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<DATE>2007-08-23</DATE>
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<NAME>Angela Berkley</NAME>
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<FRONT>
<DIV1 TYPE="title page">
<PB REF="1" MS="y">
<P>The FIRST LECTURE of an Introduction to COSMOGRAPHIE: BEING A De&s;cription of all the VVORLD.</P>
<P>Read Publiquely at S^r. Balthazar Gerbiers ACADEMY.</P>
<BIBL>PSALM. 8. ver. 3. 4.</BIBL>
<Q>When I con&s;ider the Heavens, the work of thy fingers, the Moon and the Starres which thou ha&s;t ordained: What is man, that thou art mindfull of him, and the Son of man that thou vi&s;ite&s;t him?</Q>
<P>Imprimatur, <HI>Hen: Scobell, Cleric: Parliamenti.</HI></P>
<P>Printed at <HI>London</HI> for <HI>Robert Ibbit&s;on</HI> dwelling in Smithfield neer <HI>Ho&s;ier
Lane,</HI> 1649.</P>
</DIV1>
<DIV1 TYPE="dedication">
<PB REF="2">
<HEAD>To the Right Honorable <HI>William Lenthall</HI> E&s;q; SPEAKER Of the mo&s;t Honourable A&s;&s;embly of <HI>PARLIAMENT.</HI></HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>Right Honourable,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P><HI>_I</HI> Shall not need (as I humbly conceive) to &s;eek farre for a ju&s;t argument that the Dedication of this Lecture (being an <HI>Introduction to Co&s;mography,</HI> read in the Academy, which I doe zea|lou&s;ly labour to &s;ettle, for the glory of God, the honor of this Nation, the encouragement and <HI>improve|ment</HI> of all <HI>Lovers of Vertue:</HI>) belongs to your eminent place of Tru&s;t, And from who&s;e determina|tions, as from the highe&s;t Influences of &s;o many Stars, guide, direct, move, and pre&s;erve the whole Body of this <HI>Common wealth.</HI></P>
<P>My <HI>Academy-Reader</HI> in part to make good my more large intentions, having begun with <HI>Co&s;mo|graphy</HI> (as the mo&s;t noble &s;ubject to read on) pre&s;ents therefore the&s;e his fir&s;t productions to your honourable hands, as an unque&s;tionable duty, and with all Submi&s;|&s;ivene&s;&s;e, and po&s;sible reverence, wi&s;hing that the
<PB REF="3">
State may plea&s;e not only to protect the&s;e hopefull be|ginnings, but likewi&s;e to cheri&s;h and promote them.</P>
<P>That all <HI>Lovers of Vertue</HI> may receive content and profit thereby, and the Nation glory, that &s;uch capable &s;pirits need not to runne unto <HI>Salamanca</HI> in <HI>Spaine,</HI> to <HI>Padua</HI> in <HI>Italy,</HI> no<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter"> to <HI>Paris</HI> in <HI>France,</HI> there to &s;eek (with hazard of their godline&s;&s;e, goodne&s;&s;e and Loyalty to their Native Country) that which they may have at home, with more ea&s;e and &s;afety, and with le&s;&s;e charge to them&s;elves.</P>
<P>And if in this ca&s;e the lawfull intere&s;t of a particu|lar zealous well-wi&s;her to the State may be compre|hended, I &s;hall with a joyfull confidence conclude, that I have not been ill-per&s;waded thereunto, nor can <HI>I</HI> have a greater hope, or reap a greater contentment, than by putting my hand to &s;o good a work, which giving me an a&s;&s;ured confidence that my indeavours may meet with a favourable acceptance from Your Honour, unto whom <HI>I</HI> &s;hall remaine as <HI>I</HI> was long &s;ince,</P>
<CLOSER><SIGNED>Your Honours mo&s;t humble and mo&s;t obedient Servant, Balthazar Gerbier.</SIGNED>
<DATELINE>From the Academy <DATE><HI>this 28 of Novemb.</HI> 1649.</DATE></DATELINE></CLOSER>
</DIV1>
</FRONT>
<BODY>
<DIV1 TYPE="cosmography">
<PB N="1" REF="3">
<HEAD>The Fir&s;t Introduction to <HI>COSMOGRAPHY.</HI></HEAD>
<P><HI>_COSMOGRAPHY</HI> is the de&s;cription of the cele&s;tiall and elementary Region.</P>
<P>In the cele&s;tiall Region, we learne to know Heaven, its matter, its qualities; The Planets, their motions, and their or|der, &amp;c.</P>
<P>In the Elementary Region, we &s;ee the mo&s;t admi|rable con&s;truction of the Elements, the which by their unequall proportioned a&s;&s;emblings, do compo&s;e the &s;everall &s;orts of kindes, of mixt ones, which wee &s;ee here below.</P>
<P>All this we &s;hall particularly de&s;cribe with their qualities, properties, and &s;cituations.</P>
<P>And in that Region which &s;eemes for a Center un|to the univer&s;all world, we &s;hall &s;ee an innumerable number of mo&s;t remarkable, &s;atisfying and mo&s;t ne|ce&s;&s;ary things to be ob&s;erved, <HI>viz.</HI> The proofes of its circular forme: whether the Earth or Water ex|ceeds the one or the other in quantity: The &s;cour&s;es

<PB N="2" REF="4">
or heads of Springs and Floods, the &s;mallne&s;&s;e of the terre&s;triall globe, not onely in compari&s;on of the Hea|vens, but al&s;o of the Sun, and of the Stars: And how that the &s;aid Earth may be mea&s;ured, both on its &s;u|perficies, and on its &s;olidity.</P>
<P>Afterwards we &s;hall de&s;cribe the circles which are to be imagined in the Heavens, That &s;o we may learn the cour&s;e of the Planets, and the various effects which we feele by them.</P>
<P>As the cau&s;es of their ri&s;ing and &s;etting, of the Sum|mer and Winter, of the long and the &s;hort dayes, So al&s;o we mu&s;t have regard to the <HI>Sol&s;tices,</HI> and <HI>Equi|noxes,</HI> from whence the different con&s;titutions of the Earth do proceed, and &s;everall other things, the cu|rio&s;ity whereof, as its extreame commendable, &s;o its familiar incidents prove altogether nece&s;&s;ary unto tho&s;e who are de&s;irous to pa&s;&s;e for men of knowledge and under&s;tanding.</P>
<P>And that we may end in our owne &s;phere, we will fini&s;h with a Lecture on the Meteors, wherein all the impre&s;&s;ions that are made as well of Fire, as of the Aire, and of the water; both in the high, middle, and low Region of the Aire, &s;hall be clearly &s;hewed and &s;et forth unto our view.</P>
<P>That is to &s;ay, whence the fiery impre&s;&s;ions proceed, and how tho&s;e impre&s;&s;ions are framed which are &s;een in the high Region of the Ayre, <HI>viz.</HI> Like unto fiery Darts, Launces, Flying Stars, and Commets, and how it happens that the Heavens them&s;elves &s;eem to be &s;ometimes al on fire, whence the lightening, thunder and thunderbolts proceeds: whence the wild fire, glow|wormes, and &s;uch like, have their being: And &s;o con|&s;equently,

<PB N="3" REF="4">
we will treate of the impre&s;&s;ions framed in the Aire, as the winds, &s;tormes, and the whirle|windes: Tho&s;e of the Waters, as the Clouds, Raine, Snow, and Hail, which are framed in the middlemo&s;t Region. Then we will proceed to de&s;cribe other im|pre&s;&s;ions which are not real ones, as that Crown of re|&s;plendant rayes, which &s;eems to be about the Sun, the Rain-bow, and the like; from thence we &s;hall de&s;cend lower, and ob&s;erve from whence all Fogs, Dewes, Mi&s;ts, Fro&s;ts, and Ice proceeds.</P>
<P>Finally, we will end with the three kinds or &s;pecies contained in the Earth, as Mineralls, Vegetables, and Animalls; ob&s;erving in the Mineralls, their genera|tion in the bowells of the Earth, their qualities, and connexions, and how they chance to be &s;even, corre&s;|pondent to the &s;even Planets.</P>
<P>Moreover we will treate of all kind of Stones, as al&s;o of the &s;appes conducing in the Mines, like unto Vitriol, Allum, and &s;uch like, which depend of the&s;e.</P>
<P>In the ingendering of the vegetables, we are to con|&s;ider the nature of plants, their faculties in producing their &s;everall effects, and their multiplying by their &s;eed; after all, wee will conclude with the Animalls, the which be&s;ides their vegetating Soule and faculty of budding, and &s;hooting forth, have over and above the &s;en&s;itive part, which gives them both feeling and motion, and the&s;e are much e&s;teemed above the Plants, all their organs, and naturall parts being much perfecter then tho&s;e of the others. But of the&s;e the&s;e are two &s;orts, the rationall and irrationall, Man and Bea&s;t; but we &s;hall leave the bea&s;ts, for to &s;peake of rationall creatures, it being more proper in this place,

<PB N="4" REF="5">
Let us then &s;ay that man, far more worthy then all o|ther things, was created by God, for that by his word all things were made, <HI>fiat lux, Gene&s;is</HI> the &s;econd, and the light &s;traight appeared: But when God came to make man, he formed him, <HI>Formavit Dominus Deus Hominem de Lima Terrae: Et in&s;piravit in faciem ejus &s;piraculum vitae, &amp; factus e&s;t homo in animam viventem,</HI> And both animated and endowed him (be&s;ides the pre|cedent &s;aid qualities) with an intellectual &s;oule, of which both the under&s;tanding and wil of man depends.</P>
<P>Now let us con&s;ider I be&s;eech you, how the Mercy of God hath alwayes augmented &s;ome degree of per|fection in each Body, for to compleate in man a ful|ne&s;&s;e of the perfection of all his workes, and how hee hath placed him as a King to command over, and to make u&s;e of the afore&s;aid things, <HI>Et prae&s;it pi&s;cibus Ma|ris, &amp; volatilibus Coeli,</HI> &amp; <HI>be&s;tiis univer&s;a&abque; Terra, omni&abque; reptili quod movetur in Terra.</HI> All which are only made for mans u&s;e and advantage. For God was no le&s;&s;e be|fore the world then he is now, and hath no need of any of the creatures to bee more glorious, wee ought therefore to have a great and deep &s;en&s;e of acknow|ledgement.</P>
<P>And that our labour be not in vaine, we mu&s;t con|&s;ider that great Architector in his wi&s;dom, in his pow|er, in his liberality, and in his bounty, we mu&s;t adore him, honour him, and admire him in all his Attri|butes, and thanke him ince&s;&s;antly, not onely for the pre&s;ent meanes (the vici&s;&s;itude of which &s;ufficiently &s;hew their vanity) but for the hope of eternall ble&s;|&s;ings, to which hee hath de&s;igned us, provided that we prove true by faith, and that we make good by our

<PB N="5" REF="5">
workes, that we acknowledge him above all things; but alas! unhappy men as we are, in what an Age doe we live? wherein the creature is more prai&s;ed then the Creator, the gift is perfected to the giver; and that which we &s;hould but take notice of, as a tran&s;itory thing, we do abu&s;e oft (Chri&s;tian prudence permit|ting and willing it) by a mo&s;t horrid blindne&s;&s;e, pre|ferring tho&s;e things unto the Author of them, which are but created in order according to Nature. There|fore the mo&s;t in&s;en&s;ible things, and mo&s;t inanimate ones, both dictate unto, and convince tho&s;e with a mo&s;t horrid &s;hame and confu&s;ion, who dare &s;o bold|ly and impudently abu&s;e that great Author, Gui|der and pre&s;erver of all things. But he will not be a|bu&s;ed doe what thou can&s;t, O inraged Athei&s;t, thou perver&s;e wit, of the mo&s;t perver&s;e times; for he will make thee confe&s;&s;e thy wilfull malice in the day of vengeance, when thou &s;halt not be able to pleade ignorance; &s;ince as thy &s;en&s;es condemne thee, &s;o doe likewi&s;e the Elements, which at all times &s;eek their proper places, the Fire being light, a&s;cends; the Aire not &s;o light, remaines in the lower &s;phere; the Earth, the heavie&s;t of the foure, keepes to its Center; and the Water le&s;&s;e heavy, &s;wims above it. Now as tho&s;e things that are mixt, have one of the Elementary qualities in one eminent degree above the other, &s;o they &s;eek their &s;phere, &amp; do not re&s;t til they have attai|ned unto it: For a &s;ton would de&s;cend even to the center of the Earth, if there were an overture in it, as being the mo&s;t propere&s;t place of its abode, being its altogether terre&s;triall. We &s;ee that wood &s;wims above the wa|ter, and the rea&s;on is, that there is more Aire and Fire

<PB N="6" REF="6">
in its compo&s;ition, then either in the Water or in the Stone. And let man do what he will, it &s;hall ever be &s;o, becau&s;e that God hath created them, and be|&s;towed on them tho&s;e properties, of lightne&s;&s;e and hea|vine&s;&s;e, which cau&s;eth tho&s;e motions, making the light things to a&s;cend, and the heavy ones to de&s;cend, and &s;ince Gods will is inviolable, all things mu&s;t obey it.</P>
<P>Now let us come to Man, made by God as well as all the other Elements, and likewi&s;e all other things, and to what end made God Man? only to admire his great|ne&s;&s;e, and to adore him, which certainly is the &s;ole rea&s;on why God made man according to his owne re|&s;emblance, and indued him with a rationall &s;oule, and a &s;en&s;ible appetite or de&s;ire.</P>
<P>Unto what can man then more fitly apply that &s;en|&s;ible appetite or de&s;ire, but to follow in all things, the de&s;igne and intent of his Maker, from the beginning to the very end of his life: And this doubtle&s;&s;e is the true rea&s;on of mans being, and the true vocation man ought to apply him&s;elfe unto: And no more to vary therein, then the Stones change their property of de|&s;cending, nor the Fire its cour&s;e of a&s;cending: God hath created thee Oh man to this effect, and intent, but if thou wilt not follow his dictates, to what &s;er|veth thy intellectuals, thy knowledge, and thy will, &s;ave only to harden thy heart again&s;t God, and again&s;t his will, far more then all inanimate creatures do, and hereby to hinder the effect of his graces in thee; wher|fore we ought &s;eriou&s;ly to meditate hereon, and to re&s;t a&s;&s;ured, that if &s;o bee wee doe abu&s;e the Tallent, which we have received, by rendring more honour un|to

<PB N="7" REF="6">
vice, and unto our &s;tubborne, lawle&s;&s;e &s;en&s;es, than unto God; we &s;hall render our &s;elves unworthy to be placed even beneath the in&s;en&s;ible things, and that in&s;tead of an eternall bli&s;&s;e, for the which we were created, we &s;hall mo&s;t ju&s;tly de&s;erve to indure eter|nall torments, from which God in his mercy pre&s;erve us all, and grant unto us that true &s;en&s;e of rea&s;on, which may pre&s;erve his true Image and workeman&s;hip in us, and inable us to de&s;troy our owne, voide of &s;en|&s;uality. <HI>Dele quod feci&s;ti, ut Deus &s;alvet, quod &s;ecit:</HI> &s;aith
<HI>Augu&s;tine.</HI></P>
<P>Now let us enter into &s;ome particulars, concerning the treaty of the &s;everall parts of the Univer&s;e, or World; particularly de&s;cribed by this Science of <HI>Co&s;mography,</HI> which may &s;tand us in &s;tead for the pre|&s;ent, and &s;o enable us for the future, that we may be the better di&s;po&s;ed, to contemplate the &s;ame from a|bove.</P>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>What the Sphere is.</HEAD>
<P>THe Science or under&s;tanding of the Sphere, is the knowledge, or the being acquainted with the particulars of this worlds parts, and properties: The world is the a&s;&s;embling, and ordering of all that God hath created, its the compo&s;ure of Heaven, and of Earth, or of the Cele&s;tiall and Elementary Region, and therefore it is called the Univer&s;e: And to the end that we might have a more particular in&s;ight in this Science, an Artificial Sphere hath been framed, being of a round forme, compo&s;ed of &s;undry circles, by the which, though imaginary ones, the motion of

<PB N="8" REF="7">
the Heavens are de&s;cribed: The rea&s;ons of the &s;eve|rall changes in the &s;ea&s;ons of the yeare; that of the difference of dayes and nights, according to the &s;eve|rall places and &s;cituations or the terre&s;triall Globe. Finally by the Sphere, you may ob&s;erve the whole cour&s;e of the world, being it was made according to the worlds re&s;emblance.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>What the Heaven is.</HEAD>
<P>AS we are not re&s;olved to build Ca&s;tles in the Aire, nor to entertaine our Auditory with imaginary things, but to give mo&s;t evident proofes of what we alledge, &s;o it will be nece&s;&s;ary to make appeare unto you that there is a Heaven, before we come to di&s;tin|gui&s;h its qualities, and herein we &s;hall meet with no great difficulties; &s;ince that Nature admitting of no emptines, that &s;pace which is between, the Firmament, the Imperial Orbe, and the lowermo&s;t of the Planets, to wit, the Moon, mu&s;t of nece&s;&s;ity be filled with &s;ome matter; And this matter is called Heaven, which is both &s;imple, &s;ollide, fixt, &s;hining, tran&s;parent, incor|ruptible, and exempted from any changes.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>Of the qualities of Heaven.</HEAD>
<P>ALL naturall things have two principles, fir&s;t God, &s;econdly Nature, unto which hee hath given full power to work by a certaine univer&s;all &s;pirit, which he hath inclo&s;ed in her.</P>
<P>All naturall things are corporall e&s;&s;ences, which &s;ub&s;i&s;t of them&s;elves, and re&s;ult from the uni|on

<PB N="9" REF="7">
of the &s;ub&s;tance, and of the forme: So that Na|ture then con&s;i&s;ting in the&s;e two points, &s;ub&s;tance, and forme, all naturall bodies are ingendred by the &s;ub|&s;tance of it, and the forme makes them to be what they are.</P>
<P>But the matter being &s;u&s;ceptible, of divers formes, having not &s;o &s;oone quitted one, but that it receives another: And for as much as it cannot receive a &s;e|cond, before it be deprived of the precedent, there|fore the Philo&s;ophers have e&s;tabli&s;ht three principles; the &s;ub&s;tance, forme, and privation: Now there are two &s;orts of natural bodies, the one &s;imple, the other mixt: The &s;imple bodies are the Heavens, and the Elements, becau&s;e that in their creation they are &s;imple, and ne|ver admit of &s;everall formes, on the contrary, the mixt ones, are &s;uch as receive their compo&s;ition from the Elementary qualities, and are &s;u&s;ceptible of divers formes.</P>
<P>The matter of the Heaven is therefore &s;imple, as likewi&s;e &s;olide and fixt.</P>
<P>Becau&s;e that the Starres, which though they do turne, and have moved &s;ince the beginning of the World, yet they never change nor vary their figures, nor the di&s;tances which they ob&s;erve betwixt each o|ther: Now this order could never have been kept, un|le&s;&s;e &s;ome &s;olide matter had con&s;trained them there|unto, which cannot be by any other thing, then by the &s;olide and fixt matter of the Heaven: Likewi&s;e it's the opinion of the mo&s;t learnede&s;t ancient A&s;tronomers, and all tho&s;e who have written on this &s;ubject, be&s;ides the mo&s;t approved Authorities, That the Stars are of the &s;ame matter that Heaven is of, &s;ave of a more

<PB N="10" REF="8">
dusky and danky &s;ub&s;tance, which they have adjudg|ed them to be of, by rea&s;on that they &s;top, and as it were, hinder the light of the Sunne; the which Hea|ven doth not, as we &s;hall &s;hew hereafter: Moreover they alledge the Stars are ju&s;t in Heaven, as knots are in boards; others deem the Stars and Planets to be in a continued Aire like as the birds are: But then there ought to be many particular properties for to main|tain the Stars in &s;o permanent and immutable an order, again&s;t the violent &s;wiftne&s;&s;e of &s;o many contrary motions, which opinion I &s;hall wave, as well as the flight of their Birdes.</P>
<P>The matter of the Heaven may bee &s;aid to bee of an abundant lu&s;ter: &s;ince that the Sunne, the Moon, and the Stars are &s;o, all which are comprehen|ded of the &s;ame matter: But to &s;peak more properly, the matter of Heaven is tran&s;parent, and the Sun and the Stars are not. That the Heavens are tran&s;parent, is very ea&s;ie to prove, &s;ince experience &s;ufficiently denotes it unto us: For if the Heaven of the Moon were dusky, it would hinder us from &s;eeing of the Sunne, and the re&s;t of the Stars which are about it. That the Sun, the Moon and the Stars are dusky, is apparent by their Eclip&s;es: This matter is al&s;o incorruptible, and con|&s;equently exempted from all changes, &s;ince that it's &s;imple, and that in tho&s;e Scituations, or Regions, ge|neration finds no imployment.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>Of the Cele&s;tiall Region.</HEAD>
<P>THe Cele&s;tiall Region, is the a&s;&s;embling of all the Heavens, and comprehends them all intirely, the order and cour&s;e whereof &s;hall be &s;hewn in its proper place.</P>
<P><PB N="11" REF="8">Their matter or &s;ub&s;tance as we have proved, is &s;ol|lide, &s;o is that of the Stars, and Planets, but more dusky and danky, that is to &s;ay, their matter is more clo&s;e and compacted, and &s;ince they are mo&s;t pure and poli&s;hed bodies, they receive, and cau&s;e the light which they borrow from the Sun, to reverberate, as &s;hall be proved hereafter, but as for the Heaven it's altogether tran&s;parent.</P>
<P>Now in the Cele&s;tiall Region, there are two &s;orts of Stars, Fixt, and Errants; the Fixt are tho&s;e that never change their figures, but have all one and the &s;ame motion, which is that of the Firmament: The Errant Stars are the Planets, which have all different motions from that of the Firmament, and they are &s;e|ven in number; unto which the Ancients have given the names of their Deities, <HI>viz. Saturne, Jupiter, Mars, Sol, Mercury, Venus,</HI> and the <HI>Moone,</HI> which names were likewi&s;e appropriated unto them, becau&s;e of their powerfull influences.</P>
<P>The duskey matter, is that which gives no pa&s;&s;age to the &s;ight, as you may perceive in Wood, and in the Stones.</P>
<P>The &s;olide and fixed matter is that which will not &s;uffer any very ea&s;ie penetration, as you may ob&s;erve in Chry&s;tall, or in gla&s;&s;e.</P>
<P>But the penetrable matter is that which &s;uffers the peircing with ea&s;e, as the Aire doth, the Water and the Fire.</P>
<P>The tran&s;parent matter is that which gives pa&s;&s;age to the light, as Chry&s;tall, and Gla&s;&s;e doth: And &s;o con&s;equently, we may ju&s;tly infer, that the Heavenly Matter or Sub&s;tance, is both &s;olide, fixt, impe|netrable, and tran&s;parent</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<PB N="12" REF="9">
<HEAD>That there are many Heavens.</HEAD>
<P>BY the diver&s;ities of the Motions, we prove that there are many Heavens, thus; &s;ince the matter is &s;olide, two Planets having different motions, cannot be in the &s;ame Heaven, or Orbe, and by this &s;ame rea&s;on you may ob&s;erve, that its not the Planet which moves, but its Orbe, or Heaven; for otherwi&s;e they would penetrate the matter, which is both fixt and &s;olide: But the Sun and the Moon have different Mo|tions, for that the Sunne accompli&s;hes its cour&s;e in a day, and the Moone in a Month; then the Sun and the Moon cannot be in one and the &s;ame Orbe, or Heaven: And by the &s;ame rea&s;on, no two of al the &s;even Planets having the &s;elf-&s;ame Motion, there mu&s;t then of nece&s;|&s;ity be &s;even Orbes, or Heavens, requi&s;ite for the &s;e|ven Planets: &s;ince al&s;o the matter of Heaven is fixt, and impenetrable: Again&s;t this may be objected, that there might be but one Heaven of an impenetrable matter, in the which many &s;paces may be imagined, and by which the Planets having different Motions, may make their cour&s;es. And let them &s;ay what they plea&s;e, yet it will alwayes come to this period, That of nece&s;&s;ity there mu&s;t be &s;even &s;paces for the &s;even Planets, to move in, which mu&s;t be filled by &s;even bodies, and the&s;e are by A&s;tronomers called the Planets attributes, and the&s;e we call Orbes, joyning clo&s;e the one to the other.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<PB N="13" REF="9">
<HEAD>Of the Firmament or eight Heaven.</HEAD>
<P>HAving demon&s;trated that there are &s;even Orbes for the &s;even Planets; it will be nece&s;&s;ary to &s;hew how that its requi&s;ite that there be al&s;o another Hea|ven, for all the fixed Stars are differing from the &s;e|ven others: for the Ancient A&s;tronomers ob&s;erving that the Motion of the Stars was very &s;low, not ad|vancing above a degree from one hundred to a hun|dred years, concluded, that it was mo&s;t nece&s;&s;ary to admit an eight Orbe, in the which al the fixed Stars are, and the which never vary their &s;cituation, di&s;tance, nor figure, or &s;hape, and this Heaven is called by them, the Firmament.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>How the A&s;tronomers divide the Stars, or whether they be numberle&s;&s;e or no.</HEAD>
<P>AS for the fixed Stars we hold them to be number|le&s;&s;e, the Holy Scriptures giving us a te&s;timony thereof, I meane, that be&s;ides the great infinite num|ber that we &s;ee, there are yet a far more infinit number of le&s;&s;er&s;tars which are by us not &s;een, as hath been ob|&s;erved by certain Pro&s;pective Gla&s;&s;es, made in <HI>Italy,</HI> and though the Ancients have not marked above 1022. their meaning was not, that there were no more Stars, but that they had ob&s;erved none but tho&s;e, as being only the cheife&s;t which they had need of; And tho&s;e thou&s;and twenty two Stars, are divided into forty eight Con&s;tellations, or Figures of Animalls, which the Ancients have &s;uppo&s;ed, for to di&s;cerne the one

<PB N="14" REF="10">
from the other; and have &s;eparated and di&s;po&s;ed of them into three ranks, as <HI>Septentrionalls, Zodiackes,</HI> and <HI>Meridionalls.</HI></P>
<P>Moreover, the Stars are di&s;tingui&s;ht by their &s;eve|rall Magnitudes, or Bigne&s;&s;es, which have been found to be &s;ix: So that all the great Stars are of the fir&s;t Bigne&s;&s;e, the le&s;&s;er of the &s;econd, third, fourth, fifth, and &s;ixth magnitude or bigne&s;&s;e, in which the lea&s;t of them all are comprehended.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>Whether or no the Stars be tran&s;lucent of them&s;elves, and tran&s;parent.</HEAD>
<P>THe Stars have no proper light of them&s;elves, &s;ave in this manner, all the Stars and Planets are of one and the &s;elfe-&s;ame Nature. But the Moone hath no other light then what &s;he borroweth of the Sunne, &s;o no more can any of the other Stars have any other light but from the Sun.</P>
<P>But &s;uppo&s;e it be objected, that the Moon lo&s;eth not altogether its light, though &s;he Eclip&s;es in the &s;hadow of the Earth; becau&s;e that in the Eclip&s;ed party there appears a redne&s;&s;e, and that &s;uch a redne&s;&s;e for ought we know, might be her natural light.</P>
<P>I an&s;wer, That that rednes cannot be her natural, be|cau&s;e that if it were &s;o, &s;he would never quit that red|nes, &s;ave when &s;he increa&s;es, or that &s;he is in her fir&s;t quarter, And then that part of the Moon which is not illuminated by the Sun, ought to have that redne&s;&s;e, which is not &s;o, as we &s;ee by experience: And there|fore all redne&s;&s;e is not naturall to the Moon: More|over, if it be demanded from whence that redne&s;&s;e

<PB N="15" REF="10">
proceeds? its from the reflection of the lig<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 span"> is encountered by the Moone in the &s;hado<GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 span"> Earth: For as the Moone is a poli&s;ht body, <GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 span"> the &s;hadow of the Earth is never de&s;titute of &s;ome little light, &s;o it's that little light which cau&s;es the redne&s;&s;e in her.</P>
<P>So that by what is afore&s;aid, it clearly appeares that the Sunne is the Principle of light, it being Gods plea|&s;ure to adorn it with &s;uch an eminent quality.</P>
<P>Furthermore, we &s;ay that the Stars are not &s;o tran&s;|parent as the Heaven is, which may be &s;een by the Moon and <HI>Mercury,</HI> when they are interpo&s;ed, between our eyes and the Sunne, and that they Eclip&s;e her; And &s;o its apparent that the Stars are both dusky and danky.</P>
</DIV2>
<DIV2 TYPE="part">
<HEAD>That the Heavens are round, and that they move the one within the other, from the Ea&s;t to the We&s;t, their u&s;uall cour&s;e.</HEAD>
<P>AS we have hitherto proved, that there are eight Heavens, &s;o mu&s;t we prove that they are round, and that they turne the one within the other, from Ea&s;t to We&s;t, the which may appear unto us mo&s;t ma|nife&s;tly, for we &s;ee that the Sun, the Planets, and all the other Stars, do ri&s;e fir&s;t in the Ea&s;t, on our Horizon, then little by little they advance toward the South, and that finally, they &s;et in the We&s;t, &s;o next againe they ri&s;e all in the Ea&s;t. We will but in&s;tance in the Sun, And &s;ay that it mu&s;t be either the &s;elfe &s;ame Sun, or another which we daily &s;ee to ri&s;e, and &s;et, It cannot be any other, for that then every day would require a new one: And if it be the &s;ame Sun, it mu&s;t either

<PB N="16" REF="11">
have pa&s;t over, within, or underneath the Earth: Over the Earth it cannot have pa&s;t, for as much as then there would have been no night, the pre&s;ence of the Sun cau&s;ing the day; neither can it have pa&s;t within the Earth, becau&s;e, as we &s;hall &s;ee hereafter, its grea|ter then the Earth, It remains then, that it mu&s;t have pa&s;t underneath the Earth, and that con&s;equently its Orbe, or Heaven turnes about the Earth; And &s;ince all the Heavens turne, the one within the other, about the Earth, and that from the Ea&s;t to the We&s;t, we may ju&s;tly then &s;ay that the Heavens are round.</P>
<P>Its al&s;o granted that the Heavens are round, becau&s;e that being they are the mo&s;t noble part of the world, and in which all the re&s;t are contained; it is mo&s;t ne|ce&s;&s;ary, that they &s;hould be of a round forme, which is the mo&s;t capable&s;t and mo&s;t perfecte&s;t of al others. For if the Heavens had any other Figure or Forme, tho&s;e which are inferiour to the others, could not po&s;&s;ibly tran&s;port their Planets from the Ea&s;t to the We&s;t, be|cau&s;e of their Angles, or el&s;e we mu&s;t grant that they penetrate each other, and &s;o there would chance to be a penetration in the matter of the Heavens, which would contradict what hath been formerly proved, to wit, that its matter or &s;ub&s;tance, is both &s;olide and fixt, &amp;c.</P>
</DIV2>
<TRAILER>The End of the first Lecture, concerning COSMOGRAPHY.</TRAILER>
<PB REF="11">
</DIV1>
</BODY>
</TEXT>
</EEBO>
</ETS>
