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<DATE>2008-10-08</DATE>
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<NAME>John Pas</NAME>
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<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
<PB REF="1" MS="y">
<P>THE COMPLEAT Hu&s;band-man: OR, A di&s;cour&s;e of the whole Art OF HUSBANDRY; BOTH Forraign and Dome&s;tick.</P>
<P>Wherein many rare and mo&s;t hidden &s;e|crets, and experiments are laid open to the view of all, for the enriching of the&s;e NATIONS.</P>
<P>Unto which is added A Particular di&s;cour&s;e of the Naturall Hi&s;tory and Hubandry of IRELAND.</P>
<P><HI>By</HI> SAMUEL HARTLIB, <ABBR><HI>E&s;q</HI></ABBR></P>
<P><HI>LONDON,</HI> Printed and are to be &s;old by <HI>Edward Brew&s;ter</HI> at the Crane in <HI>Paul's</HI> Church-yard. 1659.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="to the reader">
<PB REF="2">
<PB REF="2" MS="y">
<HEAD>TO THE READER.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>Courteaus Reader.</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>_THe <HI>Di&s;cour&s;e</HI> which I did formerly pub|li&s;h concerning the <HI>Brabant-Husbandry,</HI> was &s;omwhat imperfect, nor was the <HI>Author</HI> thereof then known unto me; but &s;ince I have learned who the <HI>Author</HI> was, I have al&s;o lighted upon a more perfect Copie, which I intend to offer to the <HI>Publique</HI> in a <HI>Second Edition,</HI> that &s;uch as have entertained that fir&s;t offer with liking and acceptance, may finde the benefit of a clearer and fuller &s;atisfaction in that which &s;hall further be imparted unto them. And to the end that <HI>In|genuity</HI> and <HI>Indu&s;try</HI> may want no encouragement, in the mean time accept of the&s;e <HI>Enlargements</HI> upon the &s;ame <HI>Subject;</HI> wherein you wil finde diver&s;e other wayes, and no le&s;&s;e (if not more) profitable, then that which was left by Sir RICHARD WESTON (the <HI>Author</HI> of the <HI>Brabant-Husbandry</HI>) as a <HI>Legacie</HI> to his <HI>Sons,</HI> who&s;e <HI>In|troduction</HI> to that <HI>Di&s;cour&s;e,</HI> I have here premi&s;ed to this, to be&s;peak thee in <HI>his words</HI> to <HI>his Sons,</HI> and to gain thy
<PB REF="3">
affections more fully to the&s;e ways of advantaging both <HI>thy &s;elfe,</HI> and the <HI>Publique.</HI> And I could wi&s;h, that God would put it in the heart of tho&s;e <HI>Worthies</HI> that manage the <HI>Publique Tru&s;t;</HI> that by their <HI>Influence</HI> and <HI>Authority,</HI> the&s;e and &s;uch like <HI>Meanes</HI> of <HI>Indu&s;try,</HI> may not be left wholly to the uncertain, di&s;orderly &amp; lazy undertakings of private men, &s;o as not to have an eye over them, and over that which in their proceedings doth &s;o mainly ap|peare to be a <HI>Publique Concernment.</HI> Therefore let us all joine to intreat and petition them, that in order to the <HI>Publique</HI> and <HI>Generall Welfare</HI> of this <HI>Common-wealth,</HI> the&s;e two things at lea&s;t may bee thought upon and &s;etled.</P>
<P N="1">1 In re&s;pect of the known untowardnes of the major part of the people, who being wonderfully wedded to old cu&s;tomes, are not ea&s;ily wonne to any new cour&s;e, though never &s;o much to their own profit, that two or more fit per&s;ons of approved skill and integrity may be made <HI>Publique Stewards</HI> or <HI>Surveyors;</HI> one of the <HI>Hu&s;|bandry,</HI> the othet of the <HI>Woods</HI> of this <HI>Common-wealth,</HI> and impowered to over&s;ee and take care of the pre&s;er|vation of what is, and by all good improvement to pro|cure and provide for what is wanting to the pre&s;ent age: and (except &s;ome &s;uch Expedients be u&s;ed) it is more then likely will be wanting to &s;ucceeding ages.</P>
<P N="2">2 That according to the u&s;ual cu&s;tome of <HI>Flaunders,</HI> a Law may be made of letting and hiring Lea&s;es upon improvement; where the manner is, That the <HI>Farmer</HI> covenanteth on his part, to improve the land to &s;uch or &s;uch a greater Rent, by an orderly and excellent manage|ment of <HI>Husbandry,</HI> as well as building. The <HI>Landlord</HI> on the other &s;ide covenanteth on his part, at the expiration
<PB REF="3">
of the &s;aid Lea&s;e, to give &s;o many years purcha&s;e of the Improvement (according to the agreement) which is 3 or 4 years, or &s;omtimes more, or to give out of it &s;uch a parcell or moity of Ground. As if land formerly going for 6. <ABBR>s</ABBR> an Acre, be upon improvement worth 10. <ABBR>s</ABBR> or 13. <ABBR>s</ABBR> 4. <ABBR>d</ABBR> an Acre. The <HI>Landlord</HI> is to give 4. or 5. <ABBR>s</ABBR> upon every Acre, more or le&s;&s;e, according to the agree|ment. If it plea&s;e God to ble&s;&s;e the&s;e Motions, and that accordingly the <HI>Nationall Husbandry</HI> of this <HI>Common-wealth</HI> be improved; we may hope through Gods ble&s;|&s;ing to &s;ee better dayes, and to be able to beare <HI>nece&s;&s;ary</HI> and <HI>Publique burdens</HI> with more ea&s;e to our &s;elves, and benefit to <HI>Humane Society</HI> then hitherto we could attain unto. Which more and more to advance, in reference to a <HI>Publique</HI> and <HI>Univer&s;al Intere&s;t,</HI> as &s;ubordinate to <HI>High|er things;</HI> and which, though le&s;&s;e vi&s;ible and &s;en&s;ible, are more permanent, and to truly <HI>Rationall</HI> and <HI>Spirituall Hu&s;bandmen</HI> as perceptible, &s;hall be the unce&s;&s;ant prayers and endeavours of</P>
<CLOSER><SIGNED><HI>Thy faithfull Servant</HI> Samuel Hartlib.</SIGNED></CLOSER>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="letter">
<PB REF="4">
<HEAD>Sir RICHARD WESTON late of <HI>Sutton,</HI> in the County of <HI>Surrey,</HI> his <HI>Legacie</HI> to his <HI>Sons,</HI> &amp;c. Anno Dom. 1645.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>My Sonnes,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P><HI>I</HI> Have left this &s;hort en&s;uing <HI>Treati&s;e</HI> to you as a <HI>Legacy;</HI> if I &s;hall not live my &s;elf, to &s;hew you (what therein is written) by <HI>examples,</HI> which I know in&s;truct far more then <HI>precepts;</HI> yet <HI>precepts</HI> from <HI>a dying Father,</HI> in&s;truct|ing of his <HI>Children</HI> what he hath &s;een and known, and re|ceived information of from witne&s;&s;es free from all excepti|ons, &s;hould make &s;uch an impre&s;&s;ion on them, as at lea&s;t to be|lieve their <HI>Father</HI> writ what he thought was true; And ther|fore &s;uppo&s;e tho&s;e things worthy to be put in practi&s;e by them, which he him&s;elfe would have done, if it had plea&s;ed God to have granted him <HI>life</HI> and <HI>liberty;</HI> e&s;pecially &s;eeing the mat|ter it &s;elf, which is required by him to be done, is in &s;hew &s;o profitable, and &s;o ea&s;ie to be effected, &amp; with &s;o little charge, con&s;idering the great gain that is propo&s;ed by it, that not any thing can re&s;train a rational man from triall thereof, but not giving credit to the Relator.</P>
<P>The whole Di&s;cour&s;e &s;hews you, how to <HI>improve barren</HI> &amp; <HI>heathy land,</HI> &amp; how to rai&s;e more then ordinary profit there|of, by &s;uch wayes and means as are not practi&s;ed in <HI>England,</HI> but as commonly in &s;ome parts of <HI>Brabant</HI> &amp; <HI>Flaunders,</HI> as the <HI>Husbandry</HI> of <HI>Wheat</HI> &amp; <HI>Rie</HI> is here. By that means you may nobly augment your e&s;tates, and will receive &s;o much the more profit &amp; prai&s;e, by how with more indu&s;try &amp; diligence you govern your affairs: and wil not only be imitated, but al|&s;o honoured by your <HI>Neighbours,</HI> when they &s;hal &s;ee your la|bours pro&s;per &s;o far, as to convert <HI>barren</HI> &amp; <HI>heathy ground</HI> left un-husbanded for many ages, into as <HI>commodious a|rable land,</HI> with <HI>Pa&s;tures</HI> and <HI>Meadows,</HI> as any be in this <HI>Kingdome.</HI> And certainly, that man is worthy of prai&s;e and honour, who being po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ed of a <HI>large</HI> &amp; <HI>barren Demea&s;ne,</HI> con&s;trains it by his labour and indu&s;try to produce extraordi|nary fruits; which redounds not only to his own particular
<PB REF="4">
profit, but al&s;o to the <HI>Publique benefit. Cato</HI> &s;aith, <HI>It is a great &s;hame to a man, not to leave his</HI> Inheritance <HI>greater to his</HI> Suc|ce&s;&s;ors <HI>then he received it from his</HI> Predece&s;&s;ors, <HI>and that he de|&s;pi&s;eth the</HI> liberality <HI>of God, who by</HI> &s;lothfulne&s;&s;e <HI>lo&s;eth that which his land may bring forth, as not &s;eeming willing to reap the fruits which God hath offered him.</HI> Nay, he threatens the <HI>crime of high trea&s;on;</HI> to tho&s;e <HI>that do not augment their Patri|mony &s;o much as the</HI> Increa&s;e <HI>&s;urmounts the</HI> Principall. It is a thing much celebrated by <HI>Antiquity,</HI> &amp; thought the noble&s;t way to gather <HI>Wealth,</HI> for to employ ones <HI>Wit</HI> &amp; <HI>Money</HI> upon his <HI>Land,</HI> and by that means to augment his e&s;tate. If you ob&s;erve the <HI>co~mon cour&s;e</HI> of things, you will find that <HI>Husbandry</HI> is the <HI>End,</HI> which <HI>Men of all e&s;tates</HI> in the world do point at. For to what purpo&s;e do <HI>Souldiers, Scholars, Lawyers, Merchants,</HI> and men of all <HI>Occu|pations</HI> and <HI>Trades,</HI> toyl and labour with great affection, but to get <HI>Money?</HI> and with that money, when they have gotten it, but to purcha&s;e <HI>Land?</HI> and to what end doe they buy that land, but to re|ceive the fruits of it to live? and how &s;hall one receive the fruits of it, but by his own <HI>Husbandry</HI> or a Farmers? &s;o that it appears by degrees; that what cour&s;e &s;oever a man taketh in this world, at la&s;t he commeth to <HI>Husbandry,</HI> which is the mo&s;t common <HI>Occu|pation</HI> amongst men, the mo&s;t <HI>naturall</HI> and <HI>Holy,</HI> being comman|ded by the mouth of God to our <HI>Fir&s;t Fathers.</HI> There is <HI>care</HI> &amp; <HI>di|ligence</HI> requi&s;ite in <HI>Husbandry,</HI> as there is in all the <HI>Actions</HI> of the World; and therefore as a <HI>Captain</HI> hath a <HI>Lieutenant</HI> to com|mand his <HI>Souldiers</HI> in his ab&s;ence, or for his ea&s;e: So mu&s;t you provide &s;ome able hone&s;t man to whom you will commit the exe|cution of &s;uch things, as you your &s;elves cannot do without too much labour: whereof you mu&s;t often take an account, and confer with him (as occa&s;ion &s;hall require) about your bu&s;ine&s;&s;e, that no|thing may be left undone for want of providence. To &s;uch a man you must give good wages, with intent to advance your own gain, and take the more ea&s;e, by rea&s;on of his honesty and knowledge.</P>
<P>You will finde this <HI>Husbandry</HI> (after you have once had expe|rience of it) to be very plea&s;ing to you, and &s;o exceeding profitable,
<PB REF="5">
that it will make you diligent: For no man of any <HI>Art</HI> or <HI>Science</HI> (except an <HI>Alchymi&s;t</HI>) ever prete~ded &s;o much gain any other way, as you &s;hall &s;ee demon&s;trated in this en&s;uing <HI>Treati&s;e.</HI> The <HI>U&s;urer</HI> doubles but his principall, with Intere&s;t upon Intere&s;t in <HI>7</HI> years; but by this little <HI>Treati&s;e,</HI> you &s;hall learn now to doe more then treble your principle in one years compa&s;s And you &s;hall &s;ee how an <HI>Indu&s;trious</HI> man in <HI>Brabant</HI> &amp; <HI>Flaunders</HI> would bring 500 acres of <HI>barren</HI> &amp; <HI>heathy land,</HI> that was not worth at the mo&s;t above 5. <ABBR>l</ABBR> a year, to be worth 700. <ABBR>l</ABBR> a year in le&s;&s;e time then <HI>7</HI> years. I know no rea&s;on why the like may not be done in <HI>England,</HI> for we are under as good a Climate as they are; Our <HI>heathy Land,</HI> that is neither <HI>Sand</HI> nor <HI>Loam,</HI> is as good a &s;oile as their <HI>barren ground</HI> is. We have not only <HI>Dung</HI> to enrich our <HI>Land,</HI> but al&s;o <HI>Lime</HI> and <HI>Marle,</HI> of which they know not the u&s;e, where they &s;owe their gainfulle&s;t Commodities mentioned in this en&s;uing <HI>Treati&s;e,</HI> nor of any other <HI>Manure</HI> but only <HI>Dung.</HI> In fine, I am certain there is none of their Commodities but grow in <HI>England,</HI> as they doe in <HI>Brabant</HI> and <HI>Flaunders,</HI> but ours are not of the &s;ame kinde, as theirs, nor put to the &s;ame u&s;e. What cannot be vented at home, may as well be vented from hence into <HI>Holland,</HI> as the like commodities are from <HI>Flaunders</HI> thither. I will &s;ay no more of this <HI>Subject</HI> in the <HI>Pre|face:</HI> only it remains to tell you, that you mu&s;t not expect either <HI>Eloquence</HI> or <HI>Method</HI> in this en&s;uing <HI>Treati&s;e;</HI> but a true <HI>Story</HI> plainly &s;et forth in the <HI>La&s;t Will</HI> &amp; <HI>Te&s;tament</HI> of your <HI>Father;</HI> which he would have you execute: but before all things, to be &s;ure you lay the <HI>Foundation</HI> of your <HI>Husbandry</HI> upon the <HI>Ble&s;&s;ing</HI> of Almighty God, continually imploring his divine aid &amp; a&s;&s;i&s;tance in all your labours: for it is God that <HI>gives the increa&s;e:</HI> and belie|ving this as the <HI>Quinte&s;&s;ence</HI> and &s;oul of <HI>Husbandry, Primum quaerite Regnum Dei; &amp; po&s;tea haec omnia adjicientur vobis.</HI> The&s;e things being briefly promi&s;ed, I will leave the re&s;t to this &s;hort en&s;uing <HI>Treati&s;e,</HI> and commit you all with a <HI>Fathers</HI> Ble&s;|&s;ing to the <HI>Protection</HI> and <HI>Providence</HI> of Almighty God.</P>
<Q>Thus far Sir RICHARD VVESTONS Introduction to the di&s;cou<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">&s;e of BRABANT HUSBANDRY; which is &s;hortly to be publi&s;hed in a S<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">|cond Edition corrected and enlarged.</Q>
</DIV1>
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<PB N="1" REF="5">
<LETTER>
<HEAD>A large Letter concerning the De|fects and Remedies of Engli&s;h Hu&s;bandry, <HI>written to</HI> Mr. <HI>Samuel Hartlib.</HI></HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>_ACcording to your de&s;ires, I have &s;ent you what I have ob&s;erved in <HI>France,</HI> about the &s;owing of a &s;eed called commonly, <HI>Saint-Foine,</HI> which in <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> is as much to &s;ay as <HI>Holy-Hay,</HI> by rea|&s;on, as I &s;uppo&s;e of the excellency of it. It's cal|led by <HI>Parkin&s;on</HI> in his <HI>Herball,</HI> where you may &s;ee a perfect de&s;cription of it, <HI>Onobrychis Vulgaris,</HI> or <HI>Cocks head;</HI> becau&s;e of it's flower, or <HI>Medick Fetchling:</HI> By &s;ome it is called <HI>Poly|gala;</HI> becau&s;e it cau&s;eth cattel to give abundance of milke. The plant mo&s;t like unto it, and commonly known; being fre|quently <HI>&s;owne</HI> in gardens, is that which is called <HI>French Honey-&s;uckle,</HI> and is a kind of it, though not the &s;ame. <HI>France</HI> al|though it be &s;uppo&s;ed, to want the fewe&s;t things of any <HI>Pro|vince</HI> in <HI>Europe;</HI> yet it hath no &s;mall want of <HI>Hay,</HI> e&s;pecially about <HI>Paris;</HI> which hath nece&s;&s;itated them to &s;owe their dry and barren lands with this &s;eed. Their manner of &s;owing it, is done mo&s;t commonly thus: When they intend to let their Corn-lands ly, becau&s;e they be out of heart, and not &s;ituate in a place convenient for manuring, then they &s;owe that land with <HI>Oats,</HI> and the&s;e &s;eeds together about equall parts; the fir&s;t year they onely mowe off their <HI>Oates,</HI> leaving the <HI>Saint Foine</HI> to take root and &s;trength that year; Yet they may if they plea&s;e, when the year is &s;ea&s;onable, mowe it the &s;ame year it is &s;owne; but it's not the be&s;t way to do &s;o: the year following they mowe it, and &s;o do &s;even years together; the ordinary burthen is about a load, or a load &amp; a halfe in good years, upon an <HI>Arpent,</HI> (which is an 100 &s;quare Poles or Rods,
<PB N="2" REF="6">
every Pole or Rod being 20 foot) which quantity of ground being nigh a 4th. part le&s;&s;e than an <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Acre; within a league of <HI>Paris,</HI> is u&s;ually Rented at 6 or 7 <ABBR>s</ABBR> After the land hath re&s;ted 7 years; then they u&s;ually break it up, and &s;owe it with corn till it be out of heart, and then &s;owe it with <HI>Saint Foine</HI> as formerly: for it doth not impoveri&s;h land, as <HI>Annu|al Plants</HI> do; but after &s;even years, the roots of this plant be|ing great and &s;weet, as the roots of <HI>Licori&s;h,</HI> do rot, being turn|ed up by the Plough, and enrich the land. I have &s;een it &s;own in divers places here in <HI>England;</HI> e&s;pecially in <HI>Cobham-Park</HI> in <HI>Kent,</HI> about 4 miles from <HI>Grave&s;end;</HI> where it hath thriven extraordinary well upon dry Chalky banks, where nothing el&s;e would grow: and indeed &s;uch dry barren land is mo&s;t pro|per for it (as moi&s;t rich land for the great <HI>Trefoile</HI>) or great <HI>Glo|ver-Gra&s;&s;e</HI> (although it will grow indifferently well on all lands) and when the other gra&s;&s;es and plants are de&s;troyed by the parching heat of the Sun; becau&s;e their roots are &s;mall and &s;hallow; this flouri&s;heth very much, having very great root and deep in the ground, and therefore not ea&s;ily to be <HI>ex&s;iccated;</HI> As we have ob&s;erved <HI>Ononis</HI> or <HI>Re&s;t-Harrow</HI> com|monly to do, on dry lands; but if you &s;owe this on wet land, the water &s;oon corrupts the root of it. This plant without que&s;tion would much improve many of our barren lands, &s;o that they might be mowen every year once, at lea&s;t &s;even years together, and yield excellent fodder for cattel, if &s;o be that it be rightly managed; otherwi&s;e it cometh to nothing, as I have &s;een by experience. I therefore councel tho&s;e who &s;owe this, or the great <HI>Trefoile</HI> or <HI>Clover-Gra&s;&s;e,</HI> or any other &s;ort of gra&s;&s;es, that they ob&s;erve the&s;e Rules.</P>
<P N="1">1 That they do make there ground fine, and kill all &s;orts of other gra&s;&s;es and plants; otherwi&s;e they being native <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> will by no meanes give way to the <HI>French</HI> ones; e&s;pecially in this moi&s;t climate; and therefore they are to be blamed; who with one ploughing &s;owe this or other &s;eeds; for the gra&s;&s;e pre|&s;ently groweth up and choaketh them, and &s;o by their negli|gence, and ill Husbandry, di&s;courageth them&s;elves and others.</P>
<P N="2">2 Let them not be too &s;paring of their &s;eeds; for the more they &s;owe, the clo&s;er and thicker they will grow, and pre&s;ently
<PB N="3" REF="6">
fully &s;tock the ground, that nothing el&s;e can grow. And further the &s;eeds which come from beyond the Seas, are oftentimes old and much decayed, and therefore the more &s;eed is re|quired.</P>
<P N="3">3 Not to expect above 7. years profit by it; for in that time it will decay, and the naturall gra&s;&s;e will prevaile over it; for every plant hath his period; &s;ome in one yeare; &s;ome in 2. o|thers in 3. as the common <HI>Thi&s;tle;</HI> and therefore after 7. years let them either plough the land up, and &s;owe it with that &s;ame &s;eed again, or with other Graine as they do in <HI>France.</HI></P>
<P N="4">4 Let not <HI>&s;heepe</HI> or other cattel bite them the fir&s;t year, that they may be well rooted; for the&s;e gra&s;&s;es are farre &s;wee|ter then the ordinary gra&s;&s;es; and cattel will eat them down, leaving the other; and con&s;equently di&s;courage their growth.</P>
<P N="5">5 The be&s;t way, if men will be at the charge, is to make their ground very fine, as they do when they are to &s;owe <HI>Barly,</HI> and harow it even; and then to howe the&s;e &s;eeds in alone without any other grain, as the Gardiners do <HI>Pea&s;e;</HI> yet not at &s;o great a di&s;tance; but let them make the ranges about a foots breadth one from another, and they &s;hall &s;ee their gra&s;|&s;es flouri&s;h, as if they were green <HI>Pea&s;e;</HI> e&s;pecially if they draw the howe through them once or twice that &s;ummer to de&s;troy all the weeds and gra&s;&s;es: And if they do thus, the great <HI>Clover</HI> and other &s;eeds may be mowen even twice the fir&s;t year, as I have experimented in divers &s;mall plots of ground.</P>
<P>There is at <HI>Paris</HI> likewi&s;e another &s;ort of fodder, which they call <HI>La Lucern,</HI> which is not inferior, but rather preferred be|fore this <HI>Saint Foine,</HI> for dry &amp; barren grounds; which hath bin lately brought thither, and is managed as the former; and truly every day produceth &s;ome new things, not onely in other Countreys, but al&s;o in our owne. And though I cannot but ve|ry much commend the&s;e plants unto my <HI>Countrymen,</HI> knowing that they may be beneficial to this <HI>Nation;</HI> yet I e&s;pecially re|commend unto them a famous kind of gra&s;&s;e growing in <HI>Wilt|&s;hire,</HI> 19 miles from <HI>Sali&s;bury,</HI> at <HI>Maddington,</HI> which may better be called one of the wonders of this land, then the <HI>Hawthorne-tree</HI> at <HI>Gla&s;&s;enbury,</HI> which &s;uper&s;tition made &s;o famous: for di|vers of the &s;ame kind are found el&s;where. You may find this,
<PB N="4" REF="7">
gra&s;&s;e briefly de&s;cribed in a Book called <HI>Phytologia Britannica,</HI> (which lately came forth, and &s;et down even all the plants which have been found naturally growing in <HI>England, Gramen Caninum Supinum Longi&s;&s;imum,</HI> which groweth 9 miles from <HI>Sali&s;bury,</HI> Mr, <HI>Tuckers</HI> at <HI>Madington:</HI> where with they fat <HI>hogs;</HI> and which is 24 foot long, a thing almo&s;t incredible; yet com|monly known to all that &s;hire. Now without que&s;tion, if the &s;eed of this gra&s;&s;e, be &s;own in other rich Meadowes, it will yeeld extraordinarily; though perchance not &s;o much, as in its proper place. I wonder that tho&s;e that live thereabouts, have not tryed to fertilize their other Meadowes vvith it: for it is a peculiar <HI>&s;pecies</HI> of gra&s;&s;e; and though &s;ome ingenious men have found about 90 <HI>&s;pecies</HI> of gra&s;&s;es in this <HI>I&s;land:</HI> yet there is none like to this, that can by any meanes be brought to &s;uch an height, and &s;vveetne&s;&s;e. And truly I &s;uppo&s;e, that the through examination of this gra&s;&s;e, is a thing of very great importance, for the improvement of <HI>Meadows</HI> and <HI>Pa&s;tures;</HI> and it may ex|cel the great <HI>Trefoile, Saint Foine, La-Lucern,</HI> or any <HI>exotick</HI> plant vvhat&s;oever. And though I am very unvvilling to exceed the bounds of an Epi&s;tle; yet I cannot but certifie you, where|in the <HI>Hu&s;bandry</HI> of this <HI>Nation</HI> in other particulars (as I &s;up|po&s;e) is greatly deficient, which I will do as briefly as may be; and likewi&s;e, how ingenious men may finde <HI>Remedies</HI> for the&s;e <HI>deficiencies.</HI></P>
<P><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>1</HI> Deficiency concerning Ploughs and Carriages.</NOTE>Fir&s;t, he would do the hone&s;t and painful <HI>Hu&s;bandman</HI> a ve|ry great <HI>plea&s;ure,</HI> and bring great <HI>profit</HI> to this <HI>Nation,</HI> who could <HI>facilitate</HI> the going of the <HI>plough</HI> and lighten our ordi|nary <HI>Carriages.</HI> I wonder, that &s;o many excellent <HI>Mechanicks,</HI> who have beaten their brains about the perpetual Motion and other curio&s;ities, that they might finde the be&s;t ways to ea&s;e all Motions, &s;hould never &s;o much as to honour the <HI>Plough</HI> (which is the mo&s;t nece&s;&s;ary In&s;trument in the world) by their labour and &s;tudies. I &s;uppo&s;e all know, that it would be an extraordinary benefit to this Countrey, if that 1 or 2 hor&s;es could plough and draw as much as 4 or 6, and further al&s;o, that there is no &s;mall difference in <HI>ploughs,</HI> and <HI>waggons,</HI> when there is &s;carce any &s;<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="2 letters">e rule for the making them; and every Countrey, yea almo&s;t every County, differs not onely
<PB N="5" REF="7">
in the <HI>ploughs;</HI> but even in every part Some with wheels, o|thers without; &s;ome turning the <HI>Re&s;t</HI> (as they call it) as in <HI>Kent, Picardy</HI> and <HI>Normandy,</HI> others not; &s;ome having <HI>Coul|ters</HI> of one fa&s;hion, others of another; others as the <HI>Dutch,</HI> having an Iron wheele or circle for that purpo&s;e; &s;ome having their <HI>&s;heares</HI> broad at point; &s;ome not; &s;ome being round, as in <HI>Kent,</HI> others flat; &s;ome tying their hor&s;es by the taile, as in <HI>Ireland.</HI> So, likewi&s;e <HI>Waggons</HI> and <HI>Carts</HI> differ: &s;ome u&s;ing 4 wheeles, others 2 onely; &s;ome carrying timber on a wheels in a Cart, others with 4 wheels, &amp; a long pole onely between, which is the be&s;t way; &s;ome plough with 2 hor&s;es onely, as in <HI>Norfolke,</HI> and beyond &s;eas in <HI>France, Italy,</HI> where I never &s;aw above 3 hor&s;es in a <HI>plough,</HI> and one onely to hold and drive: But in <HI>Kent</HI> I have &s;een 4, 6, yea 12 hor&s;es and oxen; which variety &s;heweth, that the <HI>Husband-man,</HI> who is ordina|rily ignorant in <HI>Mechanicks,</HI> is even at his wits end in this In|&s;trument, which he mu&s;t nece&s;&s;arily u&s;e continually. Surely he &s;hould de&s;erve very well of this <HI>Nation,</HI> and be much ho|nored by all, that would &s;et down exact Rules for the making of this mo&s;t nece&s;&s;ary, yet contemned <HI>In&s;trument,</HI> and for e|very part thereof: for without que&s;tion there are as exact Rules to be laid down for this, as for <HI>Shipping</HI> and other things. And yet in <HI>Shipping,</HI> how have vve vvithin <HI>the&s;e</HI> 6 <HI>yeers</HI> out-&s;tripped our &s;elves, and gone beyond all <HI>Nations?</HI> for vvhich Art &s;ome de&s;erve eternal honour. And vvhy may vve not in this? I knovv a Gentleman, vvho novv is beyond &s;eas, vvhere he excels even the <HI>Hollanders,</HI> in their ovvn bu&s;ine&s;&s;e of draining; vvho promi&s;eth much in this kinde, and I think he is able to performe it; I could vvi&s;h, he vvere called on to make good his promi&s;e. In <HI>China,</HI> it is ordinary to have vvag|gons to pa&s;&s;e up and dovvn vvithout hor&s;es or oxen, vvith &s;ails as &s;hips do: and lately in <HI>Holland</HI> a vvaggon vvas fra|med, vvhich vvith ordinary &s;ails carryed 30 people 60 Engli&s;h miles in 4 houres. I knovv &s;ome excellent Scholars, vvho promi&s;e much by the means of <HI>Horizontall &s;ails (viz.)</HI> to have 3 or 4 Ploughs to go together; vvhich &s;hal likevvi&s;e both &s;ovve and harrovv.</P>
<P><PB N="6" REF="8">I dare not being ignorant in the&s;e high &s;peculations, engage my &s;elf to do much thereby; but wi&s;h the&s;e gentlemen, whom I know to be extreamly ingenious, would attempt &s;omething, both for the &s;atisfying of them&s;elves and others. There is an ingenious <HI>Yeoman</HI> of <HI>Kent</HI> who hath 2 ploughs fa&s;tened to|gether very finely, by the which he plougheth 2 furrowes at once, one under another; and &s;o &s;tirreth up the land 12 or 14 inches deep, which in deep land is good. Neer <HI>Greenwich</HI> there liveth an <HI>Honourable Gentleman,</HI> who hath excellent Corn on barren land, and yet plougheth his land with one hor&s;e, when as u&s;ually through <HI>Kent</HI> they u&s;e 4 and 6. The&s;e things &s;hevv that much may be done in this kinde; and I hope &s;ome in the&s;e active times, vvil undertake and accompli&s;h this vvork of &s;o great importance.</P>
<P><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>2</HI> Deficien|cie, about digging of land, Set|ting and Howing in of Corn.</NOTE>There is a Book long &s;ince Printed, made by Sir <HI>Hugh Plattes,</HI> (the mo&s;t curious man of his time) called <HI>Adams Art revived,</HI> vvherein is &s;hevved the great benefit vvhich vvould accrue to this Nation, if all land vvhich vvere fit to be digg'd, vvere &s;o ordered, and their corn &s;et. Mr. <HI>Gab. Plattes</HI> likevvi&s;e hath vvritten much of this kinde, and promi&s;eth that men &s;hal reap 100 for one; all charges born vvhich are very great. That this may be true, he bringeth &s;ome probable Rea&s;ons, &s;up|po&s;ing that le&s;&s;e then a peck of <HI>Wheat,</HI> vvil &s;et an Acre, I dare not promi&s;e &s;o much as the&s;e <HI>Gentlemen</HI> do, neither can I commend Mr. <HI>Gab. Plattes</HI> &s;etting In&s;trument: For I knovv their are many difficulties in it, vvhich he him&s;elfe could ne|ver vvade through; but concerning digging and &s;etting, and hovving in of Corne, the&s;e things I dare maintain.</P>
<P N="1">1 That it is a deficiency in <HI>Husbandry,</HI> that it is u&s;ed no more.</P>
<P N="2">2 That one good digging, becau&s;e it goeth deeper than the Plough, and buryeth all vveeds, killeth the gra&s;&s;es; is as good as three Ploughings, and if the Land be mellovv, not much more chargeable.</P>
<P N="3">3 That it vvould imploy many 1000 of people, that a third part of the &s;eed might be &s;aved. As I have found by ex|perience, that all the vveeds and gra&s;&s;es, might be more ea&s;i|ly de&s;troyed thereby, and the ground better accommodated
<PB N="7" REF="8">
for other crops; and to conclude, the crop con&s;iderably grea|ter. Yet thus much I mu&s;t further &s;ay, concerning &s;etting of Graine, That great <HI>Beans</HI> are even of nece&s;&s;ity to be &s;et, and that &s;mall <HI>Beans</HI> in <HI>Surrey</HI> and other places, are likewi&s;e &s;et with profit, for the rea&s;ons above mentioned; that to &s;et <HI>Pea&s;e</HI> (unle&s;&s;e <HI>Ha&s;tevers) Oates, Barley,</HI> is a thing even ridi|culous: that <HI>Wheat</HI> although in divers grounds it may be &s;et with profit; yet to <HI>howe it in</HI> (as the <HI>Gardiners</HI> &s;peak) as they do <HI>Pea&s;e,</HI> though not at the &s;ame di&s;tance, but about a foot the ranges one from another, is better then &s;etting, for the&s;e Rea&s;ons.</P>
<P N="1">1 Becau&s;e to &s;et Corn is an infinite trouble and charge; and if it be not very exactly done, which children neither can nor wil do, and the&s;e mu&s;t be the chief &s;etters; wil be ve|ry prejudicious.</P>
<P N="2">2 If worms, fro&s;t, ill weather, or fowles, de&s;troy any part of your &s;eed, which they wil do; your crop is much im|pared.</P>
<P N="3">3 The ground cannot be &s;o well weeded, and the mould rai&s;ed about the roots by the <HI>howe.</HI> Which 3 inconveniencies are remedied by the other way.</P>
<P>Further, I dare affirme, that after the ground is digged or ploughed and harrowed; even it's better to <HI>howe Wheat</HI> in, then to &s;owe it after the <HI>common way;</HI> becau&s;e that the weeds may be ea&s;ily de&s;troyed by running the <HI>howe</HI> through it in the Spring, and the mould rai&s;ed about the roots of the Corne, as the <HI>Gardiners</HI> do with <HI>Pea&s;e,</HI> it would &s;ave much Corne in dear years, and for other Rea&s;ons before mentioned. Yea, it is not more chargeable; for a <HI>Gardiner</HI> wil <HI>howe in</HI> an Acre for 5 <ABBR>s</ABBR> and after in the &s;pring for le&s;&s;e money runne it over with a <HI>howe,</HI> and cut up all the weeds, and rai&s;e the mould: vvhich charges are not great, and you &s;hal &s;ave above a bu&s;h|el of &s;eed, vvhich in dear years is more vvorth then all your charges.</P>
<P>Further 1 <ABBR>s</ABBR> 6 <ABBR>d</ABBR> an Acre for the &s;ovving and harrowing of an Acre in <HI>Kent</HI> is accounted a rea&s;onable price; but if any fear charges let him u&s;e a <HI>Drill-Plough.</HI> I therefore cannot but commend the <HI>howing in</HI> of <HI>wheat,</HI> as an excellent piece of
<PB N="8" REF="9">
good <HI>Hu&s;bandry,</HI> whether the ground be digged or plough|ed; not onely becau&s;e it &s;aveth much Corne, imployeth much people, and it is not chargeable; but it al&s;o de&s;troy|eth all weeds, fitteth grounds for after-crops and cau&s;eth a greater increa&s;e, and in my apprehen&s;ion is a good <HI>Remedy</HI> again&s;t <HI>Smut</HI> and <HI>Mildew.</HI> There is an Ingenious <HI>Italian,</HI> who wondereth how it cometh to pa&s;&s;e, that if one &s;etteth a Grain of Corne, as <HI>Wheat, Barley,</HI> &amp;c. it u&s;ually produceth 300 or 400, as I have tryed: yet if you &s;owe <HI>Wheat</HI> after the ordinary way, 6. or 8. for one is accounted a good crop; what beccometh of all the Corne, that is <HI>&s;own,</HI> when as the 50th. part, if it do grow, would be &s;ufficient? For an&s;wer to this.</P>
<P N="1">1 I &s;ay, much Corne is &s;own, which nature hath de&s;tina|ted for the <HI>Hens</HI> and <HI>Chickens,</HI> being without any con&s;idera|ble vegetative faculty.</P>
<P N="2">2 Womes, Fro&s;ts, Floods, Crowes and Larkes, (which e|very one doth not con&s;ider) to devour not a little.</P>
<P N="3">3 Weeds, as <HI>Poppie, May-weed,</HI> and the gra&s;&s;es growing with the Corne, do de&s;troy much.</P>
<P>La&s;tly, when Corne is &s;o &s;owne after the ordinary manner, much is buried in the furrowes; e&s;pecially if the ground be grazy: much is thrown on heaps in holes, and con&s;equently &s;tarve and choak one another. Mo&s;t of the&s;e Inconvenien|cies, are to be remedyed by this vvay of &s;etting and hovving in of Corn.</P>
<P><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>3</HI> Deficien|cie, concer|ning Gar|dening.</NOTE><HI>Gardening,</HI> though it be a vvonderfull improver of lands, as it plainly appears by this, that they give extraordinary rates for land; <HI>(viz.)</HI> from 40 <ABBR>s</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> Acre to 9 pound, and dig and hovve and dung their land vvhich co&s;teth very much; Yet I knovv divers, vvhich by 2 or 3 Acres of land maintain them&s;elves and family, and imploy other about their ground; and therefore their ground mu&s;t yield a vvonderfull increa&s;e, or el&s;e it could not pay charges; yet I &s;uppo&s;e there are ma|ny <HI>Deficiencies</HI> in this calling.</P>
<P N="1">1 Becau&s;e it is but of fevv years &s;tanding in <HI>England,</HI> and therefore not deeply rooted. About 50 years ago, about vvhich time <HI>Ingenuities</HI> fir&s;t began to flouri&s;h in <HI>England;</HI> This
<PB N="9" REF="9">
<HI>Art</HI> of <HI>Gardening,</HI> began to creep into <HI>England,</HI> into <HI>Sand|wich,</HI> and <HI>Surrey, Fulham,</HI> and other places.</P>
<P>Some old men in <HI>Surrey,</HI> where it flouri&s;heth very much at pre&s;ent; report, That they knew the fir&s;t <HI>Gardiners</HI> that came into tho&s;e parts, to plant <HI>Cabages, Colleflowers,</HI> and to &s;owe <HI>Turneps, Carrets,</HI> and <HI>Par&s;nips,</HI> to &s;owe <HI>Raith</HI> (or early ripe) <HI>Rape, Pea&s;e,</HI> all which at that time were great rarities, we having few, or none in <HI>England,</HI> but what came from <HI>Holland</HI> and <HI>Flaunders.</HI> The&s;e <HI>Gardiners</HI> with much ado procured a plot of good ground, and gave no le&s;&s;e then 8 pound <HI>per</HI> Acre; yet the <HI>Gentleman</HI> was not content, fearing they would &s;poil his ground; becau&s;e they did u&s;e to dig it. So ignorant were we of Gardening in tho&s;e dayes.</P>
<P N="2">2 Many parts of <HI>England</HI> are as yet ignorant.<NOTE PLACE="marg">Grave&s;end.</NOTE> Within the&s;e 20 years, a famous <HI>Town</HI> within le&s;&s;e then 20 miles of <HI>London,</HI> had not &s;o much as a me&s;&s;e of <HI>Pea&s;e</HI> but what came&punc; from <HI>London,</HI> where at pre&s;ent <HI>Gardening</HI> flouri&s;heth much I could in&s;tance divers others places, both in the <HI>North</HI> and <HI>We&s;t</HI> of <HI>England,</HI> where the name of <HI>Gardening,</HI> and <HI>Howing</HI> is &s;carcely known, in which places a few <HI>Gardiners</HI> might have &s;aved the lives of many poor people, who have &s;tarved the&s;e dear years.</P>
<P N="3">3 We have not <HI>Gardening</HI>-ware in that plenty and cheap|ne&s;&s;e (unle&s;&s;e perhaps about <HI>London</HI>) as in <HI>Holland</HI> and other places, where they not onely feed them&s;elves with <HI>Gardiners</HI> ware, but al&s;o fat their <HI>Hogs</HI> and <HI>Cows.</HI></P>
<P N="4">4 We have as yet divers things from beyond Seas, which the <HI>Gardiners</HI> may ea&s;ily rai&s;e at home, though nothing nigh &s;o much as formerly; for in <HI>Queen Elizabeths</HI> time, we had not onely our <HI>Gardiners</HI> ware from <HI>Holland,</HI> but al&s;o <HI>Cherries</HI> from <HI>Flaunders; Apples</HI> from <HI>France; Saffron, Licori&s;h</HI> from <HI>Spain; Hopps</HI> from the <HI>Low-Countreys:</HI> And the <HI>Frenchman</HI> who writes the <HI>Trea&s;ure Politick</HI> &s;aith, that it's one of the great <HI>Deficiencies</HI> of <HI>England,</HI> that <HI>Hopps</HI> wil not grow, where|as now it is known, that <HI>Licori&s;h, Saffron, Cherries, Apples, Peares, Hopps, Cabbages</HI> of <HI>England</HI> are the be&s;t in the world. Notwith&s;tanding we as yet want many things, as for <HI>example:</HI>
<PB N="10" REF="10">
We want <HI>Onnions,</HI> very many coming to <HI>England</HI> from <HI>Flaun|ders, Spain; Madder</HI> for dying cometh from <HI>Zurick-Sea</HI> by <HI>Zealand;</HI> we have <HI>Red Ro&s;es</HI> from <HI>France; Anice-&s;eeds, Fennel-&s;eeds, Cumine, Caraway, Rice</HI> from <HI>Italy,</HI> which without que|&s;tion would grow very well in divers moi&s;t lands in <HI>England;</HI> yea <HI>Sweet Marjorame, Barley,</HI> and <HI>Gromwell &s;eed, &amp; Virga Aureae,</HI> though they grow in our hedges in <HI>England.</HI></P>
<P>La&s;tly, <HI>Gardening</HI> is <HI>deficient</HI> in this particular: that we have not <HI>Nurceries</HI> &s;ufficient in this land, of <HI>Apples, Pears, Cherries, Vines, Che&s;tnuts, Almonds;</HI> but Gentlemen are ne|ce&s;&s;itated, to &s;end to <HI>London</HI> many hundred miles for them.</P>
<P>Briefly, for the advancement of this ingenuous calling, I onely de&s;ire, that <HI>Indu&s;trious Gentlemen</HI> would be plea&s;ed to encourage &s;ome expert workmen into the places where they live, and to let them land at a rea&s;onable rate, and if they be poor and hone&s;t, to lend a little &s;tock; they will &s;oon &s;ee the benefit that will redound, not onely to them&s;elves, but al&s;o to all their neighbours, e&s;pecially the poor, who are not a little &s;u&s;tained by the <HI>Gardiners</HI> labours and Ingenuities.</P>
<P N="4"><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>4</HI> Deficien|cy in Smut &amp; Mildew.</NOTE>4 Our Husbandry is <HI>deficient</HI> in this, that we know not how to <HI>remedy</HI> the <HI>infirmities</HI> of our <HI>growing Corne;</HI> e&s;pecially <HI>Smut</HI> and <HI>Mildew,</HI> to in&s;tance in the&s;e two onely, which oftentimes bring great calamities to the&s;e Nations: <HI>Smut</HI> in wet years, <HI>Mildews</HI> in dry. The&s;e di&s;tempers in Corne, are not onely in our Countrey;<NOTE PLACE="marg">Helmont.</NOTE> but al&s;o in other places. A learned Au|thour &s;aith, that <HI>Smuttyne&s;&s;e</HI> of corne, which maketh it &s;mell like a <HI>Red Herring,</HI> was not known in <HI>France,</HI> till about 1530, at which time the great foul di&s;ea&s;e began to break forth, which he conceiveth from hence to have &s;ome originall; as al&s;o the camp-di&s;ea&s;e. <HI>Mildews</HI> are very great in the King|dome of <HI>Naples,</HI> which oft &s;tick to the &s;ithes of tho&s;e that mowe gra&s;&s;e &amp; Corn: and (God be thanked) we are not trou|bled with <HI>Locu&s;ts,</HI> which is a great flying <HI>Gra&s;&s;e-hopper,</HI> nor <HI>Palmer-worms,</HI> which is a kind of great black <HI>Cater-piller,</HI> nor with great <HI>hail</HI> in &s;ummer, nor with great <HI>drought,</HI> which &s;ti|fleth the eare in the &s;talk; which <HI>Calamities</HI> in <HI>hot Countreys,</HI> do very oft totally de&s;troy the hone&s;t and patient <HI>Husband|man's</HI>
<PB N="11" REF="10" MS="y">
labours: neither are we troubled with extream <HI>colds,</HI> which in <HI>New-England</HI> and other cold <HI>Countreys,</HI> do oft de|&s;troy the Corne. But to return to our purpo&s;e.</P>
<P>And fir&s;t briefly to &s;hew you my opinion concerning the <HI>Cau&s;es of Smuttyne&s;&s;e</HI> I de&s;ire not to fetch <HI>Cau&s;es</HI> afarre off, and to tell you of the &s;ad <HI>Conjunctions</HI> of <HI>Mars</HI> and <HI>Saturn</HI> (for I think <HI>Quae &s;uprae nos,</HI> belong not to us) when as we have enough at home: This is certain, that there are many evident cau&s;es of this corruption of Corn.</P>
<P N="1">1 A moi&s;t &s;ea&s;on about <HI>Kerning</HI>-time: which moi&s;ture either corrupteth the roots of the Plant, or the nouri&s;hment of it, or the &s;eed in its <HI>Embrio:</HI> or perhaps in &s;ome mea&s;ure all the&s;e.</P>
<P N="2">2 Low; moi&s;t, foggy ground, for the rea&s;ons above men|tioned.</P>
<P N="3">3 Dung'd land. In <HI>Vineyards</HI> it's ob&s;erved, that dung cau|&s;eth more increa&s;e in quantity, but le&s;&s;e in goodne&s;&s;e, &s;o that the ill-ta&s;t of the dung may ea&s;ily be di&s;cerned; becau&s;e wine hath an high ta&s;te, vvithout que&s;tion the &s;ame happen|eth to other Plants, although it be not &s;o ea&s;ily di&s;cerned; for the ferment or ill odour of the dung, cannot be over-ma&s;te|red by the Plants, as vve &s;ee al&s;o in <HI>Animals,</HI> that corrupt diet cau&s;eth un&s;avory ta&s;ts in the fle&s;h: &s;o <HI>hogs</HI> in <HI>New-found|land,</HI> where they are nouri&s;hed by <HI>fi&s;h,</HI> may by their <HI>ta&s;ts</HI> be called rather <HI>Sea-porpu&s;&s;es</HI> then <HI>Land-&s;wine.</HI></P>
<P N="4">4 The &s;ovving of <HI>Smutty</HI> Corne oft produceth <HI>Smuttyne&s;&s;e;</HI> the &s;on like unto the father; I account <HI>Smutty</HI> Corn an <HI>imper|fect</HI> or <HI>&s;ick</HI> Graine, and &s;uppo&s;e that by a <HI>Micro&s;cope</HI> the im|perfection may be di&s;cerned.</P>
<P>La&s;tly, the &s;ovving of the &s;ame &s;eed oft on the &s;ame field, cau&s;eth <HI>Smuttyne&s;&s;e;</HI> becau&s;e that <HI>nitrous jewce,</HI> vvhich is con|venient for the nouri&s;hment of the Grain, hath been exha&s;t|ed in the precedent years; and therefore it is excellent <HI>Hus|bandry</HI> every year to change the <HI>&s;pecies</HI> of Grain, and al&s;o to buy your Seed-Corn, from places farre di&s;tant. I am infor|med of a <HI>Gentleman,</HI> vvho did &s;ovve &s;ome <HI>Wheat</HI> which came from <HI>Spain,</HI> vvhere the Grain is u&s;ually very hard and flinty,
<PB N="12" REF="11">
and as it vvere tran&s;parent, and farre vveightier than ours (as it appeareth by a mea&s;ure at <HI>Am&s;terdam</HI> vvhich holdeth about 3 bu&s;hels, and if our <HI>Wheat</HI> in the <HI>Northern</HI> parts vveigheth 160. the <HI>Southern</HI> Corn weigheth &s;ometimes 180, 200, 220:) and had a crop beyond expectation.</P>
<P>The u&s;uall <HI>Cures</HI> of <HI>Smuttyne&s;&s;e,</HI> be&s;ides tho&s;e mentioned before, are the&s;e.</P>
<P N="1">1 To lime your ground, which warmeth and dryeth the land.</P>
<P N="2">2 To lime your Corne, which is done thus. Fir&s;t, &s;lack your lime, add then moi&s;ten your Corne or lime, and &s;tir them together, till your Graine be as big as a &s;mall <HI>Pea&s;e.</HI> This liming pre&s;erveth Corn likewi&s;e from birds and worms, and is found a very good <HI>Remedy</HI> again&s;t this di&s;ea&s;e: others make a &s;trong ly vvith common &s;alt, and &s;teep their Corn in it all night, and then draw away their ly for further u&s;e; which &s;eldome faileth of its de&s;ired effect. Whether this &s;trong ly doth by its <HI>corro&s;ivene&s;&s;e,</HI> mortifie the weak and imperfect Corne, &s;o that it will not grow; Or whether it be a <HI>Remedy,</HI> to cure the imperfections thereof, is worth the enquiry? I &s;uppo&s;e this ly doth <HI>ex&s;iccate</HI> the <HI>&s;uperfluous humidity,</HI> which is the cau&s;e of this corruption. If Corne be brought into the barn very <HI>Smutty,</HI> in <HI>Kent</HI> they u&s;ually thra&s;h it on dry floors planked with boards; by which means, the <HI>Smuttyne&s;&s;e</HI> is beaten away, and &s;ticketh not to the Grain, onely a little blackne&s;&s;e appeareth about the eye, but if it be thra&s;hed on a moi&s;t floor, the blackne&s;&s;e &s;ticketh to the grain, which there|fore appeareth dark, and is &s;old at a lower rate to the Bakers.</P>
<P><HI>Mildew</HI> is without que&s;tion an <HI>unctuous</HI> dew, which de&s;cen|deth from above about <HI>Mid&s;ommer;</HI> it aboundeth in dry years, as <HI>Smuttyne&s;&s;e</HI> in moi&s;t. I cannot think that there is or|dinarily any Malignity in this dew, but it produceth its effect by manife&s;t cau&s;es, <HI>viz.</HI> from an <HI>oily vi&s;cuous</HI> quality which &s;toppeth the <HI>pores</HI> of the husk wherein the <HI>Wheat</HI> lieth, and depriveth it from the Ayre, and con&s;equently from nouri&s;h|ment: for the Ayre is the life of all things. I have heard, and do believe, that if you &s;treak any eare of <HI>Wheat</HI> with oyl,
<PB N="13" REF="11">
it wil produce the &s;ame effect. I am &s;orry that I never tryed, that I might better under&s;tand the nature of this &s;ad calamity which often undoeth the Indu&s;trious <HI>Husbandman;</HI> and cau|&s;eth great &s;carcity in this <HI>I&s;le.</HI> It is to be ob&s;erved further, that <HI>Wheat</HI> onely &s;uffereth con&s;iderable damage by <HI>Mildew;</HI> becau&s;e it lyeth in a chaffy husk, which other Grains do not. The <HI>Grounds</HI> mo&s;t &s;ubject to <HI>Mildew</HI> are the&s;e.</P>
<P N="1">1 Tho&s;e that are <HI>inclo&s;ed</HI> vvith <HI>trees</HI> and <HI>high hedges.</HI> And truly this is the onely great <HI>Inconveniency</HI> I find by <HI>enclo|&s;ures.</HI></P>
<P N="2">2 <HI>Low Valleys.</HI> I have &s;een very oft in the &s;ame field, the banks fine, bright Corn; and all the <HI>lower</HI> parts, though greater in <HI>&s;traw;</HI> yet little vvorth by rea&s;on of the <HI>Mildew.</HI></P>
<P N="3">3 <HI>Dung</HI> made of <HI>&s;traw,</HI> I have ob&s;erved to di&s;po&s;e much to <HI>Mildew,</HI> and <HI>Sheeps-dung</HI> to be a kind of <HI>Antidote</HI> again&s;t it: as al&s;o <HI>Pigeons-dung;</HI> becau&s;e, as I conceive, the&s;e, 2 la&s;t &s;orts a|bound much in <HI>Niter,</HI> vvhich produceth a firme, hard, bright Corne, not ea&s;ily to be putrefied; but the other being more oily and <HI>Sulphureous</HI> cau&s;eth a dark <HI>Spungy</HI> Corn, &s;oon corru|ptible. And 2 becau&s;e <HI>&s;traw</HI> is a part in the &s;ame kind corrupt|ed, vvhich is alvvays in &s;ome mea&s;ure hurtfull to the &s;ame <HI>&s;pecies,</HI> both in <HI>Animals</HI> and all <HI>Vegetables,</HI> and therefore <HI>rotten &s;ticks</HI> or the <HI>earth</HI> proceeding from them, is found hurt|full to the <HI>roots</HI> of <HI>trees;</HI> and <HI>trees</HI> vvill hardly grovv, vvhere <HI>Roots</HI> of other <HI>trees</HI> have formerly been <HI>corrupted.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>Remedies</HI> for this <HI>Accident,</HI> briefly are the&s;e. (Not to &s;peak of <HI>Bees,</HI> vvho que&s;tionle&s;&s;e make mo&s;t of their <HI>Honey,</HI> from the&s;e <HI>Honeys</HI> or <HI>Mildews:</HI> for they gather very little, in compari&s;on of that vvhich falleth.)</P>
<P N="1">1 The be&s;t way is to cut dovvn the trees about your ground, and your hedges lovv, that the vvind may <HI>ventilate</HI> your Corn.</P>
<P N="2">2 To &s;ovve early; that your Corn may be full <HI>Kerned,</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg">Sir <HI>Cheney Culp.</HI></NOTE> be|fore the&s;e <HI>Mildews</HI> fall. I am informed, that an Ingenious <HI>Knight</HI> in <HI>Kent,</HI> did for curio&s;ity &s;ovve <HI>Wheat</HI> in all moneths of the year, and that the Corn &s;ovvn in <HI>July,</HI> did produce &s;uch an increa&s;e, that it is almo&s;t incredible; and truly I think it a
<PB N="14" REF="12">
great fault in many places that they &s;ow late, for many rea|&s;ons: I am &s;ure in <HI>France,</HI> they u&s;ually &s;owe before <HI>Michael|mas.</HI></P>
<P N="3">3 Some u&s;e (and with good profit) to draw a line over their Corn, and to &s;trike off the <HI>Mildew,</HI> before it be <HI>in&s;pi&s;&s;a|ted</HI> by the Sun; This ought e&s;pecially to be done before &s;un-ri&s;ing: two men in an hour will ea&s;ily run over an Acre; the <HI>Mildews</HI> u&s;ually fall like a <HI>thick fog,</HI> or a <HI>My&s;ty raine;</HI> if you go to your <HI>Bees,</HI> you will &s;oon perceive it by their extraordi|nary labour, very early in the morning.</P>
<P N="4">4 The u&s;e of a kind of <HI>bearded Wheat,</HI> is an excellent <HI>Re|medy:</HI> for the beard &s;hoveth off the <HI>dew,</HI> that it doth not &s;o ea&s;ily in&s;inuate it &s;elfe into the <HI>eare,</HI> and likewi&s;e cau&s;eth the <HI>eare</HI> to &s;hake by the lea&s;t wind. There is a kind of <HI>Wheat</HI> in <HI>Buckingham-&s;hire</HI> called <HI>Red-&s;traw-Wheat,</HI> which is much com|mended: it's a &s;trong-&s;talked <HI>Wheat,</HI> and doth not &s;oon lodge, and therefore excellent for <HI>Rank</HI> land where Corne is apt to lodge, and con&s;equently to <HI>Mildew;</HI> but I que&s;tion whether it hath any property again&s;t <HI>Mildew.</HI> This I am ve|ry confident of, that if this <HI>Wheat,</HI> or any other, were with|out the Chaffy huskes expo&s;ed bare to the Air; as <HI>Barly</HI> and <HI>Rie</HI> are, <HI>Wheat</HI> would not be afflicted with <HI>Mildew.</HI> Perhaps &s;uch Grain may be found by diligent enquiry. I have ca&s;ually picked out of a <HI>Wheat</HI>-field &s;ome &s;talkes, which had 2 ears on them: and though <HI>Barly</HI> u&s;ually hath been 2 ranges; yet I have &s;een &s;ome &s;orts wit 4, 6, and there are many great varieties in graines not yet di&s;covered. Tru|ly, if any one knoweth better wayes then the&s;e, how to cure this Malady of <HI>Mildew,</HI> he is much to blame, if he do not publi&s;h it for the good of his <HI>Countreymen.</HI></P>
<P><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>5</HI> Deficien|cy concern|ing the plan+ting of Ap|ples, Pears, Cherries &amp; Plums.</NOTE>I will not here &s;et down the divers manners of <HI>Graftings</HI> and <HI>Inoculations,</HI> which neverthele&s;&s;e is an art ab&s;olutely ne|ce&s;&s;ary in Planting; for every book of <HI>Husbandry</HI> doth &s;hew it, and every <HI>Gardiner</HI> can teach it tho&s;e who are de&s;irous to learn it; Neither will I &s;et down all the &s;orts of <HI>Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums,</HI> &amp;c. for it would be too tedious a di&s;cour&s;e; and Mr. <HI>Parkin&s;on</HI> hath already very excellently done it, in
<PB N="15" REF="12">
his Book called <HI>Paradi&s;us Terre&s;tris,</HI> where at lea&s;ure you may read it. I will onely point briefly at the <HI>Deficiencies,</HI> which I finde in this part of <HI>Husbandry,</HI> and the be&s;t wayes to <HI>Remedy</HI> them.</P>
<P N="1">1 I &s;ay, that it is a great <HI>Deficiency</HI> in <HI>England,</HI> that we have not more <HI>Orchards</HI> planted. It's true, that in <HI>Kent</HI> and about <HI>Lon|don,</HI> and al&s;o in <HI>Gloce&s;ter&s;hire, Hereford,</HI> and <HI>Worce&s;ter,</HI> there are many gallant <HI>Orchards,</HI> but in other <HI>Countrys,</HI> they are very rare and thinne&punc; but if there were as many more, even in any <HI>Countrey,</HI> they would be very profitable. I know in <HI>Kent,</HI> that &s;ome advance their ground even from 5 <ABBR>s</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> Acre to 5 pound by this means, and if I &s;hould relate, what I have heard by divers concerning the profit of a <HI>Cherry-Orchard,</HI> about <HI>Sittenburne</HI> in <HI>Kent,</HI> you would hardly believe me; yet I have heard it by &s;o many, that I believe it to be true: Name|ly; that an <HI>Orchard</HI> of 30 Acres of <HI>Cherries,</HI> produced in one year above a 1000 pound, but now the trees are almo&s;t all dead; it was one of the fir&s;t <HI>Orchards</HI> planted in <HI>Kent.</HI> Mr. <HI>Cambden</HI> reporteth, that the <HI>Earl</HI> of <HI>Leice&s;ter's</HI> Gardiner in <HI>Queen Elizabeths</HI> time, fir&s;t began to plant <HI>Flemi&s;h Cher|ries</HI> in tho&s;e parts; which in his time did &s;pread into 16 o|ther <HI>Pari&s;hes,</HI> and vvere at that time &s;old at greater rates then novv; yet I knovv that 10 or 15 pound an Acre hath been given for <HI>Cherries,</HI> more for <HI>Pears,</HI> and <HI>Apples.</HI></P>
<P N="2">2 There is a great <HI>Deficiency</HI> in the ordering of <HI>Orchards,</HI> in that they are not vvell pruned, but full of <HI>Mo&s;&s;e, Mi&s;letoe,</HI> and <HI>Suckers,</HI> and oftentimes the ground is packed too thick of trees; for they &s;hould &s;tand at lea&s;t 20 foot a&s;under; nei|ther vvill ill husbands be&s;tovv dunging, digging, or any other co&s;t on <HI>Orchards,</HI> vvhich if they did, might pay half their rents in &s;ome places. One told me for a &s;ecret, a Compo&s;iti|on for to make Trees bear much and excellent fruit, vvhich vvas this: Fir&s;t, in an old tree, to <HI>&s;plit</HI> his root; then to ap|ply a <HI>Compo&s;t</HI> made of <HI>Pigeons</HI>-dung, <HI>lees</HI> of vvine, or &s;tale <HI>U|rine,</HI> and a little <HI>Brim&s;tone,</HI> (to de&s;troy the vvormes,) it hath &s;ome probability of truth: for by experience I knovv that a bu&s;hell of <HI>Pigeons</HI>-dung hath cau&s;ed a tree to grovv and bear,
<PB N="16" REF="13">
vvhich for divers years before &s;tood at a &s;tand; but concer|ning the <HI>&s;plitting the roots,</HI> I know not what to &s;ay. Some old <HI>Authours</HI> affirm this ought to be done; becau&s;e that the roots may as well be hide-bound, as other parts of the tree, and not able to attract his nouri&s;hment, and when the Root is &s;plit, it will &s;peedily &s;end forth divers &s;mall <HI>fibrous</HI> roots; which are the principall <HI>Attractors.</HI> It were good that &s;ome vvould give us an account exact of this <HI>Experiment,</HI> But &s;ome wil object again&s;t <HI>Orchards,</HI> that they &s;poil much ground, and therefore ought to be planted onely in <HI>hedges.</HI> To this I an&s;wer.</P>
<P N="1">1 That <HI>Plumtrees</HI> and <HI>Dam&s;ins</HI> may very well be planted in hedges, being ordinarily thorny plants; this is u&s;ed very much in <HI>Surrey</HI> and <HI>Kent,</HI> where the <HI>Plums</HI> u&s;ually pay no &s;mall part of their Rent; yet I never &s;aw in the&s;e <HI>Southern</HI> parts of <HI>England,</HI> any <HI>Apples</HI> or <HI>Pears</HI> thrive in an <HI>Hedge,</HI> un|le&s;&s;e a <HI>Crab</HI> or a <HI>Wilden,</HI> or &s;ome <HI>Sweeting</HI> of little worth. How they thrive in <HI>Hereford-&s;hire</HI> and tho&s;e places, I knovv not.</P>
<P N="2">2 The <HI>Inconveniencies</HI> of <HI>Orchards</HI> planted at 20 or 30 foot di&s;tance, is not worth &s;peaking of: for this is the u&s;uall cour&s;e in <HI>Kent,</HI> when they plant any ground, they exactly place them in rank and file, and then plough their lands many years, and &s;owe them with Corn, till the <HI>Orchard</HI> beginneth to bear fruit; then they lay them down for <HI>pa&s;ture,</HI> which <HI>pa&s;ture</HI> is not con&s;iderably <HI>&s;oure;</HI> but hath this advantage a|bove other <HI>Pa&s;tures.</HI></P>
<P N="1">1 That it is &s;ooner grown by 14 dayes in the &s;pring than the <HI>Medows,</HI> and therefore very &s;erviceable.</P>
<P N="2">2 In <HI>Parching Summers</HI> here is <HI>plenty,</HI> when other places have &s;carcity.</P>
<P N="3">3 They are great &s;helters for Cattle, e&s;pecially <HI>&s;heep,</HI> who will in tho&s;e places, in great &s;nowes &s;crape up meat, which in other places they cannot do: and if the pa&s;ture were <HI>&s;oure,</HI> yet the lo&s;&s;e is not great; for it will be a convenient place for the <HI>Hogs</HI> to run in, who mu&s;t have a place for that purpo&s;e, where there are no Commons.</P>
<P N="4"><PB N="17" REF="13">4 I &s;ay, that the <HI>Benefits</HI> are &s;o many by <HI>Orchards,</HI> that you ought like an ungrateful man to thru&s;t them up to the hedge: for they afford curious walks for plea&s;ure, food for Cattle, both in the Spring early, and al&s;o in the <HI>parching Summer,</HI> and <HI>nipping &s;nowy Winter:</HI> They afford fuel for the fire, and al&s;o &s;hades from the heat, phy&s;ick for the &s;ick, refre&s;hment for the &s;ound, plenty of food for man, and that not of the wor&s;t, and drink al&s;o even of the be&s;t, and all this without much labour, care or co&s;t, who therefore can ju&s;tly open his mouth again&s;t them?</P>
<P N="3">3 <HI>Deficiency</HI> is, that we do not improve many excellent Fruits, which grow among&s;t us very well, and that we have as yet many fruits from beyond Seas, which will grow very well with us. I pa&s;&s;e by the generall and great Ignorance, that is among&s;t us, of the variety of <HI>Apples,</HI> of which there are many &s;orts which have &s;ome good and peculiar u&s;es; mo&s;t men contenting them&s;elves with the knowledg of half a &s;core of the be&s;t, thinking the vertues of all the re&s;t are compre|hended in them: as al&s;o of the variety of <HI>Pears,</HI> which are incredibly many. A <HI>Friend</HI> of mine near <HI>Grave&s;end,</HI> hath lately collected about 200 <HI>&s;pecies.</HI> I know another in <HI>E&s;&s;ex,</HI> (Mr. <HI>Ward</HI>) who hath nigh the &s;ame number. I hear of ano|ther in <HI>Worce&s;ter-&s;hire,</HI> not inferiour to the&s;e. In <HI>Northamton-&s;hire.</HI> I know one, who hath likewi&s;e collected very many. So that I dare boldly &s;ay, there are no le&s;&s;e in this <HI>I&s;land</HI> then 500 <HI>&s;pecies;</HI> &s;ome commended for their early ripene&s;&s;e; &s;ome for excellent ta&s;tes; &s;ome for beauty; others for greatne&s;&s;e; &s;ome for great bearers; others for good Bakers; &s;ome for long la&s;ters, others for to make <HI>Perry,</HI> &amp;c. But to our purpo&s;e: I &s;ay many rare fruits are neglected; to In&s;tance.</P>
<P N="1">1 In the <HI>Small-nut</HI> or <HI>Filbird,</HI> which is not much inferiour to the be&s;t and &s;weete&s;t <HI>Almonds.</HI></P>
<P N="2">2 The great <HI>Dam&s;in</HI> or <HI>Pruin-plum,</HI> which groweth well and beareth full in <HI>England.</HI></P>
<P N="3">3 <HI>Almonds,</HI> which groweth well and beareth good fruit, as I have &s;een divers bu&s;hels on one tree in my Brothers <HI>Or|chard.</HI></P>
<P N="4"><PB N="18" REF="14">4 <HI>Walnuts,</HI> which is not a fruit to be de&s;pi&s;ed.</P>
<P N="5">5 <HI>Vines</HI> and <HI>Mulberries,</HI> but of the&s;e pre&s;ently in another place. I might likewi&s;e adde <HI>Currants, Ra&s;pe&s;es,</HI> of which ex|cellent drinks may be made.</P>
<P N="6">6 <HI>Quinces,</HI> of the which I cannot but tel you that a <HI>Gentle|man</HI> at <HI>Prichenel</HI> in <HI>E&s;&s;ex,</HI> who had a tree from beyond Sea, hath the be&s;t in <HI>England,</HI> and hath made above 30 pound of a &s;mall piece of ground planted with them, as I have heard from his own wifes mouth. And therefore it is by rea&s;on of our ill <HI>Husbandry,</HI> that we have <HI>Quinces</HI> from <HI>Flaunders, Small-nuts</HI> from <HI>Spain, Pruins</HI> from <HI>France,</HI> and al&s;o <HI>Walnuts</HI> and <HI>Almonds</HI> from <HI>Italy,</HI> and <HI>Che&s;tnuts</HI> (which I had almo&s;t forgot) from <HI>Portugall.</HI> And now I cannot but digre&s;&s;e a lit|tle, to tell you a &s;trange and true &s;tory, with my opinion of it. In divers places of <HI>Kent,</HI> as at and about <HI>Grave&s;end,</HI> in the Countrey and el&s;ewhere, very many of the prime <HI>Timbers</HI> of their old barnes and hou&s;es are of <HI>Che&s;tnut-wood,</HI> and yet there is &s;carce a <HI>Che&s;tnut-tree</HI> within 20 miles of that place, and the people altogether ignorant of &s;uch trees. This &s;hew|eth that in former times tho&s;e places did abound with &s;uch timber; for people were not &s;o fooli&s;h &s;urely in former times to runne up and down the world, to procure &s;uch huge ma&s;|&s;ey timbers for barnes and &s;uch buildings when as there was plenty of <HI>Oakes</HI> and <HI>Elmes,</HI> at their doors: And further, it &s;heweth, that the&s;e Trees will grow again with us to a great bigne&s;&s;e. This putteth into my mind the &s;tory of the <HI>moore-logs,</HI> which are found in divers places of the <HI>North</HI> of <HI>England</HI> in <HI>moores</HI> many foot deep; which logs are long and black, and appear to be a kinde of <HI>Firre</HI> or <HI>Pine;</HI> and yet in tho&s;e places, people are altogether ignorant of the&s;e Trees, the Countrey not producing any of the&s;e <HI>&s;pecies.</HI> The fir&s;t &s;tory of <HI>Kent,</HI> which I know to be true, cau&s;eth me to wonder the le&s;&s;e at the latter: for I &s;ee that a <HI>&s;pecies</HI> of wood, may be de|&s;troyed, even totally in a place. And</P>
<P N="2">2 I know, that in <HI>Virginia</HI> and <HI>New-England,</HI> that <HI>Pines,</HI> and <HI>Firres</HI> and <HI>Cedars</HI> do grow wonderfully thick in &s;uch <HI>Moors</HI> or <HI>Swamps,</HI> and being light wood, and ea&s;ily wrought,
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they are continually u&s;ed, while they la&s;t, for buildings. Fur|ther, I &s;uppo&s;e the&s;e <HI>Moors</HI> are <HI>Commons,</HI> to the which the poor have u&s;ed to re&s;ort for firing, &amp; how &s;oon great woods will be con&s;umed by them, every one making what havock he plea&s;eth, all men know. As concerning their being &s;o deep in the ground, the blackne&s;&s;e; I &s;uppo&s;e that when wood was abundant in tho&s;e places, every one did cut what they pleas'd, and left what was not for their turnes, which being in moi&s;t places, was &s;oon glutted with moi&s;ture, and made ponderous; by which means it &s;oon buried it &s;elf, as &s;hips do, on quick&s;and, or perhaps the <HI>turf</HI> (which hath a peculiar facul|ty vegetative, for where it is exhau&s;ted, it &s;oon groweth again) in time hath grown over them; the people permitting it, be|cau&s;e that wood, once <HI>&s;obb'd</HI> in wet, is of little u&s;e, as we &s;ee by <HI>Piles</HI> on the <HI>mar&s;hes</HI>-&s;ide, &s;carce any man vouch&s;afing to carry them home. The blackne&s;&s;e of this wood proceedeth, as I &s;uppo&s;e, from the &s;ooty fume, or <HI>evaporation</HI> of the black <HI>turffe,</HI> (which endeavoureth, as all earths do, to reduce all things into its own nature; which though it be not able ful|ly to accompli&s;h; yet it introduced divers di&s;po&s;itions, and qualities, as blackne&s;&s;e in the wood. Some &s;uppo&s;e, that the&s;e <HI>moore-logs</HI> have laine there ever &s;ince the <HI>flood,</HI> with whom I will not contend; &s;eeing that any wood, if it be kept from the Aire continually moi&s;t or dry, will endure even thou&s;ands of years without putrefaction.</P>
<P N="6">6 <HI>Deficiency,</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg">The <HI>6</HI> defi|ciency con|cerning not improving our Fruits.</NOTE> is the <HI>Not-improving</HI> of our <HI>Fruits</HI> for the be&s;t ends and purpo&s;es. <HI>Normandy,</HI> which produceth but lit|tle wine, maketh abundance of <HI>Cider, Perry,</HI> which they e&s;ti|mate equally to wine, if it be made of good fruit. The ordi|nary <HI>Perry</HI> is made of <HI>Choaky Pears,</HI> very juicy, which grow along by the high-way-&s;ides, which are not to be eaten raw. In <HI>Bi&s;cay</HI> in <HI>Spain,</HI> where wine is &s;carce, they make <HI>Cider</HI> of a certain &s;weet <HI>Apple,</HI> which hath a little <HI>bitterne&s;&s;e</HI> in it, and is like to our <HI>&s;nouting,</HI> and the <HI>Cider</HI> is very good. And truly here in <HI>England,</HI> if we would make <HI>Cider</HI> and <HI>Perry</HI> of the be&s;t &s;orts of Fruits, which is rarely done, (for we think any fruit good enough for that purpo&s;e) we might make drinks,
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no wayes inferiour to the <HI>French wines,</HI> which are u&s;ually &s;poi|led before they come over the &s;eas to you, their &s;pirits &s;oon evaporating. There are two wayes of making <HI>Cider</HI> and <HI>Per|ry:</HI> one, by brui&s;ing and beating them, and then pre&s;ently to put them into a ve&s;&s;el to <HI>ferment</HI> or work (as it is u&s;ually called) of them&s;elves: The other way is to boil the juice with &s;ome good <HI>&s;pices,</HI> by which the rawne&s;&s;e is taken away, and then to ferment it with &s;ome ye&s;t, if it work not of it &s;elf, this is the be&s;t way: and I have ta&s;ted <HI>Cider</HI> thus made of an excellent delicate ta&s;te. Neither let any complaine of the vvindine&s;&s;e; for it is onely vvant of u&s;e: When I had for 2 or 3 years continually drunk <HI>wine</HI> beyond Sea, the &s;tronge&s;t beer for 2 or 3 vveeks vvas as vvindy to me, as <HI>Cider</HI> vvill be to any; and aftervvards vvhen I vvent to <HI>Paris,</HI> the <HI>wine</HI> of that place vvas as trouble&s;ome as <HI>Engli&s;h beer</HI> for a little time: hovv much vvine might be &s;aved, and al&s;o <HI>malt</HI> if <HI>Engli&s;h-men</HI> did take the&s;e good cour&s;es, vvhich other <HI>Nations</HI> do, and con&s;equently how much advantage vvould this <HI>I&s;land</HI> reap thereby? If I were an hou&s;e-keeper in the Country, I would make excellent <HI>Beer, Ale, Cider, Perry, Metheglin, Wine,</HI> of our own <HI>grapes,</HI> and if my Friends vvould not drink the&s;e, they &s;hould drink water, or go away a thir&s;t: I vvould &s;corn to honour <HI>France</HI> &s;o much as men do u&s;ually; and the <HI>Spani|ard</HI> and <HI>Italian</HI> &s;hould not laugh at us, and &s;ay that vve can as vvell be vvithout <HI>bread,</HI> as their <HI>wines, Currants, &amp;c.</HI> Thus may many other <HI>excellent drinks</HI> be made out of our <HI>Fruits:</HI> not to &s;peak of tho&s;e which are made of our <HI>Grain,</HI> as <HI>Barly, Wheat,</HI> &amp;c. yet I mu&s;t tell you, that I knovv an <HI>Ingenious</HI> man, vvho can vvithout malting <HI>Barly,</HI> make a <HI>drink</HI> not inferiour to <HI>wine,</HI> and a greater quantity of <HI>Aqua-vitae</HI> out of them, and vvith le&s;&s;e co&s;t, then by the ordinary vvay, by a peculiar <HI>fermentation</HI> of his ovvn; vvhich time vvill di&s;cover. There is another <HI>Ingenious</HI> man, vvho out of <HI>Dam&s;ins</HI> and other fat and &s;vveet <HI>plums,</HI> can make a <HI>drink</HI> not inferiour to the be&s;t <HI>wines,</HI> and abundance of <HI>Aqua-vitae.</HI> Many <HI>Ladies</HI> knovv hovv to make <HI>Cherry, Ra&s;pes</HI>-vvines; and Sir <HI>Hugh Plattes</HI> in his <HI>Clo&s;et</HI> for <HI>Ladies,</HI> di&s;clo&s;eth many &s;ecrets of this kind;
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as al&s;o for <HI>Con&s;erves, Marmalades,</HI> which are things both de|lightfull and profitable. I have a kin&s;man, who can even out of <HI>black-berries,</HI> make a very plea&s;ant <HI>drinke,</HI> which curio&s;ity he is unwilling to publi&s;h. <HI>Glauber</HI> an excellent <HI>Chymi&s;t</HI> hath divers &s;ecrets of this kind, even to the advancing of <HI>Hawes, Hips, Canker-berries, Slowes,</HI> to excellent <HI>Aqua-vitae's, drinks, vinegers,</HI> which he him&s;elf fir&s;t invented. In <HI>Ru&s;&s;ia</HI> in the <HI>&s;pring-time,</HI> it's an u&s;uall cu&s;tome to pierce the barke of the <HI>Birch-trees,</HI> which at that time will weep much <HI>liquor,</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg">Helmont.</NOTE> and yet like children be little the wor&s;e; this the poor ordinari|ly drink for nece&s;&s;ity, it's a plea&s;ant healthfull drink; and al|&s;o the rich men, becau&s;e it's an excellent pre&s;ervative again&s;t the &s;tone.</P>
<P>The <HI>meanes</HI> to advance this profitable and plea&s;ant work are the&s;e.</P>
<P N="1">1 To advance <HI>Nurceries</HI> of all &s;orts of <HI>Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries,</HI> which <HI>Gentlemen</HI> may do for a &s;mal matter, and then plant out the&s;e trees, when they are grown great enough. The be&s;t and cheape&s;t wayes to rai&s;e all <HI>Nurcery</HI> wares, is done thus. <HI>Plums</HI> may be rai&s;ed either of <HI>&s;tones,</HI> which when you have eaten the <HI>plums,</HI> may be pre&s;ently pricked into the ground, or by <HI>Slips,</HI> which you wil finde about the old trees. <HI>Apples</HI> may be rai&s;ed for <HI>Kernels (Crab-Kernels</HI> are the be&s;t) vvhich ought to be pre&s;erved in dry &s;and, til the <HI>&s;pring,</HI> lea&s;t they grovv mouldy: or <HI>Crab-&s;talke</HI> may be fetched out of the vvoods, and grafted. Some Trees as <HI>Sweetings, Codlings, Quinces,</HI> vvil grovv very vvel of <HI>&s;lips. Cherries</HI> are very vvel rai&s;ed by <HI>&s;tones,</HI> (the <HI>Black-Cherries</HI> are the be&s;t, vvhich &s;o &s;oon as you have eaten them, are to be hovven into Beds made very fine, the ranges a foot di&s;tant; bevvare lea&s;t you let them heate, and take heed of the mou&s;e. I have &s;een <HI>Cher|ry-&s;tones</HI> and <HI>Apple-kernels</HI> grovv 2 foot and a half in one year; and con&s;equently in fevv years they vvould be fit to be tran&s;planted. The <HI>Art</HI> of <HI>Grafting, Inoculating</HI> a Gentle|man vvil learn in tvvo hours.</P>
<P N="2">2 Eor the advancing of <HI>Ingenuities</HI> in this kind, as that ma|king of <HI>Vinous-Drinks</HI> out of <HI>Apples, Plums,</HI> &amp;c. I coun&s;el
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all <HI>Ingenious Gentlemen</HI> to try divers <HI>experiments</HI> in the&s;e kinds; with the&s;e <HI>Cautions.</HI></P>
<P N="1">1 That he attempt not great quantities at fir&s;t, which per|chance will be chargeable and trouble&s;ome; for by a gal|lon he may have as much certainly, as by a hog&s;head.</P>
<P N="2">2 Not to be di&s;couraged, if they &s;uceeed not wel at fir&s;t da&s;h: for certainly there are many <HI>Ingenuities</HI> in the&s;e fruits which time wil di&s;cover.</P>
<P N="3">3 Proceed by <HI>fermentation:</HI> for every liquour which will ferment, hath a <HI>vinous</HI> &s;pirit in it, and without <HI>fermentation</HI> even the be&s;t fruits wil have none.</P>
<P>La&s;tly, <HI>fermentation</HI> is done either <HI>in liquido,</HI> or <HI>humido;</HI> and herein con&s;i&s;ts &s;ome My&s;tery. I have forgot to &s;peake of <HI>Apri|cocks, Peaches, Melicotores,</HI> which are fine plea&s;ant fruits, yet very dangerous; and therefore called by the <HI>Italians, Mazzo-france&s;e,</HI> that is, <HI>Kill-Frenchman;</HI> and wi&s;h Ladies, and others to take heed of &s;urfeiting by the&s;e and &s;ome other dangerous plums.</P>
<P><NOTE PLACE="marg">The <HI>7</HI> defi|ciency con|cerning Vines.</NOTE>I cannot without much tediou&s;ne&s;&s;e, relate the diver&s;e &s;orts of <HI>Vines,</HI> which are even Infinite; <HI>Rome</HI> having in it u&s;ually, 40 or 50 &s;orts of <HI>Vines;</HI> and all very good: Other places of <HI>Italy Spain</HI> and <HI>France,</HI> have al&s;o great varieties; I therefore pa&s;&s;e them by, as al&s;o the manner of managing them, becau&s;e it is de&s;cribed in the <HI>Countrey-Farme,</HI> and al&s;o by <HI>Bonovil</HI> a <HI>Frenchman,</HI> who at the command of <HI>King James,</HI> wrote a &s;hort treati&s;e of <HI>Vines</HI> and <HI>Silkworms,</HI> for the in&s;truction of the plantations of <HI>Virginia.</HI> I &s;hall onely according to my me|thod &s;hew you the <HI>Deficiencies</HI> among&s;t us in this particular plant, and the be&s;t <HI>Remedies</HI> for it.</P>
<P>And fir&s;t, although I think that the <HI>wine</HI> is the great ble&s;|&s;ing of God, which <HI>Hot Countreys</HI> e&s;pecially enjoy, as <HI>tempe|rate Countreys</HI> do <HI>Milk, Butter, Chee&s;e</HI> in abundance, and the colde&s;t and <HI>Barrenne&s;t Fowl,</HI> and <HI>Fi&s;h</HI> in an incredible number; God of his goodne&s;&s;e di&s;tributing &s;ome peculiar ble&s;&s;ings to every Countrey; Notwith&s;tanding I dare &s;ay, it's probable, that <HI>Vineyards</HI> have formerly <HI>flouri&s;hed</HI> in <HI>En|gland,</HI> and that we are to blame, that &s;o little is attempted
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to revive them again. There are many places in <HI>Kent</HI> called by the names of <HI>Vineyards,</HI> and the grounds of &s;uch a Nature, that it &s;eemeth probable, they have been &s;uch. I hear fur|ther by divers people of credit, that by records it appeareth, that the tithes of <HI>wine</HI> in <HI>Gloce&s;ter&s;hire</HI> was in divers Pari&s;hes con&s;iderably great; but at length <HI>Ga&s;cony</HI> coming into the hands of the <HI>Engli&s;h,</HI> from whence cometh the mo&s;t of the <HI>&s;trong French Wine,</HI> call'd <HI>high-Countrey wine,</HI> and cu&s;tomes being &s;mall, <HI>wine</HI> was imported into <HI>England</HI> from thence, better and cheaper then we could make it, and it was thought convenient to di&s;courage <HI>Vineyards</HI> here, that the greater trade might be driven with <HI>Ga&s;coine,</HI> and many &s;hips might finde imployment thereby.</P>
<P>Some fond A&s;trologers have conceited, that the earth be|ing grown older, and therefore colder hath cau&s;ed the &s;un to de&s;cend many degrees lower to warm and cherri&s;h it, and one argument which they bring for this opinion is, that <HI>Vines</HI> and <HI>Silkworms</HI> are found in tho&s;e Countreys, wherein former times they were unknown: But if the&s;e fond men had con|&s;idered the good <HI>Husbandry</HI> in the&s;e times, with the ble&s;&s;ing of God on it, they had not run into &s;uch fooli&s;h imaginati|ons. This is true indeed, that the <HI>Roman</HI> &s;ouldiers, who had <HI>Al&s;atia</HI> given them to live in, which is one of the be&s;t and mo&s;t <HI>Southern</HI> places of <HI>Germany,</HI> mutined, becau&s;e they thought it &s;o <HI>cold,</HI> that <HI>Vines</HI> &s;hould not grow there, and that therefore they &s;hould be deprived of that delectable liquor; whereas we find at this pre&s;ent day <HI>Vines</HI> flouri&s;hing many hundred miles more towards the <HI>North,</HI> both in <HI>France, Lo|raine</HI> and <HI>Germany;</HI> and that they are crept down even to the <HI>latitude</HI> of <HI>England,</HI> for the <HI>Rheni&s;h-wines</HI> grew within a de|gree of the <HI>We&s;t-Southern</HI> places of this I&s;le, and <HI>Paris</HI> is not two degrees <HI>South</HI> of us, yet <HI>Vines</HI> grow three&s;core miles on this &s;ide <HI>Paris,</HI> as <HI>Beaumont;</HI> yea the <HI>Vines</HI> of the&s;e places are the mo&s;t delicate; for what <HI>wine</HI> is preferred before the neat <HI>Rheni&s;h</HI> for Ladies, and at table; and truly in my opinion, though I have travelled twice through <HI>France;</HI> yet no <HI>wine</HI> plea&s;ed me like <HI>Vin D'ache</HI> and of <HI>Paris</HI> e&s;pecially about
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<HI>Rueill,</HI> which is a very fine <HI>brisk wine,</HI> and not <HI>fuming</HI> up to the head, and <HI>Inebriating</HI> as other <HI>wines:</HI> I &s;ay therefore that it is very probable, that if <HI>Vines</HI> have &s;tept out of <HI>Italy</HI> into <HI>Al&s;atia,</HI> from them to the&s;e places, which are even as farre <HI>North</HI> as <HI>England,</HI> and yet the <HI>wines</HI> there are the mo&s;t deli|cate, that they are not limited and bounded there. For a 100 miles more or le&s;&s;e cau&s;eth little alteration in heat or cold, and &s;ome advantages which we have wil &s;upply that defect. But not to in&s;i&s;t too long on <HI>probabilities,</HI> I &s;ay, that here in <HI>England</HI> &s;ome <HI>Ingenious Gentlemen</HI> u&s;ually make <HI>wine</HI> very good, long la&s;ting, without extraordinary labour and co&s;ts. To in&s;tance in one, who in great <HI>Chart,</HI> in the <HI>Wilde of Kent,</HI> a place very moi&s;t and cold,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Sir <HI>Peter Ricard.</HI></NOTE> yearly maketh 6 or 8 hogs-heads, which is very much commended by divers who have ta&s;ted it, and he hath kept &s;ome of it two years, as he him&s;elf told me, and it hath been very good; Others likewi&s;e in <HI>Kent</HI> do the &s;ame: and lately in <HI>Surrey a Gentle-woman</HI> told me, that they having many <HI>grapes,</HI> which they could not well tell how to di&s;po&s;e of, &s;he, to play the good <HI>Hou&s;e-wife,</HI> &s;tampt them to make <HI>verjuice;</HI> but two moneths after drawing it forth, they found it very fine brisk <HI>wine,</HI> cleer like <HI>Rock-water,</HI> and in many other places &s;uch <HI>experiments</HI> have been made. I therefore de&s;ire <HI>Ingenious</HI> men to endeavour the rai&s;ing of &s;o nece&s;&s;ary and plea&s;ant a commodity; e&s;pecially when <HI>French Wine</HI> is &s;o dear here, and I &s;uppo&s;e is likely to be dea|rer; I que&s;tion not, but they &s;hall finde good profit and plea&s;ure in &s;o doing, and that the <HI>State</HI> will give all encou|ragements to them: and if the <HI>French Wine</HI> pay <HI>excize</HI> and <HI>cu&s;tomes,</HI> and the <HI>Wines</HI> here be <HI>toll-free,</HI> they will be able to affoord them far cheaper, than the <HI>French</HI> can theirs, and &s;upply the whole <HI>I&s;le,</HI> if they proceed according to the&s;e <HI>Rules.</HI></P>
<P N="1">1 To choo&s;e the be&s;t &s;orts of <HI>grapes,</HI> which are mo&s;t pro|per for this <HI>I&s;le,</HI> and though there are many &s;orts of <HI>grapes</HI> a|mong&s;t <HI>Gardiners,</HI> yet I commend four &s;orts e&s;pecially to them; and I de&s;ire that they be very carefull in this particular: for it is the foundation of the work; if you fail in this, you
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fail in all; for I know that <HI>Burdeaux-Vines</HI> bear very great <HI>grapes,</HI> make <HI>verjuice</HI> onely at <HI>Paris,</HI> and that the tender <HI>Or|leans-Vine</HI> doth not thrive there.</P>
<P>The fir&s;t &s;ort is the <HI>Par&s;ely Vine</HI> or <HI>Canada-grape;</HI> becau&s;e it fir&s;t came from tho&s;e parts, vvhere if grovves naturally; and though the Countrey be intolerably cold; yet even in the vvoods vvithout manuring, it &s;o farre ripeneth his fruits, that the <HI>Je&s;uits</HI> make <HI>wine</HI> of it for their ma&s;&s;e; and <HI>Racine&egrave;</HI> (vvhich is the <HI>Juice</HI> of the <HI>grape</HI> nevvly expre&s;t, and boiled to a <HI>Syrupe,</HI> and is very &s;vveet and plea&s;ant) for their Lent-provi&s;ion, as you may read in their <HI>Relations:</HI> and this <HI>Vine</HI> &s;eemeth to be made for the&s;e <HI>Northern</HI> Countreys, becau&s;e it hath it's leaves very &s;mall and juicy, as if it vvere on pur|po&s;e to let in the &s;un, and it ripeneth &s;ooner than other <HI>grapes,</HI> as I have ob&s;erved in <HI>Oxford-Graden,</HI></P>
<P N="2">2 Sort of <HI>Vine</HI> is the <HI>Rheni&s;h-grape;</HI> for it grovveth in a temperate Countrey, not much hotter in &s;ummer then <HI>En|gland;</HI> and the <HI>wine</HI> is excellent as all knovv.</P>
<P N="3">3 Sort is the <HI>Paris-grape;</HI> vvhich is much like the temper of <HI>England,</HI> onely a little hotter in &s;ummer: this <HI>grape</HI> bea|reth a &s;mall bunch clo&s;e &s;et together, very hardy to endure <HI>fro&s;ts</HI> and other <HI>inconveniencies,</HI> and is &s;oon ripe; &s;o that the <HI>vintage</HI> of <HI>Paris,</HI> is &s;ooner ended then that of <HI>Orleans</HI> or <HI>Bur|deaux;</HI> and though it be not &s;o delicate to the ta&s;te, as &s;ome other <HI>grapes;</HI> yet it maketh an excellent brisk <HI>wine.</HI></P>
<P N="4">4 Sort is the <HI>&s;mall Muskadell;</HI> vvhich is a very fine plea|&s;ant <HI>grape,</HI> both to eat and to make <HI>wine.</HI> In <HI>Italy</HI> it u&s;ually grovveth again&s;t their hou&s;es vvalls, and of this they make a &s;mall plea&s;ant <HI>wine,</HI> a moneth or tvvo before the ordinary <HI>Vintage.</HI> It is a tender plant in re&s;pect of the other <HI>Vines</HI> in the fields: the&s;e <HI>Vines</HI> I knovv are the mo&s;t convenient for this I&s;le; becau&s;e they bear &s;mall bunches, and <HI>grapes</HI> &s;oon ripen, and are hardy to endure fro&s;ts and ill vvea|ther.</P>
<P N="2">2 To choo&s;e convenient places. For this end, I coun&s;ell them, Fir&s;t, to plant <HI>Vines</HI> on the <HI>South-&s;ide</HI> of their <HI>dwelling hou&s;es, Barnes, Stables,</HI> and <HI>Out-hou&s;es.</HI> The <HI>Gentleman</HI> of
<PB N="26" REF="18">
<HI>Kent,</HI> whom I mentioned before, u&s;eth this cour&s;e: and to keep the <HI>Vines</HI> from hurting his tiles, and that the winde may not wrong his <HI>Vines,</HI> he hath a frame made of poles, or any kinde of wood, about a foot from the tiles, to the which he tyeth the <HI>Vines;</HI> by this meanes his <HI>Vines</HI> having the reflecti|on of the yard, &s;ides of the hou&s;es, and tiles do ripen very well, and bear much; &s;o that one old <HI>Vine,</HI> hath produced nigh a hogs-head of <HI>wine</HI> in one year: and I wi&s;h all to take this cour&s;e; which is neither chargeable, nor trouble&s;ome, but very plea&s;ant; and if all in this <HI>I&s;land</HI> would do thus, it's incredible, what abundance of <HI>wine</HI> might be made, even by this petty way.</P>
<P N="2">2 If that any <HI>Gentleman</HI> will be at the charge of ma|king a <HI>Vineyard,</HI> let him choo&s;e a fine &s;andy warm hill, open to the <HI>South-ea&s;t,</HI> rather than to the <HI>South-we&s;t:</HI> for though the <HI>South-we&s;t</HI> &s;eemeth to be hotter; yet the <HI>South-Ea&s;t</HI> ripeneth better, as I have &s;een in <HI>Oxford Garden;</HI> becau&s;e the <HI>South-ea&s;t</HI> is &s;ooner warm'd by the &s;un in the morning; and the <HI>South-we&s;t</HI> winds, are the winds which blow mo&s;t frequently, and bring raine, which refrigerate the plants; and &s;uch a place is very requi&s;ite; for in other places <HI>Vines</HI> do not thrive, even in <HI>France:</HI> for if you travel betwixt <HI>Paris</HI> and <HI>Orleans,</HI> which is above 30 leagues, yet you &s;hall &s;carcely &s;ee a <HI>Vineyard,</HI> becau&s;e it is a plain Champian-Coun|trey. So likewi&s;e betwixt <HI>Fontarabia</HI> to <HI>Burdeaux,</HI> in the <HI>Sou|thern</HI> parts of <HI>France,</HI> for an 100 miles together; becau&s;e the land is generally a barren &s;andy plaine, where onely <HI>Heath</HI> abounds and <HI>Pine-trees,</HI> out of which they make <HI>Tur|pentine</HI> &amp; <HI>Rozen,</HI> by wounding of them; and <HI>Tarre</HI> &amp; <HI>Pitch,</HI> by the burning of them: and if any finde &s;uch a fine warm hill, and do dung and fence it well, he hath a greater advantage of mo&s;t of the <HI>Vineyards</HI> of <HI>France</HI> by this conveniency, than they have of our <HI>I&s;le,</HI> by being a hundred miles more <HI>South;</HI> for mo&s;t of their <HI>Vineyards</HI> are in large fields not enclo&s;ed, on land that is &s;tony, and but indifferently vvarme. But &s;ome wil &s;ay, that the wet weather de&s;troyes us. It's true, that the wet will de&s;troy all things; <HI>Sheep, Corn,</HI> &amp;c. yet no man will &s;ay, that therefore <HI>England</HI> will not produce and nouri&s;h the&s;e Crea|tures;
<PB N="27" REF="18">
and if extraordinary wet years come, they &s;poil even the <HI>Vines</HI> in <HI>France:</HI> but take ordinary years and our moi|&s;ture is not &s;o great, (though &s;ome abu&s;e us, and call <HI>England matula Coeli</HI> but the <HI>Vines,</HI> e&s;pecially tho&s;e I have mentioned before, will come to &s;uch perfection as to make good <HI>wine:</HI> and if extraordinary raines fall; yet we may help the imma|turity by <HI>Ingenuity,</HI> as I &s;hall tell you anon: or at wor&s;t make <HI>vineger</HI> or <HI>verjuice,</HI> which will pay co&s;ts.</P>
<P>Further the&s;e advantages we have of <HI>France.</HI></P>
<P N="1">1 This <HI>I&s;le</HI> is not &s;ubject to nipping fro&s;ts in <HI>May,</HI> as <HI>France</HI> is; becau&s;e we are in an <HI>I&s;le,</HI> where the Air is more gro&s;&s;e than in the <HI>Continent;</HI> and therefore not &s;o piercing and &s;harpe, as it plainly appeareth by our <HI>winters,</HI> which are not &s;o &s;harp as in <HI>Padua</HI> in <HI>Italy:</HI> neither are we &s;ubject to &s;uch &s;tormes of <HI>hail</HI> in <HI>&s;ummer,</HI> which are very frequent in <HI>hot Countreys,</HI> and for many miles together do &s;poil their <HI>Vines,</HI> &s;o that they cannot make <HI>wine</HI> of the <HI>grapes:</HI> for tho&s;e <HI>grapes</HI> vvhich are touched by the <HI>hail,</HI> have a <HI>Sulphureous</HI> and a very unplea&s;ant ta&s;te, and onely fit to make <HI>Aqua-vitae.</HI> Further, &s;ometimes in <HI>France,</HI> caske for their <HI>wines</HI> is &s;o dear, that a <HI>tun</HI> of <HI>wine</HI> may be had for a <HI>tun</HI> of <HI>caske:</HI> and the <HI>cu&s;tome</HI> and <HI>excize</HI> which is laid on <HI>wines</HI> here, is as much again as the poor <HI>Vigneron</HI> in <HI>France</HI> expects for his <HI>wine.</HI> Not to &s;peak of the ill managing of their <HI>Vines,</HI> e&s;pecially about <HI>Paris,</HI> vvhere poor men u&s;ually hire an Acre or 2 of <HI>Vines,</HI> vvhich they ma|nage at their &s;pare houres, and mo&s;t commonly pack in &s;o many plants on their ground, for to have the greater increa&s;e, that the ground and <HI>Vines</HI> are &s;o &s;haded by one another, that I have wondered, that the Sun could dart in his beames to mature them; and therefore I cannot but affirm again, that we may make abundance of <HI>wine</HI> here with profit, the char|ges of an Acre of <HI>Vineyard</HI> not being &s;o great as of <HI>Hops:</HI> an hundred &s;ets well rooted, at <HI>Paris</HI> co&s;t u&s;ually but 4 or 6 <HI>&s;ous</HI> or pence, where I have bought many: <GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">000 will plant an Acre very well, 50 <ABBR>s</ABBR> a year is the ordinary rate for the three diggings with their <HI>crooked In&s;trument</HI> called <HI><GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="2 letters">ventage,</HI> and the increa&s;e u&s;ually four tuns for an Acre, which will be pro|fit
<PB N="28" REF="19">
enough: and though I referre all to <HI>Bonovil</HI> and others, who have written of the <HI>managing of Vines;</HI> yet I coun&s;ell to get a <HI>Vigneron</HI> from <HI>France,</HI> where there are plenty, and at cheaper rates than ordinary &s;ervants here, and who will be &s;erviceable al&s;o for <HI>Gardening.</HI></P>
<P N="2">2 I will briefly tell what I have &s;een. In <HI>Italy</HI> through all <HI>Lombardy,</HI> which is for the mo&s;t part plain and <HI>Champian,</HI> their <HI>&V;ines</HI> grow in their <HI>hedges</HI> on <HI>Walnut-trees,</HI> for the mo&s;t part: in which fields, they &s;peak of three harve&s;ts year|ly, <HI>viz.</HI>
<LIST>
<ITEM>1 <HI>Winter-Corn,</HI> which is reaped in <HI>June,</HI> &amp;c.</ITEM>
<ITEM>2 <HI>&V;ines</HI> and <HI>Walnuts,</HI> which are gathered in <HI>Septem|ber.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM>3 Their <HI>&s;ummer-graines,</HI> as <HI>Millet, Panicle, Chiches, &V;etches, &amp;c. Buck-wheat, Frumentone,</HI> or that which we call <HI>&V;irginia-Wheat, Turneps,</HI> which they &s;owe in <HI>July</HI> when their <HI>Winter-corne</HI> is cut and reaped, they reape in <HI>October.</HI> In <HI>France,</HI> their <HI>&V;ines</HI> grow th<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="2 letters">e manner of wayes; in <HI>Provence</HI> they cut the <HI>&V;ine</HI> about two foot high, and make it &s;trong and &s;tubbed, like as we do our <HI>O&s;iers,;</HI> which &s;tock beareth up the bran|ches without a <HI>prop.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST></P>
<P N="2">2 About <HI>Orleans,</HI> and where they are more curious, they make frames for them to run along.</P>
<P N="3">3 About <HI>Paris</HI> they tye them to &s;hort poles, as we do hops. In <HI>France</HI> they u&s;ually make trenches, or &s;mall ditches, about three or four foot from one another, and therein plant their <HI>Vines,</HI> about one and a half deep, which is a good way, and very much to be commended; but if we here in <HI>England,</HI> plant <HI>Vines</HI> as we do <HI>Hops,</HI> it will do very well, but let them not be packt together too thick, as they do in <HI>France</HI> in ma|ny places, lea&s;t they too much &s;hade the ground, and one a|nother. In <HI>Italy</HI> when they tread their grapes with their feet in a cart, they poure the juice into a great ve&s;&s;el or Fat, and put to it all their husks and &s;tones which they call <HI>gra&s;pe,</HI> and let them <HI>ferment,</HI> or (as vve &s;ay) <HI>worke</HI> together 12 or 14 dayes, and u&s;ually they put one third of water to it, this ma|keth a <HI>wine</HI> le&s;&s;e furious, <HI>Garbo</HI> or rough, and therefore a good
<PB N="29" REF="19">
&s;tomack-<HI>wine;</HI> but it &s;poileth the colour, and taketh avvay the plea&s;ant brisk ta&s;te. In <HI>France</HI> &s;o &s;oon as they have pre&s;|&s;ed out their liquor vvith their feet, they put it in hog&s;heads, and after in their pre&s;&s;e &s;quee&s;e out vvhat they can, out of the <HI>gra&s;pe;</HI> which &s;erveth to fill up their hog&s;heads while they worke, which is u&s;ually three or four dayes, and then &s;top them clo&s;e: this is al&s;o the way u&s;ed in <HI>Germany,</HI> and is the be&s;t, for it maketh a fine gentile <HI>wine</HI> with a curious co|lour. In <HI>Germany,</HI> when their <HI>grapes</HI> are green, they make fire in their &s;ellars in Stoves, by the which means, their <HI>wines</HI> worke extraordinarily and do dige&s;t them&s;elves the better: This cour&s;e we mu&s;t al&s;o take here in <HI>England</HI> &s;ome years; for it helpeth the rawne&s;&s;e of all liquours very much. There is an <HI>Ingenious Dutchman,</HI> who hath a &s;ecret, which as yet he wil not reveal, how to help <HI>maturation</HI> by a <HI>compo&s;t</HI> applyed to the roots: The <HI>compo&s;t</HI> which I have &s;poken of before, made of <HI>brim&s;tone: Pigeons-dung,</HI> is very <HI>excellent</HI> for that <HI>purpo&s;e,</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg">Gl<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">uber.</NOTE> as al&s;o <HI>lees of wine, bloud, lime</HI> u&s;ed with moderation. He al&s;o knovveth how to make <HI>&s;oure grapes</HI> produce <HI>good wine;</HI> I <HI>&s;up|po&s;e</HI> his vvay to be this, all juice of <HI>grapes</HI> nevvly expre&s;&s;ed is &s;vveet, and vvhich may by it &s;elfe alone be made into a <HI>&s;weet &s;yrupe,</HI> vvhich the <HI>French</HI> call <HI>Racine&egrave;:</HI> further in the <HI>Evapo|ration</HI> of <HI>liquors,</HI> vvhich have not <HI>fermented</HI> or vvrought, the watery part goeth away fir&s;t.</P>
<P N="3">3 <HI>Fermentation</HI> giveth a <HI>vinous</HI> ta&s;te, and maketh a liquor full of &s;pirits.</P>
<P>You may then ea&s;ily gue&s;&s;e at the way, and perhaps he may adde al&s;o &s;ome <HI>&s;ugar and &s;pices,</HI> as the <HI>Vintners</HI> do when they make <HI>Hippocras.</HI> I know a <HI>Gentleman,</HI> who hath made excellent <HI>wine</HI> of <HI>rai&s;ins</HI> well boil'd in water, and afterward fermented by it &s;elfe, or with barme, its called u&s;ually <HI>Medea.</HI> I likewi&s;e know, that all &s;weet and fatty <HI>Juices</HI> will make fine <HI>vinous Liquors,</HI> as <HI>Dam&s;ins,</HI> if they be wrought or fer|mented ingeniou&s;ly: but who&s;oever goeth about &s;uch ex|periments, let him not think that any thing is good enough for the&s;e purpo&s;es; but let him u&s;e the be&s;t he can get: for of naughty <HI>corrupt</HI> things, who can expect that which is ex|cellent and delicate.</P>
<P><PB N="30" REF="20"><NOTE PLACE="marg">The <HI>8</HI> Defi|ciency con|cerning Hemp and Flax.</NOTE>The <HI>Deficiency</HI> of us in this kind is &s;o obvious, that all the world takes notice of it, and it is (next the neglect of <HI>fi&s;hing</HI>) the greate&s;t &s;hame to this Narion; for all know that we have as good land for the&s;e &s;eeds, as any can be found in <HI>Europe;</HI> and that the &s;owing of them requireth neither more labour, co&s;t or skill than other &s;eeds. And further that the materials made from the&s;e are extreamly nece&s;&s;ary: for how mi&s;erable &s;hould wee be without <HI>Linnen, Canva&s;es, Cordage, Nets?</HI> how can we put our <HI>Ships</HI> to Sea, which are the <HI>bulwarks</HI> of this <HI>I&s;le?</HI> And yet we are nece&s;&s;itated to have the&s;e Commo|dities from tho&s;e who would de&s;troy (I will not &s;ay the Na|tion, but I may boldly &s;ay) our <HI>Shipping,</HI> and <HI>Trade.</HI> I hope that this wil more &s;eriou&s;ly be con&s;idered by tho&s;e at the <HI>Helme</HI> of our <HI>State.</HI> I will freely and plainly relate, how this <HI>Deficiency</HI> may ea&s;ily be <HI>Remedied</HI> according to my judg|ment.</P>
<P N="1">1 To compel by a law, that all <HI>Farmers,</HI> who plough and &s;owe 50 or 100 Acres of land, &s;hould &s;owe halfe an Acre, or an Acre of <HI>Hempe</HI> or <HI>Flax,</HI> or to pay 5 <ABBR>s</ABBR> or 10 <ABBR>s</ABBR> to the poor of the Pari&s;h where they live, or &s;ome law to this purpo&s;e; for there is no man but hath land fit for one of the&s;e, <HI>Hempe</HI> de&s;iring a &s;tiffe land, <HI>Flax</HI> that which is light.</P>
<P>For there is &s;o much irrationality in &s;ome profe&s;&s;ions that they mu&s;t be forced even like bruts to under&s;tand their own good. In <HI>King Edward</HI> the 6 days &s;omthing was enacted to this purpo&s;e, as I am informed. In <HI>Henry</HI> the eighth days, there was a law enacted that every man &s;hould &s;ow his lands, and that no man &s;hould enclo&s;e his lands, lea&s;t he &s;hould turne it to <HI>Pa&s;ture;</HI> for we have had great dearth in <HI>England</HI> through the neglect of <HI>Tillage;</HI> which lawes even as yet &s;tand in force; yet there is, nor needeth there be any force to com|pel men to til and &s;owe their lands; for they have at length found the &s;weetne&s;&s;e, and willingly go about it for their own profits &s;ake, and now we &s;uppo&s;e (and not vvithout cau&s;e) that <HI>Enclo&s;ing</HI> is an <HI>Improvement:</HI> and &s;o concerning <HI>Hempe</HI> and <HI>Flax,</HI> I &s;ay, if they vvere once accu&s;tomed to &s;ovve them, they vvould never leave it, as I &s;ee <HI>Farmers</HI> do in <HI>Ea&s;t-Kent;</HI>
<PB N="31" REF="20">
&s;carce a man but he will have a con&s;iderable plot of ground for <HI>Hempe,</HI> and about <HI>London</HI> farre greater quantities of <HI>Flax</HI> is &s;own then formerly.</P>
<P N="2">2 It were convenient, that every Pari&s;h through the Nation &s;hould have a &s;tock to &s;et their poor to work, that the young children and women might not run up and down idle, and beg|ging or &s;tealing (as they do in the <HI>Countrey</HI>) of <HI>Apples, Pea&s;e, Wood, Hedges,</HI> and &s;o by little and little, are trained up for the <HI>Gallowes.</HI></P>
<P N="3">3 That a &s;evere law &s;hould be enacted again&s;t tho&s;e who run up and down and will not worke: for if all know, that they may have work at home, and earne more within doores ho|ne&s;tly, then by running rogueing up and down, why &s;hould they not compell them to it? and though &s;ome may think the Pari&s;hes will lo&s;e much by this way; becau&s;e that the &s;tock wrought will not be put off, but with lo&s;&s;e, as perhaps 10 <ABBR>l</ABBR> will be brought to 8 <ABBR>l</ABBR> yet let them con&s;ider how much they &s;hall &s;ave at their doors, how many inconveniencies they are freed from; their hedges in the Countrey &s;hall not be pulled, their fruits &s;tolne, nor their Corne purloined; and further, that the poor will be trained up to worke, and therefore fit for any &s;er|vice: yea and in their youth, learn a calling by the which they may get an hone&s;t livelyhood; and I dare &s;ay, their A&s;&s;e&s;&s;e|ments for the poor, would not be &s;o frequent, nor the poor &s;o numerous: and the benefit which redounds to the <HI>Nation,</HI> would be very great.</P>
<P N="4">4 The charitable deeds of our forefathers, ought to be enquired after, that they be not mi&s;placed, as u&s;ually they are, but be really be&s;towed for the good of the poor, that are laborious (as in <HI>London</HI> is begun) and if there be any that will not work, take Saint <HI>Pauls</HI> rule, who be&s;t knew what was be&s;t for them. I dare not advi&s;e to take in part of <HI>Commons, Fens,</HI> &amp;c. and to improve them for this u&s;e, lea&s;t I &s;hould too much pro|voke the rude mercile&s;&s;e multitude. But to return to my di&s;|cour&s;e. I &s;ay, that &s;owing <HI>Hempe</HI> and <HI>Flax,</HI> will be very be|neficiall.</P>
<P N="1">1 To the Owners of land: for men u&s;ually give in divers
<PB N="32" REF="21">
places 3 <ABBR>l</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> Acre, to &s;owe <HI>Hempe</HI> and <HI>Flax</HI> (as I have &s;een at <HI>Maid&s;tone</HI> in <HI>Kent,</HI> which is the onely place, I knovv in <HI>England</HI> where <HI>thread</HI> is made: and though nigh a thou&s;and hands are imployed about it; yet they make not enough for this <HI>Nation,</HI>) and yet get good profit. How advantageous will this be to tho&s;e who have drained the <HI>Fens,</HI> where que&s;tionle&s;&s;e <HI>Hempe</HI> will flouri&s;h, and ex&s;iccate the ground. (for <HI>Hempe</HI> de&s;ireth &s;tiffe moi&s;t land, as <HI>Flax</HI> light and dry,) and likewi&s;e to tho&s;e in the <HI>North</HI> of <HI>England,</HI> where land is very cheape? I hope in a little time <HI>Ireland</HI> will furni&s;h us with the&s;e commodities, if we be idle; for there land is very cheap, and tho&s;e &s;eeds need no inclo&s;ure; for cattle will not touch them, neither doth it fear the plunderer, either in the field or barn.</P>
<P N="2">2 It's profitable to the &s;ower. I know that they u&s;ually va|lue an Acre at 10 or 12 <ABBR>l</ABBR> which co&s;teth them u&s;ually but half the money. Whether there be <HI>Flax,</HI> that will yield 30 or 40 <ABBR>l</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> Acre as &s;ome report, I know not.</P>
<P N="3">3 To the place where it is &s;own; becau&s;e it &s;ets many poor to work. I wi&s;h it were encouraged more in the <HI>North</HI> than it is; becau&s;e there is many poor, who could willingly take pains, and though <HI>&s;pinning of linnen</HI> be but a poor work; yet it is light, and may be called <HI>Womens recreation,</HI> (and in <HI>France</HI> and <HI>Spain,</HI> the <HI>be&s;t Citizens wives</HI> think it no di&s;grace to go about <HI>&s;pinning</HI> with their <HI>Rocks</HI>) and though in &s;ome part the poor think it nothing to earn 4 or 6 <ABBR>d</ABBR> <HI>er</HI> day, and will as &s;oon &s;tand with their hands in their pockets, as worke cheap; yet in the <HI>North</HI> they account it well to earne 3<ABBR>d</ABBR> or 4<ABBR>d</ABBR> by <HI>&s;pinning,</HI> which they may do.</P>
<P>La&s;tly, it would be very beneficiall to this <HI>Nation,</HI> and &s;ave many thou&s;and pounds, I may &s;ay 100 thou&s;ands, which are ex|ported, either in ca&s;h or good Commodities; and we &s;hould not be beholding to <HI>Holland</HI> for <HI>fine linnen</HI> and <HI>Cordage,</HI> nor to <HI>France</HI> for <HI>Poldavices, Locrams, Canva&s;es, nets,</HI> nor to <HI>Flaun|ders</HI> for <HI>thread;</HI> but might be &s;upplyed abundantly with the&s;e nece&s;&s;ary commodities even at our own doors.</P>
<P>There is no &s;mall <HI>Deficiency</HI> in dunging and manuring lands, both becau&s;e that all manner of manuring and amending lands,
<PB N="33" REF="21">
is not known to every one,<NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>9</HI> Deficci|ency, con|cerning Duning &amp; Manuring Lands.</NOTE> and al&s;o that they do not imploy all they know to the be&s;t u&s;e. I will therefore &s;et down mo&s;t of the wayes I have &s;een here in <HI>England</HI> and <HI>beyond Seas,</HI> by which land is improved, and the be&s;t wayes to u&s;e the &s;ame.</P>
<P N="1">1 To begin with <HI>Chalke,</HI> which is as old a way as <HI>Julius Cae&s;ars</HI> time, as he him&s;elf reporteth in his <HI>Commentaries. Chalke</HI> is of 2 &s;orts.</P>
<P N="1">1 A <HI>hard, &s;trong dry Chalke,</HI> with which in <HI>Kent</HI> they make walls, burn lime, &amp;c.</P>
<P N="2">2 Kind is a <HI>&s;mall unctuous Chalke:</HI> this is the <HI>Chalke</HI> for land, the other helpeth little; onely it maketh the Plough go ea&s;ier in &s;tiffe lands: broomy land is accounted the be&s;t land for <HI>Chalke</HI> and <HI>Lime,</HI> but it helpeth other lands al|&s;o; e&s;pecially, if you <HI>Chalke</HI> your ground, and let it lye a year or two, which is the way u&s;ed in <HI>Kent;</HI> that it may be matured and &s;hattered by the &s;unne and raine, otherwi&s;e if it be turned in pre&s;ently, it is apt to lye in great clods, as I have &s;eene it twenty years after. <HI>Chalke</HI> al&s;o &s;weet|neth <HI>pa&s;ture,</HI> but doth not much increa&s;e it, and killeth <HI>ru&s;hes</HI> and <HI>broom.</HI></P>
<P N="2">2 <HI>Lime,</HI> which is made of divers &s;orts of <HI>&s;tones,</HI> is an ex|cellent thing for mo&s;t <HI>Lands,</HI> and produceth a mo&s;t pure grain: 160 bu&s;hels is u&s;ually laid on an Acre, but I &s;uppo&s;e that if men did lay but half the dung on the ground, as they u&s;ually do, as al&s;o <HI>lime</HI> and <HI>Chalk,</HI> and <HI>dung</HI> and <HI>lime</HI> it oftener, it would be better <HI>Husbandry:</HI> for much <HI>dung</HI> cau&s;eth much <HI>weeds,</HI> and cau&s;eth <HI>Corn</HI> to lodge; and too much <HI>Chalke</HI> doth too much force the land, &s;o that after &s;ome good crops, it ly|eth barren many years. It's good <HI>Husbandry</HI> likewi&s;e to lay down lands before they be too much out of heart; for they will &s;oon recover; otherwi&s;e not.</P>
<P N="3">3 <HI>Ordinary Dung,</HI> which every one knoweth; but let it not be expo&s;ed to the Sun too much, nor let it lye in an high place; for the rain wil wa&s;te away it's fatne&s;&s;e. It's ob&s;ervable, that earth the more it is expo&s;ed to the Sun, it's the better; as we &s;ee that land is much bettered by oft ploughings: for the Sun
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and dew engender a <HI>nitrous</HI> fatne&s;&s;e, which is the cau&s;e of <HI>fer|tility;</HI> but dung is exhau&s;ted by the Sun, as it appeareth by the <HI>folding</HI> of <HI>Sheep,</HI> which profit little, if it be not pre&s;ently turned in; therefore a <HI>Shepherd,</HI> if his time would permit, &s;hould turne up the ground with an howe for to &s;owe <HI>Tur|neps,</HI> as <HI>Gardiners</HI> do. I have &s;een <HI>Ordinary Dung</HI> on dry lands in dry years to do hurt, and it oft cau&s;eth vveeds and trumpery to grovv.</P>
<P N="4">4 <HI>Marle.</HI> It's of divers kinds: &s;ome &s;tony, &s;ome &s;oft, &s;ome vvhite, &s;ome yellovvi&s;h, but mo&s;t commonly blew. It's in mo&s;t places in <HI>England,</HI> but not known by all: the be&s;t markes to know it, is to expo&s;e it to the Aire, and to &s;ee if the Sun or Rain cau&s;e it to &s;hatter, and if it be <HI>unctuous,</HI> or rather to take a load or two, and lay it on the mid&s;t of your fields, and to try how it mendeth your lands. It's excellent for <HI>Corne,</HI> and <HI>Pa&s;ture;</HI> e&s;pecially on dry lands. In <HI>E&s;&s;ex</HI> the &s;courings of their ditches they call <HI>Marle&punc;</HI> becau&s;e it look|eth blew like it, it helpeth their lands vvel.</P>
<P N="5">5 <HI>Snaggreet:</HI> vvhich is a kind of earth taken out of the <HI>Rivers,</HI> ful of &s;mall &s;hels. It helpeth the barren lands in di|vers parts of <HI>Surrey.</HI> I beleeve it's found in all <HI>Rivers;</HI> It vvere vvell, if in other parts of <HI>England,</HI> they did take no|tice of it.</P>
<P N="6">6 <HI>Ow&s;e</HI> out of mar&s;h ditches, hath been found very good for vvhite <HI>Chalky</HI> land: as al&s;o <HI>Sea-mud</HI> and <HI>Sea-Ow&s;e</HI> is u&s;ed in divers parts of <HI>Kent</HI> and <HI>Su&s;&s;ex.</HI></P>
<P N="7">7 <HI>Sea-weeds.</HI></P>
<P N="8">8 Mr. <HI>Carew</HI> in his <HI>Survey</HI> of <HI>Cornwall</HI> relateth, that they u&s;e a fat <HI>Sea-&s;and,</HI> vvhich they carry up many miles in &s;acks, and by this they have very much improved their barren lands. It vvere vvorth the vvhile to try all manner of <HI>Sea-&s;ands:</HI> for I &s;uppo&s;e, that in other places they have a like <HI>fertilizing</HI> fat|ne&s;&s;e.</P>
<P N="9">9 <HI>Folding</HI> of <HI>Sheep,</HI> e&s;pecially after the <HI>Flaunders</HI> manner, <HI>(viz.)</HI> under a covert, in vvhich earth is &s;trevved about 6 in|ches thick, on vvhich they &s;et divers nights: then more earth mu&s;t be brought and &s;trevved 6 inches thick, and the <HI>Sheep
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folded</HI> on it, and thus they do continually <HI>Winter</HI> and <HI>Summer.</HI> I &s;uppo&s;e a &s;hepheard, vvith one hor&s;e, vvil do it at his &s;pare houres, and indeed &s;ooner then remove his <HI>fold;</HI> and this <HI>fol|ding</HI> is to be continued, e&s;pecially in <HI>Winter,</HI> and doth the <HI>Sheep</HI> good; becau&s;e they lye vvarme and dry: and truly if I am not mi&s;taken, by this means vve may make our <HI>Sheep</HI> to enrich all the barren dry lands of <HI>England.</HI></P>
<P N="10">10 <HI>A&s;hes</HI> of any kind, <HI>Seacoale-a&s;hes</HI> vvith <HI>hor&s;edung</HI> the Gardiners of <HI>London</HI> much commend for divers u&s;es. It's great pitty, that &s;o many thou&s;and loads are throvvn into vva&s;t pla|ces, and do no good.</P>
<P N="11">11 <HI>Soote</HI> is al&s;o very good, being &s;prinkled on <HI>ground,</HI> but it's too dear, if it be of <HI>wood;</HI> for it's vvorth 16 <ABBR>d</ABBR> or 2 <ABBR>s</ABBR> a bu&s;hel.</P>
<P N="12">12 <HI>Pigeons</HI> or <HI>Hens-dung</HI> is incomparable: one load is vvorth 10 loads of other <HI>dung,</HI> and therefore it's u&s;ually &s;ovvne on <HI>Wheate,</HI> that lyeth afarre off, and not ea&s;ie to be helped: it's extraordinary likevvi&s;e on a <HI>Hop-gar|den.</HI></P>
<P N="13">13 <HI>Male-du&s;t</HI> is exceedingly good in <HI>Corn-land: blood</HI> for <HI>trees;</HI> al&s;o <HI>&s;havings of hornes.</HI></P>
<P N="14">14 Some commend very much the <HI>&s;weeping</HI> of a <HI>&s;hip</HI> of <HI>&s;alt,</HI> or <HI>dro&s;&s;ey &s;alt</HI> and <HI>brine:</HI> it's very probable; becau&s;e it killeth the vvormes, and all <HI>fertility</HI> proceedeth from <HI>&s;alt.</HI></P>
<P N="15">15 I have &s;een in <HI>France,</HI> poore men cut up <HI>Heath,</HI> and the <HI>Turffe</HI> of the ground, and lay them on an heape, to make <HI>mould</HI> for their barren lands. <HI>Brakes</HI> laid in a moi&s;t place, and rotted, are u&s;ed much for <HI>Hop-grounds,</HI> and generally all things that vvill rot, if they vvere &s;tones, vvould make <HI>dung.</HI></P>
<P N="16">16 In <HI>New-England</HI> they <HI>fi&s;h</HI> their ground, vvhich is done thus: In the <HI>&s;pring</HI> about <HI>April,</HI> there cometh up a <HI>fi&s;h</HI> to the fre&s;h <HI>Rivers,</HI> called an <HI>Alewife;</HI> becau&s;e of it's great belly: and is a kind of <HI>&s;hade,</HI> full of bones; the&s;e are caught in vviers, and &s;old very cheap to the planters, vvho u&s;ually put one or tvvo cut in pieces into the hill vvhere their Corne
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is planted, called <HI>Virginia-Wheate,</HI> for they plant it in hils, 5 graines in an hill, almo&s;t as we plant <HI>Hops</HI> (in <HI>May,</HI> or <HI>June;</HI> for it wil not endure fro&s;ts) and at that di&s;tance; it cau&s;eth fertility extraordinary for two years, e&s;pecially the fir&s;t: for they have had 50 or 60 bu&s;hels on an Acre, and yet plough not their land, and in the &s;ame hils do plant the &s;ame Corne for many years together, and have good crops: be&s;ides abundance of <HI>Pompions,</HI> and <HI>French</HI> or <HI>Kidney beanes.</HI> In the <HI>North</HI> parts of <HI>New England,</HI> where the fi&s;her-men live, they u&s;ually <HI>fi&s;h</HI> their ground with <HI>Cods-heads;</HI> which if they were in <HI>England</HI> would be better imployed. I &s;uppo&s;e that when <HI>&s;prats</HI> be cheap, men might mend their <HI>Hop-grounds</HI> with them, and it would quit co&s;t: but the <HI>dogs</HI> will be apt to <HI>&s;crape</HI> them up, as they do in <HI>New-England,</HI> unle&s;&s;e one of their legs be tyed up.</P>
<P N="17">17 <HI>&V;rine.</HI> In <HI>Holland</HI> they as carefully pre&s;erve the <HI>Cowes urine,</HI> as the <HI>dung</HI> to enrich their land: old <HI>urine</HI> is excellent for the <HI>Roots</HI> of <HI>trees. Columella</HI> in his book of <HI>Husbandry,</HI> &s;aith, that he is an ill husband that doth not make 10 loads of dung for every great bea&s;t in his yard, and as much for eve|ry one in the hou&s;e, and one load for &s;mall bea&s;ts as <HI>hogs.</HI> This is &s;trange husbandry to us: and I believe there are ma|ny ill husbands by this account. I know a vvoman who liveth 5 miles <HI>South</HI> of <HI>Canterbury,</HI> who &s;aveth in a pail, all the droppings of the hou&s;es, I meane the <HI>urine,</HI> and when the pail is full, &s;prinkleth it on her <HI>Meadow,</HI> which cau&s;eth the gra&s;&s;e at fir&s;t to look yellovv, but after a little time it grovves vvonderfully, that many of her neighbours vvondered at it, and vvere like to accu&s;e her of vvitch-craft.</P>
<P N="18">18 <HI>Woollen raggs,</HI> vvhich <HI>Hartford-&s;hire</HI>-men u&s;e much, and <HI>Oxford-&s;hire,</HI> and many other places: they do very vvell in thinne <HI>Chalky</HI> land in <HI>Kent</HI> for tvvo or three years. It's a fault in many places, that they neglect the&s;e, as al&s;o <HI>Linnen raggs,</HI> or <HI>Ropes-ends,</HI> of the vvhich vvhite and brovvn paper is made; for it's &s;trange that vve have not <HI>Linnen-raggs</HI> enough for pa|per, as other Nations have; but mu&s;t have it from <HI>Italy, France,</HI> and <HI>Holland.</HI></P>
<P N="19"><PB N="37" REF="23">19 <HI>Den&s;hyring</HI> (&s;o called in <HI>Kent,</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg">Mr. <HI>Camb|den.</HI></NOTE> where I onely have &s;een it u&s;ed, though by the vvord it &s;hould come from <HI>Denbigh-&s;hire,</HI>) is the cutting up of all the <HI>turffe</HI> of a <HI>Meadow,</HI> vvith an in&s;trument &s;harpe on both &s;ides, vvhich a man vvith vio|lence thru&s;ts before him, and then lay the <HI>turffe</HI> on heapes, and vvhen it is dry they burn it, and &s;pread it on the ground. The charge is u&s;ually four Nobles, vvhich the goodne&s;&s;e of a crop or tvvo repayeth.</P>
<P N="20">20 <HI>Mixture</HI> of lands. <HI>Columella</HI> an old vvriter &s;aith, that his Grandfather u&s;ed to carry &s;and on clay, and on the con|trary to bring clay on &s;andy grounds, and vvith good &s;uc|ce&s;&s;e, the Lord <HI>Bacon</HI> thinking much good may be done there|by; for if <HI>Chalke</HI> be good for loamy land,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Naturall Hi&s;tory.</NOTE> vvhy &s;hould not loame be good for <HI>Chalky</HI> banks?</P>
<P N="21">21 I may adde <HI>Enclo&s;ure</HI> as an <HI>Improvement</HI> of land: not onely becau&s;e that men, vvhen their grounds are enclo&s;ed, may imploy them as they plea&s;e; but becau&s;e it giveth vvarmth and con&s;equently <HI>fertiliey.</HI> There is one in <HI>London,</HI> vvho promi&s;ed to mend lands much by vvarmth onely, and vve &s;ee that if &s;ome fevv &s;tickes lye together, and give a place vvarmth, hovv &s;peedily that gra&s;&s;e vvil grovv.</P>
<P N="22">22 <HI>Steeping of Graines.</HI> The <HI>Ancients</HI> u&s;ed to &s;teep <HI>Beanes</HI> in &s;alt-water: and in <HI>Kent</HI> it's u&s;ual to &s;teep <HI>Barly,</HI> when they &s;ow late, that it may grovv the fa&s;ter; and al&s;o to take <HI>away</HI> the &s;oile: for vvild <HI>Oates, Cockle,</HI> and all &s;ave <HI>Drake</HI> vvil &s;vvimme; as al&s;o much of the light Corne, vvhich to take avvay is very good. If you put <HI>Pigeons-dung</HI> into the vvater, and let it &s;teep all night, it may be as it vvere halfe a dunging: take heed of &s;teeping <HI>Pea&s;e</HI> too long; for I have &s;een them &s;prout in three or four houres.</P>
<P N="23">23 Is the <HI>&s;owing of Cour&s;e</HI> and cheap Graine, and vvhen they are grovvne to plough them in. For this purpo&s;e the <HI>Auncients</HI> did u&s;e <HI>LUPINES,</HI> a plant vvel knovvne to our <HI>Gardiners:</HI> and in <HI>Kent</HI> &s;ometimes <HI>Tares</HI> are &s;ovven, vvhich vvhen the Cattel have eaten a little of the tops, they turn them in, vvith very good <HI>Improvement</HI> for their ground.</P>
<P><PB N="38" REF="24"><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>10</HI> Deficci|ency, con|cerning the not Im|provement of our Meadows.</NOTE>I wil not deny, but that we have good <HI>Husbands,</HI> who <HI>dung</HI> and <HI>Marle</HI> their <HI>Meadowes,</HI> and <HI>Pa&s;ture-land,</HI> and throw down all <HI>Mole</HI> and <HI>Ant-hils,</HI> and with the their <HI>&s;pud</HI>-&s;taffe, cut up all thi&s;tles and weeds, and that they likewi&s;e &s;traw <HI>a&s;hes</HI> on their grounds to kil the <HI>Mo&s;&s;e;</HI> and <HI>&s;alt</HI> for the <HI>wormes,</HI> and they do very well, but yet there are many who are negligent in the&s;e particulars, for the which they are blame-worthy, but the <HI>Deficiencies,</HI> of which I intend to &s;peak of, are the&s;e following. <HI>Cato,</HI> one of the wi&s;e&s;t of the <HI>Ro|mans,</HI> &s;aith, that <HI>Pratum e&s;t, qua&s;i paratum;</HI> alwayes ready, and prepared; and preferreth <HI>Meadowes</HI> before the <HI>Olive-Gardens,</HI> (although the <HI>Spaniards</HI> bequeath <HI>Olive-trees</HI> to their children, as vve do cottages) or <HI>Vines</HI> or <HI>Corn;</HI> becau&s;e <HI>Meadows</HI> bring in a certain profit, without labour and paines&punc; but the other requireth much co&s;t and paines, and are &s;ubject to <HI>Fro&s;ts, Mildew, Haile, Locu&s;ts:</HI> to the which for the ho|nour of <HI>Meadowes,</HI> I may adde that the &s;tock of <HI>Meadows,</HI> is of greater value, and the Commodities which ari&s;e from them, are divers, and of greater value, than Corne, as <HI>Butter, Chee&s;e, Tallow, Hides, Beef, Wool;</HI> and therefore I may con|clude, that <HI>England</HI> abounding in <HI>Pa&s;tures</HI> more than other <HI>Countreys</HI> is therefore richer; and I know (what <HI>others</HI> think I care not) that in <HI>France</HI> Acre for Acre is not comparable to it, <HI>Forte&s;cue Chancelor</HI> of <HI>England,</HI> &s;aith, that we get more in <HI>England</HI> by &s;tanding &s;till than the <HI>French</HI> by working: but to &s;peak of the <HI>Deficiencies</HI> among&s;t us.</P>
<P N="1">1 We are to blame, that we have neglected the great <HI>Clo|ver-gra&s;&s;e, Saint Foine, Lucerne.</HI></P>
<P N="2">2 That we do not float our lands, as they do in <HI>Lumbardy,</HI> where they mowe their lands three or four times yearly, which con&s;i&s;t of the great <HI>Clover-gra&s;&s;e.</HI> Here are the excel|lent <HI>Parmi&s;ane Chee&s;es</HI> made, and indeed the&s;e <HI>Pa&s;tures</HI> farre exceed any other places in <HI>Italie,</HI> yea in <HI>Europe.</HI> We here in <HI>England</HI> have great opportunities by brooks and Rivers in all places to do &s;o, but we are <HI>negligent;</HI> yet we might hereby double if not treble our profits, kill all ru&s;hes, &amp;c. But he that de&s;ireth to know the manner how to do this, and that
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profit, that wil ari&s;e thereby, let him read Mr. <HI>Blithes</HI> Book of <HI>Husbandry,</HI> lately printed.</P>
<P N="3">3 That when we lay down land for <HI>Meadow</HI> or <HI>Pa&s;ture,</HI> we doe not &s;owe them with the &s;eeds of fine &s;weet gra&s;&s;e, <HI>Trefoiles,</HI> and other excellent <HI>herbes.</HI> Concerning this you may read a large <HI>Treati&s;e</HI> of the <HI>Countrey-Farmer;</HI> for if the land be rich, it will put forth <HI>weeds</HI> and trumpery, and perhaps a kind of &s;oure gra&s;&s;e little worth, if it be poor, ye &s;hal have thi&s;tles, <HI>May-weed</HI> and little or no gra&s;&s;e, for a year or two. I know a Gentleman, who at my entreaty, &s;owed with his <HI>Oates</HI> the bottome of his <HI>Hay-mowe,</HI> and though his land were worne out of heart, and naturally poor; yet he had that year not onely a crop of <HI>Oates;</HI> but he might if it had plea&s;ed him, have mowen his gra&s;&s;e al&s;o, but he &s;pared it, which was wel done, til the next year, that it might make a <HI>turffe,</HI> and grow &s;tronger. By this <HI>Husbandry</HI> lands might be wel improved, e&s;pecially if men did con&s;ider the diver&s;i|ty of gra&s;&s;es, which are 90 &s;orts, and 23 of <HI>Trefoile:</HI> I know a place in <HI>Kent,</HI> which is a white <HI>Chalky downe</HI> which ground is &s;ometimes &s;owen with Corn a year or two, and then it re&s;t|eth as long or longer: when it is laid down, it maintaineth many great <HI>Sheep</HI> and very lu&s;ty, &s;o that they are even fit for the <HI>Butcher;</HI> and yet there doth &s;carce appear any thing that they can eate, which hath cau&s;ed divers to wonder, as if they had lived on <HI>Chalke-&s;tones:</HI> but I more &s;eriou&s;ly con&s;idering the matter, throughly viewed the ground, and perceived that the ground naturally produceth a &s;mall <HI>Trefoile</HI> which it &s;ee|meth is very &s;weet and plea&s;ant, it's commonly called <HI>Trifo|lium luteum,</HI> or <HI>Lupilinum,</HI> that is, <HI>yellow</HI> or <HI>Hop-Trefoile:</HI> and I am per&s;waded, if that the &s;eed of this <HI>Trefoile</HI> were pre&s;er|ved, and &s;owen with <HI>dates,</HI> when they intend to lay it down, it would very much advance the <HI>Pa&s;ture</HI> of that place; there|fore I de&s;ire all <HI>Ingenious</HI> men, &s;eriou&s;ly to con&s;ider the na|ture of the <HI>Trefoiles,</HI> which are the &s;weete&s;t of gra&s;&s;es, and to ob&s;erve on vvhat grounds they naturally grovv: and a&s;o the nature of other gra&s;&s;es, which (as I have &s;aid before) are no le&s;&s;e than 90 &s;orts, naturally growing in this I&s;le; &s;ome on
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watry places, &s;ome on dry, &s;ome on clay, others on &s;and, chalk, &amp;c &s;ome on fruitful places, others in barren; by the which meanes, I &s;uppo&s;e a &s;olid foundation might be laid, for the advancing the <HI>Pae&s;ture</HI>-lands of all &s;orts, through this <HI>I&s;land?</HI> for I know &s;ome plants, as the <HI>Orchis</HI> call'd <HI>Bee-flower,</HI> &amp;c. which wil thrive better on the <HI>Chalky</HI> barren banks, than in any garden, though the mould be never &s;o rich and deli|cate, and the Gardiner very diligent in cheri&s;hing of it: and why may not the &s;ame propriety be in gra&s;&s;es? for we &s;ee diver&s;e <HI>benty</HI> gra&s;&s;es to thrive, e&s;pecially on barren places, where &s;carce any thing el&s;e wil grow. I mu&s;t againe and againe de&s;ire all men to take notice of the wonderful gra&s;&s;e which groweth near <HI>Salisbury,</HI> and de&s;ire them to try it on their Rich <HI>Meadowes,</HI></P>
<P><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>11</HI> Deficien|cy concern|ing wa&s;te Lands.</NOTE>It's a common &s;aying, that there are more <HI>wa&s;te</HI> lands in <HI>England,</HI> in the&s;e particulars, than in all <HI>Europe</HI> be&s;ides, con|&s;idering the quantity of land. I dare not &s;ay this is true; but hope if it be &s;o, that it it will be mended. For of late much hath been done for the advancement of the&s;e kinds of land; yet there are as yet great <HI>Deficiencies.</HI> In the times of <HI>Papi|&s;try,</HI> all in this <HI>I&s;land</HI> were either <HI>Souldiers</HI> or <HI>Scholars; Scho|lars</HI> by rea&s;on of the great honours, privileges, and profits, (the third part of the <HI>Kingdome</HI> belonging to them) and <HI>Soul|diers,</HI> becau&s;e of the many and great warres with <HI>France, Scotland, Ireland, Wales.</HI> And in tho&s;e times <HI>Gentlemen</HI> thought it an honour to be carele&s;&s;e, and to have <HI>hou&s;es, furniture, diet, exerci&s;es, apparell,</HI> &amp;c. yea all things at home and a|broad, <HI>Souldier-like: Mu&s;ick, Pictures, Perfumes, Sawces,</HI> (unle&s;&s;e good &s;tomacks) were counted, perhaps unju&s;tly, too effeminate. In <HI>Queen Elizabeth's</HI> dayes <HI>Ingenuities, Curio&s;i|ties</HI> and <HI>Good Husbandry</HI> began to take place, and then <HI>Salt Mar&s;hes</HI> began to be fenced from the Seas; and yet many were neglected, even to our dayes, as <HI>Hollhaven</HI> in <HI>E&s;&s;ex, Axtel-holme I&s;le</HI> in <HI>York-&s;hire:</HI> many 1000 of Acres have lately been gained from the Sea in <HI>Lincolne-&s;hire,</HI> and as yet more are to be taken in there, and in other places. <HI>Rum&s;ey-mar&s;h</HI>
<PB N="41" REF="25">
in <HI>Kent</HI> con&s;i&s;ting of 45000 Acres and upwards, (as <HI>Cambden</HI> relateth) is of &s;ome antiquity where the land is u&s;u|ally let for 30 <ABBR>s</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> Acre, and yet 1 <ABBR>d</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> week con&s;tantly is pay'd, through the whole levil, for the maintenance of the wall, and now and then 2 <ABBR>d</ABBR> whereas ordinary &s;alts are ac|counted dear at 5 <ABBR>s</ABBR> or 6 <ABBR>s</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> Acre; &s;o that the improve|ment is very con&s;iderable: the &s;ame I may &s;ay of <HI>Fens,</HI> e&s;pe|cially that great <HI>Fen</HI> of <HI>Lincoln-&s;hire, Cambridge, Huntingdon</HI> con&s;i&s;i&s;ting as I am informed of 380000 Acres, which is now almo&s;t recovered; and a friend of mine told me very lately, that he had profered a marke <HI>per</HI> Acre; for 900 A|cres together, to &s;owe <HI>Rape</HI> on, which formerly was &s;carcely valued at 12 <ABBR>d</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> Acre; very great therefore is the improve|ment af draining of lands, and our negligence very great, that they have been wa&s;t &s;o long, and as yet &s;o continue in di|vers places: for the improving of a Kingdome is better than the conquering of a new one.</P>
<P N="2">2 I &s;ee likewi&s;e no &s;mall faults in this land, by having &s;o many <HI>Cha&s;es</HI> and <HI>Forre&s;ts,</HI> where <HI>brambles, brakes; furzes</HI> do grow, when as the&s;e trumperies might be cut up, and pot-a&s;hes made of them; and the ground imployed profitably for <HI>Corne,</HI> or <HI>Pa&s;ture.</HI> I know a <HI>Forre&s;t</HI> by <HI>Brill</HI> in <HI>Bucking|ham-&s;hire</HI> taken in, and the land is u&s;ually let being now wel enclo&s;ed, for 4 or 5 Nobles <HI>per</HI> Acre.</P>
<P N="3">3 Sort of <HI>wa&s;te-land,</HI> is dry <HI>heathy</HI> Commons. I know that poor people wil cry out again&s;t me, becau&s;e I call the&s;e <HI>wa&s;te lands;</HI> but it's no matter: I de&s;ire Ingenious <HI>Gentlemen</HI> &s;eri|ou&s;ly to con&s;ider, whether or no the&s;e lands might not be im|proved very much by the <HI>Husbandry</HI> of <HI>Flaunders, (viz.)</HI> by &s;owing <HI>Flax, Turneps,</HI> great <HI>Clover-Gra&s;&s;e,</HI> if that <HI>Manure</HI> be made by <HI>folding Sheep</HI> after the <HI>Flaunders</HI> way, to keep it in heart?</P>
<P N="2">2 Whether the <HI>Rottenne&s;&s;e</HI> and <HI>Scabbine&s;&s;e</HI> of <HI>Sheepe, Murrein</HI> of Cattel, <HI>Di&s;ea&s;es</HI> of Hor&s;es, and in general all di&s;ea&s;es of Cattel do not e&s;pecially proceed from <HI>Com|mons?</HI></P>
<P N="3"><PB N="42" REF="26">3 If the rich men, who are able to keep great &s;tocks, are not great gainers by them?</P>
<P N="4">4 Whether <HI>Commons</HI> do not rather make poore, by cau|&s;ing idlene&s;&s;e, than maintain them; and &s;uch poor, who are trained up rather for the Gallowes or beggery, than for the Common-wealths &s;ervice?</P>
<P N="5">5 How it cometh to pa&s;&s;e, that there are fewe&s;t poor, where there are fewe&s;t <HI>Commons,</HI> as in <HI>Kent,</HI> where there is &s;carce &s;ix <HI>Commons</HI> in the <HI>County</HI> of a con&s;iderable great|ne&s;&s;e?</P>
<P N="6">6 How many do they &s;ee enriched by the <HI>Commons;</HI> and if their Cattel be not u&s;ually &s;wept away by the <HI>Rot,</HI> or &s;tarved in &s;ome hard winters?</P>
<P N="7">7 If that poor men might not imploy 2 Acres enclo&s;ed to more advantage; than twice as much in a <HI>Common?</HI></P>
<P>And La&s;tly, if that all <HI>Commons</HI> were <HI>enclo&s;ed,</HI> and part gi|ven to the Inhabitants, and part rented out, for a &s;tock to &s;et all the poor on work in every <HI>County;</HI> I determine no|thing in this kind: but leave the determination for wi&s;er heads.</P>
<P N="4">4 <HI>Parkes.</HI> Although I cannot but reckon <HI>Parks</HI> among&s;t lands, which are not improved to the full; but perceive con&s;iderable <HI>wa&s;te</HI> by them, by <HI>brakes, bu&s;hes, brambles,</HI> &amp;c. growing in divers places, and therefore wi&s;h there were few|er in this <HI>I&s;land;</HI> yet I am not &s;o great an enemy to them, as mo&s;t are: for there are very great U&s;es of them, as.</P>
<P N="1">1 For the bringing up of young cattel.</P>
<P N="2">2 For the maintaining of Timber, &s;o that if any have occa&s;ion to u&s;e a good piece of Timber either for a Mil-po&s;t, or a Keel of a Ship, or other &s;pecial u&s;es, whither can they go but to a <HI>Parke?</HI></P>
<P N="3">3 The <HI>skins</HI> of the <HI>Deere</HI> are very u&s;eful, and their <HI>fle&s;h</HI> excellent <HI>Food.</HI> Not to &s;peak of the <HI>Medicinall U&s;es,</HI> nor of <HI>Acorns</HI> for hogs, &amp;c. But &s;ome wil object, that the plough never goeth there. To the which I an&s;wer, It's no matter: for I cannot but &s;ay as <HI>Forte&s;cue</HI> Chancellor to <HI>Henry</HI> 6 doth,
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That God hath given us, &s;uch a fruitful land,<NOTE PLACE="marg">Preemi|nence of Engli&s;h Laws.</NOTE> that without labour we have plenty: whereas <HI>France</HI> mu&s;t digge and delve for vvhat they have. And I &s;uppo&s;e, that I could maintaine two things vvhich are thought great <HI>Paradoxes, (viz.)</HI> that it were no lo&s;&s;e to this <HI>I&s;land,</HI> if that we &s;hould not plough at all, if &s;o be that we could certainly have Corne at a rea&s;onable rate, and likewi&s;e vent for all our <HI>Manufactures</HI> of <HI>Wool.</HI></P>
<P N="1">1 Becau&s;e that the Commodities from Cattel are farre more &s;table than Corne: for <HI>Cloth, Stuffes, Stockins, But|ter, Chee&s;e, Hides, Shoes, Tallow,</HI> are certain even every where: Corne &s;carcely in any place, con&s;tantly in none.</P>
<P N="2">2 <HI>Pa&s;ture</HI> imployeth more hands, which is the &s;econd <HI>Pa|radox;</HI> and therefore <HI>Pa&s;ture</HI> doth not <HI>depopulate,</HI> as it is com|monly &s;aid: for <HI>Normandy</HI> and <HI>Picardy</HI> in <HI>France,</HI> where there are <HI>Pa&s;tures</HI> in a good mea&s;ure, are a populous as any part of <HI>France;</HI> and I am certain, that <HI>Holland, Friezeland, Zealand, Flaunders, and Lombardy,</HI> which rely altogether on <HI>Pa&s;tures</HI> are the mo&s;t populous places in <HI>Europe.</HI> But &s;ome wil object and &s;ay, that a &s;hepheard and a dog formerly hath de&s;troyed divers villages. To this I an&s;wer, that we wel knovv vvhat a &s;hepheard and a dog can do, <HI>(viz.)</HI> look to tvvo or three hundred &s;heep at the mo&s;t, and that tvvo or three hun|dred Acres vvil maintain them, or the land is extreamly bar|ren; and that the&s;e tvvo or three hundred Acres being bar|ren, wil &s;carcely maintaine a Plough, (vvhich is but one man and tvvo boys,) vvith the hor&s;es: and that the <HI>mowing, reaping,</HI> and <HI>thre&s;hing</HI> of this Corne, and other vvorke about, vvil &s;carcely maintaine three more vvith work through the vvhole yeare. But hovv many people may be employed, by the <HI>Wool</HI> of tvvo or three hundred <HI>Sheepe,</HI> in <HI>Picking, Sorting, Carding, Spinning, Weaving, Dying, Fulling, Knitting,</HI> I leave to others to calculate. And further if the <HI>Pa&s;tures</HI> be rich <HI>Meadowes,</HI> and go on <HI>dairing,</HI> I &s;uppo&s;e all know, that 100 Acres of &s;uch land imployeth more hands than 100 A|cres of the be&s;t Corne-Land in <HI>England,</HI> and produceth like|wi&s;e
<PB N="44" REF="27">
better exportable Commodities. And further, if I &s;hould grant, that formerly the &s;hepherd and his dog did <HI>depopulate;</HI> yet I wil deny, that it doth &s;o now: for former|ly we were &s;o unwi&s;e, as to &s;end over our <HI>Wool</HI> to <HI>Antwerpe,</HI> and other places, where they were <HI>Manufactured;</HI> by which meanes one pound oft brought 10 <HI>unwrought</HI> to them; but we &s;et now our own poor to work; and &s;o &s;ave the <HI>depopula|tion.</HI> Yet I &s;ay, it's convenient to encourage the plough; becau&s;e that we cannot have a certainty of Corne and car|riage is dear, both by &s;ea and land, e&s;pecially into the <HI>Inland-Countreys;</HI> and our Commodities by <HI>Wool</HI> do cloy the Mer|chants.</P>
<P N="5">5 <HI>Ru&s;hy</HI>-lands. <HI>Blith</HI> telleth us, good Remedies for the&s;e <HI>Inconveniencies, (viz.) making deep trenches, oft mowings, Chalk|ing, Liming, Dunging</HI> and <HI>Ploughing.</HI> I know where hun|gry gue&s;ts Hor&s;es &s;oone make an end of them.</P>
<P N="6">6 <HI>Furze, broom, heath,</HI> the&s;e can hardly be &s;o de&s;troyed, but at length they wil up againe; for God hath given a pe|culiar propriety to every kinde of earth, to produce &s;ome peculiar kinds of Plants, which it wil ob&s;erve even to the worlds end, unle&s;&s;e by <HI>Dung, Marle, Chalke,</HI> you alter even the very nature of the earth. In <HI>Gallitia</HI> in <HI>Spaine,</HI> where &s;uch barren lands do very much abound, they do thus: fir&s;t, they grub them up as clean as they can; of the greater Roots and branches they make fire-wood; the &s;maller &s;ticks are either imployed in fencing, or el&s;e are burnt on the ground; afterwards the land being ploughed twice at lea&s;t, they &s;owe <HI>Wheate,</HI> and u&s;ually the crop is great, which the <HI>Landlord</HI> and <HI>Tenant</HI> divide according to a compact; then the ground re&s;teth, and in 3 or 4 yeares the <HI>Furze</HI> or <HI>broom</HI> wil recover their former growth, which the painful <HI>Hu&s;|band-man</HI> grubbeth, and doeth with it as formerly. I &s;et this down that you may &s;ee how laborious the <HI>Spa|niard</HI> is in &s;ome places, the poverty of the countrey compel|ling him to it.</P>
<P N="7">7 There are other <HI>Inconveniencies</HI> in land, be&s;ides weeds
<PB N="45" REF="27">
and trumpery <HI>(viz.) Ill tenures,</HI> as <HI>coppy-hold, Knight-&s;ervice,</HI> &amp;c. &s;o that the <HI>Po&s;&s;e&s;&s;or</HI> cannot cut any Timber downe, with|out con&s;ent of the <HI>Lord;</HI> and when he dyes mu&s;t pay one or two yeares rent. But the&s;e are not in the power of the poor <HI>Husbandman</HI> to remedy; I therefore pa&s;&s;e them by: yet hope that in little time we &s;hal &s;ee the&s;e <HI>Inconveniencies remedied;</HI> becau&s;e they much di&s;courage <HI>Improvements</HI> and are (as I &s;uppo&s;e) <HI>badges</HI> of our <HI>Norman</HI> &s;lavery.</P>
<P>To conclude, it &s;eemeth to me very rea&s;onable, and it wil be a great encouragement to laborious men, to <HI>improve</HI> their barren lands, if that they &s;hould have recompence for what they have done, according as indifferent men &s;hould judge, when they leave it, as is the cu&s;tome in <HI>Flaunders.</HI></P>
<P>I have likewi&s;e ob&s;erved &s;ome <HI>Deficiencies</HI> in <HI>Woods,</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>12</HI> Defici|ency&punc; in Woods.</NOTE> which I &s;hall briefly declare, with the be&s;t way to <HI>Remedy</HI> the &s;ame.</P>
<P N="1">1 It's a great, <HI>fault</HI> that <HI>generally</HI> through the <HI>I&s;land</HI> the <HI>Woods</HI> are de&s;troyed; &s;o that we are in many places very much nece&s;&s;itated both for fuel, &amp; al&s;o for timber for building and other u&s;es; &s;o that if we had not <HI>Coales</HI> from <HI>New-ca&s;tle,</HI> and <HI>Boards</HI> from <HI>Norwey, Plough-&s;taves</HI> and <HI>Pipe-&s;taves</HI> from <HI>Pru&s;&s;ia,</HI> we &s;hould be brought to great extremity: and ma|ny <HI>Mechanickes</HI> would be nece&s;&s;itated to leave their cal|lings.</P>
<P N="2">2 <HI>Deficiency,</HI> is that our <HI>Woods</HI> are not ordered as they &s;hould be; but though <HI>Woods</HI> are e&s;pecially pre&s;erved for timber, for building and Shipping; yet at this time it's very rare to &s;ee a good <HI>Timber-tree</HI> in a <HI>Wood.</HI></P>
<P N="3">3 That many of our <HI>Woods,</HI> are very thinne, and not re|pleni&s;hed with &s;uch &s;orts of <HI>Wood,</HI> as are convenient for the place.</P>
<P N="4">4 That we &s;ell continually, and never plant or take care for po&s;terity.</P>
<P>The&s;e <HI>Deficiencies</HI> may be thus <HI>Remedyed.</HI></P>
<P N="1">1 To put in execution the <HI>Statutes</HI> again&s;t <HI>grubbing of Woods,</HI> which are &s;ufficiently &s;evere. Its well known, we have good
<PB N="46" REF="28">
lawes; but it's better knowne, they are not executed. In the <HI>Wilde of Kent,</HI> and <HI>Su&s;&s;ex,</HI> which lies far from the <HI>Rivers</HI> and <HI>Sea,</HI> and formerly have been nothing but <HI>Woods,</HI> liberty is granted for men to grub what they plea&s;e; for they cannot want firing for them&s;elves, and they are &s;o &s;eated, that nei|ther firewood, nor timber can be tran&s;ported el&s;ewhere. I know a <HI>Gentleman</HI> who proffered their good <HI>Oak-timber</HI> at 6 <ABBR>s</ABBR> 8 <ABBR>d</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> tun, and the land in tho&s;e parts in general is very good. About <HI>Tunbridge</HI> there is land which formerly was <HI>Wood,</HI> is now let for 30 <ABBR>s</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> Are; &s;o that to keep &s;uch lands for <HI>Wood,</HI> would be both lo&s;&s;e to the <HI>owner,</HI> and to the <HI>I&s;land:</HI> But in other parts of the <HI>I&s;land</HI> it is othervvi&s;e, and men are much to be blamed for de&s;troying both timber and fuel. I have &s;een at <HI>Shooters-hill</HI> near <HI>London,</HI> &s;ome <HI>Woods</HI> &s;tub|bed up vvhich vvere good ground for. <HI>Wood,</HI> but novv are nothing but <HI>furze,</HI> vvhich is a great lo&s;&s;e, both to the <HI>owner</HI> and to the <HI>Countrey.</HI> For the land is made vvor&s;e then it vvas formerly. I conceive there are Lands, vvhich are as na|turally ordained for <HI>Woods, viz. Mountainous, Craggy, une|ven land,</HI> as <HI>&s;mall hils</HI> for the <HI>Vines</HI> and <HI>Olives; plain lands</HI> for <HI>Corne;</HI> and <HI>low moi&s;t lands</HI> for <HI>Pa&s;ture:</HI> vvhich lands if they be &s;tubbed, do much prejudice the <HI>Common-wealth.</HI></P>
<P N="2">2 That all <HI>Woods</HI> &s;hould have &s;uch a Number of Timber-trees <HI>per</HI> Acre, according to the <HI>Statute.</HI> There is a good lavv for that purpo&s;e, but men delude both them&s;elves and the lavv, that they every <HI>felling</HI> cut dovvn the <HI>&s;tanders</HI> vvhich they left the <HI>folling</HI> before, lea&s;t perchance they &s;hould grovv to be <HI>Timber,</HI> and leave 12 &s;mall <HI>&s;tanders,</HI> that they might &s;eem to fulfil in &s;ome mea&s;ure the <HI>Statute;</HI> but it's a meer fal|lacie, and cau&s;eth the <HI>Statute</HI> to fail of it's principal end, vvhich is to pre&s;erve <HI>Timber.</HI></P>
<P N="3">3 The be&s;t <HI>Remedy</HI> again&s;t thinne&s;&s;e of <HI>woods,</HI> is to pla&s;h them and &s;pread them abroad, and cover them partly in the ground, as every <HI>Countreyman</HI> can direct; by this meanes the <HI>wood</HI> vvil &s;oone grovv rough and thick. It's good <HI>Husbandry</HI> likevvi&s;e to fil your <HI>woods</HI> vvith <HI>&s;wift growers,</HI> as
<PB N="47" REF="28">
<HI>A&s;hes, Sallow, Willow, A&s;pe,</HI> which are al&s;o good for <HI>Hop|poles, Hoopes. Sycamore</HI> is al&s;o a <HI>&s;wift grower.</HI> In <HI>Flaunders,</HI> they have a kinde of <HI>Salix,</HI> called by them <HI>Abell-tree,</HI> which &s;peedliy groweth to be timber.</P>
<P N="4">4 That &s;ome law be made, that they which fel, &s;hould al|&s;o <HI>plant</HI> or <HI>&s;owe.</HI> In <HI>Bi&s;cay</HI> there is a law, if that any cut down a <HI>Timber-tree,</HI> he mu&s;t plant three for it, which law is put in|to execution with &s;everity: otherwi&s;e they would &s;oon be undone; for the <HI>Countrey</HI> is very mountainous and barren, and dependeth wholly on <HI>Iron Mines,</HI> and on <HI>Shipping:</HI> their <HI>Woods</HI> are not <HI>cop&s;ed</HI> there, but onely <HI>Pollards,</HI> which they lop when occa&s;ion &s;erveth. I know one, who was bound by his <HI>Land-Lord</HI> to plant &s;o many trees yearly, which according he did, but alwayes in &s;uch places that they might not grow. In <HI>France,</HI> near to the borders of <HI>Spaine,</HI> they &s;owe <HI>A&s;hkey,</HI> which when they grow to &s;uch a greatne&s;&s;e, that they may be &s;lit into four quarters, and big enough to make <HI>Pikes,</HI> then they cut them down; and I have &s;een divers Acres together thus <HI>planted:</HI> hence come the <HI>excellent Pikss,</HI> called <HI>Spani&s;h-Pikes.</HI> Some Gentlemen have &s;owen <HI>Acornes,</HI> and it's a good way to encrea&s;e <HI>Woods.</HI> Though the time is long, I doubt not but every one knoweth, that it's excellent to plant <HI>Wil|lowes</HI> along the waters &s;ide, and <HI>A&s;hes</HI> nigh their hou&s;es for firing: for they are good pieces of <HI>Husbandry;</HI> and it's pitty that it's not more put in practi&s;e. There is a Gentleman in <HI>E&s;&s;ex</HI> who hath planted &s;o many <HI>Willowes,</HI> that he may lop 2000 every year: if others were as Ingenious, we &s;hould not want fire-wood; <HI>O&s;iers</HI> planted in low mori&s;h grounds do advance land from 5 <ABBR>s</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> Acre to 40 <ABBR>s</ABBR> 50 <ABBR>s</ABBR> 3 <ABBR>l</ABBR> and up|ward; it's much u&s;ed We&s;tward of <HI>London:</HI> the&s;e <HI>O&s;iers</HI> are of great u&s;e to <HI>Basket-makers.</HI> There is a &s;ort of &s;mall <HI>O&s;ier</HI> or <HI>Willow</HI> at Saint <HI>Omars</HI> in <HI>Flaunders,</HI> which groweth on <HI>I&s;lands</HI> which floate up and downe; it's farre le&s;&s;e than that which the <HI>We&s;terne</HI> men call, <HI>Eights,</HI> with this they make their curious fine <HI>Baskets:</HI> this plant is worth the procuring, being &s;o nigh: <HI>John Trede&s;cat</HI> hath &s;ome plants of it. There
<PB N="48" REF="29">
is a plant likewi&s;e in <HI>England</HI> called the <HI>&s;weet Willowes;</HI> it's not onely good for &s;hade and firing; but as I am inform'd, the leaves do not &s;oure the gra&s;&s;e, but that the cattel wil eat them &s;ooner than <HI>Hay:</HI> if this be &s;o, it may be of &s;ingular u&s;e for <HI>Meadowes.</HI></P>
<P N="5">5 That tho&s;e things which mightily de&s;troy <HI>Woods,</HI> may be re&s;trained, as <HI>Iron-workes</HI> are; therefore the <HI>State</HI> hath very wel done to pul downe divers <HI>Iron-workes</HI> in the <HI>Forre&s;t of Deane,</HI> that the timber might be pre&s;erved for <HI>Shipping,</HI> which is accounted the toughe&s;t in <HI>England:</HI> and when it is dry as hard as <HI>Iron,</HI> the Common-people did u&s;e to &s;ay, that in <HI>Queen Elizabeths</HI> dayes the Spaniard &s;ent an <HI>Amba&s;&s;ador</HI> purpo&s;ely to get this <HI>Wood</HI> de&s;troyed: how true this is I know not; but without que&s;tion it's admirable <HI>Wood</HI> for Shipping, and generally our <HI>Engli&s;h Oake</HI> is the be&s;t in the world for Shipping; becau&s;e it's of a great graine, and therefore &s;trong: but the <HI>Oakes</HI> of other <HI>Countreys</HI> have a finer graine, and more fit for <HI>Wain&s;cot;</HI> and in this kinde our Forefathers have been very provident; for we have an Act of long &s;tan|ding, prohibiting <HI>Iron-workes</HI> within 20 miles of <HI>London,</HI> and within 3 miles of the <HI>River</HI> of <HI>Thames:</HI> though you may finde <HI>Iron-&s;tone</HI> in divers places, as in the great gravel-pit at <HI>Woolwhich.</HI> There are &s;ome Ingenious men, who lately have got a <HI>Patent</HI> for making <HI>Iron</HI> with <HI>Sea-coale:</HI> I hope they wil accompli&s;h their de&s;ires; for it would wonderfully advance this <HI>I&s;land,</HI> and &s;ave <HI>Wood.</HI> There are two faults in Sea-coale, in re&s;pect of melting <HI>Iron-oare.</HI></P>
<P N="1">1 That it is apt to bake together, or cake.</P>
<P N="2">2 It hath a <HI>&s;ulphureous</HI> fume in it, which is an enemy to <HI>Metal,</HI> and con&s;umeth it as we &s;ee by our <HI>Iron-Bars</HI> in <HI>Win|dowes</HI> at <HI>London;</HI> &s;o that the <HI>Metalline</HI> nature of the <HI>Iron-&s;tone</HI> is much wa&s;ted by it, and that which remaineth is very brittle, and wil be <HI>Could-&s;hire.</HI> I know that by the mixture of <HI>Coale</HI> beaten with <HI>loame</HI> and throughly dryed, one (if not both of the&s;e <HI>Inconveniencies</HI>) may be taken away. In the <HI>Duke</HI> of <HI>Cleveland's</HI> Countrey, they u&s;e have <HI>Turffe,</HI> half
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<HI>Charcoale.</HI> There is a way by making a kinde of <HI>Barter</HI> with <HI>Loame, Urine,</HI> &amp;c. vvhich vvil cau&s;e Charcoale to la&s;t very long, as I am informed: but the&s;e di&s;cour&s;es belong to ano|ther place.</P>
<P>It's a great <HI>Deficiency</HI> here in <HI>England</HI> vvithout que&s;tion,<NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>13</HI> Defici|ency, of Bees.</NOTE> that vve have no more <HI>Bees,</HI> con&s;idering that they are neither chargeable, requiring onely a fevv &s;travves for an hou&s;e, nor trouble&s;ome: and this <HI>I&s;land</HI> may maintaine ten times as ma|ny: for though a place may be over-&s;tocked vvith the&s;e <HI>Animals,</HI> as vvith the greater; yet I knovv no part of this land, that is &s;o: and I know divers places which vvould maintain many hundred <HI>hives,</HI> yet &s;carce one to be &s;een.</P>
<P N="2">2 Our <HI>Honey</HI> is the be&s;t in the vvorld, and <HI>Wax</HI> a &s;taple Commodity. Further we know, that that cold <HI>Countreys,</HI> not comparable to ours as <HI>Mo&s;covia</HI> have farre greater quantity than vve have; &s;o that it's incredible vvhat quantity is found in the <HI>Woods,</HI> if <HI>the &s;tory of the man</HI> be true, vvho fel up even to the eares in <HI>Honey,</HI> and had there peri&s;hed, had not a <HI>Bear,</HI> on vvhich he caught hold, pulled him out. Novv I have en|quired, hovv it commeth to pa&s;&s;e that there is &s;o great &s;tore of <HI>Honey</HI> in <HI>Mo&s;covia,</HI> con&s;idering the Winters are extreame cold, and al&s;o very long: and I am credibly informed that fir&s;t, the &s;pring vvhen it beginneth, cometh extraordinary fa&s;t, that the dayes are very long, and the Summers farre dry|er than ours here in <HI>England,</HI> &s;o that the <HI>Bees</HI> are not hinde|red by continual <HI>&s;howers;</HI> as they are &s;ome yeares here in this <HI>I&s;le:</HI> and la&s;tly, that the Countrey aboundeth much vvith <HI>Firs,</HI> and <HI>Pine-trees,</HI> vvhich the Inhabitants u&s;ually cut, that the <HI>Gumme, Ro&s;inous,</HI> or <HI>Turpentine</HI> &s;ub&s;tance may &s;weat forth, to which places the <HI>Bees</HI> do come, and pre&s;ently fil them&s;elves, and returne laden: and perhaps for the&s;e very rea&s;ons, <HI>Bees</HI> thrive very much in <HI>New-England.</HI></P>
<P N="2">2 We are <HI>Deficient</HI> in the ordering of them. Not to &s;peak of the negligence of particular men, which is very fre|quent: nor to write a general &s;tory of the ordering of them; becau&s;e it requireth much paper: and Mr. <HI>Leveret</HI> and <HI>But|ler;</HI>
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e&s;pecially the latter, hath written &s;o exactly, and upon his own experience that little can be added to it: onely in a point or two I differ from him; of the which I wil &s;peake briefly.</P>
<P N="1">1 That we mu&s;t take and de&s;troy all the <HI>Bees</HI> for their <HI>Honey,</HI> and not drive them, as they do in <HI>Italy</HI> once or twice yearly.</P>
<P N="2">2 That if a <HI>&s;warme</HI> be poor with little <HI>Honey,</HI> that that <HI>&s;warme</HI> ought to be taken; becau&s;e it is poore; &s;o that the rich &s;tockes are de&s;troyed, becau&s;e they be rich, and the poor &s;warmes, becau&s;e they be poor: &s;o that be they rich or be they poore, they mu&s;t be de&s;troyed. An <HI>Italian</HI> reporteth, that in the City of <HI>Askaly,</HI> there was a law made, that none &s;hould de&s;troy a <HI>&s;warme</HI> of <HI>Bees,</HI> unle&s;&s;e he had a ju&s;t cau&s;e; accounting it a part of extream inju&s;tice and cruelty, to take away without cau&s;e, both the goods and lives of &s;uch good and faithful &s;ervants. I am credibly informed, that an <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Gentleman beyond the Seas, getteth many 100<ABBR>l</ABBR> yearly, by keeping <HI>Bees</HI> after a new and Ingenious Manner, which is thus. He hath a roome made very vvarm and clo&s;e; yet vvith gla&s;&s;e-vvindovves, vvhich he can open at his plea&s;ure, to let the <HI>Bees</HI> fly abroad vvhen he plea&s;eth, vvhere he keep|eth his <HI>Bees</HI> and feedeth them all vvinter; vvith a <HI>&s;weet Compo|&s;ition</HI> made of <HI>Molo&s;&s;oes, Flowers, &s;weet Wine, Milke, Rai&s;ins,</HI> &amp;c. (for vvith &s;uch things as the&s;e, they u&s;ually feed the <HI>Bees</HI> in <HI>Italy</HI>) and oftentimes in &s;ummer, vvhen the vveather is rainy, vvindy, or &s;o di&s;po&s;ed, that the <HI>Bees</HI> cannot conve|niently go abroad, he feedeth them at home, vvith divers &s;vveet things, and gathereth divers flovvers, and layeth them among&s;t them, and &s;ticketh up many fre&s;h boughes in divers places of his Roomes, that in <HI>&s;warming-time,</HI> they may &s;ettle on them; by the&s;e meanes he pre&s;erveth all his &s;vvarmes, and gathereth an incredible quantity of <HI>Honey</HI> and <HI>wax;</HI> and truly this vvay &s;eemeth to me very probable: for</P>
<P N="1">1 We knovv the <HI>Bees,</HI> (even as vve &s;ay of the <HI>Aunts</HI>) vvil vvorke continually, even night and day, vvinter and &s;ummer,
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if that they were not hindered by darkene&s;&s;e, cold, and moi&s;ture.</P>
<P N="2">2 That <HI>Bees</HI> do not onely make <HI>Honey,</HI> (for I &s;uppo&s;e, that they have a peculiar propriety of making <HI>Honey,</HI> as the <HI>Silk-wormes Silk</HI>) out of <HI>Mildewes</HI> or <HI>Honey,</HI> but al&s;o out of all &s;weet things, as <HI>Sugar, Molo&s;&s;oes,</HI> &amp;c.</P>
<P N="3">3 That many &s;weet things may be had, far cheaper than <HI>Honey;</HI> which (I &s;uppo&s;e) the <HI>Bees</HI> wil tran&s;mute into perfect <HI>Honey.</HI> This way, I conceive, would be very advantageous to us in <HI>England,</HI> for the pre&s;erving of <HI>late &s;warmes,</HI> and al&s;o for the enriching of <HI>old &s;tocks,</HI> &s;o that we need not de&s;troy them, but might drive them from <HI>hive</HI> to <HI>hive,</HI> and &s;et them to work again; and truly I think there is no place in the world &s;o convenient for this purpo&s;e as <HI>England;</HI> becau&s;e that though our Winters be long, yet they are not very cold; but <HI>Bees</HI> would be &s;tirring in them: and further our Summers are &s;o &s;ubject to windes and raines, that many times there is &s;carce a fine day in a whole week: and Further <HI>Molo&s;&s;oes, Refu&s;e Sugar, Sweet Woort, Milke,</HI> &amp;c. may be had at rea&s;onable rates.</P>
<P>I hope ere long to give an exact account of this experi|ment, and de&s;ire tho&s;e who have any Ingenuities in this kind, freely to communicate them. I have not ob&s;erved many things more of importance concerning <HI>Bees,</HI> in my travels; onely in <HI>Italy</HI> they make their <HI>hives</HI> of <HI>thin boards,</HI> &s;quare in 2 or 3 partitions, &s;tanding either above one another, or very clo&s;e &s;ide to &s;ide, by the which meanes, they can the better borrow part of their <HI>honey</HI> when they plea&s;e. In <HI>Germany</HI> their <HI>hives</HI> are made of &s;traw, to the which they have a &s;um|mer-doore, as they call it, which is nigh the top of the <HI>Hive,</HI> that the <HI>Bees</HI> when they are laden, may the more ea&s;ily enter and di&s;charge them&s;elves of their burthens.</P>
<P N="3">3 We are to blame, that we do not imploy our <HI>Honeys</HI> in making <HI>Metheglin:</HI> It's true, that in <HI>Hereford-&s;hire</HI> and <HI>Wales,</HI> there is &s;ome quantity of this liquor made; but for want of good cookery it's of little worth; but u&s;ually of a browne
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colour, of an unplea&s;ant ta&s;te: and as I &s;uppo&s;e commonly made of the <HI>refu&s;e honey, wax, dead Bees,</HI> and &s;uch &s;tuffe, as they ordinarily make it el&s;ewhere&punc; for the good hou&s;e-wife thinkes any thing good enough for this purpo&s;e; and that it is pitty to &s;poyle good <HI>Honey</HI> by making <HI>Meade:</HI> but I know that if one take <HI>pure neat honey,</HI> and ingeniou&s;ly clarifie and &s;cum and boil it, a liquour may be made not inferiour to the be&s;t <HI>Sack, Muskadine,</HI> &amp;c. in colour like to <HI>rock-water,</HI> with|out ill odour or favour; &s;o that &s;ome curious Pallates have called it <HI>Vin Greco, rich and racy Canary,</HI> not knowing what name to give it for its excellency: This would bring very great <HI>Profit,</HI> not onely to the <HI>Publique,</HI> by &s;aving many 1000<ABBR>l</ABBR> disbur&s;ed for <HI>Wines</HI> through all the world; but would be ve|ry advantageous to private families, who u&s;e to entertaine their friends very nobly, <HI>Wines</HI> being at pre&s;ent intolerably dear and naught; Thope therefore ere long to &s;ee it put in execution. An excellent drinke not much unlike this may be made of <HI>Sugar, Molo&s;&s;oes, Rai&s;ins,</HI> &amp;c. of the which I have already &s;poken, yet thinke it fit to put you in minde of it a|gaine.</P>
<P><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>14</HI> Defici|ency, con|cerning Silk-worms</NOTE>It's a great <HI>Deficiency</HI> here in <HI>England,</HI> that we do not keep <HI>Silk-wormes</HI> (which in <HI>Italy</HI> are called <HI>Cavalieri,</HI>) for to make <HI>Silke.</HI> I know that is a great <HI>Paradox</HI> to many, but I hope by this &s;hort di&s;cour&s;e to make this truth to appear plainly&punc; The fir&s;t original of <HI>Silke-wormes</HI> by what I reade in Hi&s;tories is from <HI>Per&s;ia,</HI> where in infinite numbers they are &s;till <HI>maintained;</HI> and the <HI>greate&s;t profits</HI> of that great <HI>Monarch</HI> do ari&s;e from hence: <HI>China</HI> al&s;o aboundeth very <HI>much</HI> with <HI>Silke.</HI> In <HI>Virginia</HI> al&s;o the <HI>Silke-wormes</HI> are found wilde a|mong&s;t the <HI>Mulberry-woods,</HI> and perhaps might be managed with great profit in tho&s;e plantations if <HI>Land</HI> were not &s;o &s;o &s;carce and deare. I &s;uppo&s;e this <HI>Silke-worme</HI> of <HI>Virginia</HI> is produced by the corruption of the <HI>Mulberry-tree,</HI> as <HI>Cochin|neale,</HI> from <HI>ficus Indica,</HI> or <HI>Indian figtree:</HI> for &s;ome ingenious &amp; curious men who have &s;trictly ob&s;erved the generation of <HI>In|&s;ects,</HI> do finde that every plant hath an <HI>In&s;ect</HI> which groweth
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out of its corruption, (as divers &s;orts of lice from <HI>Animals</HI>) and that the&s;e <HI>In&s;ects</HI> do u&s;ually feed on that plant, out of which they were made, as <HI>Lice</HI> on the &s;ame <HI>animals</HI> fro~ whence they were engendred. I know a Gentleman here in <HI>London,</HI> who hath 3 or 400 <HI>In&s;ects,</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg">M. <HI>Mar&s;hal.</HI></NOTE> and can give a very good account of their original feedings. And al&s;o Mr. <HI>Moreney</HI> in <HI>Paris,</HI> hath a large book of the &s;ame &s;ubject. But to returne to our pur|po&s;e: I &s;ay that we had <HI>Silke-wormes</HI> fir&s;t from <HI>Per&s;ia.</HI> In <HI>Ju&s;tinian's</HI> time about 1000 or 1100 years ago, &s;ome Monkes pre&s;ented a few to him at <HI>Con&s;tantinople;</HI> where in his time they began to plant <HI>Mulberries:</HI> from thence it came to <HI>Ita|ly,</HI> about 3 or 400 yeares &s;ince: for the <HI>Auncient Writers</HI> of <HI>Husbandry,</HI> as <HI>Cato, Pallad, Golumell,</HI> do not &s;o much as men|tion the&s;e creatures: and at length the&s;e have pa&s;&s;ed over the Mountains into <HI>France</HI> within an 100 years; where they flouri&s;h &s;o much, that if we will believe their own <HI>Authours,</HI> they bring greater profit than the <HI>Wine</HI> and <HI>Corne</HI> of that large <HI>Countrey.</HI> I know that <HI>France</HI> hath <HI>Silke</HI> enough to maintaine their exce&s;&s;e of apparell, and to export <HI>Plu&s;hes, Velvets,</HI> &amp;c. Now then if that the&s;e wormes can thrive, not onely in the parched <HI>Per&s;ia;</HI> but al&s;o in <HI>Greece, Italy,</HI> yea in <HI>France;</HI> which differeth not much from the temper of <HI>En|gland;</HI> why &s;hould we thinke, that they are confined to that place, and mu&s;t move no farther Northward? for they have come many 100 miles toward the <HI>North,</HI> why not one 100 or two more? and further we &s;ee that <HI>Mulberries,</HI> which is their food, thrive here as well as in any place. But &s;ome will object, that our Aire is too cold and moi&s;t. To which I an|&s;wer.</P>
<P N="1">1 That tho&s;e who write of <HI>Silk-wormes,</HI> &s;ay, that you mu&s;t take heed, that you make not the place too hot: for too much heate may de&s;troy; and therefore that you mu&s;t &s;et the windowes open to let in the cold Aire.</P>
<P N="2">2 We know, that moi&s;tne&s;&s;e of aire rather encrea&s;eth &s;uch <HI>In&s;ects,</HI> and nouri&s;heth them. Indeed if moi&s;ture hurt|eth, it's becau&s;e that it too much corrupteth their food, and
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cau&s;eth a flux among&s;t them: but this ea&s;ily is prevented, as I &s;hall &s;hew you anon. But to be &s;hort, it is not onely my opinion that <HI>Silke-wormes</HI> will thrive here, but the &s;olide judg|ment of <HI>King James</HI> and his Council confirmeth the &s;ame: as you may &s;ee by his letter to the <HI>Deputy-Lievetenants</HI> of e|very County; wherein al&s;o many weighty rea&s;ons are contein'd to convince men of the &s;ame, which letter followeth a|non.</P>
<P>La&s;tly, we finde by experience, that <HI>Silke-wormes</HI> wil thrive here, and therefore the matter is out of que&s;tion: for divers <HI>Ladies, Gentlewomen, Scholars, Citizens,</HI> &amp;c. have nur&s;ed up divers wormes to perfection, though they have had little skil in the managing of them; and likewi&s;e not &s;uch accommo|dations as are nece&s;&s;ary for them; and more would they have done, if they could have had <HI>Mulberry-leaves.</HI> I am informed that one near <HI>Charing-Cro&s;&s;e</HI> maketh a good living by them: as al&s;o another by <HI>Ratliffe-Cro&s;&s;e;</HI> and therefore if we can bring up an 100, why not a 1000, yea, 100000, if we had food for them? Truly, I know no rea&s;on to the contra|ry, neither could I ever finde one that could &s;peak any thing to the purpo&s;e again&s;t the bu&s;ine&s;&s;e. And further I mu&s;t tell you, that the ordering of this <HI>worme</HI> is very ea&s;ie, none need to be bound prentize to the trade; the &s;peciall bu&s;ine&s;&s;e is to be carefull in feeding them, and keeping them &s;weet; which things children u&s;e to do. He that would learne this Art ex|actly, let him read <HI>Boneil,</HI> or an Authour W.S. Printed 1609, about <HI>Mulberries,</HI> and &s;old in <HI>Paul's Church-yard,</HI> by <HI>Eleaz. Edgar;</HI> but becau&s;e that the books are out of print, I will give you a few <HI>Rules.</HI></P>
<P>Fir&s;t, endeavour to get &s;tore of <HI>Mulberry-trees,</HI> which are of 2 &s;orts, the <HI>white</HI> and the <HI>black.</HI> The <HI>white</HI> groweth great|e&s;t, and hath a fine leafe, and &s;weete&s;t, and therefore fitte&s;t for the young wormes. This is ea&s;ily propagated by <HI>Slips,</HI> as <HI>Quinces, Codlings.</HI> The <HI>Black Mulberry</HI> is difficultly pro|pagated by <HI>Slips;</HI> but mu&s;t be rai&s;ed from <HI>&s;eeds,</HI> &s;ovven either at <HI>Michaelmas,</HI> when the <HI>Mulberries</HI> are eaten: or kept in
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dry &s;and till the &s;pring; and then &s;owe or howe them in, as other &s;eeds and &s;tones, and mu&s;t be diligently weeded. This groweth not to be &s;o great a tree as the former: the leaves are rougher and har&s;her, and fitte&s;t for the wormes. When they are &s;trong and ready to &s;pin, when your trees are grown to a good bigne&s;&s;e, you may plant them forth, as is u&s;ually done for <HI>walkes</HI> or <HI>Orchards,</HI> or in wa&s;te places, as they do in <HI>Italy,</HI> (for the <HI>Fruit</HI> is little worth, onely the <HI>Leaves</HI> are u&s;e|full,) where I have &s;een the trees as bare of leaves at Mid-&s;ummer as at Mid-winter. There are 2 &s;orts of <HI>Silke-wormes,</HI> the <HI>Spani&s;h</HI> and <HI>Calabrian.</HI> The <HI>Spani&s;h</HI> is the &s;maller and more tender, and maketh a finer &s;ilke. The <HI>Calabrian</HI> is great|er and more hardy, and maketh more <HI>Silke,</HI> but cour&s;er. This &s;ort &s;eemeth to be the be&s;t for this <HI>Countrey.</HI> When the <HI>Mul|berry-trees</HI> begin to bud, take the <HI>egs</HI> of your <HI>Silke-wormes,</HI> and lay them on a piece of <HI>&s;tuffe</HI> or <HI>&s;ay,</HI> (&s;ome u&s;e to <HI>Bathe</HI> them fir&s;t in warme <HI>Malm&s;y,</HI> and &s;ay that it maketh them &s;tronger,) and carry them about you in the day in a <HI>Box,</HI> in the night lay them under your <HI>Bed,</HI> or in a warme <HI>Oven,</HI> till the wormes begin to come forth, then lay a piece of paper of the widene&s;&s;e of the box, cut full of holes on them, and on the paper lay <HI>Mulberry-leaves,</HI> and as fa&s;t as they hatch they will crawle forth, and &s;tick to the <HI>Mulberry-leaves;</HI> which remove into other <HI>boxes,</HI> till all be hatched: then when they have pa&s;t their &s;econd &s;ickne&s;&s;e, feed them on <HI>&s;helves</HI> 2 foot broad and 18 inches one from another: the Roome where you keepe your Wormes, mu&s;t neither be a low place, nor nigh the tiles; but a middle Roome, warme and dry, yet &s;ometimes a little cold air is good.</P>
<P>Take heed of <HI>Rats</HI> and <HI>Mice,</HI> as al&s;o of <HI>Hens, Robinred|brea&s;ts, Sparrows,</HI> and other birds; for they will eat them.</P>
<P>They have 4 <HI>Sickne&s;&s;es,</HI> the fir&s;t 12 dayes after they are hatched; and from that time at the end of every 8 dayes: their &s;ickne&s;&s;e la&s;teth 2 or 3 dayes, and then they are to be fed but very little.</P>
<P>The whole time that the wormes do feed, is about nine
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vveekes: feed them twice daily at lea&s;t: at the fir&s;t vvhen they are &s;mall, give them a fevv leaves; and as they grovv greater, more, and feed them oftner. Let your leaves be dry and vvell aired upon a Table or cloth before you give them; and gather not your leaves, till the devv be off; and in dry &s;ea&s;ons if you can po&s;&s;ibly, you may keep your leaves gathered 3 or 4 dayes or longer.</P>
<P>Keepe your <HI>&s;helves</HI> and <HI>boxes</HI> very clean: but take heed you touch not your vvormes vvith your hands, vvhen you remove them; but move them not vvhen they are &s;ick.</P>
<P>In cold moi&s;t vveather, &s;et a <HI>Pan</HI> of <HI>coales</HI> in the Roome, and burn a little <HI>Benjamin, Juniper,</HI> &amp;c. e&s;pecially vvhen they are young, <HI>(viz)</HI> the fir&s;t 5 vveekes; but aftervvards, unle&s;&s;e it be extraordinary cold, give them Aire, and keep them not too hot, and let the Roome be wel &s;ented vvith <HI>Herbs.</HI></P>
<P>Let not your <HI>Wormes</HI> be too thick on the &s;helves: if any dye or be &s;ick, &s;peedily remove them, lea&s;t they infect the re&s;t.</P>
<P>As &s;oone as by the cleare <HI>Ambour</HI>-colour of your <HI>wormes,</HI> you perceive that they would &s;pin; make <HI>Arches</HI> betwixt your &s;helves, <HI>with heath</HI> made clean, branches of <HI>Ro&s;emary, Laven|der,</HI> &amp;c. where the <HI>wormes</HI> will fa&s;ten them&s;elves, and make their <HI>bottomes</HI> in 2 or 3 dayes, and about 12 or 14 days after, will come forth: before which time, you mu&s;t take away the <HI>bottome,</HI> which you will u&s;e for <HI>Silke,</HI> and kill the vvorme vvithin, by laying the <HI>bottomes</HI> in the &s;un 2 or 3 dayes, or in an hot <HI>Oven.</HI></P>
<P>The <HI>bottome</HI> vvhich you vvill keep for <HI>&s;eed,</HI> lay in a vvarme place, till the <HI>wormes</HI> come forth: which put on &s;ome pieces of old <HI>Say, Grogran, Velvet,</HI> made fa&s;t to &s;ome wall: there they will engender, and the Male having &s;pent him&s;elf falleth down and dyeth; &s;o the Female, when &s;he hath laid her egs, which egs when they are <HI>gray,</HI> you may gently take them off vvith a knife, and keepe them in a piece of <HI>Say</HI> in a dry place, till hatching time come.</P>
<P>The vvinding of the <HI>Silke</HI> off the <HI>bottome</HI> requireth a pecu|liar vvheel, vvhich an <HI>Artificer</HI> mu&s;t make: 1 <ABBR>l</ABBR> and 2 ounces of the bottome yieldeth from 1 ounce to 3 of <HI>Silke.</HI></P>
<P><PB N="57" REF="33">An ounce of Spani&s;h &s;eed yeeldeth ordinarily 6.8. or 10. <HI>li.</HI> of <HI>Silk.</HI> and the <HI>worms</HI> will eat 250. <HI>li.</HI> of <HI>leaves:</HI> the <HI>Calabrian-worms</HI> being greater, do eat nigh 300. weight, and yeeld 11. or 12. pound of <HI>Silk.</HI></P>
<P>To conclude, I de&s;ire all men &s;eriou&s;ly to con&s;ider, what advan|tage this bu&s;ine&s;&s;e will bring to this <HI>I&s;land,</HI> if it be brought to per|fection. Truly I know nothing doth hinder but want of <HI>Mulber|ry-trees,</HI> which will in little &s;pace come to a con&s;idrable greatne&s;&s;e. And though I commend tho&s;e who endeavour to advance this work in <HI>Plantations,</HI> and prefer it before Tobacco; yet I know that it cannot be for want of hands; whereas in <HI>England</HI> we have plenty of women, children, old folks, lame, decrepite. <HI>&amp;c.</HI> who are fit to be over&s;eers of this work. And I wonder Gentlemen do not go about a thing &s;o plea&s;ant and profitable, (for 3, 4, or 5. at mo&s;t will attend as many <HI>worms</HI> as will make 40. or 50, <HI>li.</HI> worth of <HI>Silk,</HI> in 2, or 3. moneths) and the <HI>worms</HI> eat onely leaves, which are of no value: neither is there any con&s;iderable trouble about the <HI>worms</HI> unle&s;&s;e it be the 12. or 15. la&s;t days. I hope, if that particular men will not endeavour to advance this work for their private profit, yet the <HI>State</HI> will for the <HI>Publick Good,</HI> it being the be&s;t way I know to &s;et all the poor Children, Widdows, old and lame people on work, and likewi&s;e will &s;ave this Nation many 100 thou&s;and pounds <HI>per annum.</HI> And further, the way to accompli&s;h this work may be done without grievance to the Subject, <HI>(viz.)</HI> to comand every one to plant or &s;ow &s;o many <HI>Mulberry &s;eeds</HI> which may ea&s;ily be procured from beyond Seas, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> But I leave States matters to States men, I am none.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>A Copy of King <HI>James</HI>'s Letter to the Lords Lieutenants of the &s;everal Shires of <HI>England,</HI> for the increa&s;ing of Mulberry-Trees, and the breeding of Silk-Worms, for the making of Silk in <HI>England.</HI></HEAD>
<OPENER><SIGNED>JAMES REX.</SIGNED>
<SALUTE>Right Tru&s;ty and Wel-beloved, we greet you well.</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>IT is a principal part of that Chri&s;tian care, which appertaineth to Soveraignity, to endeavour by all means po&s;&s;ible, as well to be|get,
<PB N="58" REF="34">
as to encrea&s;e among their people the knowledge and practi&s;e of all Arts and Trades, whereby they may be both weaned from idlene&s;&s;e and the enormities thereof, which are infinite, and exerci|&s;ed in &s;uch indu&s;tries and labours as are accompanied with evident hopes, not onely of pre&s;erving people from the &s;hame and grief of penury; but al&s;o rai&s;ing and increa&s;ing them in wealth and abun|dance, the Scope which every free-born &s;pirit aime that, not in re|gard of him&s;elf onely, and the ea&s;e which a plentifull e&s;tate bring|eth to every one in his particular, but al&s;o in regard of the honour of their Native Countrey, who&s;e commendations is no way more &s;et forth then in the peoples Activene&s;&s;e and Indu&s;try. The con&s;ideration whereof, having of late occupied our minde, who alwayes e&s;teeme our peoples good, our nece&s;&s;ary con|templations: We have conceived as well by the di&s;cour&s;e of our own rea&s;on, as by information gathered from others, that the making of <HI>Silk</HI> might as well be effected here, as it is in the <HI>King|dome</HI> of <HI>France,</HI> where the &s;ame hath of late years been put in pra|ctice. For neither is the climate of this <HI>I&s;le</HI> &s;o far di&s;tinct or differ|ent in condition from that <HI>Countrey;</HI> e&s;pecially from the hither parts thereto&punc; but that it is to be hoped, that tho&s;e things which by indu&s;try pro&s;per there, may by like indu&s;try u&s;ed here, have like &s;ucce&s;&s;e, and many private per&s;ons who for their plea&s;ure have bred of tho&s;e worms, have found no experience to the contrary, but that they may be nouri&s;hed and maintained here, if provi&s;ion were made for planting of <HI>Mulberry-trees,</HI> who&s;e leaves are the <HI>food</HI> of the <HI>worms.</HI> And therefore we have thought good thereby to let you under&s;tand, that although in &s;uffering this invention to take place, we do &s;hew our &s;elves &s;omewhat an adver&s;ary to our profit, which is the matter of our <HI>cu&s;tomes</HI> for <HI>&s;ilk</HI> brought from beyond the &s;eas, will receive &s;ome dimunition: Neverthele&s;&s;e, when there is que&s;ti|on of &s;o great and <HI>publick utility</HI> to come to our <HI>Kingdome</HI> and <HI>Subjects</HI> in general; and whereby (be&s;ides multitudes of people of both &s;exes and all ages) &s;uch as in regard of impotency are un|fit for other labour, may be &s;et on work comforted and relieved; we are content that our private benefit &s;hall give way to the pub|lick; and therefore being per&s;waded that no well-affected &s;ubject will refu&s;e to put his helping hand to &s;uch a work as can have no other private end in us, but the de&s;ire of the welfare of our people,
<PB N="59" REF="34">
we have thought good in this form onely to require you (as a per&s;on of greate&s;t authority in that County, and from whom the generality may receive notice of our plea&s;ure) with more conveniency then otherwi&s;e) to take occa&s;ion either at the Quarter-Se&s;&s;ions, or at &s;ome other publick place of meeting, to per&s;wade and require &s;uch as are of a ability, (without de&s;cending to trouble the poor, for whom we &s;eek to provide) to buy and di&s;tribute in that County, the num|ber of ten thou&s;and Mul-berry plants, which &s;hall be delivered un|to them at our City of, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> at the rate of two farthings the plant; or at 6 <ABBR>s</ABBR> the hundred, containing five &s;core plants. And becau&s;e the buying of the &s;aid plants at this rate may at the fir&s;t &s;eem chargeable to our &s;aid Subjects, (whom we would be loath to burthen) we have taken order that in March or April next, there &s;hal be deliver|ed at the &s;aid place a good quantity of Mulberry-&s;eeds, there to be &s;old to &s;uch as will buy them; by means whereof the &s;aid plants will be delivered at a &s;maller rate then they can be afforded being carri|ed from hence: having re&s;olved al&s;o in the mean time, that there &s;hal be publi&s;hed in print; a plain in&s;truction and direction, both for the increa&s;ing of the &s;aid <HI>Mulberry-trees,</HI> the breeding of the <HI>Silk-worms,</HI> and all other things needfull to be under&s;tood, fur the per|fecting of a work every way &s;o commendable and profitable, as well to the planter, as to tho&s;e that &s;hall u&s;e the trade. Having now made known unto you the motives as they &s;tand with the publick good wherein every man is intere&s;&s;ed; becau&s;e we know how much the example of our own Deputy Lievtenants and Ju&s;tices will fur|ther this cau&s;e; if you and other your neighbours will be content to take &s;ome good quantities hereof, to di&s;tribute upon your own lands we are content to acknowledge thus much more in this ditection of ours; that all things of this nature tending to Plantation, increa&s;e; of &s;cience, and works of indu&s;try, are things &s;o naturally plea&s;ing to our own di&s;po&s;ition, as we &s;hall take it for an argument of extra-ordinary affection towards our per&s;on; be&s;ides, the judgement we &s;hall make of the good di&s;po&s;itions in all tho&s;e that &s;hall expre&s;&s;e in any kind their ready minds to further the &s;ame: and &s;hall e&s;teem that in furthering the &s;ame, they &s;eek to further our honour and con|tentment (having &s;een in few years &s;pace pa&s;t, that our brother the French King, hath &s;ince his comming to that crown, both begun and brought to perfection the making of &s;ilks in his Country, where
<PB N="60" REF="35">
he hath won to him&s;elf honour, and to his &s;ubjects a marvellous in|crea&s;e of wealth) would account it no little happine&s;&s;e to us, if the &s;ame work which begun among our people, with no le&s;&s;e zeal to their good, (then any Prince can have to the good of theirs) might in our time produce the fruits which there it hath done: whereof we nothing doubt, if ours will be found as tractable and apt to fur|ther their own good, now the way is &s;hewed them by us their So|veraign, as tho&s;e of France have been to conform them&s;elves to the directions of their King.</P>
<CLOSER><DATELINE>Given under our Signet at our Pallace of <HI>Westminster,</HI> <DATE>the &s;ixteenth of <HI>November,</HI> in the &s;ixth year of <HI>England, France,</HI> and <HI>Ireland,</HI> and of <HI>Scotland</HI> the two and for|tieth.</DATE></DATELINE></CLOSER>
</LETTER>
<P N="15"><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>15</HI> Defici|ency, con|cerning the Husband|ry of other places.</NOTE>15. <HI>Deficiency is the ignorance of the Hu&s;bandry of other pla|ces (viz.)</HI> what &s;eeds, what fruits, what gra&s;&s;es they u&s;e, what Ploughs, Harrows, Gardening-tools they have; how &s;till they ma|nage and improve their lands; what cattel they have; how they feed and fatten them; and how they improve their commodities, <HI>&amp;c.</HI></P>
<P>For there is no Countrey where they are &s;uch ill Husband-men, but in &s;ome particular or other they excel: as we &s;ee even in the &s;e|veral Counties of this I&s;land, every County hath &s;omething or other wherein they out-&s;trip their neighbours. And that much profit may ari&s;e from hence in this nation, is manife&s;ted by that excellent Treati&s;e, which is publi&s;hed by you concerning the Husbandry of Flanders; wherein are briefly &s;et down divers particulars very u&s;e|full for us here in England, and formerly unknown. And without que&s;tion, <HI>France, Spain, Italy, Holland; Poland, Germany.</HI> &amp;c. have many excellent things both for Husbandry, Phy&s;ick, Mecha|nicks, worth the manife&s;ting and very beneficial to us: &s;o likewi&s;e there are divers things in our Plantations worth the taking notice of, in Husbandry. To pa&s;&s;e by the Southern Plantations, as <HI>Bar|badoes, Antego,</HI> Saint <HI>Croix Chri&s;topher, Mevis, Monferate,</HI> where the commodities are onely Cotten-wools, Sugars, Gingers, Indicoes, which our cold climate will not produce; and al&s;o To|bacco which groweth al&s;o with us, about Norwich and el&s;ewhere. We will onely &s;ail upon our Northern Plantations, <HI>Verginia, New-England,</HI> and in&s;tance in a few things. Why may not the Silk-gra&s;&s;e of <HI>Verginia,</HI> the <HI>Sal&s;aperilla, Sa&s;&s;arfas, Rattls&s;nake-weed</HI> (which is an excellent cordial) be beneficial to us, as al&s;o their
<PB N="61" REF="35">
Cedars, Pines, Plum-trees, Cherries, great Strawberries, and their <HI>Lo|custs</HI> (which is a prickly plant, a &s;wift grower, and therefore excel|lent for hedges) be u&s;efull to us? So for <HI>New England,</HI> why &s;hould we think that the <HI>Indian corn,</HI> the <HI>Mar&s;h-wheat,</HI> that excellent <HI>Rie.</HI> the <HI>Pea&s;e</HI> (which never are eaten with magots,) the <HI>French,</HI> or <HI>Kid|ney Beans,</HI> the <HI>Pumpions, Squa&s;hes, Water mellons, Musk-mel|lons, Hurtleberries, wild Hemp, Fir,</HI> &amp;c. of tho&s;e parts are alto|gether u&s;ele&s;&s;e for us? as al&s;o the <HI>Cramberries,</HI> (which are &s;o cal|led by the <HI>Indians,</HI> but by the <HI>Engli&s;h, Bear-berries,</HI> becau&s;e it is thought the Bears eat them in Winter; or <HI>Barberries,</HI> by rea&s;on of their fine acid ta&s;te like <HI>Barberries,</HI>) which is a fruit as big and as red at a Cherry, ripe onely in the winter, and growing clo&s;e to the ground in bogs, where nothing el&s;e will grow? They are account|ed very good again&s;t the Scurvie, and very plea&s;ant in Tarts. I know not a more excellent and healthfuller fruit.</P>
<P>But &s;ome will object, that they will not grow here with us, for your fore-fathers never u&s;ed them. To the&s;e I reply, and ask them how they know? have they tryed? Idlene&s;&s;e never w<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="2 letters">ts <GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 span">|cu&s;e; and why might not our fore-fathers upon the <GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 span">, held their hands in their pockets, and have &s;aid, that Wheat and Barley would not have grown among&s;t us? and why &s;hould not they have been di&s;couraged from planting Cherries, Hops, Liquorice, Potatoes, Apricocks, Peaches, Melicotones, and from &s;owing Rape-&s;eeds, Colliflowers, great Clover, Canary-&s;eeds, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> and many more of this kind? and yet we know, that mo&s;t of the&s;e have been brought to perfection, even in our days: for there is a viciffitude in all things, and as many things are lo&s;t which were knowne to our fore-fathers, as well the Purple colour, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> as you may read in <HI>Pancirol:</HI> &s;o many things are found out by us, altogether unknown to them, and &s;ome things will be left for our po&s;terities. For exam|ple, not to &s;peak of Gun-powder and Printing, nor of the New-world and the wonders there, which notwith&s;tanding are but of a few 100. years &s;tanding: I &s;ay twenty Ingenuities have been found even in our days, as Watches, Clocks, Way-wi&s;ers, Chains for Fleas, divers Mathematical In&s;truments, Short-writing, Micro|&s;copes, by the which even the &s;malle&s;t things may be di&s;crned, as the egs, eys, legs and hair of a Mite in a Chee&s;e: Likewi&s;e the Seleno|&s;cope, which di&s;covereth mountains in the Moon, divers Stars, and
<PB N="62" REF="36">
new Planets, never &s;een till our days. But to return to our pur pur|po&s;e, I &s;ay that in Husbandry it is even &s;o; for the Ancients u&s;ed divers plants which we know not; as the Cyti&s;us-tree, &s;o much commended for Cattel; as al&s;o their Medick fodder, which <HI>Co|lum.</HI> &s;aith endureth 10. years, and may be mowen 4 years, 7. times in a year, and one Acre he e&s;teemeth enough for 3 hor&s;es. This fod|der likewi&s;e is accounted very &s;weet and healthfull, whereas the plants which are u&s;ually called Medicaes with us, are annual plants, and have no &s;uch rare proprieties. So we are ignorant what their <HI>Far</HI> or fine Bread Corn was, what their <HI>Lupine, Spury,</HI> and an hn|dred of this kind, as you may read in <HI>Mathiol.</HI> or <HI>Dio&s;corides:</HI> &s;o on the contrary, infinite are Plants which we have, and they knew not, as well appeareth by their &s;mall and our large Herbals; and dayly new Plants are di&s;covered, u&s;efull for Hushandry, Mecha|nicks and Phy&s;ick; and therefore let no man be di&s;couraged from pro&s;ecuting new and laudable ingenuities. And I de&s;ire Ingenuous Gentlmen and Merchants, who travel beyond Sea, to take notice of the Husbandry of tho&s;e parts <HI>(viz.)</HI> what grains they &s;ow? at what time and &s;ea&s;ons? on what lands? how they plough their their lands? how they dung and improve them? what Cattel they u&s;e? and the commodities thereby? al&s;o what books are written of Husbandry, and &s;uch like? and I intreat them earne&s;tly, not to think the&s;e things too low for them, and out of their callings; nay, I de&s;ire them to count nothing trivial in this kind, which may be profitable to their Countrey, and advance knowledge. And truly, I &s;hould thank any Merchant that could inform me in &s;ome trivial and ordinary things done beyond Sea, <HI>(viz.)</HI> how they make <HI>Ca|viare</HI> out of Sturgeons Rows? in <HI>Mu&s;covia,</HI> how they boil and pickle their Sturgeon, (which we Engli&s;h in <HI>New-England</HI> can|not as yet do hand&s;omely?) how the <HI>Bolognia</HI> Sau&s;ages are made? how they ferment their Bread without Ye&s;t? of what materials di|vers &s;orts of Baskets, Brooms, Frails are made? what &s;eed Grout or Grutze is made of? and al&s;o how to make the <HI>Parmi|&s;ane</HI> Chee&s;es of <HI>Italy,</HI> which are u&s;ually &s;old here for 2. <ABBR><HI>s.</HI></ABBR> or 2. <ABBR><HI>s.</HI></ABBR> 6. <HI><ABBR>d</ABBR> per</HI> pound; or the Angelots of <HI>France,</HI> which are accounted better Chee&s;es then any made in <HI>England;</HI> as al&s;o the <HI>Holland</HI> Chee&s;es, which are far better then our ordinary Chee&s;es, and yet the&s;e &s;orts of Chee&s;es are made not of Mares milk, as &s;ome think, but from the
<PB N="63" REF="36">
Cows, and our Pa&s;tures are not inferiour to theirs, <HI>&amp;c,</HI></P>
<P N="2">2. I de&s;ire ingenious men to &s;end home what&s;oever they have rare of all &s;orts; as fir&s;t, Animals, the fine-woolled Sheep of <HI>Spain, Bar|bary</HI> Hor&s;es, Spani&s;h Jennets, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> and &s;o likewi&s;e all &s;orts of Ve|getables not growing with us, as <HI>Pannick, Millet, Rice,</HI> which groweth in the Fenny places of <HI>Millan;</HI> and why may it not grow in our Fens, and the be&s;t &s;orts of Grains or Fruits in u&s;e among&s;t us? perhaps there is Wheat that is not &s;ubject to Smut or Mildew; per|haps other &s;eeds will give double increa&s;e, as Flax, Oats, Pea&s;e; and divers other things of importance there are beyond Sea, which may be u&s;efull to us; as the Askeys, the Cork, Acorns, the Scarlet-Oak, &s;weet-Anni&s;e, which groweth abundantly in <HI>Millan, Fenel,</HI> &amp;c. Tilia or Linder-tree for ba&s;<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">e Ropes, &amp;c. Spruce Pines for Ma&s;ts and Boards, &s;eeing that they are &s;wift growers, and many will &s;tand in a &s;mall piece of ground: they have formerly grown here, and &s;ome few do flouri&s;h in our Gardens, and in <HI>Scotland.</HI> I &s;uppo&s;e that this ought &s;eriou&s;ly to be con&s;idered: for altough we have plenty of Oaks, yet what will it profit for Shipping without Ma&s;ts? and how difficult it is to get great Ma&s;ts above 22. inches <HI>diameter,</HI> is very well known. Many things I might add of this kind, but for brevities &s;ake I refer you to Ma&s;ter <HI>Iohn Trede&s;can,</HI> who hath taken great pains herein, and daily rai&s;eth new and curious things.</P>
<P N="3">3. Con&s;ider that the&s;e new Ingenuities may be profitable, not onely to the Publick, but al&s;o to Private men: as we &s;ee by tho&s;e who fir&s;t planted Cherries, Hops Liquorice, Saffron, and fir&s;t &s;ow|ed Rape-&s;eeds Colliflowers, Woad, Would, Early Pea&s;e A&s;&s;para|gus, Melons, Tulips, Gilliflowers, &amp;c. and why may we not find &s;ome things beneficial to us al&s;o?</P>
<P N="16">16.<NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>16</HI> Defici|ency, of the igno|rance ef things ta|ken from the earth and wa|ters of this I&s;land.</NOTE> <HI>Deficiency is the ignorance of tho&s;e things which are taken from the Earth and Waters of this I&s;land.</HI></P>
<P>Although it may &s;eem to many that the&s;e things do little con|cern the Husbandman, who u&s;ually is not a Naturali&s;t, but onely indeavoureth to know his own grounds and the &s;eeds proper for it and &s;eldome pierceth into the bowels of the earth: yet if we con&s;i+der that out of the earth he hath Marle, Lime, Stone Chalk, for the inriching his lands; and al&s;o Loam, and Sand for his buildings&punc; of+tentimes fuel for fire, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> it will plainly appear, that it is nece&s;&s;ary
<PB N="64" REF="37">
for him to know all &s;ubterrany things, and to be a Petty-Phylo&s;o|pher, and that the knowledge of the&s;e things will be very beneficial for him. And here I cannot but take notice of a great deficiency among&s;t us, <HI>(viz.)</HI> that we have not the natural hi&s;tory of all the Sands, Earth, Stones, Mines, Minerals, Metals, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> which are found in this I&s;land: it would not onely advance Husbandry; but al&s;o ma|ny other Mechanick Arts, and bring great profit to the publick. I hope &s;ome ingenious man will at length undertake this task; for the Lord hath ble&s;&s;ed this I&s;land, with as great variety as any place that is known, as &s;hall in part appear anon; and it may be proved by that great variety which is found near the <HI>Spaw-waters</HI> in <HI>Knares|borough,</HI> as Dr. <HI>Dean</HI> relateth in his Book called the <HI>Engli&s;h Spaw: Or the glory of</HI> Knaresbrough, <HI>&s;pringing from &s;everal famous foun|tains there adjacent (called the Vitriol, &s;ulphurous and dropping Wels) and al&s;o other Mineral waters, who&s;e words are the&s;e: Here is found not onely</HI> white and yellow Marle, Plai&s;ter, Oker, Rudd, Rubrick, Free&s;tone, <HI>an hard</HI> Greet-&s;tone, <HI>a &s;oft</HI> Reddi&s;h &s;tone, Iron &s;tone, Brim&s;tone, Vitriol, Niter, Allum, Lead, <HI>and</HI> Cop|per: <HI>(and without doubt divers mixtures of the&s;e) but al&s;o ma|ny other</HI> Minerals <HI>might (perhaps) be found out by the diligent &s;each and industry of tho&s;e who would take pains to labour a little herein.</HI></P>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>Printed at York by <HI>Tho: Broad,</HI> being to be &s;old in his &s;hop at the lower end of &s;tone-gate, near to Common-Hall-Gates, <DATE>1649.</DATE></HEAD>
<P>This Letter will not permit me to make a compleat <HI>Natural Hi&s;tory</HI> of the things of this I&s;le; yet I &s;hal relate divers things which may be as hints to &s;et &s;ome others to work, which I have found in <HI>Mr. Cambden</HI> and others: and &s;hall briefly in&s;truct the Hu&s;|bandman what he ought to take notice of, for his own and others good. And fir&s;t, if he live nigh the Sea, let him take notice of tho&s;e things the Sea ca&s;teth up; for it hath even with us ca&s;t up Amber|greece, which is worth &s;o much Gold; with the which not long &s;ince a Fi&s;herman of <HI>Plymouth</HI> grea&s;ed his boots, not knowing what it was: &s;ometimes it ca&s;teth up Jet and Amber, as at <HI>Whitbey</HI> oftentimes. In former times we had Oy&s;ters which had very fair great Pearls in them of good worth; and at this time &s;ome of them are
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found in <HI>Denbigh-&s;hire; Coperas-stone</HI> likewi&s;e is found along by the Sea-Coa&s;ts of <HI>Kent, E&s;&s;ex, Su&s;&s;ex, Hamp&s;hire,</HI> out of the which <HI>Copperas</HI> is made; a thing very u&s;eful for <HI>D<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">ers, Curri|ers,</HI> &amp;c. further <HI>Sea-weeds</HI> are not to be &s;leighted; for in <HI>Ier&s;ey</HI> they have no other fuel among&s;t them; and here in <HI>England</HI> it is burnt to make <HI>Kelpe</HI> for <HI>Gla&s;&s;emen,</HI> and is al&s;o very good manure for divers Lands; al&s;o <HI>Sea-ow&s;e</HI> is not only good to lay on Land, but at <HI>Dover,</HI> and other places, the Inhabitants make <HI>Brick</HI> there|of, called <HI>Flaunders-Bricks</HI> &amp;c. Sea-&s;ands in <HI>Cornwall</HI> do very much enrich their Lands; and in <HI>Cumber-land</HI> out of a certain kind of &s;and they extract Salt, <HI>&amp;c.</HI></P>
<P N="2">2. Let him take notice of all &s;orts of <HI>Waters,</HI> which i&s;&s;ue forth of the earth, differing from the ordinary, in Colour, Odour, Ta&s;te: for it is well known, how advantagious the&s;e waters are; often|times, not only to particular men, but al&s;o to the Countrey about; yea to the whole I&s;land, as appeareth by the waters of <HI>Tunbridge</HI> in <HI>Kent,</HI> and of <HI>Ep&s;ham</HI> in <HI>Surrey, Knaresborough, Spaw</HI> in <HI>York-&s;hire,</HI> and by the <HI>Allum-waters</HI> in <HI>Newenham</HI> in <HI>Warwick-&s;hire,</HI> like Milk in ta&s;te and colour, and are excellent for the Stone and wounds; and al&s;o it appeareth by the &s;alt Fountains in <HI>Worce&s;ter-&s;hire</HI> and <HI>Che&s;hire,</HI> which furni&s;h all tho&s;e parts, with an excellent fine white &s;alt: by the hot <HI>Bath's</HI> in <HI>Summer-&s;et&s;hire,</HI> and the luke-warm waters by <HI>Bri&s;tol.</HI> &amp;c. At <HI>Pitchford</HI> in <HI>Shrop&s;hire,</HI> is a fountain which ca&s;teth forth liquid <HI>Bitumen</HI> which the people u&s;e for Pitch, <HI>&amp;c.</HI></P>
<P N="3">3. Let him not de&s;pi&s;e the &s;orts of Sands, which he findeth: for &s;ome Sands are for buildings, as the rough &s;orts; others for &s;cow|ring&punc; others for ca&s;ting fine metals, as <HI>Highgate &s;and;</HI> others for the <HI>Gla&s;&s;e mex,</HI> as a &s;and lately found in <HI>Su&s;&s;ex&punc;</HI> In <HI>Scotland</HI> there is a &s;and, which containeth a con&s;iderable quantity of Gold: and in divers Countries fine Gold aboundeth very much in &s;ands; and if we may believe an excellent <HI>Dutch Chymi&s;t,</HI> there is &s;carce any &s;and without it.</P>
<P N="4">4. Let him take notice of the Earth, Loames, Clayes, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> which have divers and nece&s;&s;ary u&s;es: as fir&s;t the &s;tiffe&s;t Clayes, as <HI>New-Castle</HI> and <HI>Non&s;uch,</HI> are for the <HI>Gla&s;&s;emens</HI> Pots, for <HI>Crucibles,</HI> melting pots: the le&s;&s;e &s;tiffe for ordinary Earthen wares, <HI>Brewers, Tiles, Bricks&punc;</HI> &amp;c. white Clay is for <HI>Tobacco-pipes: Marle</HI> of divers colours and &s;tiffne&s;s is excellent for <HI>Hus|band-men:
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Fuller's-Earth</HI> is found in <HI>Kent, Surrey,</HI> and lately in divers other places, for the great benefit of the <HI>Clothier:</HI> Rub and Rubrick in <HI>York-&s;hire,</HI> as al&s;o divers other in <HI>Oxford</HI> and <HI>Glo|ce&s;ter-&s;hire</HI> excellent for <HI>Painters,</HI> &amp;c. <HI>Turffe</HI> for firing may be found in mo&s;t parts of this I&s;le, if people were indu&s;trious: nece&s;|&s;ity now and then compelleth them to be inqui&s;itive, as it did late|ly at <HI>Oxford</HI> and <HI>Kent,</HI> where it is found in good quantity. in <HI>Holland</HI> they have little fuel, &s;ave what is taken out of their ditches; and therefore it is truly &s;aid, that their firing is as it were fi&s;h'd out of the water, and its indifferent good fuel: <HI>Coales</HI> are found in ve|ry many places, yet divers places are in great want of them.</P>
<P N="5">5. Let him take notice of the &s;everal &s;tones found in this I&s;le, as of Free&s;tones for building; Cobbels and rough hard &s;tones for pa|ving, Tomb-&s;tones; &s;oft &s;andy &s;tones commonly called fire-&s;tones, becau&s;e that they will endure &s;trong fires, and therefore fit for Iron furnaces; and this propriety the&s;e &s;oft &s;tones have, that when they are white hot, a &s;teel in&s;trument will &s;carce touch them to hurt them. Alaba&s;ter is found at Burton on the Trent, and in Stafford&s;hire, and a Titbury-Ca&s;tle: excellent Marble at Snothil in <HI>Hereford-&s;hire:</HI> a cour&s;e Marble near Oxford; in Kent, al&s;o at Purbrick in <HI>Dor&s;et&s;hire,</HI> Mil&s;tones in Angle&s;ey, in <HI>Flint&s;hire, Darby&s;hire,</HI> Lime-&s;tones: Chalk in very many places, for divers u&s;es: Allum-&s;tone is found in Angle&s;ey, but e&s;pecially at <HI>Gisborrow</HI> in <HI>Yorke&s;hire,</HI> where the Allum works are, which &s;erve this I&s;land; <HI>Lapis Clamina|ris</HI> is lately found in <HI>Somer&s;et&s;hire,</HI> by the which Copper is made bra&s;&s;e: <HI>Mangane&s;e</HI> for tho&s;e that make white gla&s;&s;e, lately found in the North: the be&s;t Emery for polli&s;hing Iron in Jer&s;ey: Plai&s;ter at Knaresborough: Black&punc; lead in <HI>Cumberland,</HI> and no where el&s;e in Europe: There is a &s;tone in Durham out of which they make &s;alt; Diamonds are found about Bri&s;tol and Cornwall very large, but &s;oft: There is a &s;tone near Beaver Ca&s;tle like a Star. In York&s;hire another like a Serpent petrefied: and al&s;o other &s;tones round like bullets, which being broken have as it were a Serpent in them without an head, <HI>&amp;c.</HI></P>
<P N="6">6. Of all Minerals and Metals, <HI>Iron-stone</HI> is found almo&s;t in e|very County, and is profitable where Wood is plentiful: the be&s;t is found in <HI>Lanca&s;hire,</HI> one load and a half making a Tun of Iron: it hath been tran&s;ported into <HI>Ireland,</HI> to mix with poor <HI>Mine.</HI> In <HI>Richard</HI> the 2. time a <HI>Copper-Mine</HI> was found in <HI>Wenlock</HI> in
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<HI>Shrop-&s;hire,</HI> but exhau&s;ted: in Queen <HI>Elizabeths</HI> dayes one was found at <HI>Ke&s;wick</HI> in <HI>Cumberland:</HI> and lately in <HI>Stafford &s;hire, York-&s;hire,</HI> and near <HI>Bar&s;table</HI> in <HI>Devon-&s;hire,</HI> on which &s;ome Gentlemen intend &s;peedily to work: <HI>Lead</HI> is found in <HI>Durham</HI>-wall and <HI>Devon&s;hire: Brimstone</HI> in <HI>York&s;hire</HI> and <HI>Wales, An|tymony</HI> in <HI>Stafford&s;hire:</HI> a &s;ilver Mine in <HI>Cardigan&s;hire:</HI> a gold Mine was di&s;covered in <HI>Scotland</HI> in King <HI>James</HI> his time: and many rich Mines, might be di&s;covered in <HI>England,</HI> if that the Kings prerogative (which was to take all Royal Mines to him&s;elf, <HI>(viz.)</HI> Silver, Gold and Copper) were &s;o certainly aboli&s;hed, that they which &s;hould find the&s;e Metals in their own Lands, might &s;afely digg them. But &s;ome will object and &s;ay, that many things are of little worth and profit. To the&s;e I an&s;wer, that God hath made nothing in vain, every thing hath his peculiar u&s;e, and though &s;ome things &s;eem to be of little worth and contemptible, as Sand, Loame, Chalke; yet it hath plea&s;ed the wi&s;e Creator to make the&s;e things very nece&s;&s;ary for mans comfortable &s;ub&s;i&s;tance, which they that want the&s;e things can te&s;tifie: As for example, in <HI>New-England,</HI> where there is no Chalk nor Lime-&s;tone, they are com|pelled to burn <HI>Oy&s;ter-&s;hells, Cockles,</HI> to make <HI>Lime;</HI> or el&s;e they could hardly build any hou&s;es. The like I may &s;ay of Sand and Loam in divers places, where they are wanting.</P>
<P N="2">2. I &s;ay that mo&s;t of tho&s;e things I have &s;poken of, are very pro|fitable in one place or other. To in&s;tance in &s;ome of the meaner &s;ort, at <HI>London Brick-men</HI> give 50 <ABBR>l</ABBR> per Acre, only for Loam to make Bricks, and pay 3 <ABBR>l</ABBR> per Acre, of yearly Rent, and are to leave the Land worth the &s;ame yearly Rent; likewi&s;e I know a Chalk cliffe in <HI>Kent</HI> not two Acres of ground, valued at many 100 <ABBR>l</ABBR> and that one Colum of Chalk which is 10. foot &s;quare, is valued at 40, or 50 <ABBR>l</ABBR> at 8 <ABBR>d</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> load. The Oker Mines of <HI>Oxford</HI> and <HI>Glouce&s;ter&s;hire</HI> are of great value, and &s;o would o|thers of that kind, if they could be found; &s;o is the Black-lead Mine. Al&s;o the pits of Clay, Marle, Coale, Turffe, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> And therefore I de&s;ire all Countrey-men to endeavour to know all &s;orts of Stones, Clayes, Earths, Oares, and to teach their Children the u&s;e of them, that they may know that this &s;and is for building, this Loam for Bricks, this Clay for Pots, this Marle for Corn-land: and if that they &s;hall find any Stones, Earths, which they know
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not, that they would lay them up, till that they meet with &s;ome ingenious man, that can inform them. The riche&s;t Mines of the world, have been found out by the&s;e meanes, if we will believe Hi|&s;tories. And this I am &s;ure of, that by this means, they may much advance their knowledge, and be more profitable to the publique, their Neighbours, and al&s;o to them&s;elves.</P>
<P N="17">17. <HI>Deficiency&punc; is the ignorance of the Vegetables of this I|&s;land,</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>17.</HI> Defi|ciency, of the Vege|tables of this I|&s;land, and their Ver|tues and V&s;es.</NOTE> <HI>and their Vertues and V&s;es.</HI></P>
<P>And the fir&s;t Deficiency that I take notice of, is the ignorance of the ordinary &s;eeds which are commonly &s;owen among&s;t us: for u&s;ually the Countrey-man contenteth him&s;elf with one or two &s;orts, and knoweth no more, when as there are very great varieties; &s;ome of which agree with one &s;ort of ground, &s;ome with another: as for example, there are very many &s;orts of Wheates, &s;ome called White Wheat, &s;ome Red Wheat, &s;ome Bearded, (which, as I have &s;aid before, is not &s;o &s;ubject to Mildews, as others) others not: &s;ome &s;orts with 2. rowes, others with 4. and 6. &s;ome with one eare on a &s;talk, others with double eares, or 2. on the &s;ame &s;talk; red &s;talk Wheat of <HI>Buckingham&s;hire,</HI> Winter Wheat, Summer Wheat, which is &s;owen abundantly in <HI>New-England,</HI> in <HI>April</HI> and <HI>May,</HI> and reaped ordinarlly in 3. moneths; and many &s;orts more. Not to trouble my di&s;cour&s;e with <HI>Spelt, Zea, Tiphine-Wheat,</HI> or <HI>Olew, Far, Siligo, Alica,</HI> which were u&s;ed among&s;t the Auntients; but now unknown not only to the Countreyman, but even to the learnede&s;t <HI>Botanicks:</HI> &s;o I may &s;ay that the ordinary Yeoman is ignorant of the diver&s;ities of <HI>Barley's,</HI> for there is not only the ordinary <HI>Barly,</HI> but al&s;o big &s;prat-Barly, which hath late|ly been &s;owen in <HI>Kent</HI> with good profit; al&s;o Winter-Barly &s;owen in Winter, Barly with 4.6. rowes, naked Barly, which require divers di&s;po&s;itions in Land: &s;ome delighting in finer, others in &s;tiffer grounds. So there is al&s;o Winter and Summer-Rie, and 20. &s;orts of Pea&s;e, the ordinary Schew, the Raith or Early-ripe Pea&s;e, the Roncivals, Ha&s;tivers, Hotar&s;es, Gray-Pea&s;e, Green-Pea&s;e, Pea&s;e without skins, Sugar Pea&s;e, who&s;e &s;hels are &s;weeter then the Pea&s;e it &s;elf, and have been within the&s;e 10. years plentifully &s;owen in <HI>Lincoln-&s;hire</HI> with profit; al&s;o <HI>Fulham, Sandwich</HI>-Pea&s;e, &amp;c. which require divers &s;orts of land and &s;ea&s;ons: &s;o al&s;o there are di|vers &s;orts of Oats, white, black, naked, which in <HI>New England</HI>
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&s;erveth well for Oatmeal without grinding, being beaten as they come out of the barn; <HI>Scotch, Poland,</HI> &amp;c. Al&s;o Buck-wheat, Len|tiles; divers &s;orts of Tares, of Hemp and Flax, altogether unknown to mo&s;t Countrey-men, but I hope that hereafter rhey wil be more inqui&s;itive after them: for divers of them may be of good u&s;e on their lands.</P>
<P N="2">2. <HI>Defficiency</HI> in this kind, is, that they are ignorant of the Plants and Gra&s;&s;es which naturally grow among us, and their U&s;es, which likewi&s;e were made for to be food for Cattel, and al&s;o for the &s;ervice of man. This ignorance cau&s;eth them to admire, and to e&s;teem even as miraculous, ordinary and trivial things; as for exam|ple, how it cometh to pa&s;&s;e, that in one Meddow an Hor&s;e thriveth very much and &s;peedily, and yet a Bullock will not in that place; and contrariwi&s;e in a Medow clo&s;e by the former, the Bullock will thrive, and the Hor&s;e not: &s;o al&s;o how it commeth to pa&s;&s;e that Conies and Sheep will thrive well, where there is &s;carcely any Pa|&s;ture, and yet come to nothing on Commons, where there is a grea|ter quantity of Pa&s;ture; which proceedeth from this cau&s;e, that &s;ome kind of Plants are more agreeing and &s;weeter to one &s;ort of Cattel then to another, and every Bea&s;t almo&s;t hath &s;ome Plant or other, which they love exceedingly. I &s;uppo&s;e, that the ob&s;ervances of this kind, might be very u&s;efull in Husbandry. The&s;e <HI>Deficiencies</HI> I will draw to three Heads.</P>
<P N="1">1. I &s;ay that divers Plants (not to &s;peak of Fruits, becau&s;e we have already &s;poken of them) that grow naturally in our I&s;land, may be very &s;erviceable to the Husbandman, both for his Pa&s;tures and Corn-lands. To in&s;tance in &s;ome few: we &s;ee that divers &s;orts of wild Vetches, Chiches, Tares, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> grow wild in divers places which though they bear not &s;o great and large crops, as &s;ome others alrea|dy u&s;ed; yet who knoweth what they would do, if they were ma|nured as other grains&punc; and in land proper for them: for we &s;ee that the transplanting of Plants into gardens, doth very much meliorate or better them; and without doubt all tho&s;e grains which are in u&s;e with us, were at fir&s;t picked out of the fields and woods; and by ingenious men found u&s;eful for man or bea&s;t, and of late divers have been found not known to our forefathers, as Saint Foin Lucern; and why may not we find divers Gra&s;&s;es, Vetches, Medicaes, Wild Pea&s;e, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> which as yet are &s;carce taken notice of.</P>
<P N="2"><PB N="70" REF="40">2. There grow divers &s;orts of wild Pea&s;e, but to &s;peak of two onely.</P>
<P N="1">1. Sort which groweth on the &s;tony beaches of the &s;ea, where there is little or no earth, the roots are many foot deep in the ground. In Queen <HI>Maries</HI> days in a dearth, the poor people ga|thered divers &s;acks full of them, and they were no &s;mall relief, to to them, who hath tried whether they would thrive better on bet|ter land?</P>
<P N="2">2. Sort groweth on dry barren land, and is commonly called the everla&s;ting Pea&s;e; which continually groweth out of the &s;ame root. In Gardens I have &s;een it grow 10 years together, and larger at the 10 years end, then at the fir&s;t. I have al&s;o &s;een it flouri&s;h on barren grounds, where Oats were burned away: who knoweth but the&s;e and other Plants may be &s;erviceable, if not for man, at lea&s;t for bea&s;ts or Pigeons; for in New-England the great flights of Pige|ons are much maintained by the&s;e, I am &s;ure it were good to make experiments of the&s;e and divers others.</P>
<P N="2">2. Head, is the <HI>Ignorance of the MechanicaI u&s;es of Herbs and Trees,</HI> for even for the&s;e u&s;es mo&s;t Plants have &s;ome peculiar propriety. To in&s;tance in a few. We know that Elm is for wheels; and tbe be&s;t wood to make Herrings red, Oak is for the Shipwright, Joyner, Tanner; Horn-beams, Beech, for the Milwright; Line-tree for ba&s;s-ropes; old Elder without pith is very tough and fit for Cogs of Wheels, Tooth-pickers; Pear-tree for Mathematical in&s;truments and ingravers, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> O&s;iers for baskets; Walnut for Gun&s;tocks; A&s;p for Hoops; Box, A&s;h for a 100 u&s;es; and much more might be &s;po|ken of this kind, if time would permit. So likewi&s;e divers Plants are for Painters, as you may &s;ee in <HI>Battees</HI> experiments: &s;ome for the Dyers, but as yet we know but four, (<HI>viz.</HI> Woad, Would, Green-wood, and Madder) among&s;t 1200 Plants &amp; upward; which grow wild with us. I could wi&s;h &s;ome ingenious man would take the pains to &s;earch out the Mechanical u&s;es of Plants; &s;urely it were a good way to advance Mechanicks, who in their callings u&s;ually go round; as hor&s;es in a mill, and endeavour very little to ad|vance or know the cau&s;es of their operations, I know a Gentle|man, who promi&s;eth &s;ome things in this kind, and I hope will be as good as his word.</P>
<P N="3">3. Head, is the ignorance of the very Phy&s;ical u&s;es of Plants: for
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though many hundred Plants do grow among&s;t us; yet but few of them are u&s;ed Phy&s;ically: whereas there is &s;carce any one but may be u&s;efull in this kind. And truly in my opinion it is a great fault that we &s;o much admire tho&s;e things, that are far fetched and dear bought; when as oft-times they are gathered in un&s;ea&s;onable times, and corrupted by long voyages by &s;ea, counterfeited by Merchants; yea we have very oft <HI>quid pro quo,</HI> and rank poy&s;ons, and do neg|lect tho&s;e medicines which God hath given us here at home. I am credibly informed that in former times, <HI>Virga aurea</HI> was in great u&s;e with us. and u&s;ually &s;old for eight pence <HI>per ounce,</HI> and brought from France: but &s;o &s;oon as it was found growing plentifully in our hedges, it was ca&s;t forth of the Apothecaries &s;hops, as of little vertue. And though &s;ome will object, that our Plants have little vertue. I &s;ay its fal&s;e; for God hath tempered them for our com|plexions: and we &s;ee very oft that one &s;imple medicine doth more good then the great compo&s;itions of the ancients, which are rather <HI>ad pompam</HI> then for health, and &s;eem to &s;avour &s;omewhat of the <HI>Mountebank;</HI> becau&s;e <HI>Opium</HI> is alwayes an ingredient. And further we &s;ee, that where any Endemicall or National di&s;ea&s;e reigneth, their God hath al&s;o planted a &s;pecifique for it: As the <HI>Cochleare</HI> or <HI>Scurvy-gra&s;&s;e</HI> for the <HI>Scurvy,</HI> in the <HI>Baltick</HI> Sea, where it is very frequent, and al&s;o in <HI>Holland, England.</HI> So in the <HI>West-Indies,</HI> (from whence the great <HI>Pox</HI> fir&s;t came, and where it reigneth very much, that not only man, but other Crea|tures are infected with it, &s;o that even <HI>Dogs</HI> die of that di&s;ea&s;e in our <HI>Northern</HI> Plantations, perhaps catching this infection, by mingling with <HI>Indian Dogs,</HI>) there grow the &s;pecifiques for this Di&s;ea&s;e, as <HI>Gujacum, Sal&s;aperilla, Sa&s;&s;afras,</HI> and the <HI>Salvages</HI> do ea&s;ily cure the&s;e di&s;tempers&punc; Further we &s;ee, that even the irra|tional Creatures, can find not only meat, but al&s;o Medicines for them&s;elves; as the <HI>Dog, Couchgra&s;s</HI> for a vomit: the <HI>Dove, Ver|vein;</HI> the <HI>Wea&s;el Kue;</HI> the <HI>Swallow, Celandine,</HI> the <HI>Toad Plantine;</HI> and where is our rea&s;on that we cannot?</P>
<P>I therefore de&s;ire all Countrey&punc;people, to endeavour to know the&s;e Plants which grow at their doores: (for God hath not planted them there for no purpo&s;e; for he doth nothing in vain,) and to collect together the plain &s;imple <HI>Medicaments</HI> of their <HI>Grand<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">m<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">;</HI> by this means they may &s;ave many a 40. pence: I
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mean pre&s;erve them&s;elves and Families, and Neighbours, in good health. Some &s;mall Treati&s;es have of late been written, to &s;hew the u&s;e of our Plants in <HI>Phy&s;ick;</HI> and I hope ingenious men will dayly more and more communicate the &s;ecrets of this kind, which they have in their hands, for the publique good.</P>
<P><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>18.</HI> Defi|ciency con|cerning Animals.</NOTE>They that write of 4. footed bea&s;ts, do reckon about 120. &s;pe|cies of them: half of them are &s;carcely known among&s;t us. I do &s;uppo&s;e therefore, that divers &s;pecies are wanting, which may be u&s;eful. To in&s;tance in &s;ome: And</P>
<P N="1">1. To begin with the <HI>Elephant,</HI> the greate&s;t, wi&s;e&s;t, and longe&s;t lived of all Bea&s;ts: which abound very much in the Ea&s;tern parts of the world; as <HI>China, India,</HI> and are accounted very &s;ervicea|ble, both for the Warres, and for carriage (15. men u&s;ually ri|ding on his back together) they are not chargeable to keep; why may they not be of u&s;e even here, when I am credibly informed, an <HI>Elephant</HI> lived divers years here in a Park? &s;o that they can en|dure the coldne&s;s of this Climate.</P>
<P N="2">2. The <HI>Buffle,</HI> which is as big as an <HI>Ox,</HI> and &s;erviceable both for the Plough, and for their Milk: their skins make the be&s;t <HI>buffe,</HI> they will fare very hard, and live in <HI>Fens</HI> and <HI>bogs,</HI> where nothing el&s;e can. In the Duke of <HI>Florences</HI> Countrey near <HI>Pi&s;a,</HI> are many of them.</P>
<P N="3">3. The hone&s;t and patient <HI>A&s;&s;e,</HI> which was very much u&s;ed in the old time for carriage, (as the Hor&s;e for the War, and the Oxe for the Plough,) and in many Countries at this time; they will eat Thi&s;tles, and live even with nothing. They may &s;ave poor men (who are not able to keep an Hor&s;e, becau&s;e he is a great feeder,) much labour.</P>
<P N="4">4. <HI>Mules,</HI> which is a very &s;trong and proud bea&s;t, and will carry far more then an Hor&s;e, and are more &s;ure footed. I &s;up|po&s;e, that they might be &s;erviceable to the Carriers here, as they are beyond the Seas.</P>
<P N="5">5. Black <HI>Foxes,</HI> may be profitable; who&s;e skins have been &s;old from 20. <ABBR>l</ABBR> <HI>per</HI> skin to 90 <ABBR>l</ABBR> I might add divers more of this kind: as <HI>Muske-Cats Sables, Martines, Minkes, Musk Squa&s;h, Guiney-Pigs,</HI> and a &s;ort of <HI>Con<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">,</HI> which &s;ome few have in <HI>Hamp|&s;hire,</HI> who&s;e <HI>Fur</HI> is worth 2 <ABBR><HI>s.</HI></ABBR> 6. <ABBR><HI>d.</HI></ABBR> or 3 <HI><ABBR>s</ABBR> per skin,</HI> being little in|ferior to <HI>Beaver,</HI> &amp;c. but for brevities &s;ake I pa&s;&s;e them over: as
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al&s;o divers &s;orts of Fowls, of good u&s;e; as a kind of Duck with a crooked bill, which layeth con&s;tantly as Hens do, as al&s;o Hawks of divers &s;orts of good value, which perhaps the Countrey-man loveth not; becau&s;e they are enemies to his Poultry.</P>
<P N="2">2. <HI>Deficiency</HI> is, that we do not endeavour to advance the be&s;t kinds of this Cattel, which are among&s;t us. And</P>
<P N="1">1. To begin with hor&s;es. The French-man that writeth a book called the Trea&s;ure politick, &s;aith, that in England in Queen <HI>Eli|zabe<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">hs</HI> days, we had not above 3 or 4000 hor&s;e worth any thing for the war, and tho&s;e onely in Noblemens &s;tables, which thing perhaps did the more incourage the Spaniard to invade us; but at this time we are known to have very many thou&s;and of hor&s;e not inferiour to the be&s;t in the world: yet I &s;uppo&s;e, that we might much meliorate our breed by Spani&s;h Jennets, Barbary, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> And we are not &s;o careful to increa&s;e good hor&s;es as we &s;hould be.</P>
<P N="2">2. We are too negligent in our kine, that we advance not the be&s;t &s;pecies: for &s;ome &s;orts give abundance of milk, and better then others: &s;ome &s;orts are larger, more hardy, and will &s;ooner fat, <HI>&amp;c. Lanca&s;hire</HI> and &s;ome few Northern Counties, are the onely places where they are a little careful in the&s;e particulars.</P>
<P N="3">3. We are not curious in procuring the be&s;t &s;orts of &s;heep, for greatne&s;&s;e, &s;oundne&s;&s;e, and fine wool. I wonder that &s;ome of our &s;heep-ma&s;ters have not procured of tho&s;e exceeding fine-woolled &s;heep of Spain; who&s;e wool co&s;teth the Mrchant nigh 10 <ABBR>s</ABBR> <HI>per pound,</HI> before it is exported: I &s;uppo&s;e that it would for a time mend our wool, if not continue &s;o for ever: for the&s;e &s;heep were fir&s;t carried forth out of England, if we may beleeve &s;tories, <HI>Spain</HI> not affording &s;uch &s;heep before. Dutch &s;heep, are reported to have two or three Lambs ordinarily. Dutch &s;heep are very great, with great tailes; but their wool is very cour&s;e, not onely becau&s;e of their cour&s;e feeding; but al&s;o becau&s;e in hot countries, they ordinarily mingle with Goats, and therefore in <HI>Venice</HI> ordinary Porters will &s;carce eat any Mutton. And here I cannot but relate, that all &s;tran|gers very much wonder at 2 things in our &s;heep, (not to &s;peak of the finene&s;&s;e of wool,) And</P>
<P N="1">1. That our &s;heep if they be &s;ound, &s;eldome or never drink, even in Summer; though they go on the drie&s;t Chalky lands: as it plainly appeareth in Kent, where there is &s;carce water for the great
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Cattel, which proceedeth from the moi&s;ture of our air, and abun|dance of rains and dews.</P>
<P N="2">2. That our &s;heep do not follow their &s;hepheards as they do in all other Countries: for the Shepheard goeth before, and the &s;heep follow like to a pack of dogs, this di&s;obedience of our &s;heep, doth not happen to us, as Papi&s;t Prie&s;ts tell their &s;imple flocks; becau&s;e we have left their great &s;hepheard the Pope; but becau&s;e we let our &s;heep range night and day in our fields without a &s;hepheard; which other Countries dare not for fear of Wolves and other rave|nous bea&s;ts, but are compelled to guard them all day with great dogs, and to bring them home at night, or to watch them in their folds.</P>
<P N="3">3. <HI>Deficiency</HI> in this kind, is the neglect of Fi&s;h-ponds, which are very profitable: for fi&s;h u&s;ually live by &s;uch worms and flies as are ingendred in the ponds, and require no charge. Concerning the ordering of them, and the profit of them, read Mr. <HI>Vaughans Golden Grove.</HI> And &s;urely it would be a great benefit to this I|&s;land, if we had fi&s;h at rea&s;onable rates. I cannot therefore pa&s;&s;e by two extream abu&s;es, which exceedingly de&s;troy fi&s;h, and are in no wi&s;e to be permitted.</P>
<P N="1">1. That divers poor men keep many Swine, and in nets, or o|therwi&s;e catch many ve&s;&s;els of the young fry of fi&s;h and feed their Swine with them.</P>
<P N="2">2. That the Fi&s;hermen in the River have the mea&s;hes of their nets &s;o &s;treight, that they take many &s;orts of fi&s;h, when they are too &s;mall, and do de&s;troy more fi&s;h then they take. I hope the&s;e abu|&s;es wlll be reformed with all &s;everity. To this head I may adde Decoys, which are very frequent in <HI>Holland,</HI> and profitable; but ve|ry rare with us in <HI>England:</HI> yet it may be very profitable and de|lightfull.</P>
<P N="4">4. Deficiency, is the ignorance of the in&s;ects of this I&s;land. And though it may &s;eem ridiculous to many, to affirm that <HI>Magots, Butterflies,</HI> &s;hould be of any importance; yet I de&s;ire them to con|&s;ider, that we have our Honey, the &s;weete&s;t of foods from <HI>Beas,</HI> which are Cattel of this kind: al&s;o all our <HI>S<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">lks, Satt<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">ns, Plushes,</HI> and bravery from the poor <HI>Silk-worm,</HI> which may be called a <HI>Magot, Caterpillar,</HI> or <HI>Butter-flie,</HI> &amp;c. the riche&s;t of our Colours from the <HI>Co<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">heneile,</HI> which is one of this &s;ort. <HI>Cum-la<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter"></HI> is made
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by <HI>Aunts,</HI> &s;ome are u&s;ed for food, as <HI>Locu&s;ts,</HI> &amp;c. as you may read in <HI>Mu&s;&s;et's Book de Infectis.</HI> Many of the&s;e likewi&s;e are u&s;ed in Phy&s;ick, as <HI>Cantharides, Wood-&s;owes, Lice,</HI> &amp;c. Some think, that Medicines tran&s;cending even the <HI>Chymi&s;ts,</HI> may be had out of the&s;e; for every Plant, which hath a Medicinal vertue, is al&s;o &s;ub|limed up into this living Quinte&s;&s;ence: and therefore I commend divers ingenious men, as Mr. <HI>Marshal</HI> and others, who have col|lected many hundred &s;orts of the&s;e; and I hope they will commu|nicate ere long their experiments to the world.</P>
<P N="19">19. <HI>Deficiency concerning divers things nece&s;&s;ary for the good of Cattel.</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>19.</HI> Defi|ciency con|cerning divers things ne|ce&s;sary for the good of Cattel.</NOTE></P>
<P N="1">1. That we are ignorant of the divers Di&s;ea&s;es of Cattel and their Cures. Not to runne over all the di&s;ea&s;es of Cattell and their Cures, which would be too long, and you may read them in Mr. <HI>Markams</HI> works, the Countrey Farmer, and others. I will in|&s;tance only in two, which &s;ome years &s;weep away Cattel, as the Plague doth men, <HI>(viz.)</HI> the Murreine among&s;t great Cattel, and the Rot among&s;t Sheep. And though divers have wrote concern|ing the Cures of the&s;e Di&s;ea&s;es; yet we do not find that effect which we de&s;ire: and therefore I hope &s;ome will attempt to &s;up|ply this Deficiency, and write a good Treati&s;e about the Di&s;ea&s;es of Cattel. Of the&s;e 2. Di&s;ea&s;es, I &s;hall briefly declare my mind: And.</P>
<P N="1">1. Of the Murreine, which proceedeth from an inflamation of the blood, and cau&s;eth a &s;welling in the throat, which in little time &s;uffocateth the Cattel. The e&s;pecial Cau&s;es of this Di&s;ea&s;e, are an hot and dry &s;ea&s;on of the year; which dryeth up the waters, or at lea&s;t doth &s;o putrifie them, that they are unwhol&s;ome; and al&s;o the letting of Carrion lie unburied. This Di&s;ea&s;e is thought to be infectious; but perhaps it may proceed from one common cau&s;e, as the rottenne&s;s of Sheep. The be&s;t way to keep your Cattel from this Di&s;ea&s;e, is to let them &s;tand in cool places in &s;ummer, &amp; to have abundance of good water, and &s;peedily to bury all Carri|on: and if any of your Cattel be infected, &s;peedily to let them blood, and to give them a good drench, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> by the&s;e meanes divers have pre&s;erved their Cattel; when their Neighbours have peri&s;h|ed.</P>
<P N="2">2. Concerning the rot of Sheep, not to &s;peak of the Pelt-rot, or
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Sheep that are &s;tarved; but of the ordinary rot, called by &s;ome the white rot, and is a kind of drop&s;ie, their bellies are full of wa|ter, and their liver di&s;coloured. I have &s;een out of the livers of &s;heep tending to rottenne&s;&s;e, living Creatures, leaping like &s;mall <HI>Flounders;</HI> which without que&s;tion in little time will de&s;troy the liver, and con&s;equently produce an indi&s;po&s;ition not unlike to the Rot. The common people &s;ay, that the&s;e worms are cau&s;ed by the over-heatings of &s;heep, and that Rottenne&s;&s;e proceedeth from a plant called <HI>Cotyledon,</HI> or <HI>Marsh Penny-wort,</HI> which is of a very &s;harp ta&s;te, and therefore not likely that &s;heep will eat it; but it may be a &s;igne of wet rotten Land, as broom is of &s;ound and dry land. This is certain, that in wet moi&s;t years, &s;heep die very much of the Rot; and in dry years on the &s;ame ground, they hold &s;ound: and yet I have heard that in <HI>Ireland,</HI> which is far moi&s;ter then <HI>England,</HI> rottenne&s;&s;e of &s;heep is not known. It were therefore well worth the labour of an ingenious man, to inquire into the cau&s;es of the&s;e indi&s;po&s;itions in &s;heep.</P>
<P>The meanes, which have been found very effectual for the cu|ring of the&s;e Di&s;ea&s;es, are the&s;e: fir&s;t, to drive your &s;heep up to dry Lands, or to keep them in the fold, till the dew be off the gra&s;&s;e, or to feed them &s;ome dayes with fine dry hay, e&s;pecially of &s;alt Meadow, or to put them into &s;alt Mar&s;hes; for in tho&s;e pla|ces &s;heep never rot, or to drive them to &s;ome &s;alt River, and there to wa&s;h them, and make them drink of the water, this will kill the skab, and al&s;o the ticks, and fa&s;ten the wooll; but if you have not the conveniencies before &s;aid, then rub their teeth with &s;alt, or rather make a &s;trong pickle with &s;alt and water, and force them to drink thereof. Some dry Pitch in an Oven, and add to the pickle, and have found very good &s;ucce&s;s: for the&s;e Medicines do exoficcate the &s;uperfluous humidities, open ob&s;tructions, and kill worms. Some commend the Antimonial Cup, as a catholick Medicine again&s;t all Di&s;ea&s;es of cattel.</P>
<P N="2">2. We are ignorant of divers ingenuities, concerning feeding and fatting of Cattel and other Creatures. To in&s;tance in &s;ome; And</P>
<P N="1">1. Of the Hor&s;e who is a great feeder. In <HI>Kent</HI> and <HI>Hartford|shire</HI> they u&s;ually cut all their <HI>Oats</HI> and <HI>Pea&s;e</HI> &s;mall, and give them with their Chaffe; by this means the Hor&s;es &s;ooner fill them|&s;elves,
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and eat all the &s;traw up: &s;ome put his Hor&s;e-meat into a bag, and &s;o order it that a little only lyeth in the Manger; which when that is eaten up, more falleth down, and not before; by this way Hor&s;es do not blow their meat, nor throw it out of the man|ger with their No&s;es. A further good peece of Husbandry they u&s;e, which is this, when their Hor&s;es are well fed at night, they fill the Rack with Wheat or Barly-&s;traw, and &s;o leave them; the Hor&s;e perceiving that that which is in the rack is not very plea|&s;ant, lyeth down and taketh his re&s;t, which is as good to him as his meat: if he ri&s;e in the night, and fall to the rack and manger, as he u&s;ually doth, and findeth nothing but &s;traw, he &s;leepeth till the morning; but if it be Hay, Tares, or Pea&s;e, the Jade will pull it all down and &s;poil it, and likewi&s;e will be hindred from his re&s;t; by the which double damage doth in&s;ue. <HI>Currying</HI> and dre&s;&s;ing of hor&s;es ought not to be forgot, it is half as good as their meat. Brim|&s;tone and Elecompaine roots are the e&s;pecial ingredients for this Phy&s;ick. 2. Of the feeding &amp; fatting of Cows. We u&s;ually feed Cattel with &s;traw in racks in the yard, or turn them to the fields, and there let them feed as much and how they plea&s;e; which hath many in|conveniences: as fir&s;t Cattel &s;poil as much with their heels as they eat, e&s;pecially if the ground be moi&s;t, or if the Flie be very trou|ble&s;ome, and they blow and &s;tench and tumble much, and if the Flie be bu&s;ie they run up and down, and over-heat them&s;elves, and fat very little, &s;o that oftentimes in <HI>Iune</HI> or <HI>Iuly</HI> they fatten as little as at Chri&s;tmas, and mo&s;t of their dung is lo&s;t by the&s;e means, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> But in <HI>Holland</HI> they do thus: They keep their Cattel hou&s;ed winter and &s;ummer; for the Winter-provi&s;ion, they lay in not onely hay, but al&s;o grains,) which they buy in Sum|mer, and bury in the ground:) and al&s;o Rape-&s;eed Cakes, and &s;ow Turneps, not onely for them&s;elves, but their Cows al&s;o; with the which Turneps being &s;liced, and their tops, and Rape-&s;eed Cakes, and grains, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> they make me&s;hes for their Cows, and give it them warm; which the Cows will &s;lop up like Hogs, and by this means they give very much milk. In the Summer time they mow the great Clover-gra&s;&s;e, and give it them in racks; &s;o that their Cattel are not troubled with the pinching fro&s;ts nor rains, nor with the parching Sun in Summer, neither with the Flie, nor do they over-heat them&s;elves or &s;poil half &s;o much meat; and are always as fat
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as their Ma&s;ters, or Bacon-hogs. The Dung and Urine they charily pre&s;erve, and thereby keep their meadows of Clover-gra&s;&s;e (which are con&s;tantly mowen twice or thrice yearly) in good heart: and in|deed Cattel ought not to go among&s;t Clover-gra&s;&s;e, becau&s;e it u&s;u|ally groweth with long Haum (as they call it) like Pea&s;e, which if it be broken will not thrive. In Bermudas they have a pecu|liar way of fattening their Cattel, not u&s;ed any where el&s;e that I know&punc; which is with Green Fennel, that groweth in that I&s;land plentifully.</P>
<P>There is a plant in E&s;&s;ex called Myrchis or Cow-pur&s;ley, which groweth fa&s;t and early in the &s;pring, which they give their Cattel at the beginning of the year, and they eat it well.</P>
<P>It is an ill cu&s;tome that is u&s;ed almo&s;t every where, to let Hogs lie in their dirt and dung, when they are fattening; for all creatures generally do hate and abhor their own dung: and an hog is the eleanlie&s;t of all creatures, and will never dung nor &s;tale in his &s;tie, if he can get forth, which other creatures will: and though he tumble in the dirt in Summer; yet that is partly to cool him&s;elf, and part|ly to kill his lice, for when the dirt is dry, he rubbeth it off, and de|&s;troyeth the lice thereby.</P>
<P>Sir <HI>Hugh Platts</HI> in his writings &s;etteth down divers ingenious ways of fattening Poultry, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> and more may be found out day|ly. The Jews have a peculiar way of fattening Gee&s;e, with Milk, Figs, Rai&s;ins, and other &s;weet things, by which they make the li|ver of an extraordinary greatne&s;&s;e, and is a di&s;h much valued by them.</P>
<P>In Moor-fields there is one that keepeth many hundreds of Co|neys with grains and bran: and &s;ome others who keep the great laying Ducks, with the&s;e things and bloud, to their great advan|tage. I have &s;een a book tran&s;lated out of French, which teacheth how to gain divers hundred pounds <HI>per annum,</HI> by fifty pound &s;tock in hens. I &s;uppo&s;e about <HI>London</HI> where Eggs are &s;o dear, great profit might be made by them. Turkeys may be kept with good profit, where there are many Meadows as in Suffolk. In <HI>Bark-&s;hire</HI> many keep tame Phea&s;ants, and have gained well thereby.</P>
<P N="3">3. We do not know how to improve the comodities proceeding
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from Cattel to the highe&s;t: as for example our ordinary butter might be better &s;cented and ta&s;ted: &s;ome Ladies have fine ingenui|ties in this kind. We cannot make Chee&s;e comparable to the Par|mi&s;an, nor &s;o good as the Angelots of <HI>France,</HI> our ordinary Chee&s;e is not comparable to the Holland Chee&s;es, where al&s;o divers &s;orts of Chee&s;es are made of divers Colours: but I cannot much com|mend their green Chee&s;es, which are made of that colour by Sheeps-dung, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> but I hope in &s;hort time our good Hou&s;-wifes wil &s;corn that any &s;hall excel them.</P>
<P N="20">20. <HI>Deficiency, Is the want of divers things,</HI><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>20.</HI> Defi|ciency, Of the want of divers things which are nece&s;&s;ary for the ac|compli&s;h|ment of Agricul|ture.</NOTE> <HI>which are nece&s;&s;a|ry for the accompli&s;hment of Agriculture</HI>&mdash;As</P>
<P N="1">1. That we have not a <HI>Sy&s;tema</HI> or compleat book of all the parts of Agriculture. Till the latter end of Queen <HI>Elizabeths</HI> days, I &s;uppo&s;e that there was &s;carce a book wrote of this &s;ubject; I never &s;aw or heard of any. About that time: <HI>Tu&s;&s;er</HI> made his ver&s;es, and <HI>Scot</HI> wrote about a Hop-garden, <HI>Gouge</HI> tran&s;lated &s;ome things. Lately divers &s;mall Treati&s;es have been made by di|vers, as Sir <HI>Hugh Platts, Gab. Platts, Markham, Blith,</HI> and <HI>Butler,</HI> who do well in divers things; but their books cannot be called compleat books, as you may perceive by divers particular things, not &s;o much as mentioned by them. The Countrey Far|mer tran&s;lated out of French is enough; bt its no ways framed, or &s;quared for us here in England: and I fear the fir&s;t Authors went on probabilities and hear-&s;ays rather then experience, I hope &s;ome ingenious man will be incouraged, to undertake a work &s;o nece&s;&s;ary and commendable.</P>
<P N="2">2. <HI>Deficiency</HI> is, that Gentlemen try &s;o few experiments for the advance of this hone&s;t and labourious calling; when as many experiments might be made for a &s;maller matter; for half a Pole &s;quare, will give as certain a demon&s;tration, as an Acre, and a pot|tle as a Hog&s;head. I hope in time there will be erected a Colledge of experiments, not onely for this, but al&s;o all other Mechanicall Arts.</P>
<P N="3">3. <HI>Deficiency</HI> is, That Gentlemen and Farmers do not meet and communicate &s;ecrets in this kind, but keep what they have ex|perimented them&s;elves, or known, from others; as <HI>Sybils</HI> leaves: I mean as rare &s;ecrets, not to be communicated. I hope that we &s;hal &s;ee a more communicative &s;pirit among&s;t us ere long. And Sir I can|not
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but de&s;ire you, if you have any things more in your hands of <HI>Gabriel Platts,</HI> or any mens el&s;e, that you would with &s;peed pub|li&s;h them.</P>
<P N="4">4. <HI>Deficiency</HI> is, That we want a place to the which men may re&s;ort for to find &s;uch ingenious men, as may be &s;erviceable for their ends and purpo&s;es; and al&s;o know where to find &s;uch &s;eeds and plants as they de&s;ire, as the great <HI>Clover-gra&s;&s;e, Saint Foin, La Lucern,</HI> &amp;c.</P>
<P N="5">5. <HI>Deficiency</HI> is, That men do u&s;ually covet gteat quantities of land; yet cannot manage a little well. There were among&s;t the an|cient Romans &s;ome appointed to &s;ee that men did Til their lands as they &s;hould do, and if they did not. to puni&s;h them as enemies to the publick; perhaps &s;uch a law might not be ami&s;&s;e with us: for without que&s;tion the publick &s;uffereth much, by private mens negligences; I therefore wi&s;h men to take <HI>Columel</HI>'s Councel; which is, <HI>Laudato ingentia Rura, Exiguum Colito.</HI> For <HI>melior e&s;t culta exiguitas,</HI> &amp;c. as another &s;aith, or as we &s;ay in Engli&s;h, <HI>A little Farm well tilled is to be preferred:</HI> for then we &s;hould not &s;ee &s;o much wa&s;t land, but more indu&s;try, greater crops, and more peo|ple imployed, then are at this pre&s;ent, to the great profit of the Com+mon-wealth.</P>
<P N="21"><NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>21</HI> Defici|ency, that becau&s;e of our &s;ins we have not the ble&s;&s;ing of God upon our labors&punc;</NOTE>21. <HI>Deficiency</HI> is, <HI>That by rea&s;on of our &s;ins we have not the ble&s;&s;ing of the Lord upon our Labours.</HI></P>
<P>And this the rea&s;on, that although the Husbandman hath been laborious and diligent in his calling the&s;e la&s;t years; yet our Crops have been thin, his Cattel &s;wept away, and &s;carcity and famine hath &s;eized on all parts of this Land; and if we had not been &s;upplyed from abroad, we had quire devoured all the Creatures of this I|&s;land for our &s;u&s;tenance, and yet we could not be &s;atisfied, but mu&s;t have devoured one another. And therefore to conclude, though I de&s;ire the Husbandman to be diligent and laborious in his calling, yet I coun&s;el him to <HI>break off his &s;ins by Repentance,</HI> to have his eys towards him who is the <HI>Giver of every good thing,</HI> and to pray daily to him for his ble&s;&s;ings, who <HI>giveth freely to them that ask, and upbraideth not.</HI> And although all callings ought to look up to him that is <HI>on high;</HI> yet rhe Countrey-man e&s;pecially; for he hath a more immediate dependance on him then any other: for if the Lord with-hold his <HI>fat dew from Heaven,</HI> or the <HI>former
<PB N="81" REF="45">
or later Rain, it is in vain</HI> that the Husbandman <HI>ri&s;e up early, and go to bed late, and eat the bread of earofulne&s;&s;e:</HI> for we know, that it is the Lord <HI>that maketh barren places fruitfull,</HI> and he like|wi&s;e <HI>that turneth fruitfull Lands into barrenne&s;&s;e,</HI> (as the Land of <HI>Canaan,</HI> which was very fruitfull even in the time of the <HI>Canaanites,</HI> but now a barren de&s;art) and therefore, I again de|&s;ire the Countrey-man to walk as it becommeth a <HI>Christian, in all Sobriety, Righteou&s;ne&s;&s;e and Godline&s;&s;e: not to tru&s;t to his con|fidence in his own labours,</HI> and good Husbandry; <HI>but on the Lord that hath made all things:</HI> for though even <HI>Paul him&s;elf doth plant, and Apollo doth water; yet it is onely the Lord that gi|veth increa&s;e</HI> and plenty, <HI>which he will not deny to tho&s;e that fear him; for they &s;hall want nothing that is good.</HI></P>
<P>And thus Sir, I have written to you very largely my thoughts concerning the Husbandry of this I&s;land, and partly what I have &s;een in many travels. Good Sir, be not offended at my long and impertinent &s;tories, my rude language, and unmethodical di&s;cour&s;e. It was, if not to &s;atisfie; yet &s;omwhat to gratifie the univer&s;al good|ne&s;&s;e of your &s;pirit, and care of the publick, which God hath inrich|ed you withall. And the&s;e are onely my fir&s;t thoughts, which in ha&s;te I have hudled up together. I hope (if the Lord &s;end life and health) my &s;econd thoughts &s;hall be better: But what&s;oever I have done, pray look on it, as comming from one who is de&s;irous to &s;erve you, and to advance the Publick good, according to the talent the Lord hath given him. Thus I commit you to the pro|tection of the Almighty: And re&s;t</P>
<CLOSER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE>
<SIGNED>Your, <GAP DESC="blank" EXTENT="1 span"></SIGNED>
<DATE><HI>Anno;</HI> 1651.</DATE></CLOSER>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>Copies and Extracts of more letters written to Mr. <HI>Samuel Hart|lib:</HI> They all tending very much to the great improvement not
<PB N="82" REF="46">
onely of <HI>Agriculture,</HI> but of true and real <HI>Learning,</HI> and <HI>Natu|rall Philo&s;ophy.</HI></HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P><HI>The &s;everal things ob&s;erved and &s;et down during my &s;tay in the Country, are the&s;e.</HI></P>
<P N="1">1. I Learned the whole way and art, of making and ordering of Woad, <HI>viz.</HI> the time when they &s;ow it, when fir&s;t they weed it, and cut it. I &s;aw the manner of their gathering it, grinding, bal|ling, drying it, and after &s;weating, and curing it. Informing my &s;elf of the whole charge and profit of it: have made divers Annota|tions on it, and taken order for &s;ome &s;eed to be &s;ent to me, for other more compendious and profitable trials, an&s;werable to the Nature and Philo&s;ophy of it,</P>
<P N="2">2. This and &s;ome other things, gave me occa&s;ion to make the be&s;t inquiry I could of Hou&s;ewives and of Fowlers, for all &s;orts of dying weeds, and herbs, u&s;ed in the dying of wool; or of nets, which I have carefully collected to improve to a more then ordinary u&s;e; &s;ome being very remarkable.</P>
<P N="3">3. Among other generall inquiries and adventures, I heard of one at <HI>Ware,</HI> that charr'd Sea-coal; procured an errand and com|mendations thither; went, was civilly u&s;ed, and &s;atisfied in the truth and manner of the thing, and found the Gentleman who was the fir&s;t Author of it to be one <HI>Airs,</HI> now dead an ingenious man, a great Mal&s;ter, made much profit of it: it drying Malt as &s;weet as if the Sun it &s;elf did it; it is cheaper then either wood or &s;traw; and may be many otherways applied.</P>
<P N="4">4. I went into the I&s;le of <HI>Ely,</HI> to &s;ee one of the Holland-mills for dreyning; though &s;et up there and kept by certain Frenchmen. The Invention &s;eemed to me but mean and rude, and Mr. <HI>Wheelers</HI> way much more ingenious.</P>
<P N="5">5. I &s;aw at <HI>Wickle&s;on</HI> the manner of your <HI>Holland Sluces.</HI> The ruines al&s;o of a <HI>Cochlea,</HI> for the emptying and dreining of water, of which <HI>Vbaldus</HI> hath writ a whole Treati&s;e. Likewi&s;e a pretty kind of <HI>Pinnace</HI> with Ordnance, &s;omewhat like a clo&s;e <HI>Liter,</HI> but flat-bottommed; which rowed with wheels in&s;tead of Oars, im|ployed it &s;eems formerly with admirable &s;ucce&s;&s;e, for the taking in
<PB N="83" REF="46">
of <HI>Crowland,</HI> and which gave me a proof of what I for many years have thought po&s;&s;ible, and of very great u&s;e and &s;ervice, and &s;till think it of unknown value, if it were skilfully indeed framed, and applyed as it might be.</P>
<P N="6">6. The Lord <HI>F. W.</HI> a&s;&s;ured me of a Gentleman in <HI>Norfolk,</HI> that made above 10000. <ABBR><HI>l.</HI></ABBR> &s;terl. of a piece of ground, not 40. yards &s;quare, and yet there was neither Mineral nor Mettal in it, He after told me, it was onely a &s;ort of fine Clay, for the making a choi&s;e &s;ort of earthen ware; which &s;ome that knew it &s;eeing him dig up, di&s;covered the value of it, and &s;ending it into <HI>Holland,</HI> received &s;o much money for it: it is a &s;tory not to be de&s;pi&s;ed.</P>
<P N="7">7. His Lord&s;hip told me the way of making of <HI>Spunk</HI> or <HI>Touch wood.</HI></P>
<P N="8">8. Mr. <HI>H.</HI> his Lord&s;hip's Bailiff, &s;hewed me a &s;mall plat of ground, &s;carce an Acre and half, wherein he a&s;&s;ured me, he had in one year 21. hundred of <HI>Hops;</HI> and falling out then to be &s;carce in other places, he made of that &s;mall parcel of ground 4. &s;core. <ABBR><HI>l.</HI></ABBR></P>
<P N="9">9. At <HI>Milton</HI> I &s;aw a Spring, that might have been made big enough to &s;erve a large Town; which my friend <HI>Wheeler</HI> had new|ly di&s;covered, and broke up; every man oppo&s;ing him in it, and deriding his confidence, till he made it appear, and &s;hamed them. Hereupon he gave me &s;everal marks of knowing and finding out Springs under ground.</P>
<P N="10">10. From Springs we converted our di&s;cour&s;e to Pipes, for the carrying along of Water under ground to any Hou&s;e or Town; wherein he imparted &s;ome Secrets to me, both of the fitte&s;t Wood and Trees for Pipes, and pre&s;erving them whole Ages from corrup|tion, by ways extreamly rational, and not hitherto ob&s;erved or found out by any.</P>
<P N="11">11. This drew on &s;ome di&s;cour&s;e of woods, their differences and &s;everal applications: in which he told me many &s;ingular ob|&s;ervations.</P>
<P N="12">12. After this, I &s;aw at <HI>Melton</HI> an excellent Model of a Garden, Orchard, and Walks; and being further curious, my friend related a Witty invention he once put in practi&s;e, to plant an Orchard in a Mori&s;h place, where never grew a Tree.</P>
<P N="13">13. I ca&s;ually met with one <HI>Boughton,</HI> a mo&s;t &s;ingular rare man in carving or cutting out Figures in &s;mall or in great Stone;
<PB N="84" REF="47">
and for that rea&s;on Servant in ordinary to the late King: who ac|quainted mee of many excellent ingenious men, and promi&s;ed to &s;eek me at my lodging.</P>
<P N="14">14. Being in <HI>Cambridge-&s;hire,</HI> I examined more particularly the Husbandry, planting, ordering, and curing of Saffron.</P>
<P>Some other things came in my way not without notice: but the&s;e are the chief. My own improvements and comments, upon all which, I &s;hall more at large give you, when we meet together be|ing always.</P>
<CLOSER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE>
<SIGNED>Yours <GAP DESC="blank" EXTENT="1 span"></SIGNED></CLOSER>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>Queres &s;ent into <HI>France;</HI> about the &s;eed called <HI>La Lucern.</HI></HEAD>
<P>WHen one <HI>N. N.</HI> was la&s;t in <HI>France,</HI> (being in di&s;cour&s;e with Doctour <HI>D.</HI> concerning Saint Foin, he was then told by Doctour <HI>D.</HI> that for the improvement of barren grounds) there was in tho&s;e parts of France about Paris) another &s;eed that did far excel that of Saint Foin, and that the name of that more ex|cellent &s;eed was La Lucern. I am de&s;ired by a friend of mine to whom <HI>N. N.</HI> related this pa&s;&s;age of Doctour <HI>D.</HI>) that by your kindne&s;&s;e, he may be &s;poken to of this La Lucern, and his directions de&s;ired, where the &s;aid &s;eed is to be had? for what price? how much is u&s;ually &s;owed upon an Engli&s;h Acre? what time of the year its &s;owen? whether it be &s;owen alone? or with any other ordinary Corn? and with what Corn? and with what kind of land it be&s;t a|grees? and finally, what other particulars he can direct more then is hete &s;et down.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<PB N="85" REF="47">
<HEAD>The An&s;wer to the Queres from <HI>Paris.</HI></HEAD>
<P>I Have been with Doctour <HI>D.</HI> about Lucern, who tells me that it groweth be&s;t in wetti&s;h grounds, that the be&s;t time of &s;owing it in England will be in February, at the &s;ame time that Oats are &s;own with the which al&s;o it may be &s;owen, but be&s;t alone; that to the &s;owing of an Arpent, (which is much-what the &s;ame with an Engli&s;h-Acre) there will go 12 or 15 <HI>l</HI> of the &s;eed, the which u&s;eth to be &s;old here at 8 or 9 <HI>&s;ols</HI> the pound.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>More <HI>Quere's</HI> concerning <HI>Lucern.</HI></HEAD>
<P>I De&s;ire further to know, what kind of wet grounds are be&s;t for it? whether Moori&s;h or Clay? whether poor or rich? whether it will continue over a year in the ground? and if more then a year, then how many years it will continue without being new &s;owen? whether it be only good for Meadowes or for Pa|&s;ture? and if for pa&s;ture then whether the &s;heep or Cattel be &s;uffer|ed to go upon it? or whether it be carried off green as the Clover-gra&s;&s;e is in <HI>Flanders?</HI></P>
<P>La&s;tly, for what Cattel it is mo&s;t proper?</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>Another <HI>An&s;wer</HI> from <HI>Paris.</HI></HEAD>
<P>I Thought to have &s;ent you 9 <ABBR>l</ABBR> of the &s;eed of <HI>Lucern</HI> for the &s;owing of three Acres, Doctor D. having told me, as hereto|fore I told you, that 3 <ABBR>l</ABBR> would &s;owe an Arpent or Acre; But as I was going about it, I met with a Gentleman an acquaintance of mine, who &s;ome years &s;ince (but unknown to me hitherto) hath had &s;ome Acres of Meadow of Lucern upon his ground, to whom having ca&s;ually &s;poke of my bu&s;ine&s;s, and told him all that Doctor <HI>D.</HI> had told me about the <HI>Lucern;</HI> he an&s;wered me, that Dr. <HI>D.</HI> was mo&s;t gro&s;ly mi&s;taken in the quantity of the &s;eed required for the &s;owing of an Acre; and that it would not take up 3 <ABBR>l</ABBR> but two whole Sacks, each &s;ack containing the full load of a &s;trong Porter; after which rate the quantity of &s;eed for the &s;owing of 3.
<PB N="86" REF="48">
Acres would fill a great dry-fat, the &s;ending whereof by Land would come to exce&s;&s;ive great charges, and therefore nece&s;&s;arily to be &s;ent by Sea in my opinion. You will be plea&s;ed to impart the&s;e things to your friend, and to let me know his final re&s;oluti|on upon them, the which &s;hall be faithfully accompli&s;hed by me; and in the mean while, I will get him a perfect and full an&s;wer up|on all his Quere's, not from Dr. <HI>D.</HI> (whom I dare tru&s;t no more in this bu&s;ine&s;s, having found him guilty of &s;uch gro&s;&s;e mi&s;takes a|bout it) but from that other Gentleman, who told me he could him|&s;elf re&s;olve mo&s;t of tho&s;e Que&s;tions; but that for to be the &s;urer, he thought it be&s;t to confer fir&s;t with his Farmer about it. You make Apologies for putting me upon the&s;e Inqueries; but I pray you to believe, that at any time I &s;hall mo&s;t readily and chearfully perform any &s;ervice that &s;hall lie in my power, for you or any of your friends, for your &s;ake. And I were very unrea&s;onable, to think trouble&s;ome any thing that you require of me, when as con|tinually I put you to &s;o much trouble my &s;elf.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>The last <HI>An&s;wer</HI> concerning <HI>Lucern.</HI></HEAD>
<P>THe information about the Lucern that I have got from my Friend, being a very particular one, and containing a very full an&s;wer to all the Que&s;tions propounded by your Friend; is &s;uch as followeth: It requireth a rich ground, but &s;omewhat loo&s;e and light, &s;o as a &s;tiffe Clay, and &s;uch other tough grounds, are no-wayes fit for it; The ground mu&s;t not be over-dry nor over-moi&s;t, but in a mean; yet &s;omewhat more inclining to moi&s;ture, then to the contrary. It mu&s;t be ploughed three times, the fir&s;t time in <HI>October,</HI> and the &s;econd and third, towards the Spring. Natural|ly it doth not love Dung, and cometh much better in a ground that is &s;ufficiently rich of it &s;elf, then that which hath been inriched by dunging; and where Dung is made u&s;e of, it mu&s;t be very &s;tale and well rotten, and long before the &s;owing-time. It cannot en|dure the cold, and therefore mu&s;t not be &s;owen till rhe cold weather and all the danger of it be quite pa&s;t, <HI>viz.</HI> about the beginning or mid&s;t of <HI>April.</HI> The Quantity of the &s;eed, is the &s;ixth part of Corn, that the &s;ame ground would require: &s;o as only one Bu&s;hel of Lucern is to be &s;own on that &s;pace of ground, which would re|quire
<PB N="87" REF="48">
6. Bu&s;hels of Corn. It mu&s;t be carefully weeded, e&s;pecially in the beginning. And to the end, that it may take the more firm root, &s;ome <HI>Oats</HI> mu&s;t be mixed with it, but in a very &s;mall propor|tion. It is to be cut as &s;oon as it beginneth to flower, which in the hot Countries <HI>(Provence, Languedock</HI> and <HI>Spain)</HI> it doth 5. or 6. times, and &s;ome years 7. or 8. times in a Summer; but in this Climate it u&s;eth to be cut twice a year, about the end of <HI>Iune,</HI> and about the end of <HI>Septemb.</HI> Being cut, it mu&s;t be turned very oft, that it may dry the &s;ooner, and be carried off the ground the &s;oon|e&s;t that may be; and it mu&s;t be kept in clo&s;e Barns, being too ten|der for to be kept in Reeks, open to the Aire as other Hay, It is good for all kind of Cattel, as Kine, Sheep, Goats, and as well for the young ones (Calves, Lambs, Kids) as for the others; but a|bove all it agreeth be&s;t with Hor&s;es. It is much more feeding then any other Hay: in&s;omuch, as any lean bea&s;ts will &s;oon grow fat with it; and to the Milch-bea&s;ts, it procureth abundance of milk: but it mu&s;t never be given alone, e&s;pecially to bea&s;ts that have not been long u&s;ed to it: but mu&s;t ever be mixed with &s;traw, or with &s;ome other Hay; for otherwi&s;e it over-heateth them, and filleth them too much with blood; and that &s;o &s;uddenly, as it greatly in|dangererh their health, and their life too; which it doth princi|pally to Kine: to whom it is more dangerous, if too plentifully gi|ven, then to any other Cattel. After the la&s;t cutting, you may let your Cattel graze on your Lucern-fields, and that all Winter long, until the beginning or middle of <HI>March.</HI> Of once &s;owing you will have your Meadow continue good for 10. or 12. years. and until 15. and afterwards too, it will &s;till continue to bear; but the Hearb will then notably decay in goodne&s;s. Wherefore it is be&s;t to turn it then to &s;ome other u&s;e. Kine mu&s;t never eat of this Hearb green; but only dryed, and that moderately too, as hath been &s;aid&punc; But Hor&s;es eating their fill of it green in the Spring, are purged thereby, and grow fat by it in 8. or 10. dayes time: If one de&s;ire to have of the Grain, one may let &s;uch a proportion of the Mea|dow as one will; grow up to &s;eed, after the &s;econd cutting, any year except the fir&s;t only: and when the &s;eed is ripe, the tops of the Hearb, with the Codds wherein the &s;eed is inclo&s;ed, mu&s;t be cut in a dewie morning, and put into &s;heets, for fear of loo&s;ing the &s;eed, and mu&s;t be beat out with Flails upon the &s;ame, when that it is
<PB N="88" REF="49">
well dryed: and afterwards the remaining part of the Hearb mu&s;t be mowen clo&s;e to the ground; after which it continueth to &s;prout out again after the u&s;ual manner. The Hay thereof wil keep good 2. or 3. years; and one Acre is &s;ufficient to keep 3. Hor&s;es all the year long.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>A Po&s;t-&s;cript to the last An&s;wer concerning the Lucern.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>THe Gentleman, who had given me the note about the Lucern, hath told me &s;ince two particulars more, which he had forgot to put into it: The one, that not onely to other Cattel, but even to Hor&s;es with whom that Hay agreeth be&s;t of all other bea&s;ts: it is not to be given but in winter; becau&s;e that in the Summer it would too much heat their bloud: And the other, that this hay mu&s;t be per|fectly well dried, before it be carried off the ground; and to that end turned very often: becau&s;e that being put up with any the lea&s;t moi|&s;ture, it will quite &s;poil, much more then any other Hay. Now the&s;e and all the other particulars, which I have had from the Gentleman, have been confirmed to me by many others. And yet within the&s;e 2. or 3. dayes I met with a Phy&s;ition of <HI>Rochel,</HI> who a&s;&s;uring me that the Lucerne was very common in his Coun|trey, made me a relation of it agreeing with the former, onely in the&s;e 3. points, <HI>viz.</HI> That of once &s;owing it will continue 10. or 12&punc; years; That it is cut twice a year, &s;erving afterwards for Pa&s;ture all Winter; And that it wonderfully fatteneth all kind of Cattel; but very much different from it in all the others, and in &s;ome of them point blank contrary to it. For he &s;aith, that it is to be &s;owen in the beginning of <HI>March;</HI> that it de&s;ireth a temperate ground, but rather dry then wet, and no wayes fat nor clayi&s;h, but &s;tony and gravily; that it need not be mixed with any other Hay, but may be given alone, and all the year long; in Summer as well as Winter, not only to Hor&s;es, but to Cowes and other Cattel. He added, that the proportion of the &s;eed, is the charge of a Porter for four Arpents or French Acres. Which particulars I thought good to impart unto you, that your friend comparing them with the o|thers
<PB N="73" REF="49">
might make his be&s;t profit of them; and this <HI>Rochellois;</HI> (or <HI>Rocheller</HI>) who hath lived three or four years in <HI>England,</HI> thinks that Lucern will come admirably well in that Country.</P>
<CLOSER><POSTSCRIPT>
<HEAD>NOTE.</HEAD>
<P>THe meaning of the&s;e words&mdash;<HI>The quantity of the Seed is the &s;ixth part of Corn that the &s;ame ground would require</HI> &mdash;is this, That whatever quantity of Wheat or Barley an Acre of ground would require of the &s;eed of Lucern; you mu&s;t take but the &s;ixth part of that quantity of the &s;eed of Lucern; &s;o as that ground which for its &s;owing requireth &s;ix bu&s;hels of <HI>Corn,</HI> doth require but one bu&s;hel of Lucern-&s;eed.</P>
<P>An <HI>Arpent deterre</HI> (which how much it is in Engli&s;h mea&s;ure <HI>Cotgrave's</HI> Dictionary will perfectly tell you) requireth 10. <ABBR><HI>l.</HI></ABBR> of that &s;eed, as &s;everal Grain-&s;ellers (of whom I went to inquire for it) have unanimou&s;ly told me: the &s;eed being exceeding &s;mall, and to be &s;owen wonderfully thinl. As for Saint Foin or Holy Hay, I have &s;een it grow here about Paris in &s;everal places, in rich fat grounds, and tho&s;e both high and dry, and others low and Mar&s;hy. It is cut but once a year, much what about the &s;ame time of other Hay, and a great deal of the &s;eed of it is required for &s;owing the ground with it. But being once &s;owen, it la&s;teth 10 or 12 years, as well as Medi|ca or Lucern, wherewith al&s;o it corre&s;pondeth altogether in its Ver|tues and U&s;es.</P>
</POSTSCRIPT></CLOSER>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>A Copy of a Letter, relating a Proof or Experiment of an Eng|li&s;h Husbandry.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>Honoured Sir.</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>I De&s;ire your acceptance of this &s;mall pre&s;ent, may be according to the real worth of the thing; not as at fir&s;t &s;ight it may ap|pear to be <HI>(viz.)</HI> &s;traw or &s;tubble. This is I a&s;&s;ure you no o|ther then the true and real Experiment of what by the ble&s;&s;ing of God, the native fertility of our Engli&s;h ground, rightly Husbanded will bring forth: nay I can upon mo&s;t probable grounds affirm, that had I u&s;ed all the Art and Care which I could and might have
<PB N="82" REF="50">
done&punc; (had I not been otherwi&s;e taken off) it could hardly have failed to have been double, treble, or quadruple to what it is. And it is al&s;o mo&s;t true, that any good ground well managed, may yeeld one, ten, a hundred, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> Acres, in which there &s;hall be very many &s;uperior to the bigge&s;t root of the&s;e, and hardly one inferiour to the be&s;t but one; by which account it will ea&s;ily appear, how much beyond the old way, this is the increa&s;e, there being between two and five quarters on the Acre; and the product of this way will be rarely under 10 quarters, not rarely 16 or 20 and the &s;ame for mo&s;t grains; yet will this dull age as to goodne&s;&s;e not believe it without &s;ome te&s;timony, and perhaps &s;carce &s;uffer them&s;elves to be convinc'd by this &s;o eminent an experiment; wherein it plain|ly appears, <HI>That out of one &s;ingle</HI> Barley-<HI>Corn is &s;prung about</HI> 80 <HI>Ears, of which near</HI> 60 <HI>had, &s;ome</HI> 36, 34, 32, 30. <HI>and hardly any le&s;&s;e then</HI> 38. <HI>which in all is above</HI> 2000 <HI>for one:</HI> And truly the charges to be be&s;towed on an acre of this &s;ort is no ways double to the common way. Accept it therefore, and re&s;erve it as a real rari|ty, and a jewel onely fit for a Publick and Pious &s;pirit, as yours is: till I &s;hall by Gods a&s;&s;i&s;tance be able next year to produce you more abundant examples of Gods wonderfull power and bounty that offers, and mans ingratitude that neglects, or refu&s;es &s;uch ho|ne&s;t means, of the true&s;t and mo&s;t ju&s;tly gotten humane wealth, ho|nour and happine&s;&s;e.</P>
<CLOSER><SIGNED><HI>Your most faithful and ob|liged friend and &s;ervant.</HI> <GAP DESC="blank" EXTENT="1 span"></SIGNED>
<DATE><HI>September</HI> 26. 1650.</DATE></CLOSER>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>An Extract of a Letter from <HI>Am&s;terdam</HI> dated the <HI>28</HI> of <HI>No|vember, 1650.</HI> in an&s;wer to the former communication, with another experimennt of a <HI>French Husbandry.</HI></HEAD>
<PB N="83" REF="50">
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>I Am much obliged unto you for &s;ending me the <HI>Di&s;cour&s;e of the Braband Husbandry,</HI> which I have peru&s;ed. Not long a|go I was told of certain men which would fain have morga|ged &s;ome thou&s;and Acres of Heathy grounds, which lay here and there as Commons. But the late Prince of <HI>Orange</HI> by the advice of his Councel, dur&s;t not entertain any &s;uch Propo&s;itions, the lands belonging to the Commonalty. On the other hand the undertakers would not be contented with le&s;&s;e for imparting of their Secret. It appears unto me by all circum&s;tances, that it was the &s;ame de&s;ign of <HI>Husbandry</HI> with yours, the parties if I remember well being Engli&s;hmen. From <HI>Paris</HI> I am advertized (for certain) of one, who did la&s;t year, 1649, ferment one grain of Wheat, which this year hath produced him 114 Ears, and within them 6000 Grains, which is more then 80 Ears, and 600 Grains of your Engli&s;h friends. This year, 1650. he hath a great many fermented and &s;owen.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>An An&s;wer to the foregoing extract of a Letter from Amsterdam.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>I Have received from you a Relation of a very great and wonder|ful production or increa&s;e, which your Friend at <HI>Am&s;terdam</HI> relates to be done in <HI>France.</HI> I am far from le&s;&s;ening the admira|ble greatne&s;s of that per&s;on's skill and &s;ucce&s;s. Only &s;ince I find my &s;elf taken notice of by the &s;ame party, and the experiment I made the la&s;t year of Barly, weighed in the &s;cales with this, and found too light; I &s;hall take leave to &s;ay, that (be&s;ides all diffe|rence that is or may be conceived to be betwixt the &s;oyles; that of <HI>France</HI> hath a manife&s;t advantage in the elevation and powerful o|peration of the Sun.) That it is probable he did u&s;e all po&s;&s;ible means both to the ground and &s;eed, to make them both fruitful, which I did not at all; but quite contrarily I cho&s;e the wor&s;t &s;eed I could procure, and my ground was as barren as any what&s;oever in the parts adjacent. I added nothing to either; all <HI>I</HI> did was
<PB N="76" REF="51">
after the blade was &s;prung up. And whereas your friend menti|ons 600. out of 80. eares, tho&s;e eares contained one with the other at the lea&s;t 30 &s;ingle Corns, which is 2400. That be&s;ides that, <HI>Wheat</HI> is no whit inferior to <HI>Barly,</HI> but rather more inclined to its proper nature to branch and &s;pread: it is al&s;o allowed as long time again to grow, and therefore may better &s;pread to many eares then Barly. That my ears of <HI>Barly</HI> rated at 30. one with the other, (which they were at lea&s;t, &s;ome having 38. a thing I &s;uppo&s;e rarely (if ever) &s;een in <HI>England</HI> before) are full as high as his <HI>Wheat</HI> ears rated at 52. And the &s;eeming great difference between 2400 and 6000. when looked into, will prove not to be in the number of eares, which differ no more then as 14. to 10. but in the nature of the Grains, there being univer&s;ally as many more in an eare of wheat as in an eare of Barly. That if (as it is mo&s;t like) he in <HI>France</HI> did only try conclu&s;ions, to what height nature might po&s;&s;ibly be &s;crued by art, and that what is here related, was the effect of that trial; that holds not compari&s;on with mine, which is generally practicable, without any con&s;idera|ble expence of time or &s;tock more then in the common-way. La&s;t|ly I affirm, in all po&s;&s;ible humble reverence and &s;ubmi&s;&s;ion to Gods good plea&s;ure, power and providence; that when I &s;hall make u&s;e of good feed rightly prepared, good Land in right condition, and all other helps which I know and can u&s;e; I &s;hall not doubt for &s;maller numbers of the &s;ame grain <HI>(viz.)</HI> Wheat, to produce 200. or 300. eares, and in them 10000. 12000. or 15000. Corns, (and &s;omewhat like that, for whole fields together, and that here in <HI>England,</HI>) how&s;oever let us alwayes remember to give all po&s;&s;i|ble prai&s;e to God, <HI>who&s;e ble&s;&s;ing only makes rich.</HI></P>
<CLOSER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE>
<SIGNED><HI>I am your faithful Friend and Servant <GAP DESC="blank" EXTENT="1 span"></HI></SIGNED></CLOSER>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<PB N="77" REF="51">
<HEAD>Another Letter from <HI>Paris,</HI> di&s;covering the &s;ecret of the fore|named <HI>French Husbandry.</HI></HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>J Do with much impatience de&s;ire the Treati&s;e or Di&s;cour&s;e pub|li&s;hed by you about the <HI>Braband-Husbandry,</HI> and do very much admire the indu&s;try of that <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Gentleman your friend, who hath found out the wayes of making Corn multiply &s;o prodi|giou&s;ly. The <HI>Pari&s;ian</HI> Experimenter of Corns multiplication I know not: but a friend of mine very well acquainted with him, a&s;&s;ureth me to have had the following de&s;cription of his &s;ecret from him&s;elf; and to have &s;een the experience of it very fully in the year 1649. not in any great quantity, but in a Garden, only for trials &s;ake.</P>
<P>Pour into quick or un&s;lack't Lime, as much water as &s;ufficeth to make it &s;wim four inches above the water: And unto <GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">0 <ABBR>l</ABBR> of the &s;aid water powred off, mix one pound of <HI>Aqua-vitae,</HI> and in that liquor &s;teep or &s;oak Wheat (or Corn) 24. hour: which be|ing dryed in the Sun, or in the Aire, &s;teep again in the &s;aid liquor 24. hours more, and do it likewi&s;e the third time; Afterward &s;owe them at great di&s;tances the one from the other, about the di|&s;tance of a foot between each grain. So one grain will produce 30.36.38.42.52. eares, and tho&s;e very fruitful, with a tall &s;talk, e|qualling the &s;tatute of a man in height.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>Another Extract of a Letter from the Lowe-Countries.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>THe&s;e are to give you &s;pecial thanks for communication of the <HI>Pari&s;ian</HI> Experimentors Secret. Water (if he meanes cold water) poured into quick or un&s;lackt Lime, cannot work much in one hour upon the Lime; but if it be boiled with it, and that the water be poured alwayes afre&s;h upon the Lime, then it will come to be &s;trong at la&s;t, that an Egg may &s;wim in it, as I learn'd by
<PB N="86" REF="52">
tradition from Dr. <HI>Hartmannus,</HI> but could never make any try|al of it, for want of un&s;lack't Lime in the place where I live. This perhaps may be yet better; but experience goes beyond rea&s;on in the&s;e ca&s;es. The often macerating or &s;teeping, and drying of grains I like very well. I have only according to Mr. <HI>Gabr. Platt's</HI> directions &s;teeped them 24. hours in turned or tainted Rain-water, and Cow-dung, and afterwards &s;owen them thus wet; which on Sandy grounds hath produced &s;uch goodly Corn, as if it had been very good Land. Some here u&s;e Salt-Peter, which al&s;o doth much good; but is found likewi&s;e in Sheeps-Dung, as may appear by its fertility. I have lo&s;t the Book of Husbandry of Mr. <HI>Plats,</HI> which was called, <HI>A Di&s;covery of infinite Trea&s;ure hidden &s;ince the Worlds beginning;</HI> Whereunto all men of what degree &s;oever, are friendly invited to be &s;harers with the Di&s;coverer. For having lent the &s;ame to a friend, that it might be tran&s;lated into <HI>High-Dutch,</HI> I could never &s;ee it again. I am told it is out of print. But if you could help me to another, you would do me a plea&s;ure. I have no|thing to add for the pre&s;ent, but that the <HI>Genius</HI> of this Age is ve|ry much bent to advance Husbandry; and that in all Countries I hear there are found Gentlemen, that &s;tudy profe&s;&s;edly the&s;e im|provements more then in former times. I re&s;t alwayes</P>
<CLOSER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE>
<SIGNED>Yours, <GAP DESC="blank" EXTENT="1 span"></SIGNED></CLOSER>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>Another Letter expre&s;&s;ing the rea&s;ons why the Experimenter of the <HI>Barley-Corn,</HI> thinks it not fit or expedient to part with his &s;ecret as yet, for a more common u&s;e.</HEAD>
<PB N="87" REF="52">
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>I Find dayly more and more, that it is too true, that mo&s;t men love money, that they even wor&s;hip it in their hearts, as the onely <HI>Sammum Bonum.</HI> I need not go far for proof, &s;ince they have brought one to my hand. That (having &s;o fair and ju&s;t offers made, in order to the Corn-bu&s;ine&s;&s;e; as I have pre&s;ented to them by your hands,) will by no means (though &s;o very much to their own profit and the Publick Good) part with their monies; and yet &s;tick not to demand (in effect) the di&s;covery from me of that talent of knowledge, which God hath made mine by his free gift; as the reward of my indu&s;try, and faithfull love to my native Countrey; An e&s;tate (if I mi&s;take not) better gotten then by any of the common means; by which men grow rich dayly. Surely the commodities cannot be le&s;&s;e then equal. The mo&s;t wi&s;e and vertuous men that ever lived, have preferred Art, Indu&s;try, and In|genuity far before money&middot; Money (e&s;pecially the abu&s;e of it) is become the very poy&s;on of the world, again&s;t which Art and In|du&s;try is an Antidote or Cordial. Money is counted and enjoyed by a thou&s;and thou&s;ands, Art and Indu&s;try but by a few. And things of excellent u&s;e are accounted Jewels, e&s;pecially when rare and &s;carce. The Profe&s;&s;ors of Art and Indu&s;try, be&s;ides their pri|vate aim al&s;o at a Publick good: the&s;e prefer their private gain (too often) before the being and well being of the whole world; nay of their own &s;ouls. The&s;e are ever ready to part with invaluable trea|&s;ures upon ea&s;ie conditions: Tho&s;e will not upon any conditions what&s;oever (but &s;uch as plea&s;e them&s;elves or are full of oppre&s;&s;ion) part with their monies, (no not to &s;ave a Brothers, or hardly a Fa|thers, or a Childs life.) And finally if they judge it improvidence to part with a little of their e&s;tates, onely for a time, to return again to them &s;hortly, like <HI>Noahs</HI> Dove with an Olive branch, a double branch of Peace and Pro&s;perity: I de&s;ire to be excu&s;ed, if I upon better grounds hold it prophane, to &s;ell a better right then a birth-right for le&s;&s;e then a me&s;&s;e of pottage; even for ju&s;t nothing, and for ever. I can never forget the exceeding great ingenuity to the world, &s;hewed and given by Mr. <HI>Gab. Platts,</HI> as will more fully appear, when you &s;hall have printed tho&s;e writings of his which he left to
<PB N="80" REF="53">
your tru&s;t and cu&s;tody, and the worlds ba&s;e ingratitude that let &s;uch a man fall down dead in the &s;treet for want of food, without a &s;hirt to hih back; none (but your &s;elf that want not an inlarged heart but a fuller hand to &s;upply the worlds defects) being found with &s;ome few others, to admini&s;ter any relief to a man of &s;o great me|rit. In a word, that God that hath forbid <HI>to muzzle the Ox that treads out the fodder,</HI> hath appointed every man to u&s;e his ble&s;&s;ings (next to his glory for the providing for and pre&s;ervation of his fa|mily, which he that can do and <HI>doth not, is wor&s;e then an Infidel.</HI> I dare not give away this means of obtaining outward ble&s;&s;ings to my &s;elf &amp; family, till I have found away to make it in&s;trumental to that end; and that end once effectually attained to, I dare not deny Gods mercy and bounty to me, nor longer re&s;train the Pub|lick u&s;e of this univer&s;all good: I remain</P>
<CLOSER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE>
<SIGNED>Yours, <GAP DESC="blank" EXTENT="1 span"></SIGNED></CLOSER>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>A Secret practi&s;ed with very good &s;ucce&s;s in <HI>England,</HI> concerning &s;owing of Wheat, to prevent it from being Smutty.</HEAD>
<P>FIr&s;t take your Wheat, pour the &s;ame into a tub of water, and &s;tir it about, take off all the Corn that &s;wimmeth upon the water, and pour the re&s;t upon a floor, letting the water run off. Then make a &s;trong brine of Bay-&s;alt, and pour &s;ome of the brine on the Corn upon the floor; and take to half a quarter of Corn, half a peck of Salt, and &s;trow it on the Corn, and &s;tir and mix it continually, as you pour thereon the brine, and &s;trow the &s;alt thereon, untill the Corn be all wet and over&s;trowed with Salt.</P>
<P>Then take to a half quarter of Corn, half a bu&s;hel of un&s;lack'd lime, and &s;trow that likewi&s;e over the Corn, mingling it well to|gether; which done you may &s;ow the &s;ame the next day. The brine mu&s;t he cold when you pour it on the Corn, and you mu&s;t prepare no more Wheat, then you intend to &s;ow next day.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<PB REF="53">
<HEAD>Another <HI>Secret</HI> practi&s;ed in <HI>Germany</HI> for the enriching of <HI>Meadowes&punc;</HI></HEAD>
<P>A <HI>Meadow</HI> yields 6 times more <HI>Hay,</HI> vvhen it is turned up vvith a plough, and &s;ovven thick vvith a&s;hes burn't out of the &s;ub|&s;tance thereof, but the rain mu&s;t fall fir&s;t. Aftervvards &s;ovve your <HI>Meadow</HI> vvith the &s;eed of <HI>Trefoile,</HI> and plough and harrovv them in. The fir&s;t gra&s;&s;e vvhich grovveth thereon, let it be very ripe, that the &s;eed may fall off it &s;elfe; then let &s;ome go over it, and vvith rakes &s;tir it, that it fall out. Aftervvards let it be movven off, and carried to a certain place vvhere it may be dryed, &s;o the Gra&s;&s;e vvill grovv pre&s;ently againe, and may be movven again in three vveeks.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>How to make <HI>Ru&s;hy ground</HI> to beare <HI>Gra&s;&s;e.</HI></HEAD>
<P>BReake the <HI>Ru&s;hy ground,</HI> and rake the roots and the ru&s;hes to|gether, and burne them or carry them avvay, Then &s;pread up|on that ground, <HI>Turffe-a&s;hes,</HI> or <HI>Pigeons-dung, Chalke</HI> or <HI>Lime,</HI> ac|cording to your ground. Try of every one of the&s;e upon a little plot of your ground: you may u&s;e other <HI>A&s;hes, Marle</HI> or <HI>Dung</HI> for experiments: and that which you finde doth kill the <HI>Ru&s;hes</HI> and other <HI>Weeds</HI> be&s;t, u&s;e it: You are to make gutters or draines to carry avvay the vvater from the ground: you may de&s;troy <HI>Ru&s;hes</HI> or <HI>Ferne,</HI> if you vvill; but cut or movve them dovvn in the beginning of <HI>June,</HI> and &s;o u&s;e to do it 2 or 3 years together at that time.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<HEAD>For planting or &s;owing Walnuts.</HEAD>
<P>IN the &s;ea&s;on vvhen they are full ripe on the trees, a fevv dayes before they vvould fall, as near as can be gue&s;&s;ed, let them be gathered or beaten off; and in the green huske, or vvithout it, put them into good ordinary earth in a barrel or basket: So let them continue untill the beginning of <HI>March</HI> follovving: as &s;oon as that moneth begins, get as much vvarme <HI>Milke</HI> from the <HI>Cowes</HI> as vvill &s;teepe them 24 hours: after they are &s;teeped, &s;et them in ground vvell digged, and judged naturall for &s;uch fruit, vvith their little end, or their prickled &s;harpe end upvvards about 3 or 4 inches deepe in the earth, and not one of 28 vvill fail, as hath appeared by experience. This may make dry <HI>Walnuts</HI> al&s;o prove trees, the <HI>Nuts</HI> u&s;ed as above &s;aid, as farre as may be, &s;et them near one foot a-&s;under, and in a right line to vveed them. The <HI>Walnut</HI> breeds good <HI>Timber,</HI> good <HI>&s;hadow,</HI> good <HI>&s;mell,</HI> good <HI>fruit.</HI> At four years growth tran&s;plant them.</P>
</LETTER>
<LETTER>
<PB REF="54">
<HEAD>Mr. <HI>Lanyon's</HI> De&s;cription of the u&s;uall manner of planting and tran&s;|planting (according to that of <HI>Flaunders</HI>) of tho&s;e Trees called <HI>A|beales,</HI> imparted for Publique Good.</HEAD>
<P>THey are fir&s;t planted from any even the lea&s;t part of the Root of the &s;ame Tree: you mu&s;t divide the root, by &s;lipping each part from the other, and not by cutting it in &s;under: you may take tho&s;e parts from tho&s;e trees while&s;t they grow, and without danger to them, rob them of all the &s;mall &s;prigs of the root, and leave only the <HI>Ma&s;ter-Roots;</HI> but the mo&s;t u&s;uall way is to mul|tiply them, when they are tran&s;planted; which time is at their growth of 5 yeares: their &s;ea&s;on is in <HI>March.</HI> They are fir&s;t planted in the way of a <HI>Nur&s;ery,</HI> in loo&s;e earth, moi&s;t and &s;andy, or inclining to it: their di&s;tance is 10 inches one from another (the earth being fir&s;t prepared as for a <HI>Garden:</HI>) you are to make holes with a &s;tick, the depth of the length of the part you have to &s;et, &s;etting him &s;o that you may onely &s;ee a part of it above ground, the earth being clo&s;ed about them; they are to be kept weeded as any other plants. The &s;econd yeare in <HI>February</HI> you are to prune off all from the <HI>Ma&s;ter</HI> or <HI>Middle-&s;hoote,</HI> and &s;o to the 3 and 4 yeare: the 5 you may tran&s;plant them, &s;o as they like the ground of their <HI>Nur&s;ery.</HI> Their u&s;uall di&s;tance one from another is 10 foot: you may drive a &s;take with them when you tran&s;plant them, to &s;ecure them &s;tiffe again&s;t the winde; for that they will grow very tall in tho&s;e years, and &s;o be much expo&s;ed to the winds. They may without much prejudice (to Corne) be planted in the furrowes where it growes; &s;o as the ground be moi&s;t, and you keep them well pruned, and leave onely a bu&s;h at the top of the tree. No &s;tiffe <HI>Clay</HI> grounds will admit them to thrive, they wil grow in moi&s;t <HI>Clay</HI> ground, but onely in height, and will not burni&s;h for want of roome to extend their roots. This tree if he likes his ground; will be at ful growth in 20 years. He is valued in <HI>Flaunders</HI> after 7 years growth, worth every year 12 <ABBR>d</ABBR> untill his time be up. He growes very &s;traight without boughes, onely a bu&s;h on the top, and &s;o exceedingly well be|comes a <HI>Walke.</HI> This <HI>Timber</HI> is uncomparable for all &s;orts of vvooden ve&s;&s;els, e&s;pecially <HI>Traies; Butchers-traies</HI> cannot vvel be made vvithout it, it being &s;o exceeding light and tough. Some years ago there vvere ten thou&s;and at once &s;ent over into <HI>England,</HI> and tran&s;planted into many <HI>Counties. M. Walker</HI> at <HI>S. James</HI> can give the be&s;t account of them to all &s;uch as de&s;ire further to be direct|ed in this particular.</P>
</LETTER>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
</DIV1>
</BODY>
</TEXT>
<TEXT LANG="eng">
<FRONT>
<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
<PB REF="54">
<P>AN APPENDIX TO THE LEGACIE OF HUSBANDRY: OR, A Seed-plot of <HI>Annotations</HI> upon the LEGACIE afore&s;aid.</P>
<P>WITH <HI>AN INTERROGATORIE,</HI> Relating more particularly to the Husbandry, and Naturall Hi&s;tory of IRELAND.</P>
<P>&leaf; Printed for <HI>Richard Wodenothe, MDCLII.</HI></P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="dedication">
<PB REF="55">
<PB REF="55">
<HEAD>To his worthy and very much Honoured Friend, the Author of the large Letter of Husbandry.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>_YOu may perceive by the&s;e Additionals to your large Letter, vvhich you vvrote to gratifie my de&s;ires, that the Publique hath been benefited by your Communications, vvhich vvas all that I intended, by &s;etting you upon that worke: nor will you repent of the paines I hope which you have taken this way. For you &s;ee that your Open-hartedne&s;s in this kind hath provoked another Friend of mine of very pub|lique de&s;ert in the Common-wealth of Learning, to impart un|to me his Ob&s;ervations of the &s;ame nature. And although his Annotations now and then, are Animadver&s;ions rather then Enlargements, yet it is not unprofitable to the Publique, nor di&s;advantageous to us; that our errours and mi&s;takes (for who can pretend to be without them:) be laid open and recti|fied. I &s;uppo&s;e you would be as loath as I, that any by your meanes or mine, &s;hould be led into a by-way, and in&s;tead of gaining become a lo&s;er, in making triall of what we offer for his advantage I could wi&s;h that my worthy Friend who hath imparted the&s;e his thoughts unto me in the following extempo|rary Letters, had &s;pared &s;ome expre&s;&s;ions; &amp; bin le&s;s cen&s;orious a|gain&s;t the Per&s;ons of &s;ome, of whom others have a high and ho|norable opinion, as <HI>Helmont</HI> &amp; <HI>Glauber:</HI> but he is to be born with all in this, as we would be borne with all by him and others; in the freedome which we might take of giving our opinions con|cerning his failings. Al&s;o I am confident, that that learned Gentleman is not intere&s;&s;ed by any prejudice of pa&s;&s;ion, or per&s;onall di&s;affection again&s;t any of them; but that as a man of a free &s;pirit he doth give his judgement through his zeal and love to every truth as it lies in his apprehen&s;ion; let every one have his freedome in things which are well meant for the Pub|like; and the be&s;t way to rectifie one anothers mi&s;takes, will be to &s;trive to &s;et each other a Copy, of better and more mo|derate expre&s;&s;ions in the like Ca&s;es, wherein there may be a mi&s;take or failing: If we were skilfull to provoke one another, onely to the affections of love and of good workes; and by
<PB REF="56">
our own u&s;efull experiments di&s;creetly di&s;pen&s;ed towards the Publique, could draw forth the profitable (but buried) skill of others, unto common u&s;e to be imparted unto all; what could not be done for ea&s;e of the poor, and the relief of common cala|mities? Truly, although neither God by his directions how to make u&s;e of all his gifts; nor Nature his handmaid by her &s;upplies of things nece&s;&s;ary and comfortable for our livelihood are wanting to us. Yet we by the untowardne&s;&s;e of our &s;pirits, and the &s;hutting up of our bowels, and the enviou&s;ne&s;&s;e of our di&s;po&s;itions, bring a &s;carcity upon our &s;elves, and upon others, whil'&s;t we are not faithfull and liberall &s;tewards of our talents, for the benefit of tho&s;e, for who&s;e &s;ake God hath be|&s;towed them upon us: therefore I &s;hall de&s;ire you, as you have begun, to continue in well doing, for you know the promi&s;e, <HI>that in due time you &s;hall reap the fruit of all your labours, if you faint not.</HI> And lea&s;t you &s;hould imagine, that you are at this di&s;tance forgotten by us, give me leave to pre&s;ent you with a|nother taske proper for your thoughts in the place where now you are, that the advantages of Nature, which God hath be|&s;towed upon <HI>Ireland,</HI> may not lie undi&s;covered, and without improvement, at this &s;ea&s;on vvherein the Replanting of the vva&s;t and de&s;olate places of that Countrey, is &s;eriou&s;ly laid to heart by many: I &s;hall therefore de&s;ire you to look upon this Alphabet of Interrogatories, and con&s;ider vvhat An&s;vvers your Ob&s;ervations vvill afford unto them; or vvhat you can learne from the Ob&s;ervations of others to clear them; and as you have opportunity, do, as my Friend from <HI>Paris</HI> hath done; fur|ni&s;h me vvith vvhat Gods providence &s;hall &s;end unto your hands, that as I have begun, I may put it out to u&s;e: and requite you more plentifully, as I hope I &s;hall be able to do, vvith the increa&s;e, vvhich it &s;hall yield, by this vvay of Trading, vvhich I have taken up freely to be&s;tovv my paines and co&s;t upon others, that all may &s;ee the goodne&s;s of God in the vvorks of his hands, and have cau&s;e to be thankfull unto him for the &s;ame, and that &s;o many eminent talents vvhich God hath put into your hands, may not (&s;eeing he hath given you a heart to u&s;e them) lye idle for vvant of Objects, and fit Commodities vvherevvithall to be trading vvith him, vvho &s;ub&s;cribes him&s;elf alvvays,</P>
<CLOSER><SALUTE>SIR,</SALUTE>
<SIGNED><HI>Your very much obliged and a&s;&s;ured friend to &s;erve you,</HI> Samuel Harthb.</SIGNED></CLOSER>
</DIV1>
</FRONT>
<BODY>
<DIV1 TYPE="text">
<PB N="103" REF="56">
<HEAD>Annotations upon the Legacie of HVSBANDRY.</HEAD>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris the</HI> 1 <HI>of</HI> July 1651.</HEAD>
<P>_I Give you mo&s;t hearty thankes for your vvorke of Husbandry, the vvhich having peru&s;ed in|&s;tantly <HI>&agrave; capite ad calcem.</HI> I finde it a mo&s;t ex|cellent piece both for the improvement of Hu&s;|bandry, and of the other Commodities of the Countrey, as likevvi&s;e for the Naturall Hi&s;tory of <HI>England,</HI> and have learned many particulars by it, vvhich before vvere unknovvn to me. But I remember to have heard of a Dutch Merchant in <HI>Dublin,</HI> that the Dutch u&s;ed to fetch their Black-lead out of <HI>Wales;</HI> vvhereas you &s;ay it is found in <HI>Cumberland,</HI> and no vvhere el&s;e in <HI>Chri&s;tendome.</HI> I pray you to let me under&s;tand, vvhether you have any particular knovv|ledge of that Mine, of the nature and properties of that ma|teriall, vvhether it &s;erveth for any other u&s;es, than to make pens off, and to neale earthen ve&s;&s;el vvithall, and hovv for this u&s;e Potters do prepare and apply it.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris the</HI> 12/22 <HI>of</HI> July 1651.</HEAD>
<P>I Was hugely taken vvith the large Epi&s;tle in your Legacie up|on the fir&s;t reading of it, and am more novv upon the &s;econd, vvhich maketh me &s;orry, that the Author &s;hould give any ad|vantage to carping wits; as he doth here and there in &s;ome of
<PB N="104" REF="57">
the <HI>Parerga;</HI> upon which I &s;hall freely give you my &s;en&s;e, that being communicated to him, he may mend them in the next Edition, if &s;o he &s;ee it fitting: What he &s;aith out of <HI>Helmont page</HI> 13. <HI>The &s;muttine&s;&s;e of corne, and the foule di&s;ea&s;e to have be|gun in</HI> France, <HI>together about</HI> 1530, <HI>and the latter to have had &s;ome originall from the former.</HI> To &s;ay nothing of the &s;mall credit of that Authour, even in things &s;ubject to his own knowledge and experience, (I being able to convince him of mo&s;t palpable lies out of his own writings) a more credible Authour than he &s;hould not be alleaged, much le&s;&s;e heeded; if oppo&s;ite to &s;o notorious a truth; as that of the foule di&s;ea&s;e, it's originall in <HI>France,</HI> as well as in <HI>Italie</HI> and <HI>Spain;</HI> full 36 yeares &s;ooner than <HI>Helmont</HI> &s;ayes <HI>(viz.)</HI> in the year 1494: and nothing could be advanced more ab&s;urd or ridiculous in the judgement of all &s;ound Phy&s;itians, than to attribute the originall of that di&s;ea&s;e in any wi&s;e to &s;mutty corne, as he doth. The imperfecti|on of &s;mutty corne, con&s;i&s;teth altogether in a &s;imilar di&s;temper, and that of the more &s;pirituous part, con&s;equently not at all &s;ubject to the eyes, and &s;o not to be found out by the Micro|&s;cope, to the contrary of what our Authour &s;uppo&s;eth, <HI>page</HI> 15. <HI>The corne &s;owne in July, produced &s;uch an increa&s;e, page</HI> 18. I cannot imagine, how Corne &s;owne in Summer can come to good, or what humane wit or skill can hinder it from running up; and &s;pending it &s;elfe, before the coming in of winter. His Philo&s;o|phy <HI>of the blackne&s;&s;e of the Moor-loghs,</HI> as communicated by the blackne&s;&s;e of the earth or turffe, <HI>page</HI> 25. is no wayes receivable. I finde him too credulous, <HI>page</HI> 27. to Glauber <HI>and others,</HI> about tho&s;e Mountebanke boa&s;tings of <HI>brewing without malt, and of drawing great &s;tore of Aqua-vitae out of the imaginary Beer; and o|ther unfit materials. The opinion of the Suns de&s;cending lower, page</HI> 30. although ju&s;tly (as I hold it rejected by <HI>Moe&s;tlinus, Longo|montanus, Keplerus, Morinus, Bullialdus, quibus omnibus praeit Ptolomaeus,</HI> ought not to be &s;poke of &s;o contemptuou&s;ly, &s;eeing that one of the greate&s;t A&s;tronomers that ever was, <HI>(viz.) Co|pernicus</HI> did fir&s;t advance it, and <HI>Reinholdus,</HI> another mo&s;t fa|mous Arti&s;t approve of it, and he having made the lowe&s;t de&s;|cent of the Sun but of 35 minutes, which is but a little more
<PB N="105" REF="57">
than halfe a degree; I know not what makes our Authour &s;peake of the Suns de&s;cending many degrees lower. It is true, that tho&s;e 35 minutes amount to many thou&s;ands of miles, which expre&s;&s;ion therefore would be both more per|tinent, and more &s;utable to the vulgar capacity of mo&s;t Readers, than that of minutes or degrees; This is what I have ob&s;erved till page 30: further than which I am not yet come: And fora&s;much as I have never an Engli&s;h Dictio|nary here, I would be glad of the expo&s;ition of &s;ome En|gli&s;h words not &s;o well under&s;tood by me, as howing (&s;o oft &s;poke off) and the how; Wheats-lodging, page 18. Canker-berries, page 27. and the difference betwixt hawes and hips; page <HI>eadem,</HI> I having ever taken them to &s;ignifie the &s;ame thing. I do not know neither, what are the piles on Mar&s;hes &s;ides, page 25. and am ignorant of the Hi&s;tory of Gla&s;&s;enburies-Hauthorne mentioned page 4, about which I would willingly receive &s;ome light.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris the</HI> 9/19 <HI>of</HI> Augu&s;t 1651.</HEAD>
<P>AN Engli&s;h Gentleman, who many yeares hath lived and been a Hou&s;e-keeper in <HI>Devon-&s;hire,</HI> as he was ye&s;terday reading your Legacie at my hou&s;e, having lighted on that pa&s;&s;age, page 26. about the making of Cy|der, told me, that the &s;econd way there mentioned is not a making of Cyder, but a certain preparation of it already made, u&s;uall al&s;o in wines and other liquors, e&s;pecially tho&s;e that are to be transferred a great way by Sea; and as for the fir&s;t, that he never &s;aw it practi&s;ed in <HI>Devon-&s;hire,</HI> vvhere Cyder is very common; and vvhere him&s;elfe u&s;ually made 40 hog&s;heads every yeare; but that the vvay of making Cyder in that Countrey u&s;ed by all men is this; Having re|duced their Apples into Ma&s;h, by turning upon them a kind of a mil&s;tone &s;et edge-vvaies in a vvooden trough, they pre|&s;ently carry them to a vvooden pre&s;&s;e of that bigne&s;&s;e: as in one houre they vvill pre&s;&s;e out tvvo hog&s;heads of Juice: the vvhich having let &s;tand a day or tvvo, and taken off the black &s;cum that ari&s;eth in that time, they tunne it, and in
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the barrels it continueth to worke &s;ome dayes longer, ju&s;t as Beer u&s;eth to do. He told me divers other perticulars a|bout Cyder, partly of his own, and partly of that Countrys common ob&s;ervations, the which I forbeare to relate, be|cau&s;e I believe that <HI>Markham</HI> hath &s;poke of them.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris the</HI> 6/16 <HI>of</HI> September, 1651.</HEAD>
<P>SEeing by your la&s;t, you de&s;ire the continuation of my Annotations upon your Legacie, I mu&s;t tell you that I be|lieve your friend hath not been well informed, page 23. a|bout the Countreys there named by him; for the &s;ending of <HI>Walnuts, Quinces, and Che&s;tnuts into England,</HI> and that it will be found upon better enquiry, that the&s;e commodi|ties do come into <HI>England,</HI> if not &s;olely yet abundantly: the fir&s;t from <HI>Holland,</HI> the &s;econd from <HI>Zealand,</HI> and the third from <HI>France;</HI> and as for &s;mall nuts, except he &s;peak of &s;ome exqui&s;ite kind of them, I know not why one &s;hould runne &s;o farre as <HI>Spaine</HI> for them &s;eeing that <HI>Ireland</HI> aboundeth in them above all Countreys in the world; page 27. <HI>I know an ingenious man, who can without malting, &amp;c.</HI> If you and your friend will be ruled by me, you &s;hall not take this upon <HI>Glaubers</HI> bare word, nor any of tho&s;e other magnificent pro|mi&s;es; which he maketh in that boa&s;ting Catalogue, till he have made them good by the effect, lea&s;t the &s;imilitude of the Prophet <HI>E&s;ay</HI> 29.8. be verified in us, <HI>page</HI> 28. <HI>Graf|ting, Inoculating, &amp;c. a Gentleman will learne in two houres,</HI> to learne it to &s;ome purpo&s;e will require more than &s;o many dayes, if not weeks <HI>expertus loquor:</HI> page 30. <HI>we finde Vines flouri&s;hing many hundred miles more towards the North [than</HI> Al&s;ace] <HI>both in</HI> France, Loraine <HI>and</HI> Germany: If for many hundreds he had &s;aid one hundred miles, he might perhaps have made that good, and yet not that neither in all the three Countreys here named, I am &s;ure not near it in in <HI>Lo|raine,</HI> and very hardly in <HI>France:</HI> page 31. <HI>Vines grow</HI> 60 <HI>miles on this &s;ide</HI> Paris <HI>at</HI> Beaumont; <HI>Beaumont</HI> is but 8 leagues, or 16 Engli&s;h miles North from <HI>Paris</HI> and <HI>Beauvais</HI> (which and <HI>Beaumont</HI> is the mo&s;t northern part of <HI>France,</HI> where
<PB N="107" REF="58">
any Vines grow) is but twice as farre, being di&s;tant 16 leagues from <HI>Paris. Ibid. Tho&s;e places which are even as far North as</HI> England, nothing near none of them; <HI>page</HI> 36. <HI>linea</HI> 3. <HI>pack in &s;o many plants, &amp;c.</HI> I have &s;een mo&s;t of the Vineyards about <HI>Paris</HI> for many miles round, and never &s;aw any &s;uch thing, very few having any thing in them but Vines, and where any thing el&s;e vvas, I &s;avv onely a fevv Peach-trees here and there, too farre a&s;under to do any great harme to the Vines or ground; 37. <HI>To &s;hort poles, as we do hops,</HI> out of one Hop-pole you may make 3 Vine-poles. as for length; vvherefore they &s;hould not be &s;o yoked to|gether: <HI>ibid. In</HI> France, <HI>&s;o &s;oon as they have pre&s;&s;ed out their liquor with their feet</HI> [pre&s;&s;ing vvith feet is not u&s;ed in all parts of <HI>France,</HI> and utterly unknovvn in the&s;e northern parts of it,] <HI>they put it into hog&s;heads</HI> not at all till it have vvrought fir&s;t in Keeves: 39. <HI>from the&s;e who would de&s;troy, &amp;c.</HI> I could vvi&s;h that bitter and exa&s;perating expre&s;&s;ion in the behalfe of my Countreymen might be &s;pared. <Q>If I vvould make Ob&s;ervations upon tho&s;e pa&s;&s;ages, vvhich have &s;omthing of good &amp; excellent in them, as vvel as upon them vvhere I conceive &s;omthing is to be mended, I &s;hould never have done, the Book being ful of the~ from one end to another; yet I cannot let pa&s;&s;e vvith &s;ilence tho&s;e words <HI>pag.</HI> 44.</Q> <HI>The Sun and Dew ingender a nitrous fatne&s;&s;e,</HI> they pointing at the unfolding of one of the greate&s;t My&s;teries in Nature, un|known to mo&s;t of them if not to all; who profe&s;&s;edly do deale in the inquiries of that noble &s;cience, but to &s;peake of this to the full were not the work of a Scholion, but of a whole Treati&s;e, concerning the Improvement of Land by Sea-land; of which page 45 you wil finde a confirmation of that in <HI>Irelands Naturall Hi&s;tory,</HI> and it is very much u|&s;ed in <HI>Devon&s;hire,</HI> with admirable &s;ucce&s;&s;e, not onely equall to, but even beyond Lime it &s;elfe, as I have been told by that Gentleman, who&s;e Ob&s;ervations concerning Cyder I gave you formerly; page 46. <HI>All fertility proceedeth from &s;alt, addendum.</HI> Made unctuous, or oily, and &s;pirituous, <HI>id e&s;t uno verbo</HI> nitrous, <HI>nam &s;ale mero nihil magis inimicum faecundi|tati;</HI>
<PB N="081" REF="59">
47. <HI>In</HI> Holland <HI>they as carefully pre&s;erve the Cowes u|rine, as their Dung to enrich their land,</HI> they pre&s;erve it no o|therwi&s;e than is done in all other Countreys; <HI>viz.</HI> mixed with the Dung and joyntly with it carried out to the Dung|hill, <HI>ibid. we mu&s;t have it,</HI> [paper] <HI>from</HI> Italie, France, <HI>and</HI> Holland; I believe <HI>Italie</HI> &s;endeth out little paper, either to <HI>England,</HI> or to any other Countrey, and as for <HI>Holland;</HI> it hath none to &s;end, but what it &s;elfe getteth from abroad, there being none at all made there, <HI>(viz.)</HI> In <HI>Holland</HI> pro|perly &s;o called, nor in any of the other Provinces that I know of, but onely &s;ome in the <HI>Velaw,</HI> a part of <HI>Gelderlant,</HI> and in <HI>England</HI> there is good &s;tore made, both towards <HI>Oxford,</HI> and in &s;ome other places, though not enough for to &s;erve the Nation.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris</HI> 18/2<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter"> October, 1651.</HEAD>
<P>HAving continued to read on in your Legacie from page 48. where I left with my la&s;t Annotations, I finde no|thing that needeth any Animadver&s;ions but the&s;e few fol|lowing things, <HI>page</HI> 60, <HI>a kind of</HI> Salix <HI>called by them</HI> Abel-tree, the Tree called a <HI>Abell</HI> in Dutch is no wayes a kind of <HI>Salix</HI> but is <HI>Populus alba; Ibidem; If we believe their own Au|thours, &amp;c.</HI> I know not who tho&s;e Authours are, but I am &s;ure that whoever hath &s;aid &s;o, hath &s;aid mo&s;t untrue; for the profit that ari&s;eth to <HI>France</HI> by Silke, cannot in the lea&s;t part come in competition with that of Corne and Wine <HI>Ibid. In France, which different not much from the tem|per of England;</HI> Silke is a &s;tranger to tho&s;e parts of <HI>France</HI> that agree with <HI>Englands</HI> temper; 69. I could wi&s;h tho&s;e words, <HI>linea</HI> 3 <HI>&amp;</HI> 4. <HI>we know nouri&s;heth them,</HI> to be left out, as devoid of all truth, if applyed to the In&s;ect in que&s;tion: <HI>pag.</HI> 70. <HI>linea</HI> 2. <HI>let him read</HI> Boneil, add <HI>Andream Libavium, qui peculiari Tractatu in&s;erto parti &s;ecundae Singularium: fu&s;&egrave; ac diligenter admodum omnia ad Bombyces &s;pectantia pertractavit: &s;imiliterque Olivier de Serres libro</HI> 50. <HI>Theatri Agriculturae.</HI> Among the things which page 70. he thinketh might be
<PB N="109" REF="59">
tran&s;planted profitably into <HI>England,</HI> I could wi&s;h the o|mi&s;&s;ion of the three fir&s;t, <HI>(viz) Sa&s;&s;afras, Sar&s;aparilla,</HI> and <HI>Snake-weed,</HI> the which I greatly doubt would hardly be made to grow there at all with any indu&s;try, but &s;ure I am, never to any purpo&s;e: and the &s;ame I believe about their Cedars and Pines. <HI>Medica veterum</HI> is with|out all peradventure the plant now known under the name of <HI>Lucerna;</HI> wherefore it ought not to be ranked as it is, page 80. among&s;t the plants now unknown; <HI>Quid e&s;&s;et lupinus veterum, nemo unquam Herbariorum quod &s;ciam dubi|tavit quare omittenda ejus mentio inter herbas controver&s;as page</HI> 80. <HI>Page</HI> 81. <HI>What &s;eed, grout, or grutze</HI> is made of the &s;ame &s;eed, and in the &s;ame manner, as that which in Engli&s;h is called <HI>Groats (viz.)</HI> of <HI>Oates</HI> and of <HI>Barley;</HI> of tho&s;e three &s;orts of Chee&s;es which he reckons up, page 81. onely the &s;e|cond and third are made of Cowes milke, and therefore his expre&s;&s;ion is too general, and what he &s;ays there, which are farre better than our ordinary Chee&s;es is true indeed, but as true it is, that they are far better than their own ordinary chee+&s;es: &amp; as true likewi&s;e, that the be&s;t of tho&s;e Chee&s;es are no better, nor &s;o good by far as &s;ome Engli&s;h Chee&s;es. <HI>Verbi gra|tia Chedder-Chee&s;es.</HI> He is much mi&s;taken, if he believeth that all tho&s;e things reckoned up page 82. wil grow in <HI>England</HI> at lea&s;t to any purpo&s;e, e&s;pecially <HI>Rice, Corke, Scarlet-Oake,</HI> and that Sentence of <HI>Virgil; &V;t quid quaeque ferat regio, quid quaeque recu&s;et.</HI> Ju&s;tly tearmed an Oracle by <HI>Pliny,</HI> doth not depend wholly (as our Authour &s;eemeth to take for granted) on the climate, and the latitude of Regions, for were it &s;o <HI>Dictamnus, La&s;er, Cinamonum, Bal&s;amum, Myr|rha, Camphora, Stirax, Ma&s;tick, Benjovin, Caryopbylli, Nux-Mu&s;chata;</HI> and an infinite number of other Plants would not be, and from all time have been confined to &s;uch Terri|tories as they are; all the Indu&s;try of man, and the power and wealth of greate&s;t Princes never having been able to make them grow; at lea&s;t not to make them fructifie out of their native &s;oiles: I wonder al&s;o to finde <HI>Linder</HI>-trees
<PB N="110" REF="60">
named in the Catalogue of Plants, which he would have denizon'd in <HI>England,</HI> &s;eeing that great &s;tore of them and very goodly ones have been growing in &s;everal parts of the Land, many years &s;ince even in and about <HI>London,</HI> as at <HI>Ex|eter-hou&s;e, Wimbleton-hou&s;e, &amp;c.</HI> and there be&s;ides <HI>Shere|wood-forre&s;t</HI> in <HI>Nottingham-&s;hire,</HI> aboundeth in them natu|rally.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris the</HI> 8/18 November, 1651.</HEAD>
<P>I Come now to your Legacie, whereon the&s;e words, <HI>page</HI> 84. <HI>it ca&s;teth up Jet and Amber,</HI> I mu&s;t tell you that as it is mo&s;t certaine, that of Jet, good &s;tore is found on &s;ome part of the &s;hore of <HI>Yorke-&s;hire,</HI> &s;o I dare &s;ay that upon inquiry it wil appear, that never any <HI>Amber</HI> or <HI>Succinum</HI> was ca&s;t up there by the Sea; that being a commodity &s;o peculiar to <HI>Spruce</HI> or <HI>Pru&s;&s;ia,</HI> as the Sea was never known to render it in any other Countrey of the world what&s;oever, page 85. at <HI>Dover</HI> they make brick of Sea-ow&s;e, a thing very incredible to me. In <HI>Cumberland,</HI> out of a certain kind of &s;and they ex|tract &s;alt; it were worth the while to tell in a few words at lea&s;t, how they proceed in the doing thereof; Not onely notice &s;hould be taken by the Husbandman, or Countrey-Gentleman of the different colour, odour and ta&s;t of wa|ters, as our Authour wi&s;heth them to do, <HI>eadem pag.</HI> 85. but al&s;o and much more (as a thing of a much greater and more particular concernment to them) of the wonderfull and va&s;t difference of waters (in which none of tho&s;e three qualities is notably to be di&s;cerned) for the &s;everall u&s;es of ordinary hou&s;e-keeping of Husbandry, and of &s;everall Ma|nufactures, <HI>page</HI> 86. <HI>if we may believe</HI> Glauber, <HI>there is &s;carce any &s;and without gold;</HI> I am very &s;ure that who&s;oever be|lieveth him herein, as in many other things, will finde him|&s;elfe very fouly deceived; <HI>Ibidem, &s;ave what is taken out of their Ditches.</HI> For the word Ditches no wayes proper here, &s;hould be &s;ub&s;tituted Bogs, Fens, or Moores; <HI>It is indif|ferent good fuell,</HI> yea, many &s;orts of them are mo&s;t excellent
<PB N="111" REF="60">
fuel. An Engli&s;hman &s;peaking of turffe, &s;hould not name <HI>Holland</HI> onely, but <HI>Scotland</HI> and <HI>Ireland</HI> in which two Countreys turffe is of very great and general u&s;e, <HI>page</HI> 87. <HI>There is a &s;tone in</HI> Durham, <HI>out of which they make &s;alt,</HI> I would we vvere told the manner hereof: <HI>Ibidem, Lead is found in</HI> Durham-vvall: I would faine know what <HI>Dur|ham-wall</HI> is, whether a Town or Countrey, and in what part of <HI>England,</HI> and why <HI>Derby-&s;hire,</HI> where tho&s;e famous Lead Mines are, is not at all named here, <HI>page</HI> 94. <HI>Opium is alwayes an ingredient,</HI> this is too generally &s;poken, page 95. I am not well &s;atisfied with what he &s;ayes of tran&s;planting Elephants into <HI>England,</HI> and making them of common u&s;e there, for many rea&s;ons; and I believe it would prove as hard a taske to people in <HI>England,</HI> with any con&s;idera|ble &s;tore of Black Foxes, Muske-Cats, and &s;ome o|thers of tho&s;e Animals named, page 96. in the&s;e words.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris the</HI> 2 <HI>of</HI> December, 1651.</HEAD>
<P>THe conceit I finde in your Legacy, page 99. <HI>Of the medicinall vertues of the plants being &s;ublimed into the In&s;ects bred out of them,</HI> is altogether de&s;titute of truth, as very ea&s;ily and practically may be demon&s;trated, page 101. <HI>That in</HI> Ireland <HI>rottenne&s;&s;e of &s;heep is not knowne;</HI> It is too wel known there, and even in my time, I have &s;eene great mortalities of &s;heepe cau&s;ed thereby. <HI>Page</HI> 103. <HI>In</HI> Holland <HI>they keepe their Cattle hou&s;ed winter and &s;ummer:</HI> I never knew any Cattle hou&s;ed in &s;ummer in my Countrey, but all about <HI>Paris</HI> that is very ordinary: <HI>Ibidem, they bury the graines in the ground;</HI> they keepe them indeed in the ground; but in that manner as cannot vvell be called burying; for they dig holes a mans length deep and &s;quare, cemented not onely in the bottome, but on all the four &s;ides, vvith a vvooden &s;hut at the top, and there they keepe their grains, not lying loo&s;ly; but rammed as clo&s;e as may
<PB N="112" REF="61">
be; <HI>Rape&s;eed-cakes, Ibidem,</HI> he &s;hould have added <HI>Lin&s;eed-cakes: Ibidem, Turnips;</HI> I never knew them given to Cowes in <HI>Holland,</HI> but at <HI>Roven,</HI> it is a u&s;uall thing to feed Cowes therewith, and they do thrive wonderfully there|with, as I am told by an Engli&s;h Lady of my acquaintance, an excellent Hou&s;ewife, who hath lived a great while in that City, <HI>eadem pagina</HI> 103, <HI>which are con&s;tantly mowed twice or thrice yearly.</HI> I never in <HI>Holland</HI> &s;aw or heard of any Medows mowen more than once a year: The Paradoxe held forth. <HI>Initio paginae</HI> 104. <HI>of the cleanline&s;&s;e of Hogs, and their not loving Dirt:</HI> I believe not at all to be con&s;onant to truth; e&s;pecially in the &s;econd particular. <HI>Ibidem (the Jewes have a peculiar way)</HI> after tho&s;e words, I could wi&s;h to be in&s;er|ted; (which al&s;o anciently was mo&s;t common among the Romans) For the Liver of the Goo&s;e augmented to an exce&s;&s;ive bigne&s;&s;e by a peculiar kinde of cramming, was one of the greate&s;t dainties of the Romans, as may be &s;een in <HI>Pliny, lib.</HI> 10. <HI>cap.</HI> 22. and the Authors there alleaged by the <HI>Scholia&s;t.</HI></P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris</HI> 6/16 December, 1651.</HEAD>
<P>IN&s;tead of going on for to make an end of my Anno|tations upon your Legacy, to the end whereof I am wel neer come; I &s;hal at this time &s;tep back, for to tel you that one of <HI>Purchas his Pilgrims</HI> having given us mo&s;t amply and di&s;tinctly the whole manner of making the <HI>Caveare,</HI> as may be &s;eene in his <HI>&s;econd Tome, page</HI> 1420. your friend will do well to leave that out of the Catalogue of tho&s;e things, which page 81. he de&s;ireth to be informed of, by the travels of any Merchant or Gentleman: as likewi&s;e give you at large a Relation made to mee within the&s;e few dayes by a brave Engli&s;h Lady, and an excellent Hou&s;e|wife, greatly confirming and illu&s;trating the practi&s;e of fee|ding Cowes with Turnips; of which page 103. &s;he telleth
<PB N="113" REF="61">
me, that at <HI>Roven</HI> (where &s;he hath lived a good while) and in all the Countrey round about it, they feed their Cattle u&s;ually in this maner. Of Turnips (not of the be&s;t, but refu&s;e ones, &s;uch as being worm-eaten, or otherwi&s;e faulty, are not good for mans meat) they boil a great ma|ny in a great Kettle, whole as they are, with their leaves on their tops; til they be tender, adding thereto good &s;tore of branne; (of Wheat onely, becau&s;e that, that of Rye, is &s;cowring, and &s;o not proper for them) and afterwards of the cakes of Rape&s;eed, or Lin&s;eed; which cakes having a &s;ingular faculty of fatting Cattle, they put much le&s;&s;e of them into the Me&s;h for Milch-Cowes, (for fear of &s;poiling their Milke) than for other kind: of this they give them twice a day, &s;o as it maketh the greate&s;t part of their feeding, much more than the hay, which they give them betwixt whiles: and thus they feed them onely in Winter-time, becau&s;e that all the Summer long they keep them abroad at gra&s;&s;e: Whe|ther this be u&s;ed in <HI>Holland</HI> as your friend &s;aith, I can|not tell of my own knowledge: having never there &s;eene it, nor heard of it: but in <HI>France</HI> it is of very old &s;tanding, as appeareth by the&s;e words of <HI>Columella lib.</HI> 2. <HI>cap.</HI> 10. <HI>Rapa non homines &s;olum, verum etiam boves pa&s;|cunt, praecipu&egrave; in Gallia, ubi Hyberna cibaria praedictis pecu|dibus, id olus praebet. De-&s;erres</HI> doth al&s;o &s;peak of it, but very &s;hortly, and onely mentioning it in a word or two. <HI>lib.</HI> 4. <HI>cap.</HI> 9.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris the</HI> 6 <HI>of</HI> January 1652.</HEAD>
<P>IN the 104th. page of your Legacie, where I left with my la&s;t Annotations, I finde the&s;e words: <HI>In Barke|&s;hire many keepe tame Phea&s;ants, and have gained well there|by:</HI> The which having communicated to a brave En|gli&s;h Lady here, a great friend of mine, who hath been a great Hou&s;e-keeper in <HI>England,</HI> and is a mo&s;t excellent
<PB N="114" REF="62">
vvife; &s;he tels me that at a Countrey-hou&s;e of hers, not farre from <HI>Chel&s;ey,</HI> &s;he had alvvayes great &s;tore of them; in&s;omuch as &s;he hath hatched to the number of 200 in one &s;pring: vvhereof though many dyed, yet farre and farre the greate&s;t part vvould come to perfection. That of people of quality &s;he never knevv any but her &s;elfe vvho kept any; but that there is abundance in the parts neer <HI>London,</HI> vvho keep them, for to make profit of them and &s;ell them to the Poulterers, that there is nothing more ea&s;ie to bring up, and to keep, than Phea&s;ants; vvhen they are once pa&s;t the fir&s;t Moneth: for til then, they mu&s;t be kept onely vvith Aunts eggs, and feed on nothing el&s;e; of vvhich one vvould think it a hard matter to get &s;o many, but there are fellovves in <HI>England</HI> vvho for a little money vvil get one as many as one can de&s;ire: the fir&s;t moneth being pa&s;t, they are kept after|vvards vvith Oates onely, requiring nothing el&s;e: but as they love to be kept in gra&s;&s;ie fields: &s;o one mu&s;t change them &s;omevvhat oft to fre&s;h grounds, becau&s;e they taint the gra&s;&s;e and the ground in the &s;ame manner, as Gee&s;e do, and for to keep them in, my Lady u&s;ed to have tho&s;e parcels of ground, vvhere they vvere kept, inclo&s;ed vvith lats.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD><HI>Paris the</HI> 3/13 <HI>of</HI> January 1652.</HEAD>
<P>YOu &s;hall have now the conclu&s;ion of my Annotations upon your Legacy according to your de&s;ire.</P>
<P>In the bottome of page 104: your friends &s;peak|eth, as if the excellency of Butter and Chee&s;e de|pended wholly of the handling of it, and that Chee&s;e like to <HI>Parme&s;an</HI> and <HI>Holland</HI> Chee&s;e, might be made in <HI>England,</HI> if the &s;ame indu&s;try
<PB N="115" REF="62">
were u&s;ed there, as in tho&s;e Countreys, which is nothing &s;o: For though Art and Indu&s;try can do very much in this particular, as in mo&s;t o|thers, whereof I have &s;een mo&s;t remarkable examples both in <HI>England</HI> and <HI>Ireland,</HI> yet there is &s;ome thing in the particular nature of different waters and different Soiles, and of the food for Cattle thereon growing: and con|&s;equently in that Cattles milke, and in the But|ter and Chee&s;e made thereof, which no Art nor humane skill can &s;upply or imitate, no more than the &s;ame kind of Beere can be brewed in all pla|ces, or the &s;ame kind of Wine be made to grow on all grounds. And this is mo&s;t manife&s;t here|by, that in <HI>Holland</HI> it-&s;elf there are made &s;everall &s;orts of Chee&s;es hugely different among them|&s;elves; which difference is mo&s;t remarkable in tho&s;e two excellent &s;orts, <HI>(viz.)</HI> the <HI>Edam</HI>-chee&s;e (being that kind which is &s;o much tran&s;|ported into forreign Countreys, and every where known by the generall Name of <HI>Holland</HI>-chee&s;e) and the <HI>Stolke</HI>-chee&s;e. And if it &s;hould be thought, that that diver&s;ity proceedeth from the different makings of Chee&s;e, u&s;ed in the &s;everall parts of that Countrey; I can a&s;&s;ure you, that if you make <HI>Edam</HI> and <HI>Stolke</HI> boors exchange their habitations, and keep all their own fa&s;hions, each of them &s;hall make Chee&s;es, not &s;uch as they were wont to make at home, but as u&s;ed to be made in the places to which they are come. The like may be &s;aid of the green-Chee&s;es, made in <HI>Holland</HI> of Sheepsmilke, e&s;pecially tho&s;e
<PB N="116" REF="63">
of Grave&s;and, Te&s;&s;el, and Grind; all three mo&s;t excellent ones; and yet extreamly differing a|mong them&s;elves. And not to go for examples of this, further than <HI>England</HI> it &s;elfe; It were again&s;t all rea&s;on and experience, to thinke that, that notable difference betwixt <HI>Suffolk</HI> and <HI>Che|&s;hire</HI>-chee&s;es, cometh onely from the different way of making it. Another thing, which I find fault withall in the &s;ame Di&s;cour&s;e, is, that the Author nameth the French Angelots among the excellent &s;orts of Chee&s;e; whereas they are no|thing &s;o, neither in their qualities, nor in their price, they being &s;old for two Sols a piece, where|as they u&s;e to weigh half a pound. I do likewi&s;e mi&s;like, that he for to in&s;tance in the be&s;t kinds of Chee&s;e; he fetcheth <HI>Parme&s;ans,</HI> and <HI>Holland</HI>-chee&s;e from abroad, without taking notice; that at home in &s;everall parts of the Land, and parti|cularly in <HI>Mongomery-&s;hire,</HI> Chee&s;e is made equall to the be&s;t of the&s;e kinds; and at <HI>Chedder</HI> in <HI>Wilt&s;hire,</HI> that which in my judgement is farre to be preferred before them, and to any other chee&s;e in the world. Page 105. I cannot brook, that he complaineth <HI>England</HI> hath not a Sy&s;tema, or a Compleat Book of all the parts of Agriculture; and reckoneth <HI>Markham</HI> among them, who have writ onely divers &s;mall Treati&s;es of it: whereas <HI>Markham</HI> hath comprehended in his works, what|ever belongeth to any part of Husbandry and of Hou&s;ewifery too; with very few and &s;mall omi&s;&s;i|ons; &s;uch as in no wi&s;e can rob him of the name
<PB N="117" REF="63">
of a generall writings; his workes al&s;o having that excellency, that they are altogether &s;quared for <HI>England,</HI> and go on experience rather than on Probabilities, and hear-&s;ays; to the contrary of what our Authour &s;eemed to taxe in him, a&s;well as in other writers of that kind; which maketh me &s;u&s;pect; that either he hath not at all been conver&s;ant in <HI>Markham's</HI> writings; or that in reading of him he hath been &s;trangely fore-judg|ed, he being in my opinion, one of the mo&s;t excellent of his kind; and in many particulars to be preferred before the mo&s;t excellent of them all. It is true what is &s;aid <HI>pag. 106. There were a|mong the Ancient Romans &s;ome appointed, to &s;ee that men did till their Land as they &s;hould;</HI> but that which followes: <HI>and if they did not, to pu|ni&s;h them as Enemies to the Publique;</HI> is too hy|perbolically &s;poken, there being a va&s;t difference betwixt puni&s;hing one as an enemy to the Pub|lique, and a &s;imple fining of him, which was all the puni&s;hment inflicted for that fault, as you may &s;ee in the twelvth Chapter of <HI>Aulus Gellius</HI> his fourth Book. In the&s;e words, <HI>pag. 107. he that turneth fruitfull Lands into barrenne&s;&s;e, as the land of Canaan, very fruitfull heretofore, but now a barren De&s;art.</HI> Our Author &s;aies nothing, but what is common in the mouth and pens of almo&s;t every body, and yet the truth thereof is very que&s;tionable, as an ob&s;ervant Reader will ea&s;ily finde by the exacte&s;t and late&s;t writers of that Countrey, among whom <HI>Eug. Royer</HI> is to be
<PB N="118" REF="64">
placed in the very fir&s;t ranke. And thus I make an end, having nothing to &s;ay to any thing con|teined in the following pages of your Legacy; the reprinting whereof with tho&s;e alterations and amendments I have hinted to you, I doe mo&s;t earne&s;tly wi&s;h for, it being indeed a mo&s;t excellent piece; and from the be|ginning to the end fraught with mo&s;t excellent ob&s;ervations and experiments.</P>
</DIV2>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
</DIV1>
</BODY>
<BACK>
<DIV1 TYPE="errata">
<P><HI>Page 98. line 12.</HI></P>
<P>Mr. <HI>Vaughan's Golden Grove</HI> &s;hould not have been named at all, as containing onely certain <HI>Geor|gica Animi,</HI> matters of Morality, and nothing at all concerning the ordering of Fi&s;h-ponds, and the profit of them; of which <HI>Dubravius de Pi&s;cinis,</HI> hath written on purpo&s;e in the Latine Tongue.</P>
</DIV1>
</BACK>
</TEXT>
<TEXT LANG="eng">
<FRONT>
<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
<PB REF="64">
<P>AN INTERROGATORY Relating more particularly to the <HI>H&V;SBANDRY</HI> And Naturall Hi&s;tory of IRELAND.</P>
<Q><BIBL><HI>Prov. 14. Ver&s;e 22.</HI></BIBL>
<P>Doe they not erre that devi&s;e evill? but mercie and truth &s;hall be to them that devi&s;e good?</P></Q>
<P><FIGURE>
</FIGURE></P>
<P>&leaf;Printed for <HI>Richard Wodenothe, MDCLII.</HI></P>
</DIV1>
</FRONT>
<BODY>
<DIV1 TYPE="appendix">
<PB REF="65">
<PB REF="65">
<HEAD>THE ALPHABET of <HI>Interrogatories.</HI></HEAD>
<DIV2 N="A" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>A.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Apricocks.</LABEL> _WHether any thing common in gar|dens, in who&s;e gar|dens, how long &s;ince they were brought in fir&s;t and by whom?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Acorns.</LABEL> Whether any &s;tore be in the Woods of <HI>Ireland,</HI> as to feed any great Herds of Swine, and whe|ther they ripen as kindly as in <HI>Eng|land?</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Acres.</LABEL> Difference of <HI>Iri&s;h</HI> and <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Acres, how many feet and perch|es go to an Acre, how many inch+es to a foot, and how many Acres to a Plow-land?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ale.</LABEL> What the be&s;t manner of brew|ing it, and wherein it d<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">ffers from the <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> Ale?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Alder.</LABEL> Whether any great &s;tore of them any where, to what u&s;es the timber of it is put?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Almonds.</LABEL> Whether any trees in <HI>Ireland,</HI> whether they bear any fruit at all, and whether it come to any Per|fection?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Allum.</LABEL> Whether any found in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, what quantity, how re|fined;</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ambergreece.</LABEL> Upon what parts of the coa&s;t any hath been found, when, by whom, in what quantity, what &s;orts, wherein and how much differing from the be&s;t?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ants, Pi&s;mires.</LABEL> Whether in any &s;uch quanti|ties, as to cau&s;e annoyance and wa&s;te of graines, what means u|&s;ed to de&s;troy them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Apples.</LABEL> Whether any great plenty any where, what &s;orts?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Artichoaks.</LABEL> How long known in <HI>Ireland,</HI> by whom brought in &s;ince when come to be plentiful?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>A&s;h tree.</LABEL> Where mo&s;t plentiful, in how much time from the &s;eed they will grow to perfect trees, to what u&s;es their timber is put?</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="66"><LABEL>A&s;hes.</LABEL> Where u&s;ed in &s;tead of dung, in what quantity, what time of the year, what good it doth?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>A&s;&s;es.</LABEL> By whom any were brought o|ver at any time, what numbers, how they thrived, and whether they did procreate?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="B" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>B.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Badgers.</LABEL> Where any are, what &s;tore, how they lodge them&s;elves, what they feed upon, what hurt they do, how hunted, how they do to defend or &s;ave them&s;elves, how many they whelp, what their skins are worth, and to what u&s;e put, whether any body do eat their fle&s;h?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bacon.</LABEL> The whole ordering of it, and the be&s;t ways?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bay-trees.</LABEL> Whether any &s;tore any where, and of any great bigne&s;&s;e, whe|ther at any time they bear ripe berries?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Barley.</LABEL> In which parts of the land mo&s;t &s;own, in what grounds, how manured, what proportion upon each Acre, what increa&s;e, what is the &s;eed-time, whether common|ly bread be made of it any where?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Barnacles.</LABEL> Where any are, in what num|bers, how &s;old, when they come in and go out, whether any &s;uch thing be, as Barnacles ingendred in &s;hels out of rotten wood, up|on what coa&s;ts any &s;uch thing hath been ob&s;erved, when, by whom, where, in what manner: how long ere they come to any perfection, whether they ingen|der at all, what colour they are of, what bigne&s;&s;e, what they feed on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Barred-harbours.</LABEL> Where any are, how &s;pacious, how many foot of water upon the barre at full &s;ea, how many at low water?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Barrel.</LABEL> What different &s;orts of barrels u&s;ual in <HI>Ireland,</HI> how they differ, what inferiour mea&s;ure they con|taine, how many of them go to an hog&s;head, and a tun, what pro|portion they bear to the <HI>London</HI>-mea&s;ures?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Barren-ground.</LABEL> What &s;orts of ground ab&s;o|lutely barren, not at all, or hard|ly to be made profitable, in what Counties and Baronies any be, and of what extent?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ba&s;e.</LABEL> Where any taken, what &s;tore when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bats.</LABEL> Whether and where any &s;tore of them, what hurt at any time done by them to man or bea&s;t, particulars of their breeding and feeding, how taken and de|&s;troyed?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Beans.</LABEL> In which parts mo&s;t &s;owen, on 
<PB REF="66">what grounds and how manured, with what increa&s;e, and for what u&s;es, how much &s;eed put to each Acre, when &s;owen?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Beare.</LABEL> Wherein differing from bar|ley, where mo&s;t &s;owen, at what time a year, on what ground, and how manured, what proportion for each Acre, what increa&s;e, for what u&s;es, whether any difference in goodne&s;&s;e betwixt Beare and Beare, and what difference?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Beefe.</LABEL> What quantities of beefe were wont yearly to be made by the Merchants in <HI>Dublin,</HI> and other Port-towns, what it would co&s;t them the barrel, and what they would &s;ell it beyond &s;eas, and in what places?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Beech-trees.</LABEL> Where any grow, what &s;tore, whether they bear nuts, and ripe ones, what u&s;es made of the wood?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Beere.</LABEL> How brewed in <HI>Ireland,</HI> what &s;everal ways, which the be&s;t, how to make it la&s;ting?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bees.</LABEL> Where mo&s;t kept, where any &s;tore of wilde ones, what grounds and herbs they mo&s;t delight in, how looked to, what hives, when they begin to make honey, when they give over, how much honey and wax ordinarily in one hive, when they take out the honey, whether they take all, or leave &s;ome for them to feed on during winter, what vermine they are obnoxious to, and how pre&s;erved from them, when the young &s;warmes are taken, and how hi|ved?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Beetles.</LABEL> What particulars ob&s;erved con|cerning their nature, breeding, feeding?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Birch-trees.</LABEL> Where any are, what &s;tore of them, how &s;owen, in what time they will grow to perfection, what u&s;e made of them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Birdlime.</LABEL> Where any made in <HI>Ireland,</HI> what quantity, in what manner?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Birds.</LABEL> What &s;orts of birds every where, what plenty, what good|ne&s;&s;e, when in &s;ea&s;on, how taken, their natures, breeding, feeding, what &s;orts of them are con&s;tant|ly in <HI>Ireland</HI> at all times, and what &s;orts do come and go at &s;certain &s;ea&s;ons?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Birds of Prey.</LABEL> What &s;orts in any place, what &s;tore, what hurt they do, how taken and de&s;troyed, how made tame?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Blackbirds.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore, when in &s;ea|&s;on, and how long, when their breeding-time, their feeding, ways of taking them, at what rates &s;old the do&s;en, whether any different &s;orts of them, and wherein they differ?</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="67"><LABEL>Bloomeries.</LABEL> The fa&s;hion of them, charges of making one, how many people nece&s;&s;ary to attend them, what quantity of iron they can melt in a day, and with what quantity of charcoal, whether the iron melt|ed in them differ in any thing from the iron melted in furnaces, and wherein, where any are, who&s;e they are, when and by whom erected?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bogs.</LABEL> What &s;everal &s;orts of them, the nature and condition of each of them, what u&s;e is or can be made of any of them, where any very great ones are, and of what length and breadth?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bogs draining.</LABEL> What bogs apt to be drained, how it is done, what the char|ges, what the profits, where, when, and by whom any great proportions have been drained, and what it hath advantaged them, whether any of them make good Arable, and how long it mu&s;t be fir&s;t?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Box-tree.</LABEL> Whether in any parts of <HI>Ire|land</HI> it groweth up to an height, and what &s;tore, in what grounds?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Brawn.</LABEL> The whole manner of the ma|king on't, differences of good|ne&s;&s;e, and from whence ari|&s;ing?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Breams.</LABEL> In what parts, what &s;tore, what bigne&s;&s;e and goodne&s;&s;e, when in &s;ea&s;on, and how long?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bricks.</LABEL> The whole manner of ma|king them, what manner of clay fitte&s;t for this u&s;e, what may be the charges, what errors u&s;ually committed in the making, and what the effects thereof, Since when begun to be u&s;ed in <HI>Ire|land?</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bridges.</LABEL> How many good ones, in eve|ry Countie and Baronie, of how many Arches, when built, and by whom?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Brooks.</LABEL> What brooks have any thing remarkable in their ri&s;ing, cour&s;e, over-flowings, (water-mills) vi|olence, fi&s;h, &amp;c?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Broom.</LABEL> What grounds they be, where it groweth plentifully, and ca|pable of what improvements?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bulls.</LABEL> Of their &s;ize, &s;trength, order|ing, diet, time of covering the Cows, what particulars ob&s;erved of their courage, &amp;c?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Bull-finch.</LABEL> Their nature, feeding, breeding, plenty, &s;ea&s;on, ways of taking them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Buntings,</LABEL> Their &s;hape, colours, nature, dyet, breeding, &s;ea&s;ons, num|bers.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Buzzards.</LABEL> Where any be, what &s;tore, na|ture, 
<PB REF="67">breeding, &s;hape, bigne&s;&s;e, &amp;c?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Butchers-broom.</LABEL> In what places it groweth, what u&s;e made on't?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Butter.</LABEL> The whole manner of making and ordering it, both for good|ne&s;&s;e and la&s;ting; what proportion of it out of a proportion of milk and cream, different &s;orts, (for colour, ta&s;te, goodne&s;&s;e) and the cau&s;es?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Butter-flies.</LABEL> Their &s;everal &s;orts, natures, feeding, breeding, &s;ea&s;ons, chan|ges.</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="C" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>C.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cabbage.</LABEL> The &s;everal &s;orts of them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Calves.</LABEL> The manner of rearing them, Calving-time, whether at any time more then one calved at once?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cane-Apples.</LABEL> Where any grow, what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Carp.</LABEL> Where, what &s;tore, their &s;ea|&s;on, bigne&s;&s;e, goodne&s;&s;e? <HI>Carrets.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Caterpillars.</LABEL> Their &s;orts, when and where mo&s;t cumber&s;om, what ways u&s;ed to de&s;troy them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Caves. Cats.</LABEL> Where any be, how deep, how large, the fa&s;hion of them, what within them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Champion.</LABEL> What Counties and Baronies, altogether or for the mo&s;t part are champion land, and wha oile?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Charcoale.</LABEL> Of what &s;orts of wood u&s;ually made, and the whole manner of making them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Chee&s;e.</LABEL> The whole manner of making it, the different &s;orts for good|ne&s;&s;e, with the cau&s;es thereof?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cherries.</LABEL> Where any great &s;tore, by whom planted, what &s;orts?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Che&s;nuts.</LABEL> Where any grow, when and by whom planted, whether they bear any ripe fruit, or any at all?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cider.</LABEL> Whether any made in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, when, by whom, what quantity, what goodne&s;&s;e, how la&s;ting? <HI>Climate.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Clay.</LABEL> What &s;everal &s;orts of it, which good, which barren, how to be handled and mended, of what depth, which be&s;t for brick?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Coales.</LABEL> Where any found, when, by whom, what &s;orts, of what good|ne&s;&s;e, what charges the digging, how deep they dig for them, and in what manner, what &s;oil above them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cockles.</LABEL> Where any Plenty of them, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cock of the Wood.</LABEL> Where any be, what &s;tore, their &s;ize, 
<PB REF="68">colour, nature, breeding, feed|ing, &s;ea&s;on, what meat they be, manner of taking them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Colliflowers.</LABEL> In who&s;e garden any, when brought in, by whom, what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cod.</LABEL> On what parts of the coa&s;t it mo&s;t abounds, &s;ea&s;ons of fi&s;hing them, what profit, the whole manner of &s;alting, them, what quantity one Fi&s;herman may take in twenty foure houres, in what depths, and how farre from the land, what weather and wind be&s;t for fi&s;hing, what worth the tun, and what the charges?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Conger.</LABEL> Where any taken, what &s;tore, of what different bigne&s;&s;e and goodne&s;&s;e, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cordage.</LABEL> Where any made, what &s;tore and &s;ize, what charges, what pro|fit?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cormorants.</LABEL> Where any be, what numbers, their bigne&s;&s;e, colour, &s;hape, na|ture, their manner of fi&s;hing and feeding, where they breed, how taken alive, whether ever any bo|dy made them tame, who, when, where, what they would per|form?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Corne.</LABEL> What &s;orts are mo&s;t common|ly &s;owen in each part of <HI>Ireland,</HI> vvhat ground, and how manured, be&s;t for each kind, how much of any &s;ort commonly &s;ovven upon one Acre, and how much that u|&s;eth to yield?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cornelians.</LABEL> Where any grovv, &s;ince vvhen, in vvho&s;e Orchards?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cowes.</LABEL> The be&s;t vvays of ordering them for breeding and milk, vvhen they take the Bull, hovv long after they calve, vvhat quan|tities of milk ordinarily an Eng|li&s;h Covv may give in the &s;everal times of the year, and vvhat an I|ri&s;h, their di&s;ea&s;es, the nature and the cure of them, hovv old they begin to calve, and hovv long they continue?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Crabs.</LABEL> Where they are in any plenty, vvhat &s;orts, what &s;ea&s;ons, hovv they are taken?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cranes.</LABEL> Where any be, vvhat &s;tore, their nature, breeding, feeding, &s;ea&s;on, vvhat meat they are?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Crayfi&s;h.</LABEL> Where any is taken, vvhat &s;tore, in vvhat manner, vvhat &s;ea&s;ons?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Crickets.</LABEL> Their &s;everal &s;orts, nature, in|gendrings, feedings, &s;ea&s;ons?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Crowes.</LABEL> What &s;orts of them in <HI>Ireland,</HI> vvhat hurt they do, hovv hindred or de&s;troyed, vvhether any body eats them, and vvhat meat they are? Ob&s;ervations of their na|ture and properties.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Cuckows.</LABEL> Their nature, breeding, feed|ing, 
<PB REF="68">&s;ea&s;on, bigne&s;&s;e, &s;hape, co|lour, vvhat meat they are?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Curlews.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore of them is, their &s;hape, bigne&s;&s;e, colours, na|ture, breeding, &s;ea&s;on, ways of ta|king them?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="D" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>D.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Darnik.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Daws.</LABEL> See <HI>Iackdaws.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Deare.</LABEL> What &s;tore in any place, what kinds, their fawning-time, how long they are with fawn, how many they u&s;e to fawn, what time a yeare they ca&s;t their hornes, how long it is before they begin to bud out again, and in what &s;pace they come to their perfect bigne&s;&s;e? Ob&s;ervations of their nature, long-livedne&s;&s;e: Wherein Chiefly layeth the difference be|twixt red deare, and fallow deare?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Dew.</LABEL> What time a yeare, and in what weather, mo&s;t plentifull, what good or harme it doth at any time?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Diamond.</LABEL> Fal&s;e diamonds, like Bri&s;tows, found &s;ome where, in what places, upon or under the ground?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Di&s;ea&s;es of men.</LABEL> What di&s;ea&s;es peculiar and reigning in &s;ome parts of the countrey? the nature, cau&s;es, cures thereof.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Di&s;ea&s;es of bea&s;ts.</LABEL> What di&s;ea&s;es among&s;t all &s;orts of tame bea&s;ts, Common in <HI>Ire|land,</HI> the nature, cau&s;es, cures thereof.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ditching.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Divers.</LABEL> Where any are, what &s;tore, their nature, &s;hape bigne&s;&s;e, co|lour, ta&s;te, &s;ea&s;on, feeding, breed|ing?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Dogfi&s;h.</LABEL> Where taken, what quantities, what &s;ea&s;on, their bigne&s;&s;e, &s;hape, nature, ta&s;te?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Dogs.</LABEL> The &s;everal kinds of dogs in <HI>Ireland,</HI> their &s;everal natures and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Dotterels.</LABEL> Whether any in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where their &s;hape, nature, colour, manner of taking them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Doves.</LABEL> See <HI>Pigeons.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Draining of Bogs.</LABEL> See <HI>Bogs.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ducks.</LABEL> Ordering and profit of Ducks. Wilde Ducks, vvhere is any &s;tore, in vvhat &s;ea&s;ons, hovv taken?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Dung.</LABEL> Several &s;orts of dung u&s;ual in <HI>Ireland,</HI> for vvhat grounds, and grains each &s;ort, hovv, vvhen, and in vvhat quantity to be laid on?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="E" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>E.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Eagles.</LABEL> Where any are, vvhat &s;orts, ob&s;ervations of their nature and properties, their manner of hunt|ing, &amp;c.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Earth.</LABEL> What &s;everal &s;orts of earth in <HI>Ireland,</HI> hovv differing for fruit|fulne&s;&s;e, 
<PB REF="69">and in the &s;everal vvays of manuring, the defects of each &s;ort hovv to be amended?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Earthquakes.</LABEL> Whether any in <HI>Ireland</HI> at any time, when, hovv long continued, vvhat harme done by them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Earewigs.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL><HI>Ebbe</HI> and <HI>Flood.</HI></LABEL> See <HI>Tides.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Eeles.</LABEL> Where mo&s;t abundant, bigge&s;t, be&s;t, vvhere and vvhen taken in great numbers, vvith vvhat nets, in vvhat vveather and &s;ea&s;on, the manner of &s;alting them, vvhat the charges, and vvhat the profits of the Eele&s;i&s;hing, vvhen they come in &s;ea&s;on and hovv long they con|tinue, vvhat hath been ob&s;erved about their ingendring and breed|ing?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Elder.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Elecampane.</LABEL> Where any grovveth of it &s;elf, any vvhere, vvhere, and vvhat &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Elmes.</LABEL> Where any grovv in the coun|trey, vvhat &s;tore, by whom plant|ed?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="F" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>F</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fallow deere.</LABEL> See <HI>Deere.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fals, Salmon leaps.</LABEL> In what rivers any are, in what Counties, and Baronies, neere what Towns, how farre from the &s;ea, how high, how broade.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Faulcons.</LABEL> Where any breed, what &s;tore, where de&s;troyed, how taken, how taught, how to be ordered, and dyeted; Ob&s;ervations of their nature, properties, engendring, manner of preying.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Felfares.</LABEL> Where any are, what &s;tore, in what &s;ea&s;ons, their &s;hape, bigne&s;&s;e, Colour, ta&s;te, price, feeding?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ferrets.</LABEL> Where any are wilde, how ta|ken, how made tame, how dyet|ed?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fig-trees.</LABEL> Where any grow, in who&s;e gardens, whether at any time they beare any fruit, or any at all?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Filberts.</LABEL> Where any grow wilde? or in gardens?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Finches.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore of them, what &s;orts, how differing in &s;hape and Colour, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fir-trees.</LABEL> Where any grow, what &s;tore, what u&s;e made of them: where any found in bogs, how deep un|der ground, whether the &s;tems only, or with rootes and bran|ches?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fi&s;h.</LABEL> What rivers and loghs mo&s;t a|bounding with fi&s;h, what kinds, what goodne&s;&s;e; What &s;trange fi&s;hes now and them are taken, or ca&s;t a &s;hoare?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fi&s;hing.</LABEL> What weather in general mo&s;t fit for fi&s;hing; dark, gloomy days and troubled waters, or Sun&s;hine 
<PB REF="69">and calmes. The &s;everal &s;orts of nets u&s;ed in the &s;ea; locks, rivers, with the fa&s;hion and bigne&s;&s;e of every one of them; and which nets mo&s;t u&s;ed, for which kinds of fi&s;hes, the &s;everal baites. What other ways u&s;ed for the taking of fi&s;h, be&s;ides nets and angling.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Flax.</LABEL> What &s;tore of flax &s;owed in each County and Barony, of what goodne&s;&s;e, the whole or|dering of flax, to make it fit for &s;pinning?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Flies.</LABEL> The &s;everal &s;orts of them, when they come in, when they go out?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fleas.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL><HI>Flood</HI> and <HI>Ebbe.</HI></LABEL> See <HI>Tides.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Floods. Land floods.</LABEL> Which parts mo&s;t obnoxious to them, what harm they &s;uffer therby, and how to be remedied?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Flowers.</LABEL> What variety of rare and choice flowers in gardens, and in who&s;e gardens?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Flownders.</LABEL> The &s;everal &s;orts of them, where greate&s;t &s;tore of them, when and how long in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Foards.</LABEL> De&s;cription of all Foards in a|ny County or Barony, that have any thing peculiar or remarkable in them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Foggs.</LABEL> In which parts mo&s;t frequent, and when, what harm they are found to do to man or bea&s;t?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Forelands.</LABEL> De&s;cription of all the remark|able Forelands in each County upon the coa&s;t, how far they run into the &s;ea, how high, what land, barren or fruitful, low or high, rockie or &s;andie, or earthy, with a &s;trand or without?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fowle.</LABEL> What &s;orts of Fowle in every Province and County, what &s;tore, what &s;ea&s;ons, how taken, what &s;orts are con&s;tant in the Nation, and what &s;orts do come and go at certain &s;ea&s;ons?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fountains.</LABEL> What fountains in any parts that have any thing remarkable in them, for largene&s;&s;e, fa&s;hion, properties of water, manner of ri&s;ing, &amp;c.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Foxes.</LABEL> Where mo&s;t abundant, what harm done by them, the &s;everal ways of taking and killing them: what particulars have been ob&s;er|ved concerning their breeding, lodging, preying, cunning, what profit made of their skins, and how &s;old the do&s;en at fir&s;t hand?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Free&s;tone.</LABEL> What &s;orts of it, differing in colour, hardne&s;&s;e, &s;moothne&s;&s;e, &amp;c. what kinds grow better by wind and rain, and what &s;orts wor&s;e, where any very deep quar|ries are, and how deep?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>French beanes.</LABEL> How long &s;ince, and by whom 
<PB REF="70">brought into <HI>Ireland</HI> fir&s;t?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Fruits.</LABEL> What &s;everal &s;orts of good fruit in any gardens and or|chards, and who&s;e, how it u&s;eth to ripen?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Furres.</LABEL> What &s;everal &s;orts of Furres the countrey affords, and at what rates, the manner of dre&s;&s;ing them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Furze.</LABEL> Several &s;orts of Furze, what profit Furze affordeth, in what time it cometh to Perfection, what benefit bringeth to the ground?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="G" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>G.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Galls.</LABEL> Whether any grow upon the Oaks in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Gardens.</LABEL> Where any choice gardens (for rare plants, flowers, fruits) when and by whom made?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Gee&s;e.</LABEL> Where any great flocks were kept, and what profits made of them? Wilde Gee&s;e, in what parts, what &s;tore, their &s;ea&s;ons, whether they breed in the Coun|trey or come from other Coun|treys, and from whence?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Gla&s;&s;e.</LABEL> Where any Gla&s;&s;e-hou&s;es, by whom made, what the profits of them yearly, all charges abated; where they have their materials, if in the land, in what parts, what &s;orts of gla&s;&s;e they make, and out of what proportions of land and a&s;hes, the whole manner of melt|ing the gla&s;&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Glue.</LABEL> What &s;orts of Glue made in <HI>Ireland,</HI> in what places, of what materials, after what manner?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Goats. Gnats.</LABEL> Where any flocks kept, what the profits that are made of them, what the yearly increa&s;e, what time a year they u&s;e to kid, how many at once, how long they are at once, whether any u&s;e made of their haire, and what?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Godwins.</LABEL> Where any be, what &s;tore, their &s;hape, bigne&s;&s;e, Colour, feeding, &s;ea&s;on, goodne&s;&s;e:</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Go&s;hawks.</LABEL> Wherein they differ from other hawks, their &s;hape &amp; big|ne&s;&s;e, where they breed, how they are taken, how nurtured, at what games they are be&s;t, the manner of their flights?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Goldfinches.</LABEL> Where any plenty of them, their &s;hape Colours; how they are taken?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Grafting.</LABEL> What kinds of grafting u&s;ed in <HI>Ireland,</HI> what time a yeare be&s;t for them, what particulars to be ob&s;erved about them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Gray-hounds.</LABEL> What kinds of them in <HI>Ireland,</HI> their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Grains.</LABEL> See <HI>Corne.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="70"><LABEL>Grapes.</LABEL> Whether any come to ripe|ne&s;&s;e, where, what kinds, in who&s;e gardens?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Gra&s;hoppers.</LABEL> Whether any in <HI>Ireland,</HI> what kinds, what time a year?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Gra&s;&s;e.</LABEL> The cau&s;es of &s;oure rank gra&s;&s;e, where the &s;weete&s;t gra&s;&s;e, where the deepe&s;t and thicke&s;t, what gra&s;&s;e fitte&s;t to be pre&s;er|ved for winter-feeding, what gra&s;&s;e be&s;t for Sheep, Cowes, Oxen, Goats, Hor&s;es?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Grow&s;es.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore of them, their &s;hape, bigne&s;&s;e, colour, when in &s;ea&s;on, what kind of meat they are?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Gudgeons.</LABEL> Where any be taken, what time of the year, their &s;hape and bigne&s;&s;e?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="H" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>H.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Haddock.</LABEL> Where taken in great quanti|ties, how farre from the coa&s;t, what time a year, how &s;alted, when be&s;t of all to be eaten?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Haile.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hay.</LABEL> All the particulars to be ob|&s;erved about hay-making.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hares.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Havens.</LABEL> De&s;criptions of each haven, in what Countie, how far from the next havens, how large, hovv deep, hovv far they run into the land, hovv vvide at the mouth, vvhether barred or no<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">, vvhat rocks and &s;ands before or vvithin them, the &s;hape of them.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hawks.</LABEL> What &s;orts of Havvks in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where they breed, vvhat &s;tore, hovv and vvherin they differ from each other, the manner of the &s;lights of each of them, and at vvhat games each of them be&s;t, and hovv to be nurtured?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Heads. Capes.</LABEL> De&s;cription of all the principal heads of the Coa&s;t, their height, &s;paciou&s;ne&s;&s;e, vvhether of bare rock, heathie, gra&s;&s;ie, vvhether &s;teep, or vvith a &s;trand before them, hovv far di&s;tant from the next places of note.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Herbs.</LABEL> What gardens &s;tored vvith rare and choice herbs, and vvith vvhat &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Heaths.</LABEL> Where any grear Heaths, vvhat extent, vvhether in Champion or Mountain, vvhether altogether barren, or &s;ome vvays improvable, vvho hath reduced Heaths into profitable lands, vvhat &s;copes, vvith vvhat helps, and to vvhat ad|vantages?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Heath-cocks.</LABEL> See <HI>Grow&s;es.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hedge-hogs.</LABEL> Where they breed in any great numbers, vvhat they feed on, vvhat harm they do, vvhat vvays u&s;ed to take them, hovv they ingender, and hovv numerou&s;ly, vvhether their fle&s;h eaten by any, vvhat u&s;e made of their skins?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hedging.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="71"><LABEL>Hempe.</LABEL> Where any great quantities &s;ovvn, upon vvhat ground, and hovv manured, vvhat hurt or good it doth to the ground, the vvhole manner of ordering hempe?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hern&s;haws.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hens.</LABEL> Where any be, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on, what paticulars have, been ob&s;erved about their nature breeding, feeding, &amp;c.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Herrings.</LABEL> On what places of the Coa&s;t taken, what time a year, what quantities, how &s;old the mea&s;e, the whole manner of &s;alting and re-&s;alting them, what are the &s;ignes of their being out of &s;ea|&s;on, what windes and weather be&s;t for taking them.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hides.</LABEL> What quantities yearly u&s;ed to be &s;ent forth, at what rates.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hills.</LABEL> What Countreys all hillie?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hoary-fro&s;ts.</LABEL> What hurt done by them to fruit, corne, gra&s;&s;e, &amp;c.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hobbies.</LABEL> What their peculiar quality, &s;ize, what &s;tore of the race left, and where? <HI>Hogs.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hollie.</LABEL> Where any great &s;tore groweth, and to a perfect bigne&s;&s;e, what u&s;e made of the wood &amp; of the rind?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Honey.</LABEL> What quantities made in &s;uch or &s;uch a Countie. what &s;orts, what goodne&s;&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hops.</LABEL> Where any hop gardens, when and by whom planted, what year|ly profit they yield. Of what goodne&s;&s;e the Iri&s;h hops?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hor&s;es.</LABEL> What good races in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where and who&s;e, where any great &s;teeds kept, by whom, upon what grounds, how long Mares are with foale, vvhether ever they foale more then one at once, at vvhat years they u&s;e to give over. Di&s;ea&s;es ordinarily incident to hor&s;es, the cau&s;es, prevention, and cures of them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hor&s;eleeches.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Hounds.</LABEL></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="I" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>I.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Iackdaws.</LABEL> What &s;tore of them in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where mo&s;t, vvhat harm they do, their nature and breeding?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ice.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>I&s;lands.</LABEL> De&s;cription of the I&s;lands up|on the coa&s;t, and in the Loghs, their number, bigne&s;&s;e, vvhat kind of &s;oile, and vvhat they bear, vvhat trees on them, vvhat hills, brooks, rocks in them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Iron.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Iron-mines.</LABEL> Where any Iron-mines are, of vvhat &s;orts, (rock-m<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">ne, vvhite-mine or bog-mine,) hovv found out, and hovv digg'd, e&s;pecially the bog-mine and rock-mine, vvhich mines the riche&s;t, and hovv much oare vvill yield a tun of iron, vvhat kind of iron each &s;ort of Mine giveth.</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="71"><LABEL>Iron-works.</LABEL> Where any are, and vvho&s;e, vvhen and by whom made, the charges of making one, and of maintaining one, vvhat yearly profit they yield, hovv much iron they melt in tvventy foure houres, what proportion of char|choale is laid to the oare, in vvhat order they are put into the fur|nace, hovv far the furnace is fil|led vvhat &s;tore of men imployed about one work, and in what &s;e|veral offices. The manner of melt|ing and hammering the iron, at the forges, and with how much wa&s;te?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Juniper-trees.</LABEL> Whether any grow in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="K" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>K.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Kine.</LABEL> <P>See <HI>Cows.</HI></P>
<P>What the be&s;t grounds and gra&s;&s;e for Kine to feed on, what d<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">&s;ea&s;es incident to Kine, and the ways to prevent and cure them.</P></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Kites.</LABEL> What &s;tore in <HI>Ireland,</HI> what places they breed, what ways u|&s;ed to de&s;troy them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Knives.</LABEL> Where any good ones made, where they have the &s;teel, how they temper them, what waters be&s;t for to harden them &amp;c.</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="L" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>L.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Lambs.</LABEL> The manner of rearing them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Lampreys.</LABEL> Where any be, what &s;tore, how taken, when in &s;ea&s;on, how they breed and ingender?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Lands.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Leeks.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Larks.</LABEL> Ob&s;ervations concerning their nature and properties, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Leather.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Lettice.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Leeches.</LABEL> See <HI>Hor&s;e-leeches.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Licoris.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Leeks.</LABEL> Where any groweth, what quantity, what goodne&s;&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Lice.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Lime. Lime&s;tone.</LABEL> What &s;everal &s;orts of kilnes u|&s;ed for lime, and what &s;orts of fiering, the whole manner of burning lime, and the charges of it, whether any differences of lime&s;tone, in colour, brittlene&s;&s;e, &amp;c. where they u&s;e lime for the inriching of the ground, what quantity to an Acre, what time a yeare?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Lightning.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Lind-trees.</LABEL> Whether any grow in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, and by whom planted?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ling.</LABEL> Where any taken, what quan|tity, what time a year, the man|ner of &s;alting it, the &s;hape of the fi&s;h?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Li&s;ards.</LABEL> Ob&s;ervations of their nature and properties</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Loghs.</LABEL> What Loghs in every Province and County, of what depth, length, breadth, compa&s;&s;e, what I&s;lands in them, and what &s;orts of fi&s;h?</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="72"><LABEL>Lob&s;ters.</LABEL> In what places they are plenti|ful, when in &s;ea&s;on, what time of the year they ca&s;t their coat, and how long it is before they get a new one.</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="M" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>M.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Maccamboy.</LABEL> Whether there be &s;uch a thing at all, that this herb &s;hould purge the body meerly by external touch, or whether it be a fable, what particular ob&s;ervations have been taken for or again&s;t it, the &s;hape of the herb, and in what place it groweth?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Macarels.</LABEL> On what parts of the coa&s;ts they are taken in any great plen|ty, when they come to be in &s;ea|&s;on, and how long?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Madder.</LABEL> Whether any be planted in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, what quantities, how manured and ordered?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Maggot apies.</LABEL> See <HI>Pies. Maggots.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Maids, A kind of &s;cate or thorn-back.</LABEL> In what parts to be had, what quantity, what time a year, their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mallards.</LABEL> See <HI>Ducks.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Malt.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Manuring.</LABEL> The &s;everal ways of manuring the ground, with all the particu|lars of each kind, and where u&s;ed?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Marble.</LABEL> What &s;orts are found, in what places, in what ground, (champi|on, mountain or hill) vvhat &s;oile over head, how deep they dig for it, the charges of digging it?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Marle.</LABEL> Where any is found, in what County and Baronie of each Pro|vince, how long &s;ince it was found, and by whom, what ground o|ver head, and how deep, the depth of the Marle it &s;elf, the na|ture and colour on't, upon what grounds they u&s;e it, what time a year, how many loads to an Acre, and at what charges, what grains marled land wilt bear, and how many years together, how to be u&s;ed afterwards, and whether it may be u&s;ed more then once upon the &s;ame piece of ground, and with what effect?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mar&s;hmallows.</LABEL> Whether any grow of them|&s;elves, where, what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ma&s;tiffs.</LABEL> What &s;tore of them in <HI>Ireland,</HI> their &s;everal natures and proper|ties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Match.</LABEL> Where any made in <HI>Ireland,</HI> of the whole manner of making it?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mea&s;ures.</LABEL> What &s;everal mea&s;ures u&s;uall in <HI>Ireland,</HI> for the mea&s;uring of Land, Corne, Beere, Wine, Fi&s;h &amp;c.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Meaws, &s;ea-meaws.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore, what u&s;e made of them; their nature and properties; whether there be any different kinds of them; and what?</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="72"><LABEL>Meadows.</LABEL> The time and manner of laying meadows, what grounds be&s;t for meadows; and in which meadows the &s;weete&s;t gra&s;&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Medlers.</LABEL> Where any grow, whether wilde, or in Gardens only?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Merlin.</LABEL> Where any ayries of them; how and when to be taken; and to be u&s;ed to the hand; their na|ture and properties, the manner of their flights; and on what game they are be&s;t; how to be looked to, and dieted?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mice.</LABEL> Whether field-mice any where, what &s;tore, what harme they do; how de&s;troyed?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Milke</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mines,</LABEL> See <HI>Iron-mines Silver-mines</HI>
<P>VVhat &s;hare the King had in mines that are found out, and what &s;hare the Lord of the Man|nor?</P></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Minerals.</LABEL> VVhat &s;everal &s;orts of mine|rals, found in any parts of <HI>Ire|land?</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mi&s;ts,</LABEL> See <HI>Fogs.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Moales.</LABEL> VVhether any be in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Moore-hens.</LABEL> VVhere any found, what &s;tore, what time a yeare be&s;t for meat; their &s;hape, bigne&s;&s;e, Colours; nature, properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mountaine.</LABEL> What proportion of moun|tain in each Province and Coun|ty, the length and breadth of it, how high, where at the highe&s;t, what &s;oile, and what it beareth?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mud.</LABEL> Where u&s;ed to inrich the grounds, in what manner and proportion?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mulberries.</LABEL> Where any grow, and in who&s;e Gardens?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mullet.</LABEL> Where any taken, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on, their nature, pro|perties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Muskemillions.</LABEL> Whether any grow in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and come to any perfection?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Muskets.</LABEL> Whether any made in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, and how?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Mu&s;&s;els.</LABEL> Where in greate&s;t plenty, what &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Muttons.</LABEL> General rules about the ma|king and ordering of Muttons?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="N" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>N.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Nightingailes.</LABEL> Whether any body ever brought any over, and how long they lived in <HI>Ireland.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="O" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>O.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Oakes.</LABEL> What Oaks of any extraordi|nary bigne&s;&s;e any where are, or-have been lately.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Oa&s;e. Sea-Oa&s;e.</LABEL> What &s;tore in any plaee, what 
<PB REF="73">kinds, what u&s;e made thereof?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Oates.</LABEL> Where mo&s;t &s;owen, on what grounds, how manured, their &s;eed-time, their kinds?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Oatmeale.</LABEL> Where any made, and the whole manner of making it?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Oy&s;ters.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Onions.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore, what &s;orts, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Orchards.</LABEL> Where the mo&s;t, where a|ny choice ones, when and by whom planted, what good fruits in them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>O&s;prays,</LABEL> Where any be, their &s;hape, bigne&s;&s;e, colour, their manner of taking fi&s;h, whether any be made tame, and what &s;port they af|ford?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Otters.</LABEL> In what parts any be, what &s;tore, how they are taken, what u&s;e made of their fle&s;h, their na|ture and properties, manner of their building, at what rates their skins are &s;old at fir&s;t hand?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Owles.</LABEL> What &s;orts of them in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where, their nature, proper|ties, ne&s;ts, diet, whether u&s;ed for birding in any parts of <HI>Ire|land?</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Oxen.</LABEL></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="P" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>P.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Paper.</LABEL> Whether any be made in <HI>Ire|land,</HI> where, the whole manner of it?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Parkes.</LABEL> Where any were before the&s;e troubles, when and by whome made, what compa&s;&s;e, what vert, what &s;ort and &s;tore of Deerein them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Parrets.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Par&s;neps.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Partridges.</LABEL> In what Counties and Baronies any be, where they mo&s;t abound, when in &s;ea&s;on, ob&s;ervations con|cerning their nature and proper|ties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Patricks-Purgatory.</LABEL> Perfect de&s;cription of the Logh, I&s;land, Caves, and the whole proceedings there, during the Ju&s;tice&s;hip of the Earle of <HI>Corke,</HI> and the Lord Chancellour <HI>Loftus.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Peaches.</LABEL> Where any good ones, and any &s;tore doth grow?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Peacocks</LABEL> Whether any in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, with whom?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Peares.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore, and what &s;orts?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pearmains.</LABEL> Whether any grow in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where, when planted, and by whom?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pearles.</LABEL> Where any found, what &s;tore, what goodne&s;&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pea&s;e.</LABEL> Where mo&s;t &s;owen, on what grounds, and how manured, their &s;eed-time, what u&s;es made of them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="73"><LABEL>Perches.</LABEL> Where any, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Perrie.</LABEL> Whether any made in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, by whom?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Perwinkles.</LABEL> Where taken, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Phe&s;ants.</LABEL> Where any be, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on, their nature and properties, manner of hunting and taking them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pigeons.</LABEL> Where any great &s;tore of tame ones, and where of wilde ones; what ways u&s;ed to take the wilde ones; their nature and proper|ties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pigeons-dung.</LABEL> Where u&s;ed to dung the ground, in what manner, to what purpo&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pigs.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pikes.</LABEL> Where any, what &s;tore, what bigne&s;&s;e, when in &s;ea&s;on, what &s;everal wayes of taking them.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pilchards.</LABEL> Where any Pilchard-fi&s;hing, what time a yeare, what charges, what profit, how farre from the coa&s;t, the whole manner of or|dering and &s;alting them, whither they are tran&s;ported?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pintails.</LABEL> Pintail is a bird in bigne&s;&s;e be|tween a Duck and teale, of co|lour like a wilde-duck; in the taile it hath a &s;pring of feathers in fa&s;hion like a buls pi&s;ell, three or foure inches long, of dainty various colours, are no where in <HI>Ireland,</HI> but in <HI>Connaught,</HI> and there at no other time of the year, than in <HI>February;</HI> and then they are there in great abundance; &s;o as ordinarily they are &s;old at four and &s;ix pence a couple; they are mo&s;t dainty meat.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pipe-&s;taves.</LABEL> Where any made, what &s;tore, what charges, what profit, whether tran&s;ported?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pi&s;mires,</LABEL> See <HI>Ants.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pippins.</LABEL> Whether any grow in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, by whom planted, and when, what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pi&s;tols.</LABEL> Where any made, what &s;tore, what goodne&s;&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Places.</LABEL> Where taken, what &s;tore, what bigne&s;&s;e, and goodne&s;&s;e, what time a yeare?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Plague.</LABEL> When any in <HI>Ireland,</HI> how farre it &s;pread, what numbers it killed how long it la&s;ted?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Plants.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Plovers</LABEL> Gray Plovers, and greene Plo|vers, where, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on, what particulars ob|&s;erved about their nature &amp; pro|perties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Plow-land.</LABEL> What it is, and of what ex|tent?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Plums.</LABEL> What &s;orts of Plums in <HI>Ireland,</HI> what &s;tore, 
<PB REF="74">where, by whom brought into <HI>Ireland?</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Poi&s;ons.</LABEL> Particular ob&s;ervations of the Antipathy of the Iri&s;h earth and Aire, again&s;t all poi&s;onous crea|tures?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Poplars.</LABEL> Where any grow, what &s;tore, what u&s;es made of them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pork.</LABEL> Goodne&s;&s;e of Iri&s;h pork, and the whole manner of ordering it?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Porpa&s;es.</LABEL> Where any be, what &s;tore, what time a yeare; their &s;hape, bigne&s;&s;e, nature?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Potatoes.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore &s;owen, when brought over fir&s;t; and by whom; what u&s;es made of them, what time to be taken up, and how to be pre&s;erved?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Powder, Gunpowder.</LABEL> Where any made, what quan|tity; from whence they have the Materials?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Prawms,</LABEL> See <HI>Shrimps.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Privet.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Puits.</LABEL> Whether any in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, what &s;ea&s;on; their &s;hape, big|ne&s;&s;e, Colour, nature?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pumpions.</LABEL> Whether they come to per|fection in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where they grow; and what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Pumie&s;tone.</LABEL> Whether any found in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="Q" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>Q.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Quailes.</LABEL> Where any, what &s;tore, what &s;ea&s;on; their nature and proper|ties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Quick&s;ets.</LABEL> Where any very good ones, the whole manner of ordering them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Quinces.</LABEL> Where any grow, when and by whome planted?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="R" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>R</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Radi&s;h.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Railes.</LABEL> Where any; what &s;tore, what &s;ea&s;on, their &s;hape, bigne&s;&s;e, Co|lours, what wayes they are taken?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Rape&s;eed.</LABEL> Where &s;owen, on what ground, how manured, the profits thereof?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ra&s;ors.</LABEL> VVhere taken, what &s;tore, what bigne&s;&s;e, and goodne&s;&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ra&s;ps.</LABEL> Whether any grow wilde in <HI>Ireland;</HI> where, what &s;tore; what kinds?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Rats.</LABEL> Where the mo&s;t abound, and &s;ince when; what wayes u&s;ed to de&s;troy them; what parts cleare from them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ravens.</LABEL> What &s;tore in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where mo&s;t; what particular ob|&s;ervations have been made con|cerning their nature, proper|ties, long life?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Red Deeres.</LABEL> 
<PB REF="74">Where any, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on, particulars ob&s;erved concerning their nature, proper|ties, long life; when they ca&s;t their hornes, when they grow a|gaine, and when they come to their perfection. In what &s;pace of time Red Deere commeth to its full perfection; their fawning|time, and how long they are with fawne?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Red herrings.</LABEL> Whether any made in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Reeds.</LABEL> What &s;orts of them in <HI>Ireland;</HI> and where; what u&s;e made of them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Rhubarb.</LABEL> Where it groweth, in what quantitie?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Rie.</LABEL> In what parts of <HI>Ireland</HI> mo&s;t &s;own, on what grounds, how much to an Acre, and what in|crea&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ring-doves.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Rivers.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Rinnet.</LABEL> Particular de&s;cription of all ri|vers in each Province and Coun|tie, where they ri&s;e, where they fall into the &s;ea or other rivers, through what Locks they pa&s;&s;e what &s;orts of fi&s;h is in them, what fi&s;hing, and at what times a year, how far they ebb and flow, Ships of what burden may come into them, and how far, how far they are portable at all: what towns of note, great hils, woods, great bogs they pa&s;&s;e clo&s;e by, how long, &amp; how deep and broad, where at the broade&s;t, and deepe&s;t, what time a year they u&s;e to &s;well mo&s;t, what weres and falls are in them, and where-abouts?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Roads.</LABEL> What roads of note upon any parts of the coa&s;ts; how neer to the &s;hore &s;hips may come to an Anchor there, in how much wa|ter, and for what winds lay Landlockt?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Robin-red-bre&s;ts:</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Roches.</LABEL> Where any are, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Rooks.</LABEL> Where any are, what &s;tore; whether any eat them; of their nature and properties, wherein they differ from Crows?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Rot of &s;heep.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ro&s;es:</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ru&s;hes.</LABEL> The &s;everall &s;orts of them, and to what u&s;es they are put?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Ru&s;&s;etings.</LABEL> Whether any grow in <HI>Ireland,</HI> in who&s;e gardens, when brought in?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="S" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>S</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Saffron.</LABEL> Whether any groweth in <HI>Ire|land,</HI> where, what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Salmons. Salmon-fi&s;hing.</LABEL> Where any are taken, what quantities, in what times of the year?</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="75"><LABEL>Salmon-&s;alting.</LABEL> The Manner of them? what Salt be&s;t?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sallows.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Salt.</LABEL> Whether any made or refined in any part of <HI>Ireland,</HI> and the whole manner of doing it?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Salt-peter.</LABEL> Whether any made in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, what &s;tore: the whole manner on't?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sampier.</LABEL> Where any groweth, and what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sand.</LABEL> Whether there be any &s;andy places in the land altogether bar|ren, where, of what extent, and what kinde of &s;and?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Savin.</LABEL> Whether any groweth in <HI>Ireland,</HI> where, what &s;tore, to what height?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sea aire.</LABEL> What hath been ob&s;erved in the &s;everall parts of the coa&s;ts: Concerning the &s;ea-aire, what good or hurt it doth, to men, bea&s;ts, trees, Corne, and grounds?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sea-coales,</LABEL> See <HI>coales.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Seales.</LABEL> Where any are, what &s;tore, how taken, of their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Service-trees.</LABEL> Whether any grow in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and bear ripe fruit, and where?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Shad.</LABEL> Whether any be taken upon the coa&s;ts of <HI>Ireland,</HI> what quanti|ties, where and what &s;ea&s;on; their &s;hape and nature?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sheepe.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sham-rocks.</LABEL> What grounds be&s;t for them, how to be ordered according to the &s;everal &s;ea&s;ons of the yeare, how to be provided for in Win|ter, during fro&s;t and &s;now; What di&s;ea&s;es incident to them, and the ways to prevent and cure them; things to be ob&s;erved in the rearing of flocks; Names of all the great Sheepe-matters, that were throughout the kingdome at the breaking out of the Rebellion; what flocks they had, and what profits they yielded them yeare|ly?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sheldrakes</LABEL> Where any be, what numbers; when in &s;ea&s;on, their &s;hape; big|ne&s;&s;e, Colour, nature, dyet?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Shel-fi&s;h.</LABEL> What &s;everal &s;orts of them the Iri&s;h &s;ea affordeth, and in what parts in mo&s;t abundance: When every &s;ort in &s;ea&s;on, and where be&s;t?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Shelves upon the coasts.</LABEL> Where any lay, and what ob&s;er|vable things can be &s;aid about them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Shrimps.</LABEL> Where any are taken, what bigne&s;&s;e; what &s;tore, what &s;ea|&s;ons?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Silk-wormes.</LABEL> Where, and by whom any have been kept, what &s;tore, what quantities of &s;ilk they made?</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="75"><LABEL>Silver. Silver-mines</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Skirrets.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore, in who&s;e Gar|dens, &s;ince when, who brought them fir&s;t into <HI>Ireland?</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Slate.</LABEL> Where any quarries of them are, how deep it lyeth, what kinde of &s;late it is, (for colour, brittlene&s;&s;e, &amp;c.) what charges?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Black-&s;late.</LABEL> Where digged, what &s;tore, the vertues of it, how found out fir&s;t, when, and by whom?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Smelts.</LABEL> Whether any be taken in the Iri&s;h-&s;ea, where, what &s;tore; what &s;ea&s;ons?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Snailes.</LABEL> Whether ever any &s;uch abun|dance of them any where; as to do any great harme to gardens, or fields, and what wayes are u|&s;ed to de&s;troy them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Snites.</LABEL> Where any be, what &s;tore; what &s;ea&s;ons; their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Snow.</LABEL> In which parts mo&s;t &s;now u&s;eth to fall; which is the longe&s;t, that it continueth upon the Moun|taines in any part of <HI>Ireland?</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Soales</LABEL> Where any taken, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Soape.</LABEL> Whether any made in <HI>Ireland;</HI> where, what quantitie; the whole manner of making it?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sows,</LABEL> See <HI>Swine:</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Soile.</LABEL> The different kinds of &s;oiles in <HI>Ireland;</HI> what u&s;e every kinde is be&s;t for; the excellencies of every kinde; as al&s;o the defects, and how to be remedied?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Black &s;ows,</LABEL> (a kind of vermin.)</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Spaes.</LABEL> Where any in <HI>Ireland,</HI> of what nature and propertie, when, and by whom found out?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Spanniels.</LABEL> What different kinds of them in <HI>Ireland,</HI> with the properties and excellencies of each kind?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sparagus.</LABEL> In who&s;e Gardens any grow; what &s;tore, and &s;ince when?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sparrows.</LABEL> The different kinds of them in <HI>Ireland;</HI> with the peculiar pro|perties of each kind?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sparrow-hawks.</LABEL> Where any breed, what &s;tore, how to be taken, and ordered; their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sponges:</LABEL> Whether any grow upon the coa&s;ts of <HI>Ireland;</HI> where, what &s;tore, of what goodne&s;&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Springs:</LABEL> De&s;cription of all &s;prings in the &s;everall parts of the Land that have any thing rare, or ob|&s;ervable in them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sprats:</LABEL> Whether any taken in <HI>Ire|land;</HI> where, what &s;tore, what &s;ea|&s;ons?</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="76"><LABEL>Squirrels.</LABEL> Where any be, what &s;tore; their nature, properties, diet, breeding, how a dozen of their skins u&s;eth to be &s;old at fir&s;t hand?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Stags:</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Starch.</LABEL> Whether any be made in <HI>Ire|land;</HI> where, what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sares.</LABEL> Where any great numbers of them. Their nature, properties; dyet?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Steele.</LABEL> Where any made, what &s;tore, in what manner?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Storks.</LABEL> Whether ever any have been &s;een in <HI>Ireland;</HI> when and where?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Stronds.</LABEL> The different kinds of them, where high; where flat, where rockie, where faire and &s;andy, where none at all; &s;o as the &s;ea is very deep clo&s;e by the Land?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sturgeon.</LABEL> Whether ever any &s;een in the Iri&s;h-&s;eas; when and where?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Straw.</LABEL> The different u&s;es made of &s;traw; for dung, thatch, &amp;c?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Swallows.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Strawberries.</LABEL> In what parts they grow of them&s;elves in any plenty?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Swans.</LABEL> Where any numbers of tame ones have been kept. Where any &s;tore of wild ones; their &s;ea&s;on, nature; and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Swine.</LABEL> The whole manner of order|ing herds of &s;wine, and what profits to be made of them. Di&s;|ea&s;es incident to &s;wine; the cau&s;es, preventions and cures of them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Swords.</LABEL> Where any made, and where the be&s;t?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Sycomores.</LABEL> Whether any grow of them|&s;elves any where?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="T" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>T.</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Talbots.</LABEL> Where any are taken, of what bigne&s;&s;e and goodne&s;&s;e, in what &s;ea&s;ons?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Tallow.</LABEL> What &s;tore every year u&s;eth to be made and tran&s;ported at <HI>Du|blin</HI> and other ports?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Tanneries.</LABEL> Where any great ones, when, and by whom erected?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Teales.</LABEL> Where any great &s;tore of them, when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Thunder.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Thornbacks.</LABEL> Where any &s;tore taken, when in &s;ea&s;on; ob&s;ervations of their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Thru&s;hes.</LABEL> In what parts to be had in any &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on, their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Thru&s;hels.</LABEL> Where to be had, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on; their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Tides.</LABEL> On what parts of the coa&s;ts 
<PB REF="76">very high and very &s;trong tides go; and where highe&s;t; how ma|ny foot the water doth ri&s;e and fall?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Tillage.</LABEL> What things ob&s;ervable in the tillage of <HI>Ireland;</HI> &amp; what things chiefly to be regarded for the well ordering of it for all manner of graine: and wherein the chief difference between the tillage of <HI>England</HI> and <HI>Ireland?</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Timber.</LABEL> What &s;orts of timber in <HI>Ire|land;</HI> of what goodne&s;&s;e, and to what u&s;es each kind is imploy'd?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Tortoi&s;es.</LABEL> Whether any in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Trane.</LABEL> Where any made, what quan|tities; of what fi&s;hes, what charges, and what profit?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Trees.</LABEL> What &s;orts of trees, both wilde and other; naturally grow in <HI>Ireland;</HI> and what &s;orts have been brought in of late, that grew not there before?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Trowts.</LABEL> Wherein extraordinary plenty, or of extraordinary bigne&s;s, when in &s;ea&s;on and how long?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Turbot.</LABEL> Where any taken, of what big|ne&s;&s;e and goodne&s;&s;e; and at what times of the yeare?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Turfe.</LABEL> How many &s;orts of turfe, what &s;ort the be&s;t; what is the deepe&s;t they dig for any turfe, how they do to keepe out the water out of the turfe-pits; whether the turf|pits u&s;e to fill up again, and in what &s;pace of yeeres: In what turfe-bogs trees are found, what &s;orts of trees; and how deep un|der ground?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Turkeys.</LABEL> In what part greate&s;t &s;tore is bred; how long it is &s;ince they had any in <HI>Ireland.</HI> What things chief|ly to be ob&s;erved in breeding of turkeys?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Turneps.</LABEL> What their &s;eed-time, when to be taken up; what ground fitte&s;t for them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Turtles.</LABEL> Whether any be in <HI>Ireland,</HI> and where?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="V" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>V</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Valleys.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Venemous creatures.</LABEL> See <HI>Poy&s;ons.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Veale.</LABEL> Things to be ob&s;erved about the right ordering of veale?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Verjuice.</LABEL> Whether any be made in <HI>Ire|land,</HI> where, what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Vermin.</LABEL> What &s;orts of vermin chiefly abound in <HI>Ireland,</HI> what harme they do; what means u&s;ed to de|&s;troy them?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Vines,</LABEL> See <HI>Grapes.</HI></ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 N="W" TYPE="part">
<LIST>
<HEAD>W</HEAD>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wagtailes.</LABEL> Where any, what &s;tore; their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Walnuts.</LABEL> <PB REF="77">Where any ripe ones grow, and what &s;tore?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wares.</LABEL> What wares <HI>Ireland</HI> &s;endeth forth; what quantities, to what Countreys; at what rates, what wares are imported, from whence, at what rates?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Water.</LABEL> Notable differences of the &s;e|veral &s;orts of water, and for what peculiar u&s;es each &s;ort of water is fitte&s;t?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wax.</LABEL> What &s;ort of wax made in any part of <HI>Ireland;</HI> and how they make it?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Weres.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wells.</LABEL> Particular de&s;cription of all Wells that have any thing rare, or ob&s;ervable in them, either for the nature of the water, depth, &amp;c.</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>We&s;els.</LABEL> Where any great &s;tore of them, in what places they live abroad, and on what they feed; ob&s;erva|tions concerning their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Whales.</LABEL> On what parts of the coa&s;t any VVhales have been ca&s;t up at any time within memory, what num|bers; what bigne&s;&s;e, what time a yeere?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wheate.</LABEL> In what parts of <HI>Ireland</HI> it is mo&s;t &s;owen, on what grounds; how manured; what proportion to an Acre; and what increa&s;e?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Whitings, and Whiting-maps.</LABEL> Where mo&s;t taken, what time a yeare?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wilde-bea&s;ts.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wigions.</LABEL> In what parts they are, what &s;tore, when in &s;ea&s;on, their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wild-fowle.</LABEL> What &s;orts of them in <HI>Ireland,</HI> what plenty of each &s;ort, and when in &s;ea&s;on?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Willows.</LABEL></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Winds. </LABEL> Which parts of the Countrey mo&s;t &s;ubject to high winds, and at what times of the year; what kinds of winds mo&s;t predomi|nant in the &s;everal parts of <HI>Ire|land?</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wonderful things.</LABEL> The turning of wood in to &s;tones; in <HI>Logneagh</HI> and the like; what particulars have been ob|&s;erved about that?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wood-cocks.</LABEL> Where in great plenty, when they come in, and when they go out. Particulars ob&s;erved about the nature and properties of them; What places fitte&s;t for glades?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Woods.</LABEL> Where any great woods de|&s;troyed within the&s;e fourty years; upon what occa&s;ions, and by whom; what profit made of the Lands recovered out of the woods: What great woods &s;tand|ing to this day; and in what Counties and Baronies?</ITEM>
<ITEM><PB REF="77"><LABEL>Woolfs.</LABEL> In what parts of the Land any are left, and what &s;tore, what wayes u&s;ed to take them; peculi|ar ob&s;ervations concerning their nature and properties?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wooll.</LABEL> Where the be&s;t wooll, where|in the <HI>Iri&s;h</HI> wooll differeth from the <HI>Engli&s;h;</HI> what &s;tore of wooll yearly u&s;eth to be tran&s;ported from <HI>Dublin,</HI> and other places, and at what rates; the right ordering of wooll for &s;ale?</ITEM>
<ITEM><LABEL>Wormes.</LABEL> What &s;everall &s;orts of wormes in <HI>Ireland,</HI> what harme done by them, and how they are de|&s;troyed?</ITEM>
</LIST>
</DIV2>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
</DIV1>
</BODY>
<BACK>
<DIV1 TYPE="errata">
<HEAD>ERRATA.</HEAD>
<P>PAge 8. line 18. for <HI>to devour,</HI> Read <HI>do devour.</HI> p. 12. l. 11. for <HI>add then</HI> r. <HI>and then.</HI> p. 17. l. 2. <HI>for ought like.</HI> r. <HI>ought not like.</HI> p. 19. l. 6. for <HI>the blackne&s;&s;e.</HI> r. <HI>and blackne&s;se.</HI> p. 21. l. 23. r. from <HI>Kernels.</HI> p. 23. l 25. for <HI>&s;hould not</HI> r. <HI>would not.</HI> p. 25. l. 1. for <HI>bear very</HI> r. <HI>which bear very</HI> p. 29. l. 31. r. <HI>Meade.</HI> p. 41. l. 14. for <HI>af.</HI> r. <HI>of.</HI> p. 46. l. 26. for <HI>folling.</HI> r. <HI>felling.</HI> p. 48. l. la&s;t. for <HI>have</HI> r. <HI>halfe.</HI> p. 53. l. 6. for <HI>Moreney</HI> r. <HI>Morin.</HI> p. 59. l. 9. for <HI>two</HI> r. <HI>three.</HI> l. 28. for <HI>detection.</HI> r. <HI>dire|ction.</HI> p. 60. l. 3. for <HI>which begun.</HI> r. <HI>which we begun.</HI> l. 37. for <HI>&s;a&s;&s;arfas</HI> r. <HI>&s;a&s;&s;afras.</HI> p. 61. l. 12. for <HI>at a cherry.</HI> r. <HI>as a cherry.</HI> p. 64. l. 14. for <HI>dnopping.</HI> r. <HI>dropping.</HI> l. 21. r. <HI>&s;earch.</HI> p. 66. l. 25. r. <HI>Calaninaris.</HI> p. 71. l. 32. for <HI>Kue.</HI> r. <HI>Rue.</HI> p. 73. l. 6. r. <HI>the&s;e cattel.</HI> p. 78. l. 22. for <HI>ve&s;&s;els.</HI> r. <HI>bu&s;hels.</HI> p. 76. l. 29. r. <HI>ex&s;iccate.</HI> p. 75. l. 23. r. <HI>but.</HI> l. 30. r. <HI>&s;mall matter.</HI></P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="advert for herbs">
<P>IF any de&s;ire to have the great <HI>Clover</HI> of <HI>Flaunders,</HI> or the be&s;t &s;orts of <HI>Hemp</HI> and <HI>Flax</HI>-&s;eeds of tho&s;e parts, or <HI>Saint Foine, La Lucerne, Canary</HI>-&s;eeds, or any &s;orts of Seeds of this kinde: Let them enquire at Mr. <HI>James Long's Shop</HI> at the Barge on <HI>Billings-gate;</HI> and they &s;hall upon timely notice have them procured new, and very good from <HI>France</HI> or <HI>Flaunders</HI> at rea&s;onable rates.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="publisher's advertisement">
<PB REF="78">
<P>The Titles of other Treati&s;es of Univer&s;al Husban|dry, lately publi&s;hed for the general benefit of the Nation, by Mr. <HI>Sam Hartlib.</HI></P>
<P>The Reformed Husbandman, or a brief Treati&s;e of the Errours, De|fects and Inconveniences of our Engli&s;h Husbandry, in plough|ing and &s;owing for Corne; with the rea&s;ons and general Remedies, and a large, yet faithful offer or under|taking for the benefit of them that will joyne in this good and publick work.</P>
<P>An E&s;&s;ay for Advancement of Husbandry-learning: Or Propo&s;itions for the erecting a Colledge of Husbandry, and in order thereunto, for the taking in of Pupils or Apprenti|zes, and al&s;o Friends or Fellows of the &s;ame Colledge or Society.</P>
<P>An Invention of Engines of Motion, lately brought to perfection, whereby may be di&s;patched without winde, water or hor&s;es, any work now done in <HI>England,</HI> or el&s;ewhere, (e&s;pe|cially works that require &s;trength and &s;wiftnes) either by winde, water, Cattle or Men, and that with better Accommodation, and more profit then by any thing hitherto known and u&s;ed.</P>
<P>LONDON, Printed for <HI>Richard Wodenothe</HI> in <HI>Leaden-hall</HI> Market, next doore to the <HI>Golden Hart.</HI> 165<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">.</P>
<PB REF="78" MS="y">
</DIV1>
</BACK>
</TEXT>
</GROUP>
</EEBO>
</ETS>
