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<DATE>2007-12-19</DATE>
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<NAME>Emma Leeson Huber</NAME>
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<P><FIGURE>
<HEAD>HVGO GROTIVS.</HEAD>
<FIGDESC>portrait</FIGDESC>
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<P>Aet. 49 A^o. 1632</P>
<L>De po&s;itum coeli quod jure Batavia mater </L>
<L>Horret, et haud credit se peperisse sibi </L>
<L>Talem occulis, talem ore tulit se maximus Hugo. </L>
<L>Instar crede hominis, caetera crede Dei.</L>
<P>So<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="OXF" EXTENT="1 letter">ld by Io: Walker Tho: C<GAP DESC="illegible" RESP="OXF" EXTENT="2 letters">&s;s &s;culp&s;it</P>
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<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
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<P>A TREATISE OF The Antiquity of the Common|wealth of the BATTAVERS, which is now the HOLLANDERS Fir&s;t written in Latin by HUGO GRO|TIUS, Advocat Fi&s;call of <HI>Holland, Zea|land,</HI> and <HI>We&s;tfrie&s;land,</HI> &amp;c. And afterwards Tran&s;lated into the Nether|landi&s;h <HI>Dutch,</HI> and peru&s;ed by the Author him&s;elfe. And now again Tran&s;lated out of both the La|tin and Dutch, into Engli&s;h, By THO. WOODS, Gent.</P>
<P>LONDON, Printed for <HI>Iohn Walker,</HI> at the &s;igne of the Starre in Popes Head Alley. MDCXLIX.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="dedication">
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<HEAD>To the mo&s;t fa|mous and Illu&s;trious Lords, my Lords the States of <HI>Holland</HI> and <HI>We&s;t-frei&s;land.</HI></HEAD>
<P>_NOble and mighty Lords, I pre&s;ent un|to your Lord&s;hips a little Book; or ra|ther it pre&s;ents it &s;elfe, which though the quantity thereof
<PB REF="4">
bee very &s;mall, yet being of a great quality, and altoge|ther appropiate unto your Lord&s;hips; for it maintaineth your command, your Right and Soveraignty. The &s;cope and drift thereof is to demon|&s;trate and prove, (as it were cur&s;ively, and running over the times pa&s;t, even from the beginning of this &s;o famous Nation, unto this very pre&s;ent day) how that the chief So|veraignty of the publike af|fairs, hath ever had place in the principall of the two States, which were then the <HI>Battavers;</HI> but now are the <HI>Hollanders</HI> and the We&s;t <HI>Frei&s;es.</HI> The which So|raignty through a long conti|nuall
<PB REF="4">
con&s;equent Succe&s;&s;ion, is now at this pre&s;ent e&s;ta|bli&s;hed in your Lord&s;hips.</P>
<P>This Soveraignty and pow|er of the States hath been the foundation of the Common|wealth, the harbour of per|fect moderated equity, and the bridle of the Principalities prodigality.</P>
<P>This power in former times hath been a terror, and for feare thereof, even the chiefe&s;t Commanders, and tho&s;e Re|gents of the State of the Land, have willingly &s;ubmitted their magnifience thereunto; yea, whether they were Kings, or Generals, or tho&s;e which in the&s;e late&s;t times were
<PB REF="5">
called the Earles thereof.</P>
<P>The very Lawes and Privi|ledges thereof, which are ho|ly and unviolable, have like|wi&s;e al&s;o continually been pre|&s;erved &s;afely in the cu&s;tody and po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ion, and as it were in the bo&s;ome of the States.</P>
<P>By the re&s;olutions of their Lord&s;hips, is that Liberty, (which in former times the <HI>Hollanders</HI> have had, and is now againe &s;o farre famous) &s;ailed through tho&s;e mighty raging tempe&s;ts, even unto the&s;e happy dayes and times.</P>
<P>For what greater dangers could have hapned to any for their Liberty, then that which hath hapned unto them? as
<PB REF="5">
fir&s;t, that the <HI>Romi&s;h</HI> power, and afterwards that of the <HI>Spani&s;h</HI> power, which is the next unto the <HI>Romi&s;h,</HI> or el&s;e according unto their own opinion farre greater then the <HI>Romi&s;h,</HI> power it &s;elf was.</P>
<P>Yet neverthele&s;&s;e, that Li|berty hath wre&s;tled and &s;trug|led it &s;elf through both of tho&s;e hideous dangers; and when they were enforced to take Arms, They fir&s;t oppo&s;ed a|gain&s;t the violence of their Oppre&s;&s;ors, the rea&s;onable|ne&s;&s;e of their Cau&s;e, a good politick Order, and an invinci|ble courage.</P>
<P>The happy event thereof hath declared it &s;elf at two &s;e|verall
<PB REF="6">
times unto the admira|tion of all Nations, upon the face of the Earth, and with the Warre is the fame and power thereof encrea&s;ed, even as it plea&s;eth the wi&s;edome of God, commonly fir&s;t to prove and a&s;&s;ay tho&s;e with great travels and dangers, whom hee will afterwards ad|vance to great honours.</P>
<P>Under the condition of tho&s;e &s;ame Lords and Go|vernours, hath ever appeared that great fidelity of the <HI>Bat|tavers,</HI> which was never le&s;&s;e then the valiantne&s;&s;e of their deeds in Warre; which fide|lity the <HI>Romans</HI> can &s;uffici|ently te&s;tifie of, in the times
<PB REF="6">
of your Lord&s;hips Predece&s;|&s;ors: And the Neighbouring Kings doe now acknowledge the &s;ame in your Lord&s;hips: And not only they, but al&s;o even tho&s;e which are our <HI>Antipodes,</HI> and which behold another Firmament and Stars.</P>
<P>The recitation of all which things according unto their de&s;erts, would be matter for the furni&s;hing of a great Hi|&s;tory.</P>
<P>It may &s;uffice for this pre|&s;ent, &s;hortly and &s;ummarily to relate the Antiquity of this Government which hapned under the Government of the Nobles or States, the labour whereof I doubt not but it
<PB REF="7">
will be profitable for the In|habitants, and very acceptable unto Strangers; for although it be very true, that which in old time was reported of <HI>Al|cibiades</HI> and al&s;o <HI>Augu&s;tus,</HI> which is, That a good Subject is bound to defend the pre&s;ent e&s;tate of the Common-wealth, and to &s;eek for no Alteration&punc; Yet neverthele&s;&s;e, we de&s;ire and more earne&s;tly affect &s;uch a kinde of Government, as we our &s;elves enjoy, and be&s;ides we perceive hath been plea&s;ing to our fore-fathers, whether it be as the be&s;t in it &s;elf, or whe|ther it be that which is mo&s;t convenient for them, the which our Fathers have main|tained
<PB REF="7">
and defended even with their deare&s;t lives, ha|ving left the &s;ame as their own proper inheritance unto their &s;ucceeding po&s;terity.</P>
<P>Hereunto may al&s;o be ad|ded, that in all matters Anti|quity is much re&s;pected, and of great worth; yea, &s;o much e&s;teemed, that they of <HI>Mar&s;e|illes,</HI> who&s;e Common-wealth is anciently reported to be &s;o exceeding famous, and for which they are &s;o highly com|mended, that they even from the fir&s;t foundation of that Ci|ty, have them&s;elves u&s;ed the &s;word for the execution of Ju&s;tice upon Malefactors; &s;hewing thereby, that al&s;o
<PB REF="8">
even in the &s;malle&s;t matters, all the lea&s;t points of Ancient Cu&s;tome ought to be main|tained: for Antiquity in &s;ome re&s;pects commeth neare&s;t un|to God, by way of re&s;em|blance that it hath with Eter|nity.</P>
<P>From whence al&s;o it pro|ceedeth, that in our hearts, there is bred a reverentne&s;&s;e and re&s;pect unto Antiquity; which Antiquity in the Com|mon-Wealth ought much more to bee had in e&s;timati|on, rather then in the per&s;ons of men, in regard that in the per&s;ons of men, which are mortall, their Antiquity or An|tientne&s;&s;e is a &s;ign of their
<PB REF="8">
approaching Death: But An|tiquity in the Common|wealth being once &s;ettled and grounded upon hope of never to die, doth beget from time her vertue and force, and be|commeth the more old the more able; for continuance is an infallible demon&s;tration of a well framed policy: from hence proceedeth an a&s;&s;u|rance and affection unto the Government, even from the very hearts of the Inhabitants. And this is the very principall occa&s;ion of the continuance and &s;tanding of a Common|wealth, becau&s;e that in former times it &s;o continued.</P>
<P>It was al&s;o rea&s;on that I had
<PB REF="9">
&s;ome re&s;pect unto Strangers, to the end that tho&s;e which are exceeding de&s;irous to be informed of the &s;tate of this Common-wealth, by rea&s;on of the greatne&s;&s;e of tho&s;e fa|mous Acts atchieved by the &s;ame, might not only know the e&s;tate thereof as it is at this pre&s;ent, but al&s;o in what e&s;tate the &s;ame hath been in times pa&s;t.</P>
<P>Al&s;o taking away an abu&s;e which oftentimes proceedeth from names that are alike, in matters that are differing; for the Princes them&s;elves were not alwayes alike, nor yet the States neither; for &s;ometimes the Chief Power and Sove|raignty
<PB REF="9">
was in the per&s;on of one man; but then the coun|&s;ell and advice for the effect|ing of bu&s;ine&s;&s;es was in the per&s;ons of many. At other times the Soveraigntie was in many, but the Admini&s;tration in the per&s;on of one man. At &s;ome times the Lawes were &s;ubject to the Prince; at other times the Prince &s;ubject to the Lawes: All which, if a man will deliberately ponder, hee &s;hall ea&s;ily find, that that Com|monwealth which is at this pre&s;ent among us, hath not had its begining now of late, but that the very &s;ame Com|monwealth that in former times hath been, is now made
<PB REF="10">
more manife&s;t, and appeareth more cleare and evidenter then ever before. For like as a hou&s;e may continue &s;tand|ing though &s;ome parts there|of be altered and changed: but if the foundation bee over|throwne, it cannot continue &s;tanding; Even &s;o, the alter|ing and changing of names and Offices of &s;ome Magi|&s;trates, doth not make pre|&s;ently another Common|wealth, in regard that the principall Power and Sove|raignty, and as it were the very &s;oule of that whole body which hath its being, moveth and keepeth together, and doth remain and continue one
<PB REF="10">
and the very &s;elf-&s;ame.</P>
<P>It remaineth then, (Noble and mo&s;t worthy Lords) that we pray unto the Lord God, who is the e&s;tabli&s;her and maintainer of this State, That it will plea&s;e him to defend and maintaine that Liberty, the which is not &s;o much de|fended by your e&s;peciall pro|vidence, and the worthy va|lor of the Burge&s;&s;es and Soul|diers, as it hath been hitherto, and is yet defended by his heavenly a&s;&s;i&s;tance, and may yet extend it &s;elfe for many yeeres to come; and GOD grant, that it may continue among us, and be made our owne, even all the&s;e ble&s;&s;ings
<PB REF="11">
that we now at this pre&s;ent do enjoy; but before all things grant us as an a&s;&s;ured pledge of the common Tranquillity, Piety, Equity, and Vnity; thus prayeth he who is</P>
<CLOSER><SIGNED>Your Lord&s;hips Servant, THO. WOODS.</SIGNED></CLOSER>
</DIV1>
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<BODY>
<HEAD><PB N="1" REF="11">A TREATISE OF The Antiquity of the Common-Wealth of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> which is now the <HI>Hollanders.</HI></HEAD>
<DIV1 N="1" TYPE="chapter">
<HEAD>The fir&s;t Chapter. What a Principality is in a Go|vernment of Nobles; And what they be that are called States.</HEAD>
<P>_ALI Nations are governed, either by the Common People, or el&s;e by the Nobles, or el&s;e by one Man only. The Government of the Nobles is
<PB N="2" REF="12">
either with a Principality, or el&s;e without a Principality: I call that a Principality, which is a more ex|cellent and eminent Authority in the per&s;on of one man only, being limited by the Power and Laws of others: By which markes this is different from that which is called properly a Regall Authority. And for this occa&s;ion, it is that <HI>Tacitus</HI> maketh mention, how that <HI>Pi&s;o</HI> had reported of <HI>Germanicus,</HI> that hee was the &s;onne of a Prince of the <HI>Romans,</HI> and not of a King of the <HI>Parthians.</HI> And <HI>Suetonius</HI> reporteth of <HI>Caligula,</HI> that it wanted but a very little, but that he had tran&s;|formed the &s;hape or frame of the Principality into a Regall Autho|rity; even as <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> al&s;o reporteth of the Father of <HI>Vercingetorix,</HI> that he being a Prince of the <HI>Walloons,</HI> for divers Con&s;iderations &s;uing to have brought the &s;ame to a Re|gall
<PB N="3" REF="12">
Authority, was made away by the Burge&s;&s;es. And <HI>Pliny</HI> &s;peak|ing of <HI>Trajan,</HI> reporteth that hee po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ed the Seat of the Prince, becau&s;e that there &s;hould bee no place for a Lord: Yet neverthe|le&s;&s;e, the Principality being impro|perly &s;poken, is called a Regall Authority. And in like manner (&s;aith <HI>Ari&s;totle)</HI> it was in the dayes of the Worthies, that the Regall Authority had his origi|nall beginning, and that when as the People having gotten and re|ceived any exceeding great beni|fit from them, their Parents or Ance&s;tors, as for example; By whom they had gotten and ob|tained good Lawes, or by whom in time of Warre they were pro|tected and defended, them they gave the ful Authority of the War, with the power of judging of the Affaires: which Regall Authority
<PB N="4" REF="13">
hee reporteth to bee over them that voluntarily con&s;ented there|unto, and were al&s;o limited with Lawes: The &s;ame al&s;o reporteth <HI>Thucidides,</HI> that among&s;t the <HI>Greeks</HI> the Authority of the Kings is the mo&s;t Ancient, the which de&s;cen|ded from the Parents unto the Children by Succe&s;&s;ion, being clad with certain Titles of Honour.</P>
<P>From whence then appeareth, that in the Government of the Nobles, the Principalities were di&s;tributed according to the order of the kindred; from whence we have an excellent example from them of <HI>Lacedemonia:</HI> Moreover, the Nobles in whom the Sove|raignty con&s;i&s;teth, doe give their voyces&punc; either each of them apart, like as the <HI>Venetians</HI> doe, or el&s;e in the behalf of any Society; which Societies are either of one, or el&s;e of divers &s;orts: Tho&s;e that were of
<PB N="5" REF="13">
one &s;ort, were like unto tho&s;e of <HI>Achaia,</HI> who&s;e Convocation con|&s;i&s;ted of the Deputies of the Ci|ties. The other which were of di|vers &s;orts, were of the Burge&s;&s;es, and of the Societies con&s;i&s;ting of the Burge&s;&s;es, ari&s;ing from the di|ver&s;ities of the Qualities, accord|ing, unto the which, &s;ome of them were ordained to the Government, &s;ome by one meanes, and &s;ome by an other meanes: And for this oc|ca&s;ion, tho&s;e &s;ame Qualities; and al&s;o tho&s;e Societies them&s;elves were called by the Latins, <HI>Ordines;</HI> which in Common Language wee doe u&s;ually call the <HI>States:</HI> Which States <HI>Hippodamus</HI> made of three &s;orts, as, of the Artificers, the Hu&s;|bandmen, and the Souldiers. <HI>Plato</HI> made, the Survayers, the Souldiers, and the Husbandmen: The <HI>Egypti|ans</HI> made the Prie&s;ts, the Souldiers, and the Trade&s;men: The old <HI>Wal|loons</HI>
<PB N="6" REF="14">
made, the Druides, the Hor&s;e|men, and the common People. So that oftentimes the Nobles then were different, and apart, in re&s;pect of the States: Tho&s;e that have then the chief &s;way in the Govern|ment, wee call a Government of States: Like as at this pre&s;ent in <HI>Germany,</HI> where the chiefe&s;t &s;way con&s;i&s;teth together in the Princes Electors, the Princes &amp; the Cities. If in ca&s;e then that this Authority of the Nobles, being united to|gether with the States, whereunto al&s;o appertained a lawfull Princi|pality, then &s;uch a Government mu&s;t bee e&s;teemed for the mo&s;t choy&s;e and be&s;t tempered Go|vernment. For, &s;ince in all matters mediocrity is mo&s;t commended; and that mediocrity is nominated &s;ometimes from that which is &s;e|parated from both the Ends, and &s;ometimes from that which is par|taking
<PB N="7" REF="14">
of both the Ends; &s;o that then it appeareth, that this Go|vernment in &s;uch manner, is placed between the Regall Authority, and the Authority of the Common Peo|ple; &s;o that it avoideth the evils of both of them, and draweth unto it &s;elfe from, them all which is good after it. For fir&s;t of all, &s;ince that it tolerateth not all things, neither only one man to govern, which is &s;ubject to many errours, not yet the Common People who are igno|rant; &s;o that by this meanes with|out all doubt much danger is a|voyded.</P>
<P>Again, in regard that a Regall Authority is commended, in re|&s;pect of the exceeding Maje&s;ty and Dignity thereof: And the Autho|rity of the Common People com|mended, in re&s;pect of the equall Liberty: Yet the Government of the Nobles, obtaineth that ex|ceeding
<PB N="8" REF="15">
Maje&s;ty and Dignity by the Principality; and al&s;o giveth as much equall Liberty as is con|venient, when as they (unto every one that &s;hall endeavour him&s;elfe thereunto, of what &s;tate &s;oever he be, by his good parts &amp; demeanors, and by making them&s;elves a for|tune thereunto) doe be&s;tow upon &s;uch, both the highe&s;t Offices, and al&s;o the partner&s;hip of the Sove|raign Authority.</P>
<P>This then being &s;et down as a Preface, to the end, that that which followeth and &s;hall bee &s;poken hereafter, bee not mangled and &s;poyled; there remaineth now, that wee diligently make enquiry, in what &s;tate the Government of the <HI>Battavers</HI> hath been, even from the very beginning of this Com|mon-Wealth, to this very pre|&s;ent.</P>
<P>And in the doing whereof, if in
<PB N="9" REF="15">
ca&s;e my arguments bee not &s;o ab|&s;olutely perfect, as if I were in handling the Hi&s;tory of the <HI>Gre|cians,</HI> or of the <HI>Romans:</HI> yet let no man marvell thereat, &s;ince that the anciente&s;t Antiquities of the <HI>Ger|mans</HI> are not known unto us no otherwi&s;e, but by the Writings of the <HI>Romans,</HI> who took very little care in the Regi&s;tring of the Af|faires of Strangers: And that al&s;o even after the fall of the <HI>Romane</HI> Empire, the Acts of our Nation, like as al&s;o the greate&s;t part of all others, of tho&s;e times, are &s;o ex|ceeding ob&s;cure, and al&s;o very ma|ny of them &s;o involved in many untruths and mear fables: And al&s;o that for a long time after, and even untill now, very lately, is there ri&s;en up but few of good under&s;tanding that have endevoured to propa|gate the Fame of the Acts of the proceedings unto Po&s;terity: E&s;pe|cially,
<PB N="10" REF="16">
al&s;o, becau&s;e that for a long time, the very Charters and Re|cords doe make no report of any thing unto us: And for this occa&s;ion, the Reader mu&s;t take in good part, and be content with that rough hewen and unpol|li&s;hed portraiture of the Govern|ment that is de&s;cribed; and not expect a perfect, curious, and po|li&s;hed repre&s;entation thereof: and mu&s;t doe in this, that which a Judge ought to doe in matters that exceed memory; as namely, that he &s;hall not &s;o curiou&s;ly and pre|ci&s;ely urge te&s;timony from every moment of time to time, but the beginning and the end being pro|ved, hee mu&s;t imagine with him|&s;elfe, that the time betwixt both was conformed unto the ends, if the contrary doe not appeare.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="2" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="11" REF="16">
<HEAD>The &s;econd Chapter. In what E&s;tate the Common|wealth of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> was at the Originall beginning of this People.</HEAD>
<P>IT is then certain, that the <HI>Bat|tavers,</HI> which before were a part of the people then called <HI>Catches,</HI> which now are called <HI>He&s;&s;ens,</HI> as <HI>Tacitus</HI> te&s;tifieth; As al&s;o, the coherence of the names of the <HI>Battavers</HI> with the <HI>He&s;&s;ens,</HI> and the names of the <HI>Catches</HI> with the <HI>Battavers,</HI> is an infallible mark and token thereof: And that long before the time of <HI>Iulius Cae&s;ar,</HI> yea, peradventure &s;ome hundred years before, they being removed and come unto the place which they now inhabite, that is, into an Iland
<PB N="12" REF="17">
which was invironed about with the great Sea, and the River <HI>Ryne;</HI> and the next place unto their &s;hore upon this &s;ide of the <HI>Ryne,</HI> was that which is called the River <HI>Wall,</HI> or the <HI>Belgian</HI> border: And that then the&s;e places (as <HI>Tacitus</HI> reporteth) being unhabited, and then by them taken in and po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ed, appertained mo&s;t ju&s;tly and rightly unto them, according to the mo&s;t rea&s;onable Law of Nature, even like as tho&s;e goods which have no Po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ors, doe properly appertain unto tho&s;e which are the fir&s;t Po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ors there|of. So is this then the very fir&s;t and ab&s;olute perfect beginning of a free Government, as being e&s;ta|bli&s;hed by a people of a free ori|ginall beginning in a free Land.</P>
<P>What manner of Government they then u&s;ed, <HI>Strabo</HI> &s;heweth, who &s;ayth, that the <HI>Celtes</HI> were altoge|ther addicted to the Goverment of
<PB N="13" REF="17">
the Nobles; for when as the <HI>Greeks</HI> call them <HI>Celies,</HI> they compre|hend therein as well the <HI>Walloons,</HI> which were then Neighbours unto the <HI>Battavers,</HI> as the <HI>Germans,</HI> whereof the <HI>Battavers</HI> were the mo&s;t famous, if wee will credit <HI>Tacitus</HI> and <HI>Plinius.</HI> And as con|cerning the <HI>Walloons, Ambiorix</HI> &s;heweth what manner of Govern|ment they had before the Con|que&s;t of the <HI>Romans,</HI> where hee &s;ayth, That the command of the Prince in that place was &s;uch, that the multitude had no le&s;&s;e &s;way over him, then he had over the Multitude; now in this place, the word <HI>multitude</HI> is not to be un|der&s;tood for the ba&s;e Commonal|ty, but for the a&s;&s;embly of the choyce&s;t of each Nation; even as we finde many Examples thereof in <HI>Cae&s;ar:</HI> and <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> him&s;elf &s;heweth, where he &s;ayth, that the Common
<PB N="14" REF="18">
People among&s;t the <HI>Walloons</HI> were of no re&s;pect nor account, and that they were never admitted to come into any Councell; but that all their Authority was in their Druides and Hor&s;emen. That al&s;o the <HI>Ger|mans</HI> from all Antiquity, did not live under the Authority of one only per&s;on, but of many per&s;ons. <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;heweth the &s;ame in that place, where he &s;peaketh of the Ancient Warlike Expeditions of the <HI>Germans;</HI> &s;aying, That the <HI>Ger|mans</HI> were more furious, and more earne&s;t to maintaine their own Li|berty then the Kings of the <HI>Par|thians</HI> were.</P>
<P>And <HI>Lucanus</HI> maketh mention of them, they complayning after this manner, in the&s;e words:</P>
<LG>
<L>Our Liberty is gone,</L>
<L>So farre out of our hands;</L>
<L>And got beyond the Doane,</L>
<L>Into th' over Ryni&s;h Lands:</L>
<L><PB N="15" REF="18">
And though we &s;eek it &s;hould,</L>
<L>And hazard life and blood:</L>
<L>The <HI>Dutch,</HI> and <HI>Tartar</HI> bould,</L>
<L>Doe keep it as their good.</L>
</LG>
<P>Whereafter al&s;o this followed:</P>
<LG>
<L>Much People now abroad,</L>
<L>That for them&s;elves make Kings;</L>
<L>But wee have got a load,</L>
<L>Our Liberty that &s;tings.</L>
</LG>
<P>In which places, what is meant by this word <HI>Liberty;</HI> the proper expo&s;ition of the word <HI>King</HI> or <HI>Regall Authority</HI> doth &s;ufficiently expre&s;&s;e, as that which is oppo|&s;ite unto Liberty: like as the An|nals in the beginning doe affirm, &s;aying, The City of <HI>Rome</HI> at the fir&s;t beginning, was governed by Kings; But <HI>Lucius Brutus</HI> brought in both Liberty and Con&s;ul|&s;hip.</P>
<P><PB N="16" REF="19">
And like as the&s;e things general|ly did concern the <HI>Germans,</HI> even &s;o <HI>Civilis,</HI> who was a <HI>Battaver</HI> him|&s;elfe, doth approve that only the&s;e did properly appertain to the <HI>Bat|tavers:</HI> And in his Oration which he made, exhorting the <HI>Walloons</HI> to their Liberty, <HI>viz.</HI> where he &s;ayed, Let them of <HI>Syria,</HI> and <HI>A&s;ia,</HI> and the Ea&s;terlings be in &s;ubjection, which are accu&s;tomed unto Kings; whereby hee &s;heweth &s;ufficiently, and gave them to under&s;tand, That like as the Ea&s;terlings are much addicted to have Kings, that by that meanes the <HI>Battavers</HI> might have a loathing of &s;uch a manner of Go|vernment. Yet &s;ome men may think that this contradicts that &s;ame which is &s;poken of <HI>Civilis</HI> in another place, who was him&s;elfe of the Royall blood. Whereunto may be added, that which <HI>Strabo</HI> reports of one <HI>Veromerus,</HI> who had
<PB N="17" REF="19">
been a King of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> like as al&s;o <HI>Ammianus Marcellinus,</HI> who al&s;o makes mention of other Kings of the <HI>Battavers.</HI></P>
<P>There is nothing more certain, but that the&s;e Kings, &s;uch as the <HI>Lacedemonians</HI> had, only Kings in Name, not in very deed, were no other but the chiefe&s;t among&s;t their Nobles. This <HI>Tacitus</HI> plainly proveth, where he &s;ayth, That the <HI>Germane</HI> Kings had not a free and unlimited power; and &s;ayth fur|ther, that in their Convocations they were heard more with Autho|rity to Coun&s;ell, then with power to Command. In like manner &s;peaking of the <HI>Frie&s;es</HI> who were an Antient Neighbouring Nati|on of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> when he had &s;ayd that they had <HI>Verritum</HI> and <HI>Malorigem</HI> to their Kings, added very di&s;creetly thereunto, for as much as the <HI>Germans</HI> were go|verned
<PB N="18" REF="20">
after a Kingly manner. Al&s;o where he de&s;cribeth the <HI>Goaths,</HI> he &s;aith, That they were governed more neare unto a Kingly manner, then all the other Nations of the <HI>Germans;</HI> Yet neverthele&s;&s;e, not exceeding their Liberty: And &s;hewing that they of <HI>Sweathen</HI> ha|ving altogether another nature of Government, otherwi&s;e then the <HI>Germans</HI> have, he &s;aith, So that one man only hath the Authority over them without any exception, and that they, <HI>Volens, Nolens,</HI> mu&s;t obey him.</P>
<P>And al&s;o the <HI>Germans</HI> had not all of them, nor yet at all times, &s;uch like Kings, but &s;ome|times onely Generalls. <HI>Tacitus</HI> maketh a plain and evident diffe|rence between the&s;e two, &s;aying, That they made them Kings that were of the highe&s;t de&s;cent of the Nobility; but the Generals, ac|cording
<PB N="19" REF="20">
to their valour and vertue. <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> al&s;o &s;aith, that the <HI>Germans</HI> in the time of peace, had no com|mon Generall; but that they were cho&s;en, that &s;hould be their Gene|rals in Warre after &s;uch a manner, that their Authority had the Power of puni&s;hing with life and death: So that &s;ometimes (though &s;eldom) there have been Kings, but oftentimes Generals, the which were cho&s;en for every expedition; like as <HI>Civilis</HI> him&s;elf was cho&s;en by the <HI>Battavers;</HI> and before his time <HI>Cariovalda,</HI> and afterwards others.</P>
<P>The Authority of the Gene|rals was of no force, but in the Warres; But the Authority of the Kings had a farther extent, of rather was herein greater, that it &s;till continued: And yet each and both of the&s;e Authorities were neither of them infinite nor unli|mited;
<PB N="20" REF="21">
from whence followeth nece&s;&s;arily, that they were both of them bound in with certaine limits and re&s;trictions.</P>
<P>This limitation proceeded ei|ther from the Law, or from &s;ome other Authority: The Law hath his certaine exceptions, as <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;o cals it; but the Authority of many joyned thereunto, doth make that that one hath his Authority only by toleration, and not by his own right.</P>
<P>The Lawes were not contained in writings, but were kept and maintained (as being holy) by me|mory and cu&s;tome, like as it was accu&s;tomed among the <HI>Lacedemo|nians.</HI></P>
<P>Now in what manner, or how farre, or after what &s;ort, tho&s;e Li|mitations of the <HI>Battavers</HI> did ex|tend in Limiting the Authority of their Kings and Generals, it would
<PB N="21" REF="21">
bee very heard to repeat: Yet it is credible, that the very &s;ame was not much different from that which hereafter in the &s;equell we &s;hall heare, was u&s;ed in the dayes of the Earls, the which but of late years was begun to be regi&s;tred. And to produce proofes, that the <HI>Bat|tavers</HI> de&s;cended from the <HI>He&s;&s;ens,</HI> which was the mo&s;t provident Nation of the <HI>Germans;</HI> and who did excell in the knowledge of commanding and obeying; which <HI>Tacitus</HI> affirmeth in the&s;e words, &s;aying, They &s;et over them, him, whom they had elected, and o|beyed him whom they had or|dained.</P>
<P>Moreover, I never heard or found, that any one Nation either in private or publique matters, did &s;o con&s;tantly hold and &s;tick together in maintaining the Laws and Cu&s;toms of their Ance&s;tors,
<PB N="22" REF="22">
in &s;uch &s;ort that it may ju&s;tly bee &s;ayd of them, That good Cu&s;toms were of greater force there among&s;t them, then in other places good Laws were unto others: For ex|ample thereof, take the Cu&s;tome of the <HI>He&s;&s;ens,</HI> when as they did weare the hair of their heads and beards &s;o long, and binding them|&s;elves with an Oath, not to change the deformity thereof, before they had overthrown their Enemies. For the remembrance and perfor|mance of which Cu&s;tome, take <HI>Civilis</HI> him&s;elf who was a <HI>Battaver,</HI> as <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, who fir&s;t cut of his long golden yellow coloured hair, when as he had defeated the Le|gions: And it is manife&s;t, that there have been &s;uch in the begin|ning of the&s;e la&s;t Warres which lately ended, that u&s;ed the very &s;ame, maintaining the Cu&s;tome in that particular, which they had from their Ance&s;tors.</P>
<P><PB N="23" REF="22">
<HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, that their Com|panies and Squadrons were not erected and made by Chance, as taking whom they could get, but it was by kindreds of Con&s;anguinity, and Alliance. There is yet to bee found in many Cities of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> even in the&s;e dayes, &s;uch Companies and Squadrons, con&s;i&s;ting of Friends and Neigh|bours, being a Cu&s;tome exceeding all memory.</P>
<P>By the old <HI>Germans,</HI> the women as &s;oone as they were married, were exhorted and in&s;tructed, that they were come thither to be as Companion to their Husbands, in all paines, and in all dangers; and that &s;hee mu&s;t endure and &s;uffer all things with her Husband, what&s;oe|ver happened, whether it were in time of Peace or Warre: from hence it proceedeth that the <HI>Bat|tavers,</HI> even to this very pre&s;ent
<PB N="24" REF="23">
day, doe hold their goods com|mon between bed-fellows, that is man and wife.</P>
<P>They doe make their drink of Malt, which is made of Corn, very like unto Wine: They do weare very &s;treight Cloathes girded to their loynes.</P>
<P>They doe make their habitati|ons in the fields; and every man his own Po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ion hedged in, which are altogether old tokens of the <HI>Germans.</HI></P>
<P>That which <HI>Tacitus</HI> reporteth of tho&s;e deadly feuds, which were once begun among&s;t any of the kindreds by any other, that the reconciliation was to be made even unto that whole kindred: And that the parties were to bee reconciled &s;itting and eating toge|gether at one Table; and that one part of the Reconciliation-money &s;hould be payed to their Lords, or
<PB N="25" REF="23">
put into the common Pur&s;e, and the other part &s;hould bee payed unto him that was injured, or un|to his friends. Which Cu&s;toms have been continued, and yet &s;till doe continue, excepting that above a hundred, or two hundred years &s;ince, tho&s;e deadly feuds which were among&s;t the kindreds, were pro&s;ecuted more furiou&s;ly and more openly.</P>
<P><HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;ayth, that among&s;t this People was a Cu&s;tome, That every man for his own part, man for man, brought &s;ome of their own Cattell unto their Prince, which he re|ceived of them as a gratuity, keep|ing the &s;ame for his proper u&s;e, from hence did the Tythes pro|ceed.</P>
<P>La&s;tly, their manner of chu&s;ing their Generals, is expre&s;&s;ed by the example of the <HI>Kennemers,</HI> who be|ing a part of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> did after
<PB N="26" REF="24">
this manner elect one <HI>Brinio,</HI> being very nobly, de&s;cended for their Generall; as namely, They &s;et him upon a Shield, and according to the Cu&s;tome of their Nation, as <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, They lifted him up, and carryed him upon their &s;houl|ders. That the very &s;ame manner continued among&s;t the <HI>Battavers</HI> and their Neighbouring Nations, even untill the dayes of the Earls, appeareth in many old pieces, which doe manife&s;tly te&s;tifie, that before the Battell which happened between the <HI>Frei&s;es</HI> and Earle <HI>Wil|liam,</HI> the la&s;t of the Hou&s;e of <HI>He|nault:</HI> that there was a Convoca|tion held; and the <HI>Frei&s;es</HI> did this reverence unto their Earl: four of the chiefe of the Nobles of the <HI>Frei&s;es,</HI> did &s;et their Earle upon a Shield, and &s;o carryed him upon their &s;houlders, and pro|claimed, &s;aying: This is the
<PB N="27" REF="24">
Magnificence of <HI>Frie&s;land.</HI></P>
<P>The rea&s;ons wherefore that the&s;e old Cu&s;toms were &s;o &s;trictly main|tained by the&s;e People, as well in particular, as al&s;o in publick mat|ters, which tend more to an out|ward &s;hew, then to any powerfull effect of Government; I could ea&s;ily per&s;wade my &s;elfe, that even of old time, they have had &s;uch Lawes concerning the Govern|ment, as the Cu&s;tome of &s;ucceed|ing times hath declared.</P>
<P>Yet mu&s;t wee make enquiry, in whom was this highe&s;t power or Soveraignty, be&s;ides in the Kings and Generals. I finde that by the <HI>Germans,</HI> excepting the Clergy, that there was two &s;orts of States among&s;t them, <HI>viz.</HI> the Princes, and the Comonalty; now when I &s;peak of Princes, I do not under&s;tand, nor mean tho&s;e, that each of them had their Authority over a whole
<PB N="28" REF="25">
Nation; like as that name is com|monly u&s;ed, for &s;uch Princes were the Kings and the Generals them|&s;elves, whereof we have already &s;poken: But they were &s;uch, as that each of them took care for one part of the Nation, which parts being great, were called Quarters, and being little, were called Villages; of which <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> thus &s;peaketh, They have no common Magi&s;trate, but the Princes of the Countreys, and of the Quarters, doe mini&s;ter Ju|&s;tice unto them which are under them, and doe decide the Con|trover&s;ies. <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, that tho&s;e Princes doe mini&s;ter Ju&s;tice, both in the Quarters and in the Villages. <HI>Tacitus</HI> al&s;o &s;heweth unto us, that tho&s;e Princes were u&s;ually cho&s;en, where he &s;aith, <HI>In that Convocation were al&s;o the Princes cho&s;en:</HI> But they went &s;o to work, that ever after they had regard unto tho&s;e
<PB N="29" REF="25">
that were nobly born, and of the choyce&s;t of the Nobility, or ra|ther, the meritorious deeds of their Predece&s;&s;ors being applyed even to their young Youths, did afford them that worthine&s;&s;e to bee Princes. From whence I believe is come, that tho&s;e Juri&s;dictions, both of Quarters and Villages, having long continued in the Hou&s;es of the Nobility, are at la&s;t become hereditary: By rea&s;on whereof, tho&s;e Princes by the worthine&s;&s;e of their Offices; their en&s;uing Po&s;terity afterwards were tho&s;e which were called Barrons and Nobles: yet the Government was not &s;o much in their per&s;ons, that the Common People were held as Slaves, like as the <HI>Walloons</HI> were in the time of <HI>Cae&s;ar:</HI> But unto each Prince, (as <HI>Tacitus</HI> te&s;tifieth) were adjoyned a hundred men, which were cho&s;en out of the Comonal|ty,
<PB N="30" REF="26">
to be as their Companions, &s;erving for Coun&s;ell and E&s;tima|tion.</P>
<P>Tho&s;e were the Princes that <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> reporteth, who together with the Officers, divided the Lands into Portions and Pa&s;tures: So then were tho&s;e &s;ame Regions governed partly by tho&s;e which were cho&s;en out of the Common People, and partly by tho&s;e Princes of each Common-Wealth. And they in this manner governed each of them their Quarters, having (being altogether,) the Soveraign|ty of the whole Common-wealth, and that by a form of Convocati|on. <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, that of all the &s;mall matters, the Princes did con&s;ult upon, but the great Affairs were di&s;patched by the Princes in generall; yet in &s;uch a manner, that what&s;oever was decreed by the generall Princes, the Comonalty
<PB N="31" REF="26">
was acquainted withall. He &s;aith, that the Convocations of the <HI>Ger|mans</HI> was of two &s;orts, whereof the one was little, in the which, the daily Affairs which often hapned, were decided, and this Convocati|on con&s;i&s;ted only of the Princes: And the other was greater, in whom was the power of deciding even of the mo&s;t highe&s;t and weightie&s;t Affairs; and this con&s;i&s;ted of both the States: For whereas <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith (in generall) that &s;ame is not &s;o to be under&s;tood, as if every one &s;hould come thither, like as it u&s;u|ally hapned upon the A&s;&s;emblies of the <HI>Romans,</HI> in &s;uch manner, that every man &s;hould leave his hou&s;e and home; for &s;uch could not con|veniently be among&s;t &s;o great a popularity; e&s;pecially, like as the <HI>Battavers</HI> were, among whom <HI>Pliny</HI> reckoneth up &s;even Nations, as, the <HI>Battavers,</HI> which were properly
<PB N="32" REF="27">
&s;o called, the <HI>Kennemers,</HI> the little <HI>Frei&s;es,</HI> the <HI>Frie&s;iabonds,</HI> the little <HI>Cauches,</HI> the <HI>Tu&s;ians,</HI> and the <HI>Mar|&s;acians:</HI> Now the&s;e altogether were called the Convocation it &s;elf, whereunto &s;ome per&s;ons were &s;ent from each Region and State.</P>
<P><HI>Tacitus</HI> expoundeth that &s;ame, where hee &s;peaking of the <HI>Sem|nomes,</HI> &s;aith, that all the people of one di&s;cent a&s;&s;embled together at appointed times, by tho&s;e that were deputed thereunto, in a wood, the which was &s;anctified by the old Devotion and Prophecies of their Ance&s;tors. And of the <HI>Ger|manes</HI> in generall, hee &s;aith thus, that they a&s;&s;embled upon certaine days, unle&s;&s;e that accidentally any thing happened which required ha&s;te, and was &s;ome extraordinary matter. And there after he &s;aith thus, This abu&s;e proceeded of their liberty, that they did not a&s;&s;emble
<PB N="33" REF="27">
altogether, nor yet when as they were commanded or warned; but oftentimes they let pa&s;&s;e two or three dayes before they did a&s;&s;em|ble; &s;o that then the Soveraignty was in the per&s;ons of this A&s;&s;em|bly of both the E&s;tates: whereup|on he &s;aith thus, Before this A&s;|&s;embly, was any man to be accu&s;ed and challenged upon life and death. Againe hee &s;aith, In this &s;ame A&s;&s;embly the Princes were elected, and al&s;o tho&s;e hundred men which were cho&s;en out of the Commons, and adjoyned as com|panions unto them. The Kings them&s;elves and the Generals were heard in this A&s;&s;embly, (as is be|fore &s;aid) more with Authority to coun&s;ell, then with any power to command. And although this was common unto all the <HI>Ger|manes,</HI> and not appertaining unto the <HI>Battavers,</HI> as being not able to
<PB N="34" REF="28">
attaine thereunto; Yet the Hi|&s;tory of <HI>Civilis</HI> approveth that the <HI>Battavers</HI> had this manner of Go|vernment, to the end that the wars might orderly be decreed again&s;t the oppre&s;&s;ion of the <HI>Romanes;</HI> for that end (&s;aith he) hee a&s;&s;embled together the Princes of the Nati|ons, and the able&s;t of the common people. Wherein appeareth then that the <HI>Battavers</HI> u&s;ed the govern|ment of Nobles, and yet in &s;uch &s;ort, that there was a Principality annexed thereunto, which was either continually under the name of a King, or temporally under the name of a Generall: That al&s;o the Nobles were of two &s;orts, that is, of the Princes, the which were called the fir&s;t and the greate&s;t: and tho&s;e that were elected out of the Common people; the&s;e two being conjoyntly in the A&s;&s;embly, had the Soveraignty of the pub|like
<PB N="35" REF="28">
matters; but in regard that this &s;ame A&s;&s;embly did &s;eldome meet, the matters were commonly di&s;patched by the Kings, according to the advice of the Princes.</P>
<P>That al&s;o the Government of each quarter was in &s;uch manner in each of the&s;e Princes which had their owne Juri&s;diction, as in tho&s;e Magi&s;trates which were cho&s;en out of the &s;econd State; the which in &s;uch a wonderfull mu&s;icall con&s;ort doth expre&s;&s;e that Government which <HI>Plato</HI> &s;o much commendeth, in which the Nobles together with the mutuall agree|ment of the Common People, had the Soveraignty: Yet this mu&s;t be added hereunto, That in one matter the <HI>Battavers</HI> doe &s;eeme to differ from other <HI>Germans;</HI> as namely, That the <HI>Germans</HI> dwelt all in open Villages, and had no fenced Cities nor walled Towns: On the contra|ry
<PB N="36" REF="29">
part, it is apparent, that the <HI>Bat|tavers,</HI> (as &s;oon as they had Po&s;&s;e&s;|&s;ed the Iland) made fenced Cities, to the end, that they (not like as other People) might &s;ettle their aboad for a &s;hort time, but to con|tinue and that in one place: wher|of <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, becau&s;e of the convenient and ea&s;ie acce&s;&s;e there|unto for all commodities, which abundantly might be brought in thither.</P>
<P>For fir&s;t of all, the great Sea opened a free pa&s;&s;age for their trafficque into <HI>Great Brittain,</HI> and to the Seacoa&s;ts of <HI>Germany.</HI> And &s;econdly, the <HI>Ryne,</HI> the <HI>Maes,</HI> and <HI>Scheld</HI> opened them pa&s;&s;ages for trafficque into the heart of <HI>Ger|many,</HI> and to a great part of the <HI>Walloones</HI> Countrey. Adding here|unto, that in the time of <HI>Iulius Cae&s;ar</HI> there were very many walled Townes in the <HI>Walloones</HI> Country,
<PB N="37" REF="29">
which was a neere neighbouring example for the <HI>Battavers.</HI> More|over the nethermo&s;t part of the Iland giveth &s;ufficient te&s;timony thereof, which was called <HI>Lugdu|num Battavorum,</HI> which now is called <HI>Leyden,</HI> and the higher quar|ter called <HI>Battavodurum,</HI> which is now called <HI>Wyckterduer&s;tede,</HI> being both the old names of famous fen|ced Cities, be&s;ides &s;ome other le&s;&s;er Cities, as <HI>Grinnes, Vada, A|ranacum&punc;</HI> and other, whereof <HI>Ta|citus</HI> and <HI>Pentingerus</HI> in their Maps do make mention.</P>
<P>All which if it be &s;o, it is manife&s;tly apparent, that like as the&s;e fenced Cities could not con&s;i&s;t without Magi&s;trates, that tho&s;e Magi&s;trates next unto the Princes had very great Authority in their publike A&s;&s;emblies: And that the &s;imple common people bu&s;ied them&s;elves, &s;ome with til|ling
<PB N="38" REF="30">
of the Land, others with feed|ing of Cattle, and others with fi&s;hing, and with Merchandize, and other occupations belonging thereunto, that they very willing|ly committed the charge of the Government unto the Magi&s;trates, whereof we now have &s;poken.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="3" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="39" REF="30">
<HEAD>The third Chapter. In what e&s;tate the Common-wealth of the <HI>Battavers</HI> was in the flouri&s;hing time of the <HI>Ro|man</HI> Monarchy.</HEAD>
<P>WE have already heard af|ter what manner the Go|vernment of the <HI>Batta|vers</HI> was at the very Originall be|ginning of that people: But in regard that the Magnificence of the <HI>Romanes</HI> did oppre&s;&s;e &s;o many other Nations, that they made free Commonwealths to be their Tributary; Provinces. And that they u&s;ed the very Kings them&s;elvs as in&s;truments of &s;lavery, as &s;ome Writers affirm: So peradventure may &s;ome think that the&s;e Com|mon Lords the <HI>Battavers</HI> were u&s;ed
<PB N="40" REF="31">
after the &s;ame manner al&s;o; and that the rather, becau&s;e we read in <HI>Taci|tus,</HI> That the <HI>Battavers</HI> leaving the land of <HI>He&s;&s;en</HI> to dwell in a place where they &s;hould be a part of the <HI>Roman</HI> Monarchy. But after what manner that is to be under&s;tood, the Authors owne words pre&s;ently following doe declare, where hee &s;aith, that the <HI>Mattiacks</HI> being neer neighbors unto the <HI>Battavers</HI> were in the very &s;ame cu&s;tome with the <HI>Romanes,</HI> that is, to plea&s;ure them; which word doth not apper|taine unto a &s;ubject, but unto a friend: Adding yet further there|unto, That it &s;o farre extended it &s;elfe, not unto the Monarchy, but to the homage of the Monar|chy.</P>
<P>It is manife&s;t that there are two &s;orts of tolerations; one &s;ort that is equall, and another &s;ort that is unequall: The unequall is, when
<PB N="41" REF="31">
one Nation is &s;ubject under the authority of another; The equall is when as each of the&s;e Nations doe continue in their owne privi|ledges, notwith&s;tanding though one Nation oftentimes be more mightie then the other, although their priviledges bee both alike. Yet oftentimes it commeth &s;o to pa&s;&s;e, that tho&s;e that have the lea&s;t might, although the toleration be equall, yet neverthele&s;&s;e very willingly doe certain homage unto tho&s;e that are the more mightie, and doe endeavour to plea&s;e them: And in this ca&s;e it is credible, that the <HI>Battavers</HI> have done homage unto the <HI>Romanes,</HI> and yet have not beene &s;ubject under their Com|mand.</P>
<P>The word Society &s;heweth the very &s;ame, the which <HI>Tacitus</HI> u&s;eth in the &s;ame place, which Society was al&s;o honourable; for &s;aith he,
<PB N="42" REF="32">
they held their reputation, and the tokens of the old Society; for the Society betokeneth an equa|lity of each others priviledges; and &s;o much the more, when as the word of Reputation is added ther|unto, the which cannot be under|&s;tood in a Nation which &s;ubmit them&s;elves unto another, either by yielding, or by an unequall tolera|tion. Yet in another place <HI>Taci|tus</HI> &s;peaketh more clearly of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> where hee &s;aith, That they being in the Society of &s;uch as were more mightie then them|&s;elves, were nowhit di&s;mayed at the Magnificence of the <HI>Romanes;</HI> for as commonly among&s;t tho&s;e that are &s;o unequall, there conti|nueth no Society, but rather &s;uch a one as the Lion made, whereof the Fables make report, who urged all to that point, that the &s;tronge&s;t &s;hould have all; wherein he clear|ly
<PB N="43" REF="32">
proveth, that the <HI>Battavers</HI> had obtained this by their undaunted courage and fidelity, that they maintained the Society, that is an equality of priviledge, not onely in words, but in very deeds al&s;o.</P>
<P>I will conclude this point yet after this manner, The Nations that were under the <HI>Romanes,</HI> &s;hew|ed that they were &s;ubject under them by the&s;e three tokens; Fir&s;t, that they were under the command of the <HI>Roman</HI> Magi&s;trates; Se|condly, that they were Tributa|ries; and thirdly, that they payed Toll.</P>
<P>Now concerning the <HI>Romane</HI> Magi&s;trates, they were never in the Iland of the <HI>Battavers;</HI> whereup|on <HI>Civilis</HI> in his Oration unto his Countrey men, &s;aith, That there never came &s;o much as a Legate of the <HI>Romans</HI> unto the <HI>Battavers,</HI> but they governed their own Com|mon
<PB N="44" REF="33">
wealth by their owne Lawes, and their owne Magi&s;trates; and in this re&s;pect they were never reck|oned among the number of the conquered Provinces: For often|times <HI>Tacitus</HI> maketh mention of the Nation of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> of the Convocations of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> of the Citizens of the <HI>Battavers;</HI> by which words he meaneth no other thing, then that which we now a dayes call a Free Government; like as <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> called the Citizens of of the <HI>Swi&s;ers</HI> that is, the Com|monwealth of the <HI>Swi&s;ers.</HI></P>
<P>Now concerning the Tributes and Tolls, from which almo&s;t no Nation is free, although it had bin for no other end and purpo&s;e in them, but for this re&s;pect, That they enjoyed yet &s;till their owne Lawes as a benefit from the <HI>Ro|manes,</HI> yet for all this the <HI>Battavers</HI> payed nothing at all, neither the
<PB N="45" REF="33">
one, nor the other. <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, they were not upbraided with tri|butes, nor oppre&s;t with the recei|vers of the Toll. And pre&s;ently thereafter he &s;aith that they were free and exempt from all Charges and Contributions. <HI>Civilis</HI> in his Oration unto the <HI>Walloons,</HI> &s;aith of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> That they were free from Tributes. And the <HI>Battavers</HI> them&s;elves &s;peaking of them&s;elvs doe &s;ay, that they were not char|ged with any Tributes. What o|ther Articles there were concer|ning the tolleration, it were folly to make further enquiry then of tho&s;e that are manife&s;t, and which the <HI>Romanes</HI> and the <HI>Battavers</HI> agreed upon, as, That they &s;hould mutually a&s;&s;i&s;t each other with men; and for this cau&s;e the <HI>Batta|vers</HI> which were continually jar|ring with their Neighbours about their limits, had the le&s;&s;e need to
<PB N="46" REF="34">
fear them, becau&s;e they learned of the Magnificence of the <HI>Romanes.</HI> And againe, the <HI>Romanes</HI> percei|ving that the <HI>Battavers</HI> would be a great a&s;&s;i&s;tance unto them again&s;t the <HI>Belgians,</HI> the <HI>Germans, Brittains,</HI> yea even again&s;t the whole world, as being &s;uch who were the mo&s;t excellently valo|rous of all other Nations round about them: and no le&s;&s;e famous for their Hor&s;men, Footmen, and Mariners, and aptne&s;&s;e for all &s;orts of warre; therefore like as at this in&s;tant the <HI>Swi&s;ers</HI> are &s;erviceable to many Kings; even &s;o did the <HI>Battavers</HI> unto the <HI>Romans</HI> in tho&s;e daies, furni&s;hing them with Troops and Companies, the which as <HI>Ta|citus</HI> &s;aith, were governed accord|ing to their old Cu&s;tomes by the noble&s;t of their owne Countrey|men: This was a great token of their equality, which &s;eldome
<PB N="47" REF="34">
hapned in the Monarchy of the <HI>Romanes,</HI> that the <HI>Battavers</HI> them|&s;elves appointed tho&s;e that &s;hould be the Generall, and the Officers of tho&s;e that were &s;ent to a&s;&s;i&s;t the <HI>Romanes,</HI> and received none from the <HI>Romanes:</HI> This is that which <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, That the <HI>Battavers</HI> brought onely Men and Armes un|to the Monarchy. And in another place he &s;aith, That they were of purpo&s;e kept and pre&s;erved as a refuge to be chiefly u&s;ed in Bat|tailes, and were pre&s;erved for the warre as Armes and Ammunition. Be&s;ides the a&s;&s;i&s;tance of men, the <HI>Romanes</HI> had another as great a be|nefit of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> as namely, the u&s;e of the Iland, wherein they had not onely certain Garri&s;ons, but al&s;o a Fleet upon their Sea oa&s;ts, and all other things that were nece&s;&s;ary for the provi&s;ion of their Warre again&s;t the <HI>Germanes,</HI>
<PB N="48" REF="35">
or the <HI>Brittaines.</HI> It is without all doubt, but that <HI>Caius Iulius Cae&s;ar,</HI> was the fir&s;t of the <HI>Ro|manes</HI> that invaded the&s;e Coun|tries, by whom they were fir&s;t brought unto this Societie and Alliance with the <HI>Battavers;</HI> for he maketh mention him&s;elfe of the Iland of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> and how that he was come &s;o farre where the <HI>Ryne</HI> and the <HI>Maes</HI> ranne into one &s;treame, and that he in his Ex|pedition had the <HI>Battavers</HI> to a&s;|&s;i&s;t him; the which <HI>Lucanus</HI> plain|ly expre&s;&s;eth unto us. Hee him|&s;elfe al&s;o writeth, that hee had with him <HI>Dutch</HI> Hor&s;emen, after|terwards al&s;o certaine light armed Footmen, which whether they were <HI>Battavers</HI> them&s;elves, or were among them; and that the rather becau&s;e that all the re&s;t of the <HI>Ger|manes</HI> had a dete&s;table hatred a|gain&s;t the <HI>Romanes:</HI> And <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI>
<PB N="49" REF="35">
writeth, that tho&s;e &s;ame Hor&s;e and Footmen, were levied out of the Common-Wealths, the which hee him&s;elf had pacified.</P>
<P>The&s;e were they by who&s;e valour principally <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> conquered the <HI>Walloons,</HI> as <HI>Oro&s;ius</HI> writeth.</P>
<P>The&s;e were they who&s;e &s;hock the <HI>Walloons</HI> by <HI>Noyon</HI> could not re&s;i&s;t: for this occa&s;ion&punc; it is that <HI>Civilis</HI> boa&s;teth him&s;elfe that the <HI>Burgondians</HI> and the <HI>Averginans</HI> were daunted by the Hor&s;emen of the <HI>Battavers.</HI></P>
<P>The&s;e were they that beat back the <HI>Walloons,</HI> when they Charged <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> at the Borders of <HI>Langres.</HI></P>
<P>The&s;e were they that in two &s;e|verall Battels conquered the Ene|my by <HI>Au&s;&s;eis.</HI></P>
<P>By the valour of the&s;e were they of <HI>Beauvois</HI> put to flight: After|wards concerning the Victory of the <HI>Phar&s;alians, Cae&s;ar</HI> had promi|&s;ed
<PB N="50" REF="36">
before, that no other &s;hould have the fir&s;t on&s;et thereof, and the event and &s;ucce&s;&s;e &s;heweth the &s;ame, as <HI>Florus</HI> and <HI>Dion</HI> doe te|&s;tifie.</P>
<P>The&s;e were the very &s;ame <HI>Bat|tavers,</HI> who&s;e Hor&s;emen had that Quality of &s;wimming over Rivers on Hor&s;e-back, which no other could doe, and put to flight <HI>Pto|lomy&punc;</HI> and the <HI>Alexandrians,</HI> when they charged <HI>Cae&s;ar:</HI> for which great examples of Courage and fidelity, <HI>Augu&s;tus Cae&s;ar</HI> took the <HI>Battavers</HI> to bee his per&s;onall Guard, as now many Kings doe the <HI>Swi&s;ers,</HI> which al&s;o the &s;ucceeding Emperours have Imitated: Of this mentioneth <HI>Dion, Suetonius, Taci|tus</HI> and others.</P>
<P><HI>Germanicus</HI> was exceedingly a&s;|&s;i&s;ted by the&s;e, being under the Emperor <HI>Tiberius,</HI> in re&s;pect of the &s;ituation of the Iland, as al&s;o by
<PB N="51" REF="36">
the valour of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> like as it is clearly proved by the example of the Generall <HI>Cariovalda,</HI> in the Raigne of the Emperour <HI>Claudius,</HI> when <HI>Plautius</HI> was &s;ent into Great <HI>Brittaine,</HI> That then a great part of that Iland was Conquered by the wonderfull and admirable Strata|gems of the <HI>Battavers</HI> as <HI>Dion</HI> te&s;tifieth.</P>
<P>Againe, under the Emperour <HI>Nero,</HI> when <HI>Suetonius Paulinus</HI> go|verned Great <HI>Brittaine</HI> by many &s;trategems, was the reputation of the <HI>Battavers</HI> exceedingly augmen|ted: Shortly thereafter, followed the Civill Warres of the <HI>Romanes,</HI> who&s;e good or bad &s;ucce&s;&s;e de|pended mo&s;t of all upon the <HI>Bat|tavers.</HI></P>
<P>The&s;e were they who advanced <HI>Galba,</HI> and after him <HI>Vitellius:</HI> The Legions of the <HI>Romanes</HI> them|&s;elves called them the &s;tronge&s;t
<PB N="52" REF="37">
member of their Army, the able&s;t men, old Souldiers, Conquerors in many Battels: <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, That the Regiments of the <HI>Bat|tavers,</HI> were a great motive unto what &s;ide &s;oever they inclined, whether they were with them or again&s;t them: And for this occa|&s;ion, the <HI>Vitellians</HI> dur&s;t not put to death <HI>Civilis;</HI> lea&s;t that for the pu|ni&s;hing of one man, who was &s;o mighty amon&s;t the <HI>Battavers,</HI> they might lo&s;e the hearts of &s;o valiant a Nation. And <HI>Martial</HI> &s;peaking of a <HI>Battaver,</HI> u&s;eth the words:
<Q><L>This face which I doe &s;hew thee here,</L>
<L>Did make your Fathers mo&s;t to feare.</L></Q></P>
<P>Now &s;ith that the benefits were &s;o many and &s;o great, which the <HI>Battavers</HI> had &s;hewed unto the Em|perours,
<PB N="53" REF="37">
and unto the Monarchy of the <HI>Romans,</HI> as that they had &s;uch profit by that Iland: That they were &s;o exceeding valorous, and that the fame was &s;o &s;pread abroad of the great ayd that they had received from them, &s;o that it was no marvell that for the &s;pace of a hundred and twenty years (for &s;o many years is the reckoning from <HI>Caius Iulius Cae&s;ar,</HI> unto the raign of the Emperour <HI>Ve&s;pa&s;ian)</HI> the <HI>Battavers</HI> &s;till kept their repu|tation, and their ab&s;olute perfect Priviledges of the Society. But when the time came, that the Fa|vours of the <HI>Romans</HI> turned into an inforcing Taxation, and they not only pro&s;ecuted the &s;ame with ex|ceeding greedine&s;&s;e, but al&s;o ag|gravated the &s;ame with mo&s;t de|te&s;table and reproachfull Ravi&s;h|ments; the which was in no wi&s;e to|lerable for a free people to endure:
<PB N="54" REF="38">
Then did the <HI>Battavers</HI> that which was lawfull for &s;uch worthy men to doe, in taking of Armes, whereby they might defend their Liberty and un&s;potted Cha&s;tity: The oc|ca&s;ion whereof, <HI>Civilis</HI> reporteth, &s;aying, That they were not E&s;teem|ed now as Companions, like as in former time they had been, but as Slaves; That they for the&s;e oc|ca&s;ions, had ju&s;tly taken Armes again&s;t the publick Lords: That Liberty naturally was given, even to the very brute bea&s;ts: From the Hi&s;tory of which Warre doth appear what love the <HI>Battavers</HI> had to keep their Liberty; for the which, they feared not to challenge the <HI>Romans</HI> power, and the fifteen Legions that were quartered round about them: Therefore like as <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, the very name of the <HI>Romans</HI> was expelled out of the Iland of the <HI>Battavers;</HI> and they
<PB N="55" REF="38">
were exceedingly had in great e&s;timation throughout all <HI>Germa|ny,</HI> and the <HI>Walloons</HI> Countrey, as being the Authors of Liberty. This is al&s;o to be con&s;idered in the time of that War, that when as the <HI>Walloons</HI> had generally taken Armes, and were al&s;o bound by Oath unto the Legions of the <HI>Ro|mans;</HI> That neither <HI>Civilis</HI> him|&s;elf, nor yet any of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> were bound with Oath as the <HI>Walloons</HI> were: That is, becau&s;e it was not convenient that &s;uch a free Nation, and &s;uch as fought for their Liberty, &s;hould give their Oath unto any other.</P>
<P>What &s;ucce&s;&s;e and event that Warre had, which the <HI>Battavers</HI> undertook by the Re&s;olution of both the States, under the conduct of <HI>Civilis,</HI> again&s;t the Tyrannicall domineering of the <HI>Romans,</HI> is not very manife&s;t, becau&s;e that <HI>Tacitus</HI>
<PB N="56" REF="39">
in his Hi&s;tory maketh no mention thereof. But in regard that <HI>Tacitus</HI> &s;aith, that <HI>Cerialis</HI> did offer pardon unto <HI>Civilis,</HI> and peace unto the <HI>Battavers;</HI> And that <HI>Io&s;ephus</HI> the Jewi&s;h Writer &s;aith, This Warre ended by concluding of a peace; &s;o that I make no que&s;tion, but that the <HI>Battavers</HI> were re-e&s;tabli&s;hed in the former &s;tate of the Society: And &s;o much the rather, becau&s;e that <HI>Tacitus</HI> writing of the man|ners of the <HI>Germans</HI> in the time of <HI>Trajanus</HI> who was twice Con&s;ul, &s;aith, That the <HI>Battavers</HI> kept their old reputation, and their tokens of the old Society: And in the &s;e|quell thereof, &s;heweth manife&s;tly enough, that after that Warre they were neither oppre&s;t with Tri|butes, nor yet with Toll; but that they kept their Priviledge, only with this Condition, that they &s;hould &s;end ayd unto the <HI>Romans.</HI></P>
<P><PB N="57" REF="39">
And for a certainty, before that time, in the Reign of the Empe|rour <HI>Domitian, Agricola</HI> being a&s;&s;i&s;ted by the <HI>Battavers,</HI> effected &s;trange bu&s;ine&s;&s;es in <HI>Brittaine:</HI> Al|&s;o when as <HI>Adrianus</HI> was with his Army by the <HI>Danow,</HI> that al&s;o then was there great Service performed by the <HI>Battavi&s;h</HI> Souldiers.</P>
<P>After tho&s;e times, the Privi|ledges of the <HI>Battavers</HI> were &s;o farre from being dimini&s;hed, that their Reputation was the rather augmented, the which, certain old Titles and In&s;criptions, which are yet extant and found among&s;t us, doe &s;ufficiently te&s;tifie; whereof &s;ome produce the time of <HI>Severus;</HI> and others, of <HI>Antonius</HI> and <HI>Geta;</HI> for they doe not name the Nation of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> and the Citizens of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> not Companions, like as formerly they were called: but call them Brethren and
<PB N="58" REF="40">
Friends, as well of the people, as of the Monarchy of the <HI>Romans;</HI> from which name, a certaine <HI>Pa|negyrick</HI> Writer, &s;aith, appeareth as well the fellow&s;hip as the equality of their worthine&s;&s;e.</P>
<P>After the&s;e times, the <HI>Francks</HI> began to be known about the <HI>Ryne,</HI> again&s;t whom the <HI>Battavers</HI> and the <HI>Romans</HI> had continuall Warres: Oftentimes the <HI>Francks</HI> invaded the Iland of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> often|times they were repul&s;ed. And la&s;tly, in the Raign of <HI>Con&s;tantius</HI> the Emperour, the <HI>Francks</HI> trailing the <HI>Almans</HI> along with them, and the <HI>Saxons</HI> who were in Confe|deracy with them, &s;warming up and down farre and neare, that then <HI>Iulianus</HI> did &s;o pepper them in a great Battell by <HI>Straesburch;</HI> for the Victory of which Battell, as <HI>Ammianus</HI> &s;aith, they may princi|pally thank the valour of the <HI>Bat|tavers;</HI>
<PB N="59" REF="40">
for the Hor&s;emen of the <HI>Romans</HI> being all fled, and the Ene|my beginning with their &s;words to fall to the Execution of their confu&s;ed Battell; the <HI>Battavers</HI> came to &s;econd and to relieve them in their greate&s;t nece&s;&s;ity, they being as <HI>Ammianus</HI> &s;aith, a terrible multitude of people, they came with their Kings with them: from whence is concluded, that at that very time remained yet the &s;ame manner of Government a|mong&s;t the <HI>Battavers,</HI> which they had had of old, excepting that they by rea&s;on of the continuing Wars, did more u&s;e the perpetuall Com|mand of the Kings, then the tem|porall Command of the Generals. Moreover, that for the time that the Monarchy of the <HI>Romans</HI> was ambitiou&s;ly climbing or had any trouble, they never dimini&s;hed nor detained any Priviledges from
<PB N="60" REF="41">
tho&s;e that were their able&s;t Con|federates, not in the lea&s;t degree, as mear rea&s;on can &s;ufficiently ap|prove the &s;ame.</P>
<P>And undoubtedly, the cruell Wars with the <HI>Francks,</HI> which con|tinually endured from the Raign of <HI>Valerian,</HI> even unto the Monarchy of <HI>Iulianus,</HI> being a hundred years, gave &s;uch a &s;hrowd pul-down unto the People of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> that by rea&s;on thereof, it hapned that the <HI>Salians</HI> who were one of the principall Nations of the <HI>Francks,</HI> fir&s;t invaded a part of the Iland of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> as I think, that part which is neare&s;t unto <HI>Over-I&s;ell,</HI> and with the con&s;ent of the <HI>Ro|mans</HI> and of the <HI>Battavers</HI> kept the &s;ame: But when the <HI>Quades</HI> be|ing a Nation of the <HI>Saxons</HI> &s;trove to drive them out of their Po&s;&s;e&s;|&s;ion, Then did the Emperour <HI>Iulia|nus,</HI> fir&s;t by Arms defend his new
<PB N="61" REF="41">
friends the <HI>Salians,</HI> and afterwards made Peace in &s;uch a manner, that he united the <HI>Quades</HI> and the <HI>Sali|ans</HI> being the valiante&s;t, the one Nation of the <HI>Francks,</HI> and the other of the <HI>Saxons,</HI> into one Corporation and name of <HI>Batta|vers.</HI> And hereupon, were certain Legions levied out of the&s;e people of the <HI>Quades, Salians,</HI> and <HI>Batta|vers,</HI> to ayd the <HI>Romans,</HI> who (as we may under&s;tand by <HI>Zo&s;imus)</HI> were all called by the name of <HI>Battavers:</HI> whence appeareth, That the <HI>Batta|vers</HI> being augmented by the in|crea&s;e of other Nations, did main|taine the Priviledges of their Li|berty undimini&s;hed. But e&s;pecially about this time, the State of the <HI>Romans</HI> in great <HI>Brittain</HI> being very weak and in great danger, they were held up and &s;upported by the <HI>Bat|tavers,</HI> by who&s;e a&s;&s;i&s;tance recove|ring <HI>London, Civilis</HI> who was a <HI>Bat|taver</HI>
<PB N="62" REF="42">
and of Royall blood, was then made Governour of great <HI>Brittain,</HI> as in my opinion, the very name imports &s;o much, being de&s;cended from that famous Generall which was in the Raigne of the Empe|rour <HI>Ve&s;pa&s;ian.</HI></P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="4" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="63" REF="42">
<HEAD>The fourth Chapter. In what E&s;tate the Common-wealth of the <HI>Battavers</HI> was after the fall of the <HI>Roman</HI> Mo|narchy.</HEAD>
<P>FRom the&s;e times untill the fir&s;t in&s;talling of the Earls, which was about five hundred years after, the Hi&s;tories are very defective: And in the meane time, as on the one &s;ide, The <HI>Saxons,</HI> the the <HI>Wiltons,</HI> the <HI>Slavens,</HI> and there|after they of <HI>Norway</HI> and the <HI>Danes,</HI> by Inva&s;ions and Robberies had done them very much harm; &s;o on the other part it is probable, that while they defended their lives and goods, and among&s;t ma|ny lo&s;&s;es, the valour of the <HI>Battavers</HI> increa&s;ed; but all the re&s;t is very
<PB N="64" REF="43">
ob&s;cure. Al&s;o at this time they did begin to change their names, and the name of <HI>Battavia</HI> or <HI>Betow,</HI> being &s;hut up in the highe&s;t part of the Iland, kept &s;till that name: And the <HI>Battavers</HI> who&s;e dwellings were lower in the Iland, began to be called <HI>Frei&s;es;</HI> the which is not to be marvelled at, in regard that in <HI>Pliny</HI> his time, one part of the <HI>Battavers</HI> were called little <HI>Frei&s;es</HI> or <HI>Fri&s;iabons;</HI> and the very &s;ame may appeare in the old Super&s;crip|tions, That among&s;t the&s;e <HI>Batta|vers</HI> which were the Guards of the Emperours, were certaine <HI>Fri&s;ia|bones.</HI></P>
<P>Now it appeared well, that the name of <HI>Frei&s;es</HI> plea&s;ed them, ei|ther becau&s;e that &s;ame word in that Language is very neare unto Free|dom or Liberty; or el&s;e, becau&s;e that the <HI>Frei&s;es</HI> being invironed about with great Lakes and Pooles
<PB N="65" REF="43">
were not very acce&s;&s;ible the reunto, and being the more invincible, were a Refuge unto all other <HI>Batta|vers,</HI> which lay more open to the Inva&s;ions of the barbarous Nati|ons: And you &s;hall ever finde, that the fir&s;t Earls were called by no o|ther Title, but of the <HI>Frei&s;es,</HI> before that ever the name of the <HI>Hollan|ders</HI> was known: Like as <HI>Tacitus</HI> at this time, and in former times, makes mention of the Kings and Generals. And <HI>Ammianus</HI> a little before the&s;e times, makes mention of the <HI>Battavian</HI> Kings; in like manner al&s;o it is that the Antient Writers of the <HI>French</HI> and <HI>German</HI> Hi&s;tories, about this time do no|minate certain Kings of the <HI>Frei&s;es,</HI> which have held hard War again&s;t the <HI>Francks;</HI> and among&s;t others, the name of <HI>Radbond</HI> is very fa|mous, who&s;e head is to be &s;een in the Ca&s;tle at <HI>Medenblick;</HI> after the
<PB N="66" REF="44">
Kings, you &s;hall finde certain Ge|nerals expre&s;&s;ed by their names; the&s;e were they which were called Potentates.</P>
<P>It is &s;omewhat &s;trange, that which wee read in <HI>Procopius,</HI> That in the great Sea, about the mouths of the <HI>Ryne,</HI> that there &s;hould be an Iland called <HI>Britton,</HI> lying oppo|&s;ite again&s;t Great <HI>Brittain:</HI> That the &s;ame Iland was inhabited by three Nations, who&s;e names were the <HI>Britons, Engli&s;h</HI> and <HI>Frie&s;es;</HI> from whence yearly, many people went to inhabite the unha|bited Countreys of the <HI>Francks:</HI> And that for this occa&s;ion, the <HI>Francks,</HI> although they had no other Intere&s;t in that Iland, the which al&s;o was governed by their own Kings, yet neverthele&s;&s;e they endeavoured that it &s;hould be &s;aid and be believed, that it was &s;ubject under them: And hereupon, the
<PB N="67" REF="44">
King of the <HI>Francks</HI> &s;ending an Emba&s;&s;ador unto <HI>Con&s;tantinople,</HI> un|to the Emperour <HI>Iu&s;tinianus,</HI> did therewithall &s;end &s;ome of the Peo|ple of the fore-&s;aid Iland, that by that meanes he might have a pre|tence of Authority over that Iland.</P>
<P>That this <HI>Britton</HI> was <HI>Battavia,</HI> or el&s;e a part of <HI>Battavia,</HI> bordering upon the Sea, may with &s;ome ap|probation of the truth be &s;poken, becau&s;e there is no other Iland in the Sea, that hath the mouthes of the <HI>Ryne</HI> in it. And moreover and above, it appeareth that upon the Sea &s;hore of <HI>Battavia</HI> upon the middle mouth of the <HI>Ryne,</HI> there &s;tood a Hou&s;e called <HI>Britton,</HI> whereof yet even in the&s;e dayes the remaining Foundations are yet &s;een; and it is no marvell then that either the Hou&s;e took this name from the Iland, or el&s;e the
<PB N="68" REF="45">
Iland took its name from the hou&s;e. In the like manner, as with us here in <HI>Holland</HI> the name of the River hath of old been called the <HI>Flie;</HI> then after, the Hou&s;e &s;tanding ther|upon got the &s;ame name, &s;o that even now the whole Iland is called <HI>Flieland;</HI> which if this bee true, then was there yet two other Na|tions which inhabited that Iland, be&s;ides tho&s;e that were born in the Iland, which we have &s;aid be|fore were called <HI>Frie&s;es, viz.</HI> the <HI>Engli&s;h,</HI> which were an old <HI>Germane</HI> people, and the <HI>Britons</HI> which per|adventure were inforced by the violence of the <HI>Picks</HI> and men of <HI>Norway</HI> to leave their native Coun|trey, and to &s;eek them a place of a more &s;trong refuge and retreat. It is therefore without all doubt, that the <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> and <HI>Saxons</HI> po&s;|&s;e&s;&s;ed the Sea Coa&s;ts which were the neare&s;t unto the <HI>Battavers,</HI> and
<PB N="69" REF="45">
that they divers times &s;ayled from thence into <HI>Brittaine</HI> which is now called <HI>England.</HI> It is al&s;o manife&s;t that <HI>Willebord</HI> an <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> man came hither out of <HI>England</HI> and preached the truth of the Chri&s;tian Religi|on unto our fore-fathers in the &s;ame language that was then &s;poken in <HI>England.</HI> It is al&s;o credible, that the <HI>Britons</HI> betook them&s;elves for their refuge, as well unto the moori&s;h parts of our Countrey as unto the Sea Coa&s;t of <HI>France,</HI> which is now called little <HI>Brit|taine.</HI> But that the <HI>Francks</HI> &s;triving for the Reputation of their King|dome, doe affirme that it &s;hould have extended &s;o farre, who indeed had no Command over this Iland, or at lea&s;t, not below <HI>Utrecht,</HI> the which &s;ome doe affirm to be the period of the Kingdome of the <HI>Francks,</HI> then called <HI>Austra&s;ians,</HI> which doe very well approve the
<PB N="70" REF="46">
Liberty of the Sea-bordering <HI>Bat|tavers;</HI> from whence it is credible, that they were multiplyed from time to time, by the encrea&s;e of new Nations. And that they having made peace with the <HI>Francks</HI> for fear of the People of <HI>Norway,</HI> and uniting them&s;elves by a fa&s;t and &s;ure league, have continued their old manner of Goverment, as well under their Kings, as under their Generals, even to the time of their Earles, whereunto wee now pro|ceed.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="5" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="71" REF="46">
<HEAD>The fifth Chapter. In what e&s;tate the Common-wealth of the <HI>Battavers</HI> was in in the dayes of the Earls.</HEAD>
<P>I Will pa&s;&s;e by what others have reported of the in&s;titution of this Earldome, who therein have followed the Authority of a certaine report but lately ri&s;en up, the &s;ame being founded upon cer|tain writings, which doth &s;uffici|ently confute it &s;elfe: And will only &s;peak of that which concerns my purpo&s;e, and as I think is the truth, &amp; that with no &s;mall rea&s;ons: It is thus then, That before the time of <HI>Dederick,</HI> who was coun|ted the fir&s;t of the Earls of <HI>Hol|land,</HI> there were in <HI>Holland</HI> many Princes that had their Authority
<PB N="72" REF="47">
not over the whole Nation, but each of them over &s;ome one part thereof: As tho&s;e had whereof <HI>Tacitus</HI> and <HI>Cae&s;ar</HI> doe make menti|on of: The&s;e Princes were called by the names of <HI>Graven</HI> or <HI>Grafio|nes,</HI> which we in <HI>Engli&s;h</HI> call <HI>Prae|tors&punc;</HI> and now the Dutch <HI>Graven,</HI> that is Earls, which is often found in the <HI>Germane</HI> Lawes: which to &s;peak properly, is nothing el&s;e but Judges, from whence we call tho&s;e that are the Officers and Contro|lers of the Cau&s;ies and of tho&s;e Bancks that doe check the Rivers and the Sea, we call them <HI>Dyke|graven,</HI> that is Cau&s;ie-Judges or Cau&s;ie Earls. And with good rea|&s;on were tho&s;e Princes &s;o called, becau&s;e that their Principall Office was as is afore&s;aid to admini&s;ter the Law: Now wherefore that the&s;e Earles or Judges in former igno|rant times, by tho&s;e that &s;poke
<PB N="73" REF="47">
Latine, were called <HI>Comites,</HI> or Companions, I can finde no great rea&s;on for it, unle&s;&s;e peradventure, becau&s;e that they together among them&s;elves were all alike of one e&s;timation, re&s;pect, and worthine&s;s. And from hence it is, that tho&s;e Regions, which in old time were called <HI>Pagi,</HI> that is, great Bur|roughes or Villages, got the name of Counties or Earldomes. And &s;uch an Earldome <HI>Walcheren</HI> which is an Iland in <HI>Zealand</HI> hath bin: And likewi&s;e, &s;uch have been <HI>Mae&s;land, Kennemerland,</HI> and <HI>Texell,</HI> being all Regions in <HI>Holland,</HI> each of them hath been Earldoms of them&s;elves, the which both Hi&s;tory and antient Writings te&s;tifie. Such al&s;o were the fore-fathers of the Seigneors of <HI>Wa&s;&s;enar,</HI> who were called <HI>Burgh|graven,</HI> that is Ca&s;tle or Burrough-Earls, who were the Judges of that Ca&s;tle or Burrough (as it is very
<PB N="74" REF="48">
credible) in which place is now the old City then called <HI>Lugdu|num Battavorum,</HI> now called <HI>Leyden</HI> (which was then de&s;troyed by the People of <HI>Norway)</HI> and al&s;o of &s;ome part of the Countrey there|abouts, which <HI>Seigneors</HI> being the Survayers of the Dams &amp; Sluces of the River <HI>Ryne,</HI> there hath anciently been paid unto them certain Tolls; the which is continued yet to their po&s;terity. At the &s;ame time were there certain Cities or Townes in this Land, as <HI>Schaffnaburgen&s;is</HI> an old Writer nameth <HI>Flaording</HI> and <HI>Rynsburch</HI> to be very &s;trong Towns in <HI>Frei&s;land;</HI> whereunto may bee added <HI>Froonley</HI> in former times the chiefe City of the Northren Quar|ter: <HI>Dordrecht</HI> and <HI>Haerlem</HI> are of no little Antiquity. The Principall <HI>Seigneors</HI> aforenamed, and the Ma|gi&s;trates of the Towns (&s;eeing that they were daily incombred with
<PB N="75" REF="48">
their Enemies the People of <HI>Nor|way,</HI> and that now the Enemy was more furious in regard that our <HI>Bat|tavers</HI> had lately embraced the Chri&s;tian Religion) held a publick Con&s;ultation &amp; Re&s;olution (as may well be imagined) how that they not would content them&s;elvs with certaine retreats, which they had long u&s;ed again&s;t the violence of their Enemies: but al&s;o how they might deliver their native Coun|try, both for the pre&s;ent and future time from &s;uch unwelcome Gue&s;ts, whereunto the mutable and tem|porary command of the Generals was not &s;ufficient; they thought it good after the example of their fore-fathers, who had Kings, yet their liberty not infringed, to or|daine a Prince, over the whole body of the Common-Wealth; which they intituled not with the Title of King, as being &s;uch a one
<PB N="76" REF="49">
as was not employed any other|wayes then in the chiefe&s;t and ab|&s;olute Authority, but entituled him by that accu&s;tomed and u&s;uall name or Title of <HI>Gravii,</HI> that is Judge or Earl, yet with this difference, that he was not called Earl with an ad|dition of any Quarter thereunto, but &s;imply, as being Judge him|&s;elfe over the other Judges. Vn|to this command (out of all que|&s;tion) he was cho&s;en that was the very principall, both for Nobility and power among&s;t all other Princes: This was <HI>Dederick</HI> who in the old Records was called the <HI>Frei&s;e.</HI></P>
<P>Now that the&s;e <HI>Battavers</HI> which dwelt upon the Sea-&s;ide were cal|led <HI>Frei&s;es,</HI> we have &s;hewed already, and the &s;ame is manife&s;tly proved with the afore-&s;aid place of <HI>Schaff|naburgen&s;is.</HI></P>
<P><HI>Iohn Vander Does</HI> the Father,
<PB N="77" REF="49">
Seigneor of <HI>Noortwick,</HI> a man as exceedingly well known among&s;t his own people by rea&s;on of his Nobility, as al&s;o to all others by rea&s;on of his Learning, manife&s;tly &s;heweth (in his books, wherewith hee hath perpetually obliged his Native Countrey by an everla&s;ting benefit unto him) out of <HI>Regino</HI> an old Writer, that this <HI>Dederick</HI> had a Brother who&s;e name was <HI>Walgar,</HI> and that this <HI>Walgars</HI> and <HI>Dedericks</HI> Father was one <HI>Gerloffe,</HI> whom <HI>Regino</HI> a very faithful <HI>French</HI> Hi&s;toriographer affirmeth to have been an Earl of the <HI>Frie&s;es. Dederick</HI> was then before an Earl, and an Earls &s;onne, but Earl of &s;ome one certain Quarter, and not of the whole Nation, which honour is be&s;towed upon him principally through the favour and good af|fection (as may bee well &s;uppo|&s;ed) of the Lords and the People
<PB N="78" REF="50">
of the Towns. And al&s;o becau&s;e that in the Maps of <HI>Vtrecht,</HI> there is mention of a Region or Quarter called <HI>Holland;</HI> &s;o peradventure it is likely to be true, that this &s;ame Region was the Earldom of <HI>Dede|rick</HI> and his Predece&s;&s;ors: And that thereafter, the whole body of the Common-wealth being concredi|ted unto him, grew into a Commu|nity of the &s;ame name, to this end, that tho&s;e <HI>Frei&s;es</HI> which dwelt upon this &s;ide of the River <HI>Flie,</HI> &s;hould properly be called the great <HI>Frei&s;es,</HI> only to make a difference between tho&s;e <HI>Frei&s;es</HI> which dwelt on the other &s;ide of the <HI>Flie;</HI> yet neverthe|le&s;&s;e, that part which is next unto the <HI>Flie,</HI> even to this pre&s;ent day is called We&s;t <HI>Frei&s;land,</HI> the which with <HI>Holland</HI> maketh a Common-wealth. Vnto this is very conform that which the States of <HI>Holland</HI> al|ledged in that famous Controver&s;ie
<PB N="79" REF="50">
which was di&s;puted upon by them and the <HI>Brabanders</HI> before the Em|perour <HI>Charles</HI> the Fifth, Prince of the Netherlands, where the <HI>Bra|banders</HI> affirmed, that the Emperor <HI>Charls</HI> the Fourth had granted them a certain Priviledge, that they out of their own Countrey might not be &s;ued at the Law, maintaining therewithall, that it was not lawfull for the <HI>Hollanders</HI> to proceed a|gain&s;t the <HI>Brabanders</HI> by manner of Arre&s;t after the <HI>Hollanders</HI> manner. Whereupon the States of <HI>Holland</HI> &s;hewed to the contrary, That that Priviledge did not concern them, in regard that they and their Earles from all Antiquity had the Sove|raignty &amp; all manner of Juridi&s;cti|on without giving any manner of acknowledgement unto any other; And that &s;ince the time that <HI>Dede|rick</HI> the Fir&s;t, recovered the Land of <HI>Holland</HI> from the Barbarous
<PB N="80" REF="51">
Nations, the which was then &s;ub|ject under the power of no King, that the &s;ame Earls of <HI>Holland</HI> at all times ever had the like Autho|rity in their own Earldoms, as the Emperours of <HI>Germany</HI> or of <HI>Italy</HI> had in their Empire, without be|ing bound or beholden to any by manner (of <HI>Leen,)</HI> that is either Free forme or Coppy-hold.</P>
<P>The which may be gathered even from that &s;ucce&s;&s;ion, that the wo|men had in the Earldom; And al|&s;o from hence, That the Earls have &s;et out great parts of the Earldom, as the Lord&s;hips of <HI>Foirne, Arckel,</HI> and <HI>Putten</HI> and others, and that even to hereditary Free-farme, or Coppy-hold, without the Con&s;ent of any other Forraign Power: Al|though that the Ordinances of the <HI>Germane</HI> Empire, with what generall Title &s;oever they might be written or Regi&s;tred, were never
<PB N="81" REF="51">
&s;o much as once publi&s;hed in <HI>Hol|land,</HI> neither were they in any one point obedient thereunto, the which they al&s;o proved with a very memorable late Example; for whereas the <HI>Germanes</HI> had ordain|ed very many Lawes for the obtain|ing of &s;ucce&s;&s;ion without te&s;ta|ment, even to the derogation of all cu&s;tomes to the contrary; yet neverthele&s;&s;e the Heritages in <HI>Holland</HI> were never a&s;&s;igned by no other Law then by their owne cu|&s;tomes to that very day; that al&s;o the affaires neither of the Earles nor of the States were never &s;en|tenced by the <HI>Germaine</HI> Sena|tors.</P>
<P>The which being thus alledged and proved by the <HI>Hollanders,</HI> the Declaration followed, that that priviledge which was given unto the <HI>Brabanders,</HI> was of no force in <HI>Holland.</HI></P>
<P><PB N="82" REF="52">
Be&s;ides this, <HI>Philip</HI> of <HI>Leyden</HI> writing a Book of the Governe|ment at what time as the fir&s;t <HI>Wil|liam</HI> of <HI>Byeren</HI> governed <HI>Holland,</HI> and dedicated the &s;ame Book unto his Prince, he then profe&s;&s;ing the Law in <HI>France,</HI> &s;aith often in the &s;ame Book, That the Earle of <HI>Hol|land</HI> is Emperour in his Earle|dome.</P>
<P>Wee know that the <HI>Germane</HI> Emperours, and al&s;o the <HI>Francks,</HI> as it is before reported out of <HI>Pro|copius,</HI> u&s;ually pretended that not onely the Earles of <HI>Holland,</HI> and other Princes, but even the Kings them&s;elves were their Va&s;&s;als; the which although it were granted unto them, yet in that re&s;pect the <HI>Hollanders</HI> were neverthele&s;&s;e free. In &s;uch like manner, as <HI>Proculus</HI> an ancient Lawyer proveth very well; The particulars which are de|fended by others, doe not there|fore
<PB N="83" REF="52">
lo&s;e their freedome, becau&s;e they are not of equall worth with their protectors: And in like manner, the freedome of the peo|ple is not dimini&s;hed, becau&s;e in their Covenant there is contained that they with all courtefie &s;hould re&s;pect the Soveraignty of ano|ther, from whence al&s;o the name of free Leenen (that is, as Free Copy-holders) hath its Origi|nall. But neverthele&s;&s;e this &s;ame Covenant of free Leen, or after what &s;ort or manner the &s;ame might or could be termed, the Earles ne|ver con&s;ented unto, as ea&s;ily may be under&s;tood by that which be|fore hath been &s;aid, as al&s;o out of the Hi&s;tory of the Warres with the fir&s;t Earles; and namely, <HI>De|derick</HI> the fourth, (for the main|tenance of their reputation and worthine&s;&s;e) undertook with good &s;ucce&s;&s;e again&s;t the Emperours.
<PB N="84" REF="53">
And put the ca&s;e that any of tho&s;e Earles, either in time of nece&s;&s;ity, or for &s;ome certaine con&s;ideration, were brought thereunto, who de|pending upon the Emperours have de&s;ired their protection, which &s;o happening without the con&s;ent of the States, the &s;ame could neither prejudice the priviledge of the Common-wealth, nor yet of the &s;ucceeding Princes. In every re|&s;pect we are certainly a&s;&s;ured that neither tho&s;e Earles of the hou&s;e of <HI>Burgundy,</HI> nor yet tho&s;e Earles of the hou&s;e of <HI>Austria,</HI> the me|mory whereof is yet unfallible, that they never in re&s;pect of <HI>Hol|land</HI> have done any homage unto the Emperours: And that <HI>Holland</HI> never was &s;ubject neither to the Lawes nor Cu&s;tomes of the Em|perour, nor of the Empire, which is the very principall point of all; and that the <HI>Germanes</HI> them&s;elves
<PB N="85" REF="53">
doe confe&s;&s;e; from whence it is manife&s;t, that the principall Sove|raignty over the <HI>Hollanders</HI> hath been among them&s;elves, and never depended upon any forraigne Au|thority.</P>
<P>It remaineth now that we con&s;i|der the other, that is, what privi|ledge and authority the Princes had in the Common-wealth, and what was the Authority of the States; the which we &s;hould very particularly know, if in ca&s;e tho&s;e Lawes were to bee found, which concerning the Authority were given unto <HI>Dederick.</HI> But be&s;ides that which formerly hath beene &s;poken, that by the <HI>Germans</HI> books a&s;well of publike as of particular matters but very lately began to be regi&s;tred, &s;o is al&s;o the memory of all tho&s;e times, (excepting only of &s;ome certaine Warres, and of &s;ome other matters which do not
<PB N="86" REF="54">
concerne this purpo&s;e,) utterly lo&s;t: Yet even before the&s;e times there was not given &s;o great a pow|er, as there was authority unto the Kings of the <HI>Battavers,</HI> the which even in our fathers dayes hath been regi&s;tred up by forraigne Writers, That the command of the Princes of the&s;e Lands was as well limited with Lawes, as it was moderated by the re&s;olution of the States; from whence we may a&s;&s;uredly col|lect, that the Government of the time, which was betwixt them both, hath been the very &s;ame Go|vernment as was received from our Ance&s;tors, and left againe unto po&s;terity: Neither is it lightly to be credited, that tho&s;e worthy Ci|ties, and the Inhabitants that were &s;o noble and &s;o mighty as we have &s;hewn to have been in tho&s;e for|mer times, did fall from that equality of power whereunto they
<PB N="87" REF="54">
were accu&s;tomed, unto &s;uch a &s;o|daine unequality: And on the contrary part, it is manife&s;t, that afterwards when as the magnifi|cence of the Earles by the adjoyn|ing of other Principalities there|unto greatly increa&s;ed, and e&s;peci|ally in the Hou&s;e of <HI>Bourgondy</HI> and of <HI>Austria,</HI> that then the freedom or liberty rather decrea&s;ed then increa&s;ed. The&s;e were then the principall Lawes of the Governe|ment, <HI>viz.</HI> That no Counte&s;&s;e &s;hould marry unto any man, but with the con&s;ent and good liking of the States.</P>
<P>That none of the Officers, as of the Coun&s;ell, and Rent-ma&s;ters, and Pretor&s;hip &s;hould be confer'd up|on no other but unto tho&s;e that were born within the Land.</P>
<P>That the States &s;hall have liberty to a&s;&s;emble upon the affaires of the Land and State, and that as often
<PB N="88" REF="55">
as it &s;hal plea&s;e them, without need to have con&s;ent of the Earle for that end.</P>
<P>That no new Tolls might be im|po&s;ed, neither any man freed from tho&s;e that formerly were ordained, but by con&s;ent of the States.</P>
<P>That the Prince &s;hould under|take no warre, neither defen&s;ive, nor offen&s;ive, otherwi&s;e then by the con&s;ent of the States.</P>
<P>That the Princes &s;hould in all their writings u&s;e the <HI>Dutch</HI> Lan|guage.</P>
<P>That the Coine &s;hould be alte|red, and appointed by the Prince, according as the States find it con|venient.</P>
<P>That the Prince might not make away any part of his Prin|cipality.</P>
<P>That the States may not bee warned to a&s;&s;emble upon any con|vocation out of the Provinces.</P>
<P><PB N="89" REF="55">
That when as the Prince &s;hall have need of any impo&s;itions or collections, that he him&s;elfe per|&s;onally, and not by the mediation of his Lieutenant, &s;hall make in|terce&s;&s;ion unto the States, without exacting any thing otherwi&s;e then by a willing and voluntary free con&s;ent.</P>
<P>That he exerci&s;e and admini|&s;ter Ju&s;tice and Law by the hands of ordinary Ju&s;tices.</P>
<P>That the ancient Lawes and cu|&s;tomes, being holy, &s;hould be invi|olably ob&s;erved; and if the Prince &s;hould ordaine any thing contrary the reunto, that no man is bound to ob&s;erve the &s;ame.</P>
<P>The&s;e Lawes having been long maintained by meer cu&s;tome, were afterwards regi&s;tred into Articles, and &s;ub&s;igned by the Princes from time to time, to this end that the
<PB N="90" REF="56">
natures of the &s;ame Princes might not be infected by the evill incita|tations of flattering Courtiers un|to the hope of an unlawfull domi|nation: And at the la&s;t, in regard that the States made complaint of their grievances, that mo&s;t of the fundamentall points of the anci|ent Government were overthrowne by innovations; even then was there a collection made of all the&s;e afore&s;aid Lawes; and &s;o by &s;ome others before, but chiefly by <HI>Mary</HI> Counte&s;&s;e of <HI>Bourgondy,</HI> they were &s;ealed up for an everla&s;ting me|mory.</P>
<P>And although the <HI>Hollanders</HI> now in the &s;ucce&s;&s;ion of the Earle|dome followed the order of lineall di&s;cent; yet neverthele&s;&s;e, to the end they might &s;hew that the com|mand and authority did not pro|ceed from a fatherly inheritance, but from the con&s;ents of the peo|ple,
<PB N="91" REF="56">
that is, of the States, there|fore they never e&s;teemed any for their Prince, before that they had bound them&s;elves by an oath un|to the States, to maintaine the Lawes and Cu&s;tomes of the Land; the which being thus performed, they promi&s;ed againe to him fide|lity and obedience in what&s;oever the Lawes &s;hould command them. Wherefore in regard that tho&s;e Lawes being conditions and pre|contracts, are connexed unto the Authority, then hereby is manife&s;t, that tho&s;e Princes had no power of them&s;elves to loo&s;e or to di&s;|pence them&s;elves from the afore|&s;aid Lawes, as it hath been very much di&s;cour&s;ed and concluded upon by tho&s;e that have written much of Government: From whence it followeth, that &s;ince the chiefe Power or Soveraignty cannot be in &s;uch a one as is bound
<PB N="92" REF="57">
unto any Civill Lawes or in&s;titu|tions, like as mo&s;t of the Nor|therne Princes be, that even al&s;o the Earle of <HI>Holland</HI> being bound unto &s;o many Lawes, hath not had the right of the Soveraign power onely in him&s;elfe.</P>
<P>All that which we now have de|clared from the words of the Laws or from other Covenants, or Con|tracts, even all them, and divers o|ther points of no le&s;&s;e con&s;equence are all approved by very old ex|amples.</P>
<P>For whereas <HI>Arnoulffe</HI> the third of the Princes had two &s;onnes, the elde&s;t who was called <HI>Sifrid,</HI> and of &s;ome <HI>Sicco,</HI> for &s;ome certaine fault, was denied the command; and the Principality (by the con|&s;ent of the States) was conferred upon the yonger, who&s;e name was <HI>Dederick.</HI></P>
<P><HI>Dederick</HI> the fourth dying with|out
<PB N="93" REF="57">
i&s;&s;ue, although there were as yet no example of a brotherly &s;uc|ce&s;&s;ion, the States proclaimed <HI>Flo|rence</HI> the brother of the decea&s;ed to be Prince.</P>
<P>The Ward&s;hip of <HI>Dederick</HI> the fift of that name (who&s;e yeares be|ing yet unfit for government) the States conferred upon his Mother the Lady <HI>Geertright,</HI> and al&s;o mar|ried her unto <HI>Robert</HI> the &s;onne of an Earle of <HI>Flanders,</HI> who hereby got the &s;urname of the <HI>Frie&s;e,</HI> be|cau&s;e that he governed the <HI>Hollan|ders,</HI> who at that time were yet called the <HI>Frei&s;es.</HI></P>
<P><HI>Ada</HI> the daughter of <HI>Dederick</HI> the &s;eventh, becau&s;e that &s;he mar|ried the Earle of <HI>Loen</HI> again&s;t the States will, was depo&s;ed from the Principality, and in her place &s;uc|ceeded <HI>William</HI> the brother of <HI>De|derick</HI> the &s;ixth.</P>
<P><HI>Florence</HI> the fourth, being yet
<PB N="94" REF="58">
but young, his Unckle <HI>Florence</HI> was ordained Protector, after who&s;e death becau&s;e that <HI>Alidt</HI> his Aunt admini&s;tred in the Protector&s;hip, not according to the coun&s;ell of the States, but after her owne will, the Government was committed unto <HI>Otto</HI> Earle of <HI>Gelder,</HI> who was the neere&s;t (though very farre) of kindred unto the young Earle.</P>
<P>Afterwards the Principality be|ing void by the death of <HI>Florence</HI> the fourth, the Common-wealth was governed by the Nobles and the Cities, untill that <HI>Iohn</HI> the &s;on of <HI>Florence,</HI> who (travelling abroad) returned out of <HI>England,</HI> who&s;e Ward&s;hip was concredited unto <HI>Iohn</HI> Earle of <HI>Avennes.</HI></P>
<P>Afterwards, the Lady <HI>Margaret</HI> becau&s;e it &s;eemed that &s;he was not fit for government, was depo&s;ed, and in her place they accepted her &s;onne Duke <HI>William</HI> for their Earl,
<PB N="95" REF="58">
who afterwards being mad, the charge of the Common-wealth was committed unto Duke <HI>Al|brecht</HI> his Brother, as Steward, pro|viding that he &s;hould govern the Common-wealth by the Coun&s;ell of the Barons, Lords, Knights and Squires (which are degrees of the Nobility) and of good Townes. This <HI>Albrechts</HI> &s;onne, Duke <HI>Wil|liam,</HI> perceiving that he &s;hould dye without leaving any Heire-male after him, a&s;&s;embled a Convoca|tion of all the Nobles and of the Cities, and there intreated and ob|tained, that the &s;ucce&s;&s;ion of the Earledome might be granted unto his Daughter the Lady <HI>Iacobey;</HI> but in regard that this <HI>Iacobey</HI> abu|&s;ed her &s;elfe, by marrying without the con&s;ent of the States, &s;he was reputed unworthy of the Govern|ment, &s;o that in her life time &s;hee mu&s;t endure to &s;ee the Govern|ment
<PB N="96" REF="59">
of <HI>Holland</HI> tran&s;ported unto Duke <HI>Philip</HI> of <HI>Bourgondy.</HI></P>
<P>This <HI>Philip</HI> his &s;onnes daughter the Lady <HI>Mary</HI> was married unto <HI>Maximilian,</HI> Archduke of <HI>Au|&s;tria;</HI> which <HI>Maximilian</HI> after his wives death, de&s;iring to keep the agreement in his hands, and ad|mini&s;tring in the &s;ame, not as be|ing admini&s;trator and Protector of his &s;onne <HI>Philip</HI> the &s;econd of that name, nor yet according to the good liking of the States, but after a kingly manner; then the States of <HI>Holland,</HI> and of the adjoyning Provinces valiantly re&s;i&s;ted the &s;ame.</P>
<P>The &s;ame States of the <HI>Nether|landi&s;h</HI> Provinces appointed the Protectors unto the Emperour <HI>Charls</HI> the fifth of that name when he was but young, and came fir&s;t to the Principality.</P>
<P>The &s;ame <HI>Charles</HI> the Emperour
<PB N="97" REF="59">
having in an A&s;&s;embly of the gene|rall States re&s;igned his Principali|ty, recommended very earne&s;tly his Son <HI>Philip</HI> unto the fidelity of the &s;aid States.</P>
<P>All the&s;e are tokens that the Princely Authority, like as it had the originall beginning from the States, that even &s;o it returned a|gaine unto them, as often as there was no Prince to &s;ucceed.</P>
<P>Moreover, we &s;hall not finde any Act or Condition of any of the old Earls of any importance, but that it was Authorized and ratified by the con&s;ent of the Barrons and Nobles, who &s;ealed and gave vertue unto the &s;ame; for the&s;e were the Anciente&s;t Councell of the Earls, like as it was al&s;o in former times of the <HI>Germane</HI> Kings.</P>
<P>Now concerning the Cities, their number, and with the number their worthine&s;&s;e is from time to time
<PB N="98" REF="60">
augmented; for even of old time each City had their own Councell of Senators; &amp; one of tho&s;e Sena|tors dying, the place was &s;upplied by another of the able&s;t and wealthie&s;t of the Burge&s;&s;es: And in &s;ome places, that &s;ame Councell ordain|eth the principall Magi&s;trates which are called the Burgh-Ma|&s;ters: And in &s;ome other places, they pre&s;ent the names of the &s;ame Burgh-Ma&s;ters, and al&s;o of the Jurats, which &s;it to doe Ju&s;tice, unto the Prince for the electing of them, yet in &s;uch a manner, that they have the nomination of as many more as are cho&s;en, which the Prince may not exceed, the which is no little a&s;&s;urance of their Liberty.</P>
<P>It appeareth al&s;o by very many examples, that not only the great Cities, as now in the&s;e latter times hath happened, but even the little
<PB N="99" REF="60">
ones al&s;o, doe take their turns at the Convocations and A&s;&s;emblies of the States. <HI>Philip</HI> of <HI>Leyden</HI> before named making often menti|on of the Nobles and the Gover|nours of the Cities, calleth them the great ones of their native Countrey, &s;aying, that their care was (the Prince neglecting the &s;ame) to &s;ee that the Common|wealth &s;hould &s;uffer no wrong. I finde al&s;o that in the dayes of <HI>William</HI> the Fourth, who was the la&s;t of the Hou&s;e of <HI>Henault,</HI> about two hundred and thirty years ago, That at <HI>Dordrecht,</HI> there was an ex|ceeding great Convocation, of the three Nations of <HI>Holland, Zealand,</HI> and <HI>Henault,</HI> where the Deputies of the Cities, being very many, were A&s;&s;embled about the <HI>Toles:</HI> And this A&s;&s;embly was called the High Councell. Moreover, no Impo&s;i|ons nor Contributions were im|po&s;ed
<PB N="100" REF="61">
without the con&s;ent of the States, as appeareth by all tho&s;e reckonings which are found in the Courts, whereof the con&s;ent there|unto of the &s;ame was alwayes open|ly publi&s;hed.</P>
<P>And from hence it proceedeth, that even of old and from all times, the afore-&s;aid Contributions and Impo&s;itions, were called nothing el&s;e but the Intreaties, the which name is often found in <HI>Philip</HI> of <HI>Leyden,</HI> in regard that they (as hath been &s;hewed already) were granted at the intreaties of the Princes. The &s;ame being al&s;o a &s;ufficient demon&s;tration how the Principali|ty mu&s;t &s;trike &s;aile unto the Autho|rity of the States: Yea, even in <HI>Philip</HI> him&s;elfe who was the la&s;t Earle, and maintaining Warres in <HI>France,</HI> tho&s;e nine years Impo&s;iti|ons were not con&s;ented unto by the States no otherwayes, but by the
<PB N="101" REF="61">
pre&s;cription of certain Laws, and among&s;t others this, That the mo|ney &s;hould be at the di&s;po&s;ition of &s;uch per&s;ons that &s;hould be ap|pointed thereunto by the States. Like as it is manife&s;t, that the States have held and maintained that Priviledge, that they may a&s;&s;emble at their own plea&s;ures, even in the very late&s;t times that were before the Warres.</P>
<P>From all that which hitherto hath been &s;poken, appeareth, that the Earles of <HI>Holland</HI> have differed almo&s;t nothing at all from the old Kings, but that they only u&s;ed a name which was not &s;o eminent, nor yet &s;o &s;u&s;pitious for the Li|berty as the Kingly Title was. Moreover, that the &s;ame Earles were elected according to the &s;ucce&s;&s;ion of blood, as the &s;ame is u&s;ed by many free Nations; but yet neverthele&s;&s;e, the Authority
<PB N="102" REF="62">
was not given unto them without exception, in regard that there were Lawes appointed thereunto, and were confirmed by Oath. That herewithall, the Authority of the Earls was not &s;o extenuated, but that the power of the States was &s;uch, and that in divers matters, and e&s;pecially concerning the Coyne, which is the &s;innews and &s;trength of a Common-Weath. And that may wee truly &s;ay of the Earles, which in former times was &s;aid of the <HI>Germane</HI> Kings, that they had Authority, but it was by entrea|ty&punc; or permi&s;&s;ion. If in ca&s;e I &s;hould &s;eek for a Forraign example to this purpo&s;e, I can finde none more like hereunto, then in the Com|mon-Wealth of the <HI>Lacedemoni|ans,</HI> the which by <HI>Plato, Polybius</HI> and very many wi&s;emen, yea, by <HI>Apollo</HI> him&s;elfe is affirmed &s;o to be, and is by them commended before all
<PB N="103" REF="62">
other; for in the&s;e, the Kings &s;uc|ceeded one after another, by the order of their Con&s;anguinity, in &s;o much that in place of the Kings, tho&s;e that were the Protectors or Dictators, which they called <HI>Pro|dicos,</HI> had the Authority in their hands: But the Kings were not ad|mitted to the Authority before they had taken their Oath to u&s;e their Authority according to the Cu&s;tome of the Lawes of the Land. Now the Kings had power over each one, but above the Kings were the Survayers or <HI>Ephori,</HI> to|gether with the Councell.</P>
<P>The Ancient Fathers doe very much commend a notable Speech of <HI>Theopompus</HI> King of the <HI>Lacede|monians,</HI> who being di&s;dainfully re|proved by his own wife, becau&s;e that hee had dimini&s;hed his own Highne&s;&s;e by the In&s;titution of the Office of the Survayers; hee
<PB N="104" REF="63">
An&s;wered thereunto, <HI>That he &s;hould leave unto his Children a le&s;&s;er, but yet a more permanent Authority:</HI> For of a truth, it is even &s;o as the Anci|ent Fathers u&s;ed truly to report, That every Common-wealth con|&s;i&s;teth in a certain melody or con|&s;ort, the which being once broken, all cometh to naught: which me|lody in my opinion con&s;i&s;teth not in any &s;ound or in &s;trings, but in the well tempered unity of the Prince with the People, and of the People with the Prince; or of &s;eve|rall States, the one with the other. In this melody have the Princes, the Nobility, and the Comonalty long time flouri&s;hed, when as each one re&s;pected the Prince, and the Prince him&s;elf re&s;pected the Laws and the common A&s;&s;emblies; and whil&s;t the Nobility kept their Re|putation, and the Comonalty their Liberty: From hence i&s;&s;ued the
<PB N="105" REF="63">
good &s;ucce&s;&s;e of Warre; from hence it proceeded that this Na|tion, like as in former times they were Confederates with the <HI>Ro|mans,</HI> even &s;o thereafter, though being little, have &s;ought unto great Alliances. Hereof the Treati&s;es of the Confederacies do plainly &s;hew; for pre&s;ently at the very birth (as it were) of the Principality there were two <HI>Dedericks,</HI> as it is gene|rally believed, who were Brothers in-law unto the Kings of <HI>France. Arnolffe</HI> the third Earl, had to wife a daughter of the Emperour of <HI>Con&s;tantinople,</HI> who&s;e &s;i&s;ter was marryed unto the Emperour of <HI>Germany.</HI> Divers others that &s;uc|ceeded, were marryed unto the Hou&s;e of <HI>Saxon,</HI> who then po&s;&s;e&s;|&s;ed the Empire. <HI>Florence</HI> the third, was marryed unto the Hou&s;e of the King of <HI>Scotland; William</HI> the Se|cond of that name, Earl of <HI>Holland,</HI>
<PB N="106" REF="64">
was elected Emperour of <HI>Germa|ny;</HI> and as I think, for no other cau&s;e, but for that he was u&s;ed in his own Countrey unto &s;uch a moderate Government. This mans Sonne <HI>Florence</HI> the Fourth, was earne&s;tly &s;olicited unto, on the one &s;ide, by the King of <HI>England,</HI> and on the other &s;ide, by the King of <HI>France,</HI> for his Confederacy with the pre&s;entation of each of their Daughters in marriage with great gifts. But <HI>Iohn</HI> his Son with the advice of the chiefe&s;t Nobles of the Land marryed the daughter of <HI>England:</HI> And pre&s;ently after <HI>William</HI> the Sixth, marryed the daughter of the King of <HI>France.</HI> Again, the daughters of the Earls were be&s;towed into very great Hou&s;es, as the Lady <HI>Margarite</HI> the daughter of <HI>William</HI> the Fourth, unto an Emperour of the Hou&s;e of <HI>Beyeren: Iacoby</HI> unto a <HI>Dolphin</HI> of
<PB N="107" REF="64">
<HI>France:</HI> And all the&s;e whil&s;t they were but only Earls of <HI>Holland</HI> and <HI>Zealand,</HI> and &s;ome of <HI>Henault:</HI> Af|ter that by the daughter of <HI>Al|brecht,</HI> who was marryed unto one of the hou&s;e of <HI>Burgondy,</HI> did <HI>Hol|land</HI> obtain the &s;ame Prince, who was before Prince of <HI>Brabant,</HI> and of <HI>Flanders,</HI> and many other Nati|ons. And by this meanes were &s;e|verall Nations, not differing in manners, Lawes, and Cu&s;tomes from each other, being at a &s;peciall unity, and under one publick Au|thority, thereby the more forti|fied: Thereafter the Lady <HI>Mary</HI> of <HI>Burgondy,</HI> had by her Husband the Arch-Duke of <HI>Austria,</HI> a Sonne, unto whom befell for his marriage|good, the greate&s;t part of <HI>Spaine,</HI> and with <HI>Spaine</HI> the expectation of <HI>Terra nova</HI> and many other Titles which are &s;pread far and wide over divers Countreys. But from this
<PB N="108" REF="65">
great Magnificence of the Prince, proceeded a great alteration in the Government, the which I will briefly touch.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="6" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="109" REF="65">
<HEAD>The &s;ixth Chapter. How that the intended Altera|tion of the Government, was the occa&s;ion of the Warres.</HEAD>
<P>THe nature of man is much addicted, and is ea&s;ily in|clined to domination; from whence (according to the &s;aying of <HI>Ari&s;totle)</HI> proceedeth Tyrannicall Government; e&s;pecially, when as the Prince tran&s;gre&s;&s;eth the limits of the Laws of the Land: And it &s;el|dom hapneth, but that men attempt the taking of more in hand, then they are able to perform, unle&s;s the very hope of the performance of that which is de&s;ired be utterly ex|tingui&s;hed: Therefore tho&s;e anci|ent Princes who&s;e hope and repo&s;e depended altogether upon their Native Countrey, as having no ex|pectation
<PB N="110" REF="66">
of Forraign power to re|lie upon, were obedient unto the Lawes, were lovers of equity, were re&s;pecters of the States, as well knowing upon who&s;e power and meanes both their honour and re|putation con&s;i&s;ted.</P>
<P>The <HI>Burgondians</HI> de&s;cended of Royall Progeny, were the fir&s;t that climbed up the fir&s;t &s;tep unto domi|nation, yet very &s;ecretly; the Li|berty continuing never the le&s;&s;e, not only in outward &s;hew, but al|&s;o for the greate&s;t part thereof in her full face.</P>
<P>Afterwards <HI>Charls</HI> being Em|perour, and King of other Coun|trys, was not therewithall well con|tented, that herewithall he &s;hould be called but a Prince: But yet he for affection and &s;ome certaine re&s;pects was re&s;trained, in regard that he was born and brought up here in the Countrey; and be&s;ides,
<PB N="111" REF="66">
did exceedingly re&s;pect this Peo|ple, as being very convenient In|&s;truments for the enterpri&s;ing of any great exploit; and &s;uch as were of them&s;elves very faithfull, but yet very &s;oon di&s;plea&s;ed, and exceeding powerfull, when as their Liberty &s;hould be but once toucht.</P>
<P>Now the Church of God at that time being overwhelmed and poy&s;oned with palpable Here&s;ies, and longing for a whol&s;ome medi|cine to purge the &s;ame: yet he re|&s;olving by violence to maintaine that which was in u&s;e among&s;t them, &s;ent his bloody Commi&s;&s;i|ons, that who&s;oever &s;hould bee found to be of any other Religion, &s;hould bee puni&s;hed with death, never re&s;pecting nor enquiring what was the meaning and re&s;o|lution of the States in &s;o weighty a bu&s;ine&s;&s;e.</P>
<P>But his Son <HI>Philip</HI> being of that
<PB N="112" REF="67">
un&s;atiable nature, that was content with nothing el&s;e but with an ab&s;o|lute power, envied all Nations that would pre&s;cribe a Law unto their Prince: The which the People of <HI>Aragon</HI> to their great ruine have proved. The <HI>Spaniards,</HI> who had the Education of King <HI>Philip</HI> in his youth, took hold of this occa|&s;ion very earne&s;tly, to pro&s;ecute the &s;ame again&s;t the <HI>Hollanders,</HI> and the re&s;t of the Netherlanders; &s;ince which time, there hath been a con|tinuall jealou&s;ie and contention betwixt them, which of them &s;hould bee be&s;t in the Princes fa|vour; whereupon they &s;ought to make the Liberty of the Nether|lands very hatefull: And on the contrary, to demon&s;trate how that the Cities in <HI>Italy,</HI> and the Coun|treys of <HI>America,</HI> and the <HI>We&s;t-Indies,</HI> in &s;uch and &s;uch manner were kept in &s;ubjection with their Garri&s;ons,
<PB N="113" REF="67">
and that there was an ab&s;olute obe|dience without any limitation.</P>
<P>At what time as the warres in <HI>France</HI> ending, and King <HI>Philip</HI> be|ing reque&s;ted in behalfe of the States, that hee would draw the Garri&s;ons of the <HI>Spaniards</HI> out of the Countrey; which rea&s;onable reque&s;t of theirs, hee took very hainou&s;ly, and in ill part; and be|ing returned againe into <HI>Spaine,</HI> from that time for the mo&s;t part after never permitted the publike affaires of <HI>Holland,</HI> nor of the <HI>Ne|therlands</HI> to be governed by the Lords that were the Inhabitants, and borne in the Countrey, where|of according to old cu&s;tome, the principall and permanent Councel of the State of this Land did ever con&s;i&s;t, but by the re&s;olutions which were concluded in <HI>Spaine&punc;</HI> leaving heere the Cardinall <HI>Granvell</HI> to bee the executioner
<PB N="114" REF="68">
of the <HI>Spani&s;h</HI> Precepts.</P>
<P>The matters concerning Reli|gion were brought to that pa&s;&s;e, that although it had bin a matter of great offence to have beleeved any otherwi&s;e then the Pope of <HI>Rome</HI> &s;hould thinke convenient, yet ne|verthele&s;&s;e a good Prince &s;hould not have atempted to have puni&s;h|ed the &s;ame, in regard of the great multitudes of tho&s;e that might be accu&s;ed therewithall, from who&s;e con&s;ciences that Religion of what &s;ort &s;oever it might be, would ne|ver by no feare have been extingui|&s;hed, or qualified.</P>
<P>For this occa&s;ion the principall Lords, and al&s;o the chiefe&s;t Ci|ties and Provinces made their Declaration, that neither their traffique, nor yet the common tranquillity of the Land could bee maintained, unle&s;&s;e tho&s;e corri&s;ive Commi&s;&s;ions concerning the Re|ligion,
<PB N="115" REF="68">
were lenified and mitigated; the which was &s;o farre contrary to his minde, that King <HI>Philip</HI> &s;hould follow their coun&s;ell therein, that hee contrary thereunto ordained that &s;uch a &s;earch and inqui&s;ition &s;hould be made, even to the very &s;ecret motions and cogitations of the heart, and that after a very new, &s;trange, and unu&s;uall manner of proceeding, the like whereof was never heard before, in &s;uch manner as if it had been again&s;t tho&s;e Jews, or Mahumeti&s;ts which &s;helter &s;e|cretly in &s;ome parts of Chri&s;ten|dome, and is practi&s;ed in <HI>Spaine.</HI></P>
<P>To this end and purpo&s;e were there here and there new Bi&s;hop|rickes erected and di&s;tributed with great contradicting and in de&s;pite of the States, without who&s;e con|&s;ent in former time the Clergy|men might not bee augmented; con&s;idering now that all this with|out
<PB N="116" REF="69">
all doubt tended to the great confu&s;ion of the publike affaires, and fir&s;t of all, tho&s;e Lords that were in the Councell of State, and afterwards a great number of noble per&s;onages a&s;&s;embling to this end and purpo&s;e, under whom al&s;o was the Lord of <HI>Brederode,</HI> de&s;cended of the Family of the Princes of <HI>Holland,</HI> who did both coun&s;el and entreat, that they &s;hould proceed unto that remedy, the which in for|mer times was very often u&s;ed in matters of le&s;&s;e moment, <HI>viz.</HI> to a Convocation of the Generall States, although King <HI>Philip</HI> be|fore his departure, and at his de|parture, had exce&s;&s;ively comman|ded to hinder the &s;ame, that there might be no Convocation of the Generall States; from hence there aro&s;e an uprore, not by any common con&s;ent, but by the en|terpri&s;e of &s;ome certaine particu|lar
<PB N="117" REF="69">
per&s;ons of the poore&s;t and common people, about the taking away of the Images out of the Churches, in regard that it was a high tre&s;pa&s;&s;e and &s;inne to make &s;upplication and interce&s;&s;ion unto them. And after that this uprore was pacified by the authority of the principall Lords, it plea&s;ed the King of <HI>Spaine,</HI> and the <HI>Spani|ards,</HI> under the pretext of this one incon&s;iderate particular, contrary to all right and rea&s;on, to charge the whole Nation generally with the offence of Rebellion; where|upon the Duke of <HI>Alba</HI> was &s;ent with a very rigorous Commi&s;&s;ion, to take po&s;&s;e&s;&s;ion of the ab&s;olute Soveraignty, being naturally a very rigorous man, as all <HI>Germany</HI> can te&s;tifie; he very openly publi&s;hed that both the States, Cities, and People of the <HI>Netherlands,</HI> and e|very per&s;on in particular had for|feited
<PB N="118" REF="70">
all their priviledges, and that from hence forward they were to expect no other Lawes but what it plea&s;ed the King to command, whereof he him&s;elfe was a &s;uffici|ent te&s;timony that the Lawes were aboli&s;hed; he being a &s;tranger, and none of the Princes blood, and yet neverthele&s;&s;e again&s;t all right and cu&s;tome was &s;ent to po&s;&s;e&s;&s;e the generall Government. The judge|ment of matters was al&s;o with|drawne from the lawfull and ordi|nary Colledges, and by the erection of a new Judgement Seat, or Bench, where the matter of <HI>Le&s;ae Maje&s;tatis,</HI> or the abu&s;ing of His Highne&s;&s;e, &s;hould be decided by the <HI>Spaniards,</HI> and by their adhe|rents, &s;uch as made them&s;elves &s;laves unto the <HI>Spaniards,</HI> having gotten under their power, not only the lives, but al&s;o the goods of all the inhabitants, whereof not
<PB N="119" REF="70">
onely many thou&s;ands of the com|mon people were executed, but al&s;o the very Earles them&s;elves of <HI>Egmond</HI> and <HI>Horne,</HI> being condem|ned by fal&s;e accu&s;ations, were for|ced to pre&s;ent their necks to the violent &s;troak of the Hangman. <HI>William</HI> Earle of <HI>Na&s;&s;aw,</HI> Prince of <HI>Orange,</HI> being one of the chiefe&s;t Lords of the <HI>Netherlands,</HI> with divers others, were bani&s;hed; of w^c^h per&s;ons, <HI>Egmond</HI> had his Earl|dome in <HI>Holland,</HI> and the Prince of <HI>Orange</HI> was Governour of <HI>Holland.</HI> The Marque&s;&s;e of <HI>Berghen,</HI> and the Lord of <HI>Montignie,</HI> who had car|ried the Reque&s;ts and Remon&s;tra|tions of the people and of the States into <HI>Spaine,</HI> were both made away, the one being openly exe|cuted, and the other&punc; according to common report, poy&s;oned.</P>
<P>Thereafter, according to the
<PB N="120" REF="71">
cu&s;tome of all tho&s;e that will bee Dominators, the Cities were plan|ted with <HI>Spani&s;h</HI> Garri&s;ons, or el&s;e Cittadels and Ca&s;tles built there|in. Moreover and above, to the end that this Nation, which be|fore to this pre&s;ent time had been a free people, might the more openly publi&s;h their &s;lavery, by maintaining and providing for them&s;elves food and rayment, they were inforced at that time by the terrible threatnings of their De|puty, to bring up the twentieth penny at the &s;ale of every hou&s;e or parcell of Land, and every tenth penny of all Moveables, which their Princes them&s;elves in former times were accu&s;tomed to.</P>
<P>Then the Fidelitie and the Liberty of tho&s;e people were long contending with each other;
<PB N="121" REF="71">
but in regard it was not po&s;&s;ible to endure any longer the op|pre&s;&s;ion of their Lawes: and they &s;etting at nought of the States, and the Governement which had continued &s;o many hundred yeeres; and that the Libertie of their po&s;teritie could not longer bee maintained: then the States of <HI>Holland,</HI> unto whom appertained the protection, as well both of the Lawes, as al&s;o of the generall, and their owne particular Rights, in the yeere 1572. upon the 19. of <HI>Iuly,</HI> in the A&s;&s;embly at <HI>Dordrecht,</HI> con&s;i&s;ting of certaine Nobles, and of the Deputies of the great|e&s;t part of the Cities, according to the example of their Fore fa|thers, who tooke up Armes a|gain&s;t the <HI>Romanes,</HI> when as they pre&s;&s;ed to bee Dominators, under|took
<PB N="122" REF="72">
the warre again&s;t the Duke of <HI>Alba,</HI> re-e&s;tabli&s;hing againe the per&s;ons that were unlawfully bani&s;hed, and acknowledged <HI>Wil|liam</HI> Prince of <HI>Orange</HI> for their Governour and Generall.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 N="7" TYPE="chapter">
<PB N="123" REF="72">
<HEAD>The &s;eventh Chapter. In what e&s;tate the Common|wealth of the <HI>Battavers</HI> was in the time of Warre, and is now at this pre&s;ent &s;ince the Warre.</HEAD>
<P>SInce which time the Sove|raignty of the States, which was not a little ob&s;cured and darkned by that u&s;urped Authori|tie of the la&s;t Princes, is brought againe &s;hining more cleare in the light. And afterwards when as the States of the neighbouring Pro|vinces had taken Armes with them of <HI>Holland</HI> for the maintenance of their Liberty, and were knit toge|ther by an a&s;&s;ured alliance and con|federacie; And that King <HI>Philip</HI> (who&s;e reputation even yet hither|to
<PB N="124" REF="73">
hath not been toucht) neither by intreaties, nor by admonition, could bee brought into a better minde: then at la&s;t the generall States upon the 26. of <HI>Iuly,</HI> in the yeare 1581. declared that King <HI>Philip,</HI> by rea&s;on of the nullifying of their Lawes of Government, according to all Lawes, and <HI>ip&s;o jure</HI> had forfeited his Principality, in the &s;ame manner like as many free Nations have oftentimes con|demned their Prince, as the <HI>Lace|demonians</HI> condemned <HI>Pau&s;anias;</HI> the <HI>Romanes, Nero;</HI> the <HI>Venetians, Falerius;</HI> and the <HI>Danes, Chri&s;ti|ern:</HI> Yet neverthele&s;&s;e, the&s;e Nobles did not govern the Com|monwealth without a Principality. But like as in former times in place of the Kings &s;ucceeded the Gene|ralls, even &s;o did the Prince of <HI>Orange</HI> (the title of Earle being taken away) obtained the lawfull
<PB N="125" REF="73">
Authority under the Title of Go|vernour: This Prince his &s;ingular unity with the States, whil&s;t hee gave place unto their Mightine&s;&s;e, and they on the contrary part both loved and re&s;pected him as being their common Father, brought the affaires of <HI>Holland</HI> from little beginnings to a great growth; wherefore although the neighbor|ings Provinces had ordained fir&s;t <HI>Matthias</HI> Archduke of <HI>Au&s;tria,</HI> and after him the Councell of State, and yet after them the Duke of <HI>Anjoy</HI> over them: yet never|thele&s;&s;e the States of <HI>Holland</HI> and <HI>Zealand</HI> maintaining firmly the confederacie with their Neigh|bours, and never con&s;enting unto any alteration in their own lands, continually maintained, not on|ly the &s;ame manner of Govern|ment, but even al&s;o the very out|ward form of the Government.</P>
<P><PB N="126" REF="74">
After the death of the Prince of <HI>Orange,</HI> the generall Government was re&s;ign'd unto the Earle of <HI>Lei|ce&s;ter,</HI> who had brought over <HI>Eng|li&s;h&punc;</HI> Souldiers with him to aide the&s;e Lands; but in regard that he being of a Kingly prodigality, and unacquainted with our Cu&s;tomes, and following evill Coun&s;ellors, began to &s;peak again&s;t the Govern|ment of the States, and to bring in many innovations; therupon the States took occa&s;ion to &s;hew that their power from the which <HI>Lei|ce&s;ter</HI> had received his Commi&s;&s;i|on, was the mo&s;t righteous and the mo&s;t ancient power. Al&s;o, cer|taine per&s;ons, who to plea&s;ure him, &s;ought by uproars to bring in alte|rations, they puni&s;hed with death; which the Earle of <HI>Leicester</HI> un|der&s;tanding, left both the Govern|ment and the Land. And there|upon Prince <HI>Maurice,</HI> the &s;onne of
<PB N="127" REF="74">
<HI>William</HI> Prince of <HI>Orange,</HI> took up|on him the chief government over <HI>Holland,</HI> and of certaine of the Neighbouring Provinces. Under his Government hath been great concord, &s;o that by the twenty yeeers tranquillity of the Com|monwealth, and by the inlarging of their borders, by fortunate Bat|tales, by Seidges &s;o ably enterpri|zed, as al&s;o more ably re&s;i&s;ted, have the States obtained the fame of exceeding wi&s;e Governors, and Prince <HI>Maurice</HI> the fame of the worthie&s;t Generall.</P>
<P>The Reputation of this Com|monwealth is yet augmented, &s;ince that Kings have accepted the &s;ame into confederacy with them&s;elves. For in the yeer, 1597. was a Con|federacy agreed upon betwixt the King of <HI>France,</HI> the Queen of <HI>Eng|land,</HI> and the <HI>States</HI> of the united <HI>Netherlandi&s;h</HI> Provinces: Yet ne|verthele&s;&s;e,
<PB N="128" REF="75">
the <HI>States</HI> did &s;o reve|rence their depo&s;ed Prince, that whil&s;t King <HI>Philip</HI> lived, the habi|lities of the&s;e Lands contained them&s;elves within the nece&s;&s;ity of their owne defence; but after his death was the Warre more openly manife&s;ted, and that warre was &s;ent back againe into <HI>Spaine,</HI> which fir&s;t came from them&s;elves: Yea, and even unto the very fur|thermo&s;t parts of <HI>India</HI> is our Trafficque &s;ailed, being defended with Armes: And in tho&s;e places al&s;o by the occa&s;ion of the com|mon enemy, and by the known va|lour and fidelity of the <HI>Holland|ers,</HI> is there occa&s;ioned both friend|&s;hips and Confederacies with Kings and Nations, &s;o that the Lords the States have been &s;alu|ted by Emba&s;&s;adours comming &s;o farre as out of the other world.</P>
<P>Hitherto hath the warres conti|nued:
<PB N="129" REF="75">
There hath been often deal|ing for peace, both whil&s;t King <HI>Philip</HI> lived, as &s;ince his death. As al&s;o, when as the Netherlands were re&s;igned unto his daughter and &s;on in-law: But ever the States di&s;dain|ed tho&s;e conditions, whereby ei|ther their Liberty, or that lawfull re&s;olution, which they had ju&s;tly decreed and pronounced again&s;t King <HI>Philips</HI> Authority, might any way be impeached or toucht; like unto the example of the Ancient <HI>Romans,</HI> who never e&s;teemed any Peace &s;o highly, that they there|fore would receive in again the bani&s;hed <HI>Tarquins.</HI></P>
<P>La&s;tly, when as the Archduke <HI>Albertus,</HI> and <HI>I&s;abel,</HI> and King <HI>Phi|lip</HI> the Second, <HI>Philips</HI> Son, &s;hew|ed them&s;elves to be ready to ac|knowldge the freedome and Li|berty of the States; then through the Interce&s;&s;ion of the Kings of
<PB N="130" REF="76">
<HI>France,</HI> of Great <HI>Britaine,</HI> and of <HI>Denmark,</HI> and of &s;ome other Princes did begin a communicati|on: And in regard that many dif|ficulties hindred the Peace, there was la&s;tly in the year 1609 a Truce concluded upon for the &s;pace of 12 years, with a formall Declaration of the Archduke, both in their own names, as al&s;o in the name of King <HI>Philip,</HI> from whom to that very end, they had received Com|mi&s;&s;ion and procuration, that they &s;hould make Truce with the Lords the States Generall of the United Provinces, as re&s;pecting and hold|ing them to be in quality of free States of their Lands, Provinces, and Cities, where over they have nothing to pretend.</P>
<P>This &s;hort Relation beginning long before the time of <HI>Iulius Cae|&s;ar,</HI> and ending at the&s;e times, &s;heweth, that continually during
<PB N="131" REF="76">
more then 1700 years, the <HI>Batta|vers</HI> which now are called the <HI>Hol|landers,</HI> have u&s;ed the &s;ame Go|vernment; the Soveraignty where|of hath alwayes remained in the States hands, and &s;o is it at this pre&s;ent. So that neverthele&s;&s;e, a Principality hath belonged there|unto, &s;ometimes in a greater, and &s;ometimes in a le&s;&s;er manner of admini&s;tration. In former time comming thereunto by Succe&s;&s;ion, but very often and at this pre&s;ent by voyces, being ever &s;ubject under the Laws. This then is the &s;hape or rather to &s;ay, the face of the whole Government.</P>
<P>Now if any man would know all the particular members thereof; They are the&s;e as followeth:</P>
<P><HI>Holland</HI> is very populous, and exceedingly well &s;tored with Ci|ties and Villages. The e&s;peciall care of the Cities is committed
<PB N="132" REF="77">
to the Senators and Magi&s;trates of each City, unto whom it is per|mitted within their own Liberties, to make certain Laws and Forfei|tures, and to ordain certain Im|po&s;itions for the Cities nece&s;&s;a|ries. The Senators are perpetuall, The Magi&s;trates are yearly, having very little or no allowance at all therefore.</P>
<P>Their chiefe Burgh-ma&s;ters have their Authority from the higher Magi&s;trates, for to maintaine the good of the Cities, and of the common Burge&s;&s;es.</P>
<P>The Jurats which are called Schepens, are ordained for the Law, as well over Civill as over criminall matters, whereof the Baliffs and Scoutes by one Au|thority, doe &s;erve in that pub|like Office of Plaintiffs or Ac|cu&s;ers.</P>
<P>The Magi&s;trates have in their
<PB N="133" REF="77">
Councell, learned Lawyers, called <HI>Pen&s;ionaires.</HI> The Juri&s;diction of the Villages, both as well in the High Lord&s;hips called <HI>Hooghe Heerlyecheyden,</HI> as al&s;o in the <HI>Am|bachs Heerlycheden,</HI> is partly, either in the Common-wealth, or in the Principality; and partly, in the chiefe of the Nobility who have received the &s;ame from their fore-Fathers: The affairs of the <HI>Ambachs Heerleycheden,</HI> are commonly de|cided by the <HI>Schouts</HI> and the <HI>Schepens,</HI> The <HI>Hooghe Heer lycheyden</HI> by the <HI>Baliffs</HI> and the Tenants, or el&s;e by the Gentility.</P>
<P>Moreover and above, there is the Forre&s;ters and the Rangers of the Woods and Wilderne&s;&s;es; and the Stewards of Noblemens hou&s;es have each one their own Laws con|cerning Hunting &amp;c. and their own fellow &s;ervants: And the <HI>Dyke|graves</HI> and <HI>Heemraden,</HI> tho&s;e that
<PB N="134" REF="78">
have the Authority over the Sea|dykes, and the River bancks, where|in con&s;i&s;teth the &s;peciall pre&s;erva|tion of <HI>Holland,</HI> from all the&s;e &s;en|tences (excepting in criminall mat|ters, whereof the condemned very &s;eldome is granted any appeale) they make their appeale unto the Court of <HI>Holland,</HI> the which is al|&s;o acknowledged by <HI>Zealand.</HI> The controver&s;ies of Cities and other matters of great importance are al&s;o decided there.</P>
<P>In this Councell according to ancient Cu&s;tome, doth &s;it certain of the Nobility, with certaine Lawyers and men experienced in all Cu&s;tomes: The chief head of this Councell is the <HI>Stadthouder,</HI> or the Governour of <HI>Holland</HI> him|&s;elf; who moreover and above hath the power to command over the Garri&s;ons, To elect the Ma|gi&s;trates of the Cities after a for|mer
<PB N="135" REF="78">
nomination thereof; and al&s;o, to give remi&s;&s;ion and pardon to Malefactors; all which are tokens of an exceeding high Authority. There is al&s;o a Counting Hou&s;e of the Principalities own proper Rents and Revenews which is governed by the Rent-Ma&s;ters.</P>
<P>The Convocation of the States (the chiefe power whereof they of <HI>Holland</HI> have) hapneth three or four times yearly, or as often as is required.</P>
<P>The State of the Nobility, and of the Gentility is repre&s;ented, by &s;ome certain, who are the chief thereof, as well in re&s;pect of their noble de&s;cent, as of the Lord&s;hips which they po&s;&s;e&s;&s;e, being in num|ber about twelve, whereof one of them dying, they chu&s;e another un|to them&s;elves. The Cities that commonly &s;end their Deputies un|to this Convocation being warned
<PB N="136" REF="79">
thereunto, are the&s;e. <HI>Dordrecht, Haerlem, Delffe, Leyden, Am&s;terdam, Goude, Rotterdam, Gorchum, Schie|dam, Schoonhoven, Breill, Alckmaer, Horne Enckhuy&s;en, Edam, Monicken|dam, Medenblick, Purmerendt.</HI> Tho&s;e that are deputed are com|monly Burgh-Ma&s;ters, now and then accompanied with &s;ome of the Senators, or el&s;e pen&s;ionary.</P>
<P>The Nobility gives their voice fir&s;t, then the Cities every one ac|cording to their turnes: All this is even now as it was in the dayes of the Earls, excepting that the Ad|mini&s;tration of the publike mat|ters which formerly the Earls per|formed, is now inherent in the States and in the Governor.</P>
<P>From the afore&s;aid Court of <HI>Holland,</HI> there was wont to have been appealed unto the great Councell of <HI>Mechlen,</HI> which Coun|cell in former time, the States of
<PB N="137" REF="79">
the &s;everall Provinces at the reque&s;t of the Princes of the Hou&s;e of <HI>Bourgondy</HI> had conde&s;cended unto, to abide unto that common Law: In&s;tead of this Councel, they of <HI>Hol|land,</HI> &amp; of <HI>Zealand,</HI> about eight and twenty years &s;ince, have ordained the high Councel con&s;i&s;ting of certain famous learned per&s;ons, from who&s;e &s;entence there can be no appeale, but yet there may be a &s;upplication pre&s;ented unto the States, to th'end that certain other Lawyers, Judges or Revi&s;ers, might be added unto that Colledge which might dili|gently and con&s;iderately peru&s;e and examine whether in that &s;en|tence there might be any errour or fault.</P>
<P>Moreover &s;ince the warres, both the charges, and al&s;o the bu&s;ine&s;&s;es are very much encrea&s;ed, that in re&s;pect thereof, there is yet another Colledge in&s;tituted, to have the
<PB N="138" REF="80">
&s;urvey of the common Trea&s;ure of <HI>Holland;</HI> and to decide all Con|trover&s;ies ari&s;ing thence. This Col|ledge con&s;i&s;teth of per&s;ons which are deputed thereunto by the Gen|tility, and by each &s;everall City, and are now and then changed. The&s;e doe warn the States to a&s;&s;emble as need requireth, and doe execute that which the States doe decree. There are yet other Deputies ap|pointed for the &s;urveying of the&s;e, which have the hearing of the reckonings of the Receivers of the common Trea&s;ure.</P>
<P>Now &s;ince <HI>Utrecht</HI> continuing &s;till in the union with the other Provinces, which are <HI>Gelderland, Holland, Zealand, &V;trecht, Frie&s;land, Over-I&s;ell</HI> and <HI>Groning,</HI> who in former time were all called by the names of the <HI>Battavers, Mattiacks,</HI> and <HI>Frie&s;es,</HI> there hath bin a Com|munity or Fellow&s;hip both of
<PB N="139" REF="80">
Warre, Peace and forraign Alli|ances and Confederacies, as al&s;o of all other affairs, they have been alike partakers with each other. The&s;e &s;ame Provinces are al&s;o ac|cu&s;tomed to &s;end their Deputies for the con&s;ultation of the gene|rall good of the Lands. This a&s;|&s;embly &s;eldome &s;eparateth, and are called the general States. By the&s;e, the points that fall into Contro|ver&s;ie betwixt the Provinces, are di&s;puted and decided. The next unto the&s;e, and by the &s;ame Com|mi&s;&s;ion, the Councell of State hath the &s;urvey of the affairs of the uni|on, and the Government of the Souldiers, and of the Military bu&s;i|ne&s;&s;es. This Councell is come in&s;tead of the Councell of State, which in the time of the Earls, had the &s;urvey of all the affairs of all the Netherlands.</P>
<P>The Councellors being a certain
<PB N="140" REF="81">
number, are cho&s;en by the States of each Province, and al&s;o &s;ometimes changed; they give their voyces not by the Provinces as in the Convocation, but man for man: The heads of this Councell are the Governors of the Pro|vinces.</P>
<P>Moreover there is divided in <HI>Holland, Zealand,</HI> and in <HI>Frei&s;land,</HI> certaine Colledges of the Admi|ralty, that look unto the affaires of the Sea, and of the Cu&s;toms and Commodities that come out of the Sea; They have their Commi&s;|&s;ion from the generall States; eve|ry Province &s;ends their Deputies thither; and now and then chang|eth them.</P>
<P>The Admirall-&s;hip (which is the highe&s;t command at Sea) hath Prince&punc; <HI>Maurice.</HI></P>
<P>The reckonings of the Cantoor of the generality, are looked unto
<PB N="141" REF="81">
by certain per&s;ons deputed there|unto.</P>
<P>The&s;e things being &s;ufficiently known to the Inhabitants, I have handled the &s;ame more particular|ly for the u&s;e of &s;trangers, not doubting when they &s;hall have nar|rowly looked into the&s;e matters, but that they &s;hall very much com|mend the formes and frames of the Government of this Common-wealth; for if wee would but al|ledge rea&s;on hereunto; rea&s;on teacheth us that Authority is be&s;t of all there, where it is conferred upon the principall be&s;t men. If we look about us concerning the Au|thority, That Government which con&s;i&s;teth of the Nobles hath in commendation thereof the wi&s;e&s;t in former times. If we look after examples, wee have &s;uch as were very worthy and very famous. As of <HI>Candy, Lacedemon, Carthage,</HI>
<PB N="142" REF="82">
<HI>Rhodes, Mar&s;elles, The&s;&s;aly Achaia, Samos, Cnydos, Chio, Corfu,</HI> and as many think even the <HI>Romans</HI> them|&s;elves at &s;uch time as they mo&s;t flouri&s;hed in Vertues: Yea, and that which is more, it &s;ufficiently appeareth that the Common-wealth of the children of <HI>I&s;rael</HI> (even as it was ordained of God before that the people de&s;ired a King) was governed by the Nobles: Neither wanteth hereunto any fre&s;h examples, as of <HI>Ragu&s;a, Luca, Genua, Geneva,</HI> and the principall <HI>Cantons</HI> of the <HI>Swi&s;ers,</HI> and of <HI>Venice,</HI> which te&s;tifie their &s;tability by the continuance of a thou&s;and yeares. Hereunto may be added the whole corporation of the <HI>Germane</HI> Em|pire, being full of maje&s;ty and e&s;ti|mation; and many of the Northen Kingdoms, which though they be called Kingdoms, are in very deed Principalities.</P>
<P><PB N="143" REF="82">
If in ca&s;e, yet we will pro&s;ecute examples that are more neare home, The Soveraignty of the a&s;&s;embly of the States was in u&s;e by the anciente&s;t Nation of the <HI>Wal|loons</HI> and of the <HI>Brittons;</HI> and is yet at this pre&s;ent u&s;ed in <HI>Ger|many.</HI></P>
<P>For &s;o much as concerns the Go|vernment which is admini&s;tred by the Cities, we therein agree very well with them of <HI>Achaia, Etolia,</HI> and <HI>Licia,</HI> who&s;e Common-wealth con&s;i&s;ting of certain Cities con|joyned together, have governed the &s;ame by their A&s;&s;emblies and by Deputies, whereof that of <HI>Achaia</HI> is &s;et as a pattern, and commended by <HI>Polybius, Strabo,</HI> and <HI>Plutarch</HI> to bee the be&s;t repre&s;entation of an ab&s;olute uniforme Common-wealth.</P>
<P>Al&s;o that unto the power of the Nobles be added a Principality,
<PB N="144" REF="83">
limited with Lawes, that very &s;ame is common unto us as it was unto the ancient <HI>I&s;raelites,</HI> in the days of the Judges, &amp; unto the <HI>Lacedemoni|ans,</HI> and the people of <HI>Achaia,</HI> and unto the <HI>Venetians,</HI> and unto the <HI>Germane</HI> Empire, and unto the Northerne Kingdomes, as wee have &s;aid before, and unto many others. The a&s;&s;embling of the ge|nerall States, with the Councell of State, by whom is di&s;patched or decided the common affaires, which concerne the union (&s;et|ting the Soveraignty of each Province a&s;ide) agreeth very well with the <HI>Amphictiones</HI> A&s;&s;embly by who&s;e bond the Common-wealths of <HI>Grecia,</HI> being knit up together, did for a long time beat back the <HI>Medes</HI> and all other for|raigne powers.</P>
<P>In like manner al&s;o have they of <HI>Ionia</HI> with 13 Common-wealthes:
<PB N="145" REF="83">
Tho&s;e of <HI>Hetruria</HI> with twelve, the old <HI>Latines</HI> with eight and fortie Commonwealths. And in former time many of the Nations of <HI>Germany,</HI> of the <HI>Walloons,</HI> and of the <HI>Brittaines,</HI> have had their generall A&s;&s;emblies by vertue of their Confederacie; and the very like have the <HI>Swi&s;ers</HI> and <HI>Gri&s;ons</HI> to this very day in u&s;e.</P>
<P>Now whereas we do very much commend this manner of Govern|ment, yet we may nor will not di&s;|commend nor &s;peak again&s;t that which is u&s;ed by another; for wee mu&s;t confe&s;&s;e, that all manner of things are not convenient for all &s;orts of people, and that there are many Nations, which &s;erve farre better to be under an ab&s;olute Kingly Power, then to be left to their owne liberty; in regard whereof, it was more profitable
<PB N="146" REF="84">
for the people of <HI>A&s;ia</HI> to have Kings; and on the contrary, the <HI>Grecians</HI> could endure no Kings. Now that this manner whereof wee have beene &s;peaking, is the mo&s;t conveniente&s;t for us, the ex|perience of &s;o many hundred years hath te&s;tified the &s;ame. As long as this continued, all things went well; but when the contrary was &s;ought, then pre&s;ently hath there Commotions and troubles ari&s;en, neither were, or could they by any meanes be remedied, untill that the Government was &s;uited againe into her old habit.</P>
<P>Tho&s;e that have very diligently looked into the &s;everall di&s;po&s;i|tions, natures, and manners of people, have perceived that tho&s;e people lying Northward, and e|&s;pecially adjoyning unto the Sea|coa&s;ts (among whom we are reck|oned)
<PB N="147" REF="84">
have ever had an antipathy of the ab&s;olute authority of one man onely, and have a greater plea&s;ure in their owne Liberty. Al&s;o there are &s;ome that approve, that great Lands and Kingdomes are be&s;t governed by Kings, the le&s;&s;er Lands by the common peo|ple; but that tho&s;e Nations which are of an indifferent greatne&s;&s;e, and in &s;peciall doe know how to keep that which they have well and warily, and not coveting that which is anothers, are be&s;t con|tent with the Government of the Nobles. Moreover, there mu&s;t be had great regard unto the u&s;e and cu&s;tomes; for that which is commonly &s;aid of all Lawes, is mo&s;t commonly true in the&s;e Lawes, wherein the principall point of the Government con|&s;i&s;teth, that is, That it is better
<PB N="148" REF="85">
to u&s;e &s;uch Lawes which are of them&s;elves not the be&s;t, then to change and alter tho&s;e which are received and have beene long practi&s;ed.</P>
<P>For it is with Lawes even as it is with the Plants, there mu&s;t be of nece&s;&s;ity time for the e&s;tabli|&s;hing and fa&s;tning of the Roots; and contrarily, if they be often re|moved, they lo&s;e their vertue, pow|er, and efficacy.</P>
<P>For this cau&s;e are wee very much bound unto our Fore-fa|thers, who have left unto us a Go|vernment that is very good of it &s;elfe, and exceeding well agree|ing unto our nature and manner of life, having re-obtained the &s;ame by Warre, and pre&s;erved the &s;ame in time of peace.</P>
<P>And this ought to bee our in|deavours, if wee will neither
<PB N="149" REF="85">
prove unthankfull, nor unprovi|dent, that wee con&s;tantly main|taine that Common-wealth where|unto wee are coun&s;elled by <HI>Rea|&s;on,</HI> approved by <HI>Experience,</HI> and recommended by <HI>Antiquity.</HI></P>
<TRAILER>FINIS.</TRAILER>
<PB REF="86">
</DIV1>
</BODY>
</TEXT>
</EEBO>
</ETS>
