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<DATE>2008-05-13</DATE>
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<NAME>John Pas</NAME>
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<HEAD>Mill'd Lead Sheathing FOR SHIPS again&s;t the WORM, Plainly Proved to be BETTER than the BEST, and above <HI>Cent. per Cent.</HI> CHEAPER than the Ordinarie&s;t WOOD-SHEATHING can be; be&s;ides divers other Ad|vantages to the Publick.</HEAD>
<HEAD TYPE="sub">The Particulars are more at large contained in the BOOK under-mentioned, referred to in the Margent.</HEAD>
<P N="I">IT lies upon the <NOTE N="*" PLACE="marg"><HI>Vide</HI> p. 38. 41.</NOTE> Plank &s;o thin and &s;mooth, that it can be no hindrance to the Ships &s;ailing, whereas the great thickne&s;s and roughne&s;s of a Wood &s;heath|ing mu&s;t ob&s;truct it.</P>
<P N="II">It &s;tiffens a Ship &s;o that &s;he will carry more Sail, which will al&s;o accele|rate her motion.</P>
<P N="III"><NOTE N="&dagger;" PLACE="marg">P. 78.</NOTE> It pre&s;erves the Plank cool, &s;mooth, and &s;ound, and the Oakam longer in the Seams: Whereas it is well known that when one Plank is doubled or clapp'd upon another, the undermo&s;t, being kept clo&s;e and hot, will become doted, which in a Wood-&s;heathing mu&s;t al&s;o rot the Oakam in the Seams, the &s;ooner.</P>
<P N="IV">The great Nails in a Wood-&s;heathing mu&s;t be very de&s;tructive to the Plank; for when they &s;trip that Sheathing, they are fain to &s;pyle up the Nail-holes with Pegs of Wood, whereas the &s;mall Nails of a Lead-&s;heathing does the Plank no harm.</P>
<P N="V"><NOTE N="*" PLACE="marg">P. 38. 41. 76. 80.</NOTE> It is owned not to foul &s;o much as a Wood-&s;heathing; and when foul, ea&s;ier cleaned.</P>
<P N="VI">La&s;tly, The Lead-&s;heathing being Metal, which the Worm cannot enter, it mu&s;t be a certain &s;ecurity again&s;t it.</P>
<P><HI>That it is above</HI> Cent. per Cent. Cheaper, <HI>plainly appears as follows.</HI></P>
<P>SUppo&s;e that an ordinary Streights-&s;heathing will co&s;t 10 <HI>d.</HI> a Foot &s;quare (a good <HI>Ea&s;t-India</HI> Sheathing near three times as much) and that &s;uch a Sheath|ing la&s;ts not above a Voyage or two; but, for more abundant proof, let it be granted that one &s;uch Sheathing would la&s;t &s;even Years, and that the Charge of Graving upon that Sheathing (&s;uppo&s;e for a Ship of 600 Tun, which would mea|&s;ure 5400 Foot &s;quare) would co&s;t but 45 <HI>l.</HI> a-year, (which will probably be above 55 <HI>l.</HI>) this in &s;even Years, with the Sheathing at 10 <HI>d.</HI> a-foot, would co&s;t 540 <HI>l.</HI></P>
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<P N="2">Suppo&s;e al&s;o that a <HI>Mill'd Lead</HI> Sheathing &s;hould be &s;tripp'd at &s;even years end, <NOTE N="&dagger;" PLACE="marg">P. 27.</NOTE> which for any defect in the Sheathing it &s;elf (as Experience hath &s;hewn) may la&s;t twice as long, if the Ship's Caulking, driving of her Bolts, or other Repairs, don't require it: And that &s;uch a Sheathing for the &s;ame Ship would co&s;t 15 <HI>d.</HI> a foot, let there be deducted but &frac14; for the Old Sheathing when &s;tripp'd; which, being Metal, mu&s;t yield more than that to melt down again, this Lead-&s;heathing would &s;tand the Owner but in 253 <HI>l.</HI> 2 <HI>s.</HI> 6 <HI>d.</HI> which is <HI>Cent. per Cent.</HI> &s;aved, and 33 <HI>l.</HI> 15 <HI>s.</HI> to &s;pare, probably more than it will require to repair acci|dental rubbs all the time; and when any &s;uch thing happens, a &s;mall quantity of the Lead and Nails, being re&s;erved on board, any one may mend as Opportunity offers.</P>
<P N="3">There is nothing more required, over or under this Sheathing, but to have the Plank well brimm'd, <NOTE PLACE="marg">P. 41. 76, 77.</NOTE> and the Seams well caulked, at fir&s;t bringing on, and &s;ome long handled Bri&s;tle-bru&s;hes provided on board to clean it once in two or three Months, as occa&s;ion offers. Tallowing, that has been &s;ometimes u&s;ed, was never propo&s;ed by the Inventors, they conceiving the <HI>Lead-&s;heathing</HI> would keep longer clean without it.</P>
<P>If it be objected that this Sheathing co&s;ts <GAP DESC="illegible" EXTENT="1 letter">/3 more than the other at fir&s;t do|ing, <NOTE PLACE="marg"><HI>Object. An&s;w.</HI></NOTE> tho' if it did, 'tis &s;ufficiently repaid in the &s;even years time; but deducting only 55 <HI>l.</HI> for the Old Sheathing, allowing &s;even Years rebate for its pre&s;ent value, and it will appear not 4 <HI>per Cent.</HI> more than that at fir&s;t charge with once graving.</P>
<P><HI>A &s;hort Account of the Beginning and Progre&s;s of the</HI> Mill'd-Lead <HI>Sheathing.</HI></P>
<P>THis Invention was begun upon an Act of Parliament, by the countenance and encouragement of King <HI>Charles</HI> II. who very well under&s;tood Shipping, and <NOTE N="*" PLACE="marg">P. 22. <HI>Of the Letter.</HI></NOTE> promi&s;ed him&s;elf great Matters from it, and had not been deceived if it had met with due encouragement for all the Services it was qualified; particularly for <NOTE N="&dagger;" PLACE="marg">Vide <HI>Pur&s;ers Certificates. P. 83.</HI></NOTE> lyning of Bread-rooms, where, after it had been &s;ome time u&s;ed (in&s;tead of Plates of Laten or Tin, which co&s;t more, and, being made of Iron &s;oon ru&s;ted and decay'd) it was laid a&s;ide again, upon pretence that there was a dampne&s;s and moi&s;ture di&s;covered in the <HI>Lead</HI> it &s;elf, which they found did corrupt and &s;poil the Bisquet; although 'tis well known, e&s;pecially to Merchants, that nothing pre|&s;erves any Provi&s;ions or Goods, they put therein for their long Voyages, &s;weeter and better than Lead in&s;tead of. The Earl of <HI>Carli&s;le,</HI> when he went Governor of <HI>Jamaica,</HI> carried over with him &s;everal Deal-boxes lyned with <HI>Mill'd-Lead,</HI> wherein he put Corn, Meal, Gunpowder, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> intending them for Water-Ci&s;terns afterwards, from whom and Sir <HI>Henry Morgan</HI> Letters came to Sir <HI>Philip Howard,</HI> that the Corn and Meal was pre&s;erved &s;weet in tho&s;e Boxes, when the re&s;t of the &s;ame &s;ort that was in Cask was mu&s;ty, and the Gunpowder dry, and a &s;ixth part of more force upon Trial than the &s;ame &s;ort in Barrels: And al&s;o for Scuppers, wherein not|with&s;tanding the <NOTE N="&dagger;" PLACE="marg">P. 114.</NOTE> Evidence upon the Trials made in 1678. by that Board's Order the &s;ame was di&s;continued till the pre&s;ent Navy board being &s;atisfied upon <NOTE N="*" PLACE="marg">P, 116.</NOTE> new Trials by them ordered in 1691. were plea&s;ed to re&s;tore it to u&s;e again, at Rates above <HI>90 per Cent.</HI> le&s;s charge to the King, than the former Scuppers for the &s;ame Service had co&s;t him, though they might rea&s;onably have allowed the Propo&s;er &s;omething more for his Encouragement, and &s;aved the King enough by his Pro|po&s;ition.</P>
<P>The fir&s;t Ship was &s;heathed by his Maje&s;ty's Direction, <HI>March 10 1670.</HI> and &s;oon after many more: But it quickly found great oppo&s;ition, and continual Complaints and Objections, rai&s;ed by the Artifice of Per&s;ons intere&s;ted to op|po&s;e it; <HI>viz.</HI> that it would rub off by Cables, Haw&s;ers, lying on ground, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> &s;o that the Navy-Board deferred entring into any formal Contract for it, till they had taken time enough to be fully &s;atisfied therein; and after five Years Trial upon ten Ships, which had been &s;heathed within that time, they then (as
<PB N="3" REF="4">in the Preamble of their Contract) upon <NOTE N="&dagger;" PLACE="marg">P. 8. 73, 74, 75, 76.</NOTE> &s;ufficient Proof and Experience, entred into a Contract with the Parties concerned for the whole time of their Act of Parliament.</P>
<P>Afterwards about half a &s;core Ships more were &s;heathed in two or three. Years time, when a new Complaint was rai&s;ed from abroad by Letters from <NOTE N="*" PLACE="marg">P. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.</NOTE> &s;ome Captains and Commanders of <HI>Lead-&s;heathed</HI> Ships, that there was &s;ome venemous Quality di&s;covered in the <HI>Lead &s;heathing,</HI> that did in a very extraordinary manner eat and corrode the Bolts and <HI>Rudder-Irons,</HI> which took &s;uch impre&s;&s;ion in that Navy-Board, notwith&s;tanding all Rea&s;ons offered to the contrary, that they (<NOTE N="&dagger;" PLACE="marg">Octob. 28. 1682.</NOTE> &s;ome time afterwards) reported the thing to the then Lords of the Admiralty, as true, and advi&s;ed the &s;tripping off the <HI>Lead-&s;heathing</HI> as &s;oon as the Ships came home, to which Report the <HI>Mill'd-Lead</HI> Company (when they heard of it, having obtained a Copy) put in their An&s;wer, both which were by my Lord <HI>Not|tingham,</HI> one of tho&s;e Commi&s;&s;ioners, and al&s;o a Privy-Coun&s;ellor, laid before the King and Council, and by them upon Hearing (the Particulars being many) referred back again to the Lords of the Admiralty to examine and report their Opinions; but that Admiralty Commi&s;&s;ion being determined before any Report could be obtained, this Sheathing has been di&s;continued in the Navy ever &s;ince, <NOTE N="&dagger;" PLACE="marg">P. 40. 41.</NOTE> upon no other ground but barely upon its &s;uppo&s;ed extraordinary eating and corroding the <HI>Rudder-Irons,</HI> all other Complaints being cleared as above&s;aid, and nothing more now objected in their &s;aid Report, which &s;hewed their full &s;atisfa|ction in all other Matters, but what related to the Bolts and <HI>Rudder-Irons</HI> only.</P>
<P><NOTE PLACE="marg">Ob&s;.</NOTE> It may be ob&s;erved upon this la&s;t Paragraph, without Reflection upon the Commanders, that the Shipwrights here having furni&s;hed their Brethren the Carpenters, on Board tho&s;e Ships, with In&s;tructions from the ru&s;ty di&s;colouring of the Lead, mixing with the Filth about the Braces of the <HI>Rudder</HI> and Bolt-heads (by the Salt Waters gleeting from the Iron-work beneath <NOTE N="*" PLACE="marg">P. 25. 26.</NOTE> being not parcelled as it ought to have been) it may be thought no great difficulty (e&s;pecially if the <HI>Rudder-Irons</HI> happen'd to be much eaten) for the&s;e Carpenters (who&s;e proper Bu&s;ine&s;s this is) to impo&s;e upon the Captain by po&s;itive A&s;&s;ertions, that they never knew <HI>Rudder-Irons</HI> &s;o much eaten in &s;o &s;hort a time, and might name &s;ome upon other Ships that were much better; and per&s;wade him (from this unu&s;ual Colour about the Iron work) that it mu&s;t be &s;ome poi&s;onous or corroding Quality in the <HI>Lead-&s;heathing</HI> that has thus extraordinarily eaten his <HI>Rud|der-Irons;</HI> which &s;eeming plau&s;ible to him, at length he believes, and writes &s;o to the Navy-Board, and afterwards, perhaps, thinks him&s;elf bound in Honour to maintain it, what Rea&s;ons &s;oever are offered to the contrary.</P>
<P>The whole Proceedings about this Lead-&s;heathing having been &s;ometime &s;ince printed, and the Books fold at certain Book&s;ellers (<HI>viz.</HI> Mr. <HI>Hen&s;man</HI>'s in <HI>We&s;t|min&s;ter-Hall,</HI> the <HI>Crown</HI> and <HI>Harrow</HI> in <HI>Fleet&s;treet,</HI> the <HI>Harp</HI> in St. <HI>Paul</HI>'s Church|yard, and at the <HI>Leg</HI> and <HI>Star</HI> in <HI>Cornhill</HI>) &s;ome eminent Merchants, Owners of Ships, have taken the &s;ame into their Con&s;ideration; and being well &s;atisfy'd of the Excellency, and preference of this <HI>Lead-&s;heathing</HI> in re&s;pect of the other, and of the weak and groundle&s;s Sugge&s;tions of its corroding and eating the <HI>Rudder-Irons,</HI> both from Rea&s;on and Experience (it being evident that the duration of <HI>Rudder-Irons</HI> have always been very different and uncon&s;tant upon all Ships, whe|ther &s;heathed with Lead, Wood, or not &s;heathed at all, according to the Smith's bet|ter or wor&s;e mixing, welding, and working of his Iron, <NOTE N="*" PLACE="marg"><HI>Vide</HI> the Ac|count of <HI>Rud|der-Irons</HI> from <HI>Deptford,</HI> and <HI>p. 12. 14, 15, 30, 32.</HI> of this Book.</NOTE> &s;ome of tho&s;e other having la&s;ted as &s;hort a time as any upon the Lead-&s;heathed Ships, as well as &s;ome upon the&s;e, as long as any upon the other, as can be proved, if nece&s;&s;ary; which Effects mu&s;t have been as con&s;tant and uniform as their Cau&s;es, if the &s;heathing either way were any wi&s;e concerned therein) have applied this <HI>Lead-&s;heathing</HI> to
<PB N="4" REF="5">four Ships within this twelve month; one of them a Ship of above 600 Tun, cal|led the <NOTE N="&dagger;" PLACE="marg"><HI>Vide</HI> the &s;in|gle Sheet at the end of the Book.</NOTE> <HI>Antel pe,</HI> employed the la&s;t Summer in his Maje&s;ty's Service, which be|ing returned with her Sheathing much to the Owners &s;atisfaction, they have &s;ince &s;ent her a Voyage to the <HI>Ea&s;t-Indies.</HI></P>
<P>Notwith&s;tanding all which, there are &s;ome Per&s;ons that are &s;till prejudiced by the old Complaints, and others who deal in the Materials of the <HI>VVood-&s;heathing</HI> and Graving, e&s;pecially the Shipwrights (who&s;e Intere&s;t it is, and therefore the le&s;s to be blamed) that decry this <HI>Lead-&s;heathing;</HI> but it is to be hoped there are &s;ome Per&s;ons in Power (now that the Scene of the Royal Navy lies in the way of the Worm, and is likely longer &s;o to do) may be found of that Publick Spirit, that will give them&s;elves the trouble to be duly informed in this Matter; and if they find it de&s;erves it, to promote its Re&s;tauration to the Navy, that the Publick may have the benefit thereof as well as private Per&s;ons, which may accrew to them in many other re&s;pects, be&s;ides the direct u&s;e it in &s;heathing Ships: For that the <NOTE N="*" PLACE="marg">P. 37.</NOTE> mo&s;t e&s;&s;ential part of what's imploy'd in the Wood-&s;heathing is of foreign growth, often in times of War (when mo&s;t wanted) not to be had, or at very dear rates, whereas the <HI>Lead</HI> being in our own Bowels can never be wanting: And al&s;o, for that this <HI>Lead-&s;heathing</HI> will more exhau&s;t our <HI>Lead-Mines,</HI> and in|crea&s;e the Manufacture of <HI>Lead;</HI> upon which Con&s;iderations the Parliaments of <HI>England</HI> have ever laid great weight, in all their deliberations about Trade; and particularly in the Act relating to this very Invention.</P>
<P>All &s;uch as have occa&s;ion for this <HI>Lead-&s;heathing,</HI> or for any other &s;ort of <HI>Mill'd Lead,</HI> from one pound to the Foot-&s;quare to twenty or more of the u&s;ual breadth of three Foot and an half, and twice as long as any Plumber pretends to ca&s;t, if need requires, for Covering Hou&s;es, and all Works wherein <HI>Sheet-Lead</HI> is u&s;ed, better, and above 20 <HI>per Cent.</HI> Cheaper than theirs, as is proved in the Book above mentioned, <HI>p.</HI> 114. and el&s;ewhere, Mr. <HI>Hale</HI> who lives at the <HI>Mill'd-Lead</HI> Sign in <HI>Aurange-&s;treet</HI> by <HI>Red Lyon</HI> Square, is ready to undertake the &s;aid Sheathing, or any other Work about Churches, Hou&s;es, <HI>&amp;c.</HI> having able Plumbers and &s;ufficient Work|men to perform the &s;ame; and &s;ells his <HI>Solder</HI> for &s;ix-pence a-pound, which the Plumbers, by Combination, have hitherto kept up at <HI>9 d.</HI></P>
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<P><HI>LONDON,</HI> Printed <HI>February,</HI> 1695/6.</P>
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