF="68">
which Match united the Kings <HI>Red-Ro&s;e</HI> of <HI>Lancaster,</HI> with the Queens <HI>White-Ro&s;e</HI> of <HI>York,</HI> and &s;o e&s;tab|li&s;hed the Peace of both Hou&s;es.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>From whence &s;prang the Title of King</HI> James, <HI>and the</HI> Stuarts, <HI>to the Crown of</HI> England?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> By the Marriage of the Lady <HI>Margaret,</HI> King <HI>Henry</HI> the &s;eventh's Elde&s;t Daughter, to <HI>James</HI> the Fourth King of <HI>Scot|land,</HI> who&s;e Son, <HI>James</HI> the fifth, had I&s;&s;ue one only Daughter, which was <HI>Mary</HI> Queen of <HI>Scots,</HI> the Mother of our <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Monarch King <HI>James,</HI> the &s;ixth of that Name in <HI>Scotland,</HI> and the fir&s;t in <HI>Eng|land.</HI> For <HI>Henry</HI> the &s;evenths I&s;&s;ue Male being expired by the Death of Queen <HI>Elizabeth,</HI> (the only Re|lict of <HI>Henry</HI> the eighth) the next Succe&s;&s;ion fell upon his I&s;&s;ue Fe|male, the afore&s;aid Lady <HI>Margaret.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the chief Writers of our</HI> Engli&s;h Chronicles?</P>
<P><PB N="119" REF="68"><HI>An&s;. Matthew Paris, Matthew Westminster, Jeffry</HI> of <HI>Monmouth, Martin, Polydor Virgil, Holinshead, Speed, Stow,</HI> and <HI>Baker;</HI> be&s;ides the Writers of particular Lives: &s;uch as, <HI>Daniel, Heywood, Bacon</HI>'s <HI>Henry</HI> the &s;eventh, <HI>Herbert's Henry</HI> the eighth, and <HI>Cambden</HI>'s Queen <HI>Elizabeth,</HI> the be&s;t in their kind.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What Races have &s;ucceeded to the Crown of</HI> France?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> There have been three Races of Kings in <HI>France:</HI> The fir&s;t of <HI>Pharamond, A. Ch.</HI> 419. the &s;econd of <HI>Pepin, A. C.</HI> 751. And the third of <HI>Hugh Capet, A. C.</HI> 988.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What Races of Kings have &s;ucceeded to the Crown of</HI> Spain?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Since the Expul&s;ion of the <HI>Romans,</HI> the <HI>Spaniards</HI> have had four Races of Kings: the fir&s;t from the <HI>Goths,</HI> the &s;econd, after the In|va&s;ion of the <HI>Moors,</HI> from <HI>Don Pelago;</HI> the third from <HI>Don Sancho Mayor,</HI> King of <HI>Navarre;</HI> and the
<PB N="120" REF="69">
fourth from the Hou&s;e of <HI>Austria,</HI> by the Marriage of the Daughter and Heir of <HI>Ferdinand</HI> the <HI>Catholick;</HI> which Race now governs in <HI>Spain.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What Races of Kings have &s;ucceeded to the Crown of</HI> Scotland?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The Ancient Kingdom of the <HI>Scots</HI> reckon by two Periods; the fir&s;t from <HI>Fergu&s;ius,</HI> who was King of <HI>Scotland</HI> in the time of <HI>Alexander</HI> the Great; and the &s;e|cond from <HI>Robert Stuart,</HI> the Son of <HI>Walter Stuart,</HI> who married <HI>Margery,</HI> King <HI>Bruces</HI> Daughter, in the year of our Lord 1350. or thereabouts.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How came</HI> Ireland <HI>into the hands of the</HI> Engli&s;h?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> By the Conque&s;t of <HI>Henry</HI> the &s;econd, in the year of Chri&s;t 1172.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Of what Family is the Empe|rour of</HI> Germany?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> De&s;cended from <HI>Radulphus Au&s;pergen&s;is,</HI> who <HI>A. D.</HI> 1273. made <HI>Au&s;tria</HI> the Imperial Seat, con&s;tituting his Son <HI>Albert</HI> fir&s;t Duke thereof.</P>
<P><PB N="121" REF="69">Qu. <HI>Of what Family is the Em|perour of</HI> Turkey?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Of the <HI>Ottoman</HI> Family, &s;o called from the War-like Empe|rour <HI>Othoman</HI> (Son of <HI>Orthogules</HI>) who <HI>A. D.</HI> 1300. did much enlarge the <HI>Mahometan</HI> Empire by his Arms.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Of what Family are the Kings of</HI> Portugal?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Portugal,</HI> which did for|merly belong to <HI>Spain,</HI> is now a di&s;tinct Kingdom of it &s;elf, and en|joys the ble&s;&s;ing of Kings of its own, out of that Honourable Fa|mily of the Duke of <HI>Braganza,</HI> de|&s;cended from <HI>Henry</HI> of <HI>Lorrain,</HI> to whom <HI>Alphon&s;us</HI> King of <HI>Ca&s;tile</HI> gave his Daughter <HI>Tere&s;ia</HI> in Mar|riage, for the good Services he had perform'd again&s;t the <HI>Sarazens</HI> in <HI>Portugal, A.C.</HI> 1110.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is</HI> Holland <HI>and the</HI> Low-Countrys <HI>Governed?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Holland</HI> did formerly be|long to the King of <HI>Spain,</HI> 'till by
<PB N="122" REF="70">
the Severity of the <HI>Spani&s;h Inqui|&s;ition,</HI> and Cruel Government of the Duke of <HI>Alva</HI> under <HI>Philip</HI> the &s;econd, they Revolted, and by the A&s;&s;i&s;tance of Queen <HI>Elizabeth</HI> threw off the <HI>Spani&s;h</HI> yoak, and &s;et up a <HI>Commonwealth</HI> among them|&s;elves; under which kind of Go|vernment they now continue at this very day.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What Intere&s;t hath the Prince of</HI> Orange <HI>in the Government af</HI> Holland?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> He is allowed a double Vote in their Senate, with many other Priviledges above the re&s;t, as a Reward for the good Services done them by the Old Prince of <HI>Orange,</HI> in their Revolt again&s;t the Duke of <HI>Alva</HI> and the <HI>Spaniards.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How is the pre&s;ent Govern|ment of</HI> Italy?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> It is divided into little <HI>Commonwealths, Principalities</HI> or <HI>Dukedoms;</HI> which in Spiritual
<PB N="123" REF="70">
matters are mo&s;tly &s;ubject to the <HI>Pope;</HI> who, as the Gho&s;t of the Decea&s;ed <HI>Roman</HI> Empire, &s;its Crown'd upon the Grave thereof, as the <HI>Malmsbury</HI> Phylo&s;opher well ob&s;erves.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="7" TYPE="book">
<HEAD><HI>LIB.</HI> VII. OF PHYLOSOPHY.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>WHich are the chief Suc|ce&s;&s;ions of Ancient</HI> Phy|lo&s;ophy?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The&s;e three; the <HI>Ionick, Ita|lick,</HI> and <HI>Eleatick,</HI> as <HI>Clemens Alex|andrinus</HI> reckons them; But <HI>Dio|genes Laertius</HI> mentions only two the <HI>Ionick</HI> and <HI>Italick,</HI> which la&s;t
<PB N="124" REF="71">
he makes to fall in with the <HI>Eleatick.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who was the fir&s;t of the</HI> Ionick <HI>Sect?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Thales.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who was the first of the</HI> Ita|lick <HI>Sect?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Pythagoras;</HI> who&s;e Ma&s;ters Name was <HI>Pherecydes?</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What</HI> Phylo&s;ophers <HI>&s;ucceed|ed</HI> Thales <HI>in his Sect of</HI> Ionick Phylo&s;ophy?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Anaximander, Anaxime|nes, Anaxagoras, Archelaus,</HI> and <HI>Socrates,</HI> who being the fir&s;t Foun|der of <HI>Moral Phylo&s;ophy,</HI> after his time &s;everal new Sects aro&s;e.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who were the chief</HI> Phylo&s;o|phers <HI>of the</HI> Italick <HI>Sect after</HI> Pytha|goras?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Telauges</HI> and <HI>Xenophanes,</HI> (whom <HI>Clemens</HI> makes the fir&s;t of the <HI>Eleaticks,</HI>) al&s;o <HI>Parmenedes, Zeno Eleates, Leucippus, Empedo|cles, Democritus, Protagoras, Me|trodorus, Diomenes, Pyrrho, Hera|clitus,
<PB N="125" REF="71">
Anaxarchus, Nau&s;iphanes, Naucydes,</HI> and <HI>Epicurus,</HI> who&s;e <HI>Phylo&s;ophy</HI> is given us by the <HI>Latine</HI> Poet <HI>Lucretius.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What are the chief Sects, which you &s;ay aro&s;e after</HI> Socrates, <HI>a|mongst his Followers?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> They were the <HI>Cynicks, Stoicks, Academicks, Peripateticks, Scepticks, Epicureans,</HI> and <HI>Eclecticks.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who were the chief</HI> Cynicks?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Antisthenes, Diogenes,</HI> and <HI>Crates,</HI> from whom &s;prang the <HI>Stoicks.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who were the chief</HI> Stoicks?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Crates, Zeno, Citien&s;is, Cle|anthes, Chry&s;ippus, Cato, Varro, Tullie, Seneca, Antonius,</HI> and <HI>Po&s;&s;idonius.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who were the chief</HI> Aca|demicks?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Plato, P&s;eu&s;ippus, Xenocra|tes,</HI> and <HI>Polemon,</HI> of the old <HI>Aca|demy: Crantor</HI> and <HI>Arce&s;ilaus,</HI> of the middle <HI>Academy:</HI> and <HI>Lacy|des, Hege&s;ilans, Carneades,</HI> and <HI>Cli|tomachus,</HI>
<PB N="126" REF="72">
of the new <HI>Academy.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who were the chief</HI> Peripa|teticks?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Ari&s;totle, Theophrastus, Stra|ton, Lycon, Critolaus,</HI> and <HI>Diodorus.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who were the chief</HI> Scepticks?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Pyrrho, Timon, Aene&s;idemus, Neumenius</HI> and <HI>Sextus Empericus.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who were the chief</HI> Epicu|reans?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Epicurus,</HI> his &s;ervant <HI>Mus, Hermannus, Lucian, Cel&s;us, Lucre|tius, Ca&s;&s;ius</HI> who murther'd <HI>Cae&s;ar, Maro,</HI> and <HI>Patronius Arbiter.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Who were the chief</HI> Electticks?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Potamon</HI> of <HI>Alexandria, Sotion, Ammonius,</HI> and <HI>Plotinus.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Why were the</HI> Cynicks <HI>&s;o called?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> In deri&s;ion of their Moro&s;e Dogged Manners and ill Nature; Fawning on Vertue, and Barking at Vice; as <HI>Ammonius</HI> well ex|pre&s;&s;es it.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Why were the</HI> Stoicks <HI>&s;o called?</HI></P>
<P><PB N="127" REF="72"><HI>An&s;.</HI> From the place they di&s;pu|ted in, call'd a <HI>Stoa,</HI> or <HI>Porch.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Why were the</HI> Academicks <HI>&s;o called?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> From the place where they &s;tudied in, called an <HI>Academy.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Why were the</HI> Peripateticks <HI>&s;o called?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> From their manner of Di&s;|puting as they walked in a place called the <HI>Lycaeum.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Why were the</HI> Scepticks <HI>&s;o called?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Becau&s;e they deny'd any cer|tainty of knowledge in any thing; which others affirming, were called <HI>Dogmaticks.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Why were the</HI> Epicureans <HI>&s;o called?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> From their Ma&s;ter <HI>Epicurus;</HI> who neverthele&s;s received all his Principles of <HI>Atomical Phylo&s;ophy</HI> from <HI>Democritus,</HI> who held the &s;ame long before.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Why were the</HI> Electicks <HI>&s;o called?</HI></P>
<P><PB N="128" REF="73"><HI>An&s;.</HI> Becau&s;e they pretended to &s;earch all other <HI>Phylo&s;ophies,</HI> and choo&s;e the be&s;t out of each.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Why were all the&s;e men called</HI> Phylo&s;ophers?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> From their Study of Wi&s;|dom and Knowledge.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>To what kind of knowledge did the</HI> Academicks <HI>pretend?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> To know nothing certainly, but to di&s;pute all things; yet not ab&s;olutely denying that there may be &s;ome probability of conclu&s;ion, only that it was difficult to attain unto.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>In what did the</HI> Stoicks <HI>differ from the</HI> Peripateticks, <HI>and the</HI> Epicureans <HI>from both?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Somewhat they differ'd in their <HI>Phy&s;icks,</HI> but mo&s;t in their Opinions of the chief good and Happine&s;s of man.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Wherein did the</HI> Stoicks <HI>place Happine&s;s?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> In the rigid exerci&s;e of Ver|tue,
<PB N="129" REF="73">
and contempt of tho&s;e things, which others e&s;teem Pain or Plea|&s;ure.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>In what did the</HI> Peripateticks <HI>place Happine&s;s?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> In the exerci&s;e of Vertue, together with the enjoyment of the gifts of Nature and Fortune; the want of which, they acknow|ledged to be Unhappine&s;s.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>In what did the</HI> Epicureans <HI>place their Happine&s;s?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> In the enjoyment of Plea|&s;ure, and living without the fear of Powers Invi&s;ible.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What are the chief parts or contents of</HI> Phylo&s;ophy?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Phy&s;icks,</HI> or <HI>Natural Phy|lo&s;ophy; Ethicks,</HI> or <HI>Moral Phylo|&s;ophy;</HI> and <HI>Dialecticks,</HI> or <HI>Logick.</HI></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What doth</HI> Phy&s;icks, <HI>or</HI> Na|tural Phylo&s;ophy, <HI>comprehend?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;</HI> To know the Nature of the Heavens, and all things in the World.</P>
<P><PB N="130" REF="74">Qu. <HI>What doth</HI> Ethicks, <HI>or</HI> Moral Phylo&s;ophy, <HI>comprehend?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The in&s;truction of Good Manners, Vertue and Vice, toge|ther with the chief good of men, and how to attain it.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What doth</HI> Dialecticks, <HI>or</HI> Lo|gick, <HI>teach?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> The Art of Di&s;cour&s;e, or true Rea&s;oning, which &s;erves as the In&s;trument of both the other.</P>
<P>Qu. <HI>Which are the be&s;t Authors to in&s;truct us in the Lives and Doctrines of the</HI> Phylo&s;ophers?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Diogenes Laertius, Stobaeus Plutarch, Clemens Alexandrinus,</HI> and <HI>Steuchius Eugebinus;</HI> but above all, <HI>Cicero's</HI> Works, wherein we &s;hall find what the Lord <HI>Bacon</HI> &s;ays to be Infallibly true: <HI>That as a little</HI> Phylo&s;ophy <HI>enclineth men to</HI> Athei&s;m, <HI>&s;o depth in</HI> Phylo&s;ophy <HI>bringeth back to</HI> Religion.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="8" TYPE="book">
<PB N="131" REF="74">
<HEAD><HI>LIB.</HI> VIII. Of LEARNING AND SCIENCES In General.</HEAD>
<P>Qu. <HI>WHich are the &s;even</HI> Libe|ral Sciences?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Philology,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Hi&s;tory,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Mathematicks,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Phylo&s;ophy,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Phy&s;ick,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Law,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Divinity.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What doth</HI> Philology <HI>com|prehend?</HI></P>
<P><PB N="132" REF="75"><HI>An&s;. Philology</HI> comprehends the &s;tudy of
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Grammar,</HI> (or the Art of Writing and Speaking Correctly;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Rhetorick,</HI> (or the Art of Speaking Eloquently;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Poetry,</HI> (or the Art of Writing in Mea&s;ure or Ver&s;e;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Logick,</HI> (or the Art of Rea&s;oning;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Anagno&s;tick,</HI> (or the method of Reading Authors Profitably;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Criticks,</HI> (or Cen&s;ures upon Au|thors;) and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Diadacticks,</HI> (or the method of Teaching others.)</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>How may</HI> Hi&s;tory <HI>be divided?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> Into &s;even parts: As for Example,
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Eccle&s;ia&s;tical,</HI> (or the Hi&s;tory of the Fathers and Councils;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Political,</HI> (or the Government of States and Kingdoms;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Natural,</HI> (as <HI>Pliny</HI> of the Heavens, Fowls, Bea&s;ts and Plants;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Succe&s;&s;ions,</HI> as of Countries and Fa|milies;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB N="133" REF="75"><HI>Profe&s;&s;ions,</HI> (as the Lives of Famous men in any Faculty;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Various,</HI> (as <HI>Aelian, Plutarchs</HI> Mo|rals, and <HI>Valerius Maximus;</HI>) and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Fabulous,</HI> (&s;uch as are called <HI>Ro+mances;</HI>)</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What do the</HI> Mathematicks <HI>comprehend?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Arithmetick,</HI> (or the Art of Numbers;)
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Geometry,</HI> (or the Art of Mea&s;uring;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Per&s;pectives,</HI> (or the Art of Sight;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>A&s;tronomy,</HI> (or the knowledge of the Stars and their Motions;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Geography,</HI> (or the De&s;cription of the Earth;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Architecture,</HI> (or the Art of Buil|ding;) and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Mu&s;ick,</HI> (or the Art of Harmony.)</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What doth</HI> Phylo&s;ophy <HI>com|hend?</HI></P>
<P><HI>An&s;. Metaphy&s;icks</HI> (that treat of Supernatural things, as Spirits, &amp;c)
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Phy&s;icks,</HI> (or Natural Phylo&s;ophy;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Ethicks,</HI> (or Moral Phylo&s;ophy;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB N="134" REF="76"><HI>Oeconomiques,</HI> (of Order and Di&s;|cipline;</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Politicks,</HI> (of Government;)</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Thanmaturgicks,</HI> (or the working Strange Conclu&s;ions;) and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Pneumatology,</HI> (or the Doctrine of Spirits.)</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is comprehended in the Study of</HI> Phy&s;ick?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> To be well read in all <HI>Na|tural</HI> and <HI>Phy&s;ical</HI> Writings, of the
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Latines,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Greeks,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Arabians,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Paracel&s;ians,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Galeno-Chymi&s;ts,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Prophylacticks,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Empericks.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is comprehended in the Study of</HI> Law?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> To read &s;uch as have written concerning <HI>Law-givers,</HI> and Laws in general,
<LIST>
<ITEM>Of the Law of <HI>Nature,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Of the Law of <HI>Nations,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><PB N="135" REF="76">Of the Laws of the <HI>Hebrews,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Of the <HI>Civil-Law,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>Of the <HI>Canon-Law,</HI> and</ITEM>
<ITEM>Of our <HI>Municipal Laws.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P>Qu. <HI>What is comprehended in the Study of</HI> Divinity?</P>
<P><HI>An&s;.</HI> To read &s;uch as have writ|ten <HI>Divinity</HI>
<LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Natural,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Catechetical,</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Exegetical,</HI> on Commentators,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Polemical,</HI> in Controver&s;ies,</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Synidetical,</HI> for Ca&s;es of Con|&s;cience.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Prophetical,</HI> of Preaching, and</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Gubernetical,</HI> of Church-Govern|ment.</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<Q><L>In&s;true praeceptis Animum; nec di&s;cere Ce&s;&s;es:</L>
<L>Nam &s;ine Doctrina, vita e&s;t qan&s;i Mortis Imago.</L></Q>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
</DIV1>
</BODY>
</TEXT>
</EEBO>
</ETS>
