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<DATE>2005-01-19</DATE>
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<NAME>Andrew Kuster</NAME>
<RESP>MURP</RESP>
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<IDG S="marc" R="UM" ID="A70287">
<STC T="W">H3155A</STC>
<BIBNO T="oclc">12121858</BIBNO>
<VID>54449</VID>
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<TEXT LANG="eng">
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<DIV1 TYPE="letter">
<PB REF="1" MS="y">
<HEAD>A Copy of a Paper sent to <HI>John Otway,</HI> Justice of the Peace, concerning SWEARING.</HEAD>
<OPENER><SALUTE>My Friend,</SALUTE></OPENER>
<P>THo I am little known to thee, or acquainted with thee, as to any <HI>Converse</HI> or <HI>Conversation,</HI> yet hearing of thy <HI>sobriety,</HI> and readiness to <HI>hear</HI> and <HI>enquire</HI> into those things which <HI>are</HI> scrupled among <HI>Christians;</HI> and what may be said <HI>for</HI> or <HI>against</HI> any thing wherein every <HI>true Christi|an</HI> ought to be satisfied in his <HI>mind,</HI> before he can believe and receive it as a <HI>Truth</HI> (to have his Conscience obliged thereby) which I account a point of <HI>Wisdom,</HI> and not to take things upon <HI>Trust,</HI> and <HI>Hear-say,</HI> and <HI>Tradition</HI> as many do, without any further enquiry; Also understanding, that thou hast not a hand in <HI>Persecuting thy Neighbour,</HI> in bringing them into <HI>Bonds,</HI> and others which I know thou mightst have done, had not somthing in thy self limited thee beyond either <HI>Law</HI> or <HI>Examples,</HI> which I hope thou wilt never have cause to repent thee for: <HI>For the Meek shall inherit the Earth; and to the Mer|ciful God sheweth Mercy.</HI> And <HI>If</HI> ever there was an <HI>Act of Mer|cy,</HI> this is one, <HI>To be tender of them that are tender of Gods Glory and Worship, when so great severity hath been used against them that fear the Lord in their hearts, which is the Seat of the Lords Judgment in Man.</HI> Likewise hearing, that thou at a pub|lick Session at <HI>Kendall</HI> lately, in thy Charge or Speech in the Court, spoke something about Oaths, and the lawfulness of them, and said that some gave false Glosses upon <HI>Matth.</HI> 5. and <HI>James</HI> 5. and did assert the Morality of them among Christians, and how the <HI>Angel</HI> Swore after <HI>Christ</HI> had given that <HI>Command;</HI> and shewed a necessity of them among Christians. The <HI>Consi|deration</HI> of these things, with some other, was an <HI>inducement</HI> unto me, to write these few things unto thee, and shall leave them to thy <HI>Consideration,,</HI> and to the <HI>Spirit of the Lord</HI> in
<PB REF="2" MS="y">
thy self to Judge according to that, and seeing I am a Sufferer at this day, and a great one too, upon this account, which <HI>If</HI> I were not certainly perswaded upon good ground of the truth of that I have believed in this particular, I neither could nor would suffer for it; but I must not forcean <HI>implicit Faith</HI> upon any, only Judging it may induce thee the more to consider what I say. I have had my share of long <HI>Contests</HI> about this thing amongst my Brethren, and much hath been written about this particular by divers Hands, whether any of them ever reached thy hand or not; but however, I would not be tedious unto thee, and therefore shall contain my self in as nar|row a compass as may be in so weighty a <HI>matter,</HI> for which many thousands have and are like to suffer.</P>
<P N="1"><HI>First of all,</HI> There was a time when there was no Oaths, <HI>When Man was made in the Image of God,</HI> which consists <HI>in Righteousness and true Holiness, Equity, long suffering, Patience, Goodness, Mercy and Truth, wherein man was in a capacity to be|lieve in God, and men to believe one another: this was in the be|ginning after the Heavens and the Earth was made, and all things that are therein;</HI> Then there were no Oaths, neither needed any, for <HI>Truth</HI> lived and man in it, and that spoke; and a certainer <HI>Testimony</HI> there could not be, nor a greater: and this was before <HI>Sin</HI> and <HI>Unbelief</HI> entred.</P>
<P N="2">2. Whosoever comes to witness a restoration again into the same Image by Christ, the second <HI>Adam,</HI> as all that are born of God and are true Christians indeed do come to, there will be nothing but <HI>Truth</HI> speaking and ruling in the heart, and in the words: and Oaths ends.</P>
<P N="3">3. But after man had transgressed, and eaten of the <HI>Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil,</HI> and went from the power of God, and had broken the <HI>Covenant</HI> of God, he lost his wisdom, and folly entred; he lost <HI>Truth</HI> and a <HI>Lye</HI> entred and <HI>Unbelief:</HI> so that he believed not God, neither the Sons of <HI>Adam</HI> in the Fall could believe one another; and Sin being entred, and <HI>Death</HI> by it, <HI>Deceit</HI> grew fast and <HI>Unbelief,</HI> and but a few in a Gene|ration bore the Image of God before the Flood, as <HI>Abel, Enoch</HI> and <HI>Seth,</HI> and some few in comparison; and the rest generally corrupted their waies, and bore another Image, and went af|ter the imagination of their own hearts, and set up Images and
<PB REF="2" MS="y">
Idols; and also after the Flood when the earth began to be re|plenished, the cursed Seed grew faster, and many great Nati|ons became ignorant of the <HI>True God,</HI> and made Gods of Gold and Silver, Wood and Stone, and reverenced them, and Worshipped them, and stood in fear of them, and had them in esteem; and Swore by them as the greatest thing, and gloried in them.</P>
<P N="4">4. <HI>Abraham</HI> who feared the Lord, and hearkned unto his Voice, whom the Lord singled out of many people, as a righteous Root of whom he would raise up a righteous Gene|ration; and more righteous than the rest of the Nations, and made a Covenant with him, and he was called <HI>The Father of the Faithful,</HI> and was the Original of all the Tribes of <HI>Israel,</HI> and the thousands of the people; but the most of them became vain also, and as corrupt as other Nations. And the four hun|dred years that they had lived among the <HI>Egyptians,</HI> they learned too much their manners, and were much corrupted and darkned in their understandings, and therefore the Lord was wroth with them, and few were made partakers of the Promise, because of their Unbelief.</P>
<P N="5">5. The Law was added because of Transgression four hun|dred and thirty years after the Promise was made; or as some account from the Creation two thousand years, which Law was given at <HI>Sinai</HI> to <HI>Israel,</HI> and not to the <HI>Gentiles;</HI> as it is written to <HI>Jacob, He gave his Law to Israel, his Statutes to eve|ry Nation he did not so;</HI> which <HI>Law</HI> some of latter times have divided into three parts, <HI>Moral, Judaical,</HI> and <HI>Ceremonial:</HI> which distinction I do not read of particularly in the Scripture. <HI>Moral,</HI> as that which pertaineth to the manner of <HI>Israel,</HI> how they ought to Worship God, and walk towards their Neigh|bour. <HI>Ceremonial,</HI> that which pertained to the Priests and People, as to Form or Discipline, which was shadowy. <HI>Ju|daical,</HI> as that which belonged to their Policy or State. The two last generally are acknowledged (if I may say parts of the Law) to be ended, and is not binding unto Christians; but the first part, some have said, is <HI>Moral</HI> and perpetual; the dis|cussing of which would take up more time and reading than I intend to trouble thee with.</P>
<P N="6"><PB REF="3" MS="y">6. Seeing the Law, all of it was added because of (Trans|gression) that was the cause its evident, If there had been no Transgression there had needed no addition of a <HI>Law,</HI> as a li|mit or rule: so whosoever comes thro Christ Jesus, to witness Transgression finished, and an end of Sin, they become dead to the <HI>Law</HI> (tho they are not without a <HI>Law</HI> to God) for it hath power over a man as long as he lives, to convict him, and Judge him; but being come to the Image of God against such, there is no Law, tho they are not without one, as I said, to God and his Christ.</P>
<P N="7">7. But because the Lord would not suffer <HI>Israel</HI> to walk ac|cording to the Heathen, he in love to them, gave them a <HI>Law</HI> sutable to the State they were in before the Seed Christ was manifest, and the <HI>Covenant</HI> was sutable to their state; their minds was outward; and their Covenant was outward: their minds was mutable, their Covenant was so; and these per|tained to a part above the Seed, and were shadows of good things to come, which ended all in Christ (tho not destroyed) so the Tabernacle, Temple, Priests, Oblations and Offerings; Sabbaths, Fasts, Feasts, Oaths, Tythes, Circumcision, and the like, tho they were all real Commands of God in their time, and continued unto the time of Reformation, that is, till the Law ended, and the Priesthood, Covenant and He|brews.</P>
<P N="8">8. It is granted by us in the Covenant, the Jews might <HI>Swear,</HI> and did in Truth and Righteousness, and were Commanded so to do, to Swear by the true God, and reverence his Name and sanctifie it; and least they should Swear as the Heathens did by their false Gods, and reverence them that are no Gods, he Commanded to Swear, and fear and reverence his Name that was the living God; and I look upon it as the low conde|scention of God, or stooping to them in their state they were in, because there was Unbelief in them; therefore to end strife they might Swear, and it was permitted them, even as it was to have a King when their hearts was set upon it; so the Lord considering their state, the Lord Swore by himself, for their sakes, and as they Swore by the greatest; so he by himself, be|ing there was no greater to confirm the Truth of his words, because of the weakness of their Faith, or rather Unbelief.</P>
<P N="9"><PB REF="3" MS="y">9. But we do not read of all the Oaths amongst the Jews for some there was that feared an Oath, that ever they were imposed under any outward penalties, as they have been of late among Christians in name; but for all the Scriptures and Ex|amples that have been or can be brought, to prove Oaths lawful under that Ministration and Covenant to save all men the labour, who would contend for the Jews Swearing, we allow the same and assent to them; so thus them that will con|tend and prove Swearing, then they shall contend without an Adversary for me or that People I own in Judgment.</P>
<P N="10">10. But the great thing that seems to carry all the weight on its back, is the Morality of it still among Christians, as some plead; unto which I answer, Was not the Sabbath of the Jews, as Moral of that of Oaths, or any other Command in the Ten, or elsewhere, which I have heard some Parish Priests say was Moral and perpetual among Christians, and yet they themselves break it by practice; the Command reached only to the Seventh day, and whoso alters it, lets up another thing, and then how is it Moral. The like Doctrine they teach about Oaths, and hath darkned peoples understandings with|out distinguishing betwixt time and time, and Ministration and Ministration; but some say, <HI>Christ came not to destroy the Law</HI> Moral <HI>but to fulfil it;</HI> it is granted again, some say, tho they very far strain the words in the third Commandment, we are not only forbidden to take Gods Name in vain, but to sanctifie by praying, praising, and Swearing upon occasion: If I grant all these under the Gospel in force, in the substance as under the Law; I say, leave nothing of the shadow, or Type, or Ceremony, as to be standing or binding among Christians (as it is not.) Its granted, the substance of all had nothing of force under the Gospel: For the Law had a Shadow of good things to come that came by <HI>Moses,</HI> but the Grace, the Truth came by Jesus Christ, the substance (and he is the substance) and he living in a Christian, speaks and testifies the Truth, and there need no other in any Judicature, and that was never de|nied by us but often profered, but seldom received. Incense was the Ceremony of praying and praising, but the substance is lifting up the heart to the Lord, from the motion of his Spirit&punc; and Praising is making melody in the heart to the Lord. And
<PB REF="4" MS="y">
Circumcision of the heart is the substance of the Circumcision in the Flesh, <HI>Rom.</HI> 2. And Christ the substance of the Passo|ver; and Christ is the substance of that Shaddow or Ceremo|ny of Swearing, and that which every Christian ought to do, is to speak the Truth, and to testifie the Truth from the heart, and this is the substance, and that which is required under the Gospel; and this we never refused, and this divers learned men hath confessed is the sum; read <HI>Isa.</HI> 45. 23. and compare <HI>Rom.</HI> 14. &amp; 11. and so is Confession of a Truth, and testifying the same about any matter, be not equivolent with an Oath under the Law.</P>
<P N="11">11. As for <HI>Matthew</HI> 5. and <HI>James</HI> 5. we give no glosses up|on them, but do receive the words as they are, the Precepts of Christ and <HI>James;</HI> and we cannot allow all those Glossers, who would pervert their words from their jenuine sence, which we take clearly to be a limitation from all Swearing whatsoe|ver under the Gospel; and not only in Communication, but even before all men, and at all times; not only from vain Oaths, and false Swearing, and by the Creatures, but from all Swear|ing whatsoever, the Scripture is so evident and so clear, that its much that any should stumble at the Commands; the very stop of the Chapter clears the thing; yea, even some who have contended against us, have been made to confess that the perfection of obedience required under the Gospel, was above that the Mosaical Law did exact or teach; and from these Scriptures, so Dr. <HI>Gauden</HI> and <HI>Vsher,</HI> the one contended against the Quakers, the other for the <HI>Waldenses</HI> against the <HI>Romanists.</HI> Christ saith of old time it hath been said, <HI>Thou shalt not kill; Thou shalt not commit Adultery; Thou shalt not for swear thy self,</HI> nor by the Creatures; and if they were not to Swear by them alone, nor the Altar, neither Head nor Foot, then, why now by the Bible or upon a Book, seeing that its made of Crea|tures? But its said by the Contents of the Book what doth the Book contain more then true words; and if the Heaven of Heavens cannot contain him, I am sure the Book cannot. Away with this Imposed Traditional Ceremony. But Christ saith, <HI>Whosoever is angry with his Brother, is in danger of Judg|ment.</HI> And again, <HI>Love your Enemies; And whoso looks upon a woman, and lusteth after her, hath committed Adultery: But</HI>
<PB REF="4" MS="y">
<HI>I say, Swear not all, but let your yea be yea, and your nay, nay, whatsoever is more cometh of Evil;</HI> So that its evident he speaks of a further perfection of obedience under the Gospel, than under the Law: For if it be only vain Oaths and false Swear|ing, and by the Creatures that he prohibits, then the <HI>Law</HI> had said as much, and he said no more than the <HI>Law,</HI> for these were reproved by the <HI>Law;</HI> but its manifest he required a more ex|act obedience than under the <HI>Law;</HI> and likewise those things that had been permitted because of the hardness of their hearts, he took away and brought them by his Doctrin to that state which was in the beginning before darkness and hardness was. And as concerning the Angels Swearing, to which of the An|gels said he, <HI>Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee?</HI> And again, <HI>I bring forth my first begotten Son, and let the An|gels worship him:</HI> and therefore the Ministration of the Son is above the Angels, and both Angels and their Ministration are to give way unto Christ, and he must be worshipped; and no example of either Angels or men ought or can violate the Com|mands of Christ.</P>
<P N="12">12. It was a Doctrin believed and received among the Pri|mitive Christians not to Swear at all, that there was no questi|on made of it, tho in the times of Persecution, when their Li|berties and Lives lay upon it, yet they denied to <HI>Swear,</HI> and keep in the first Gospel Doctrin taught, and would not violate it. A Cloud of Witnesses I might bring to confirm the truth of what I say in that particular, but that I intend this only as a Manuscript and no further; so I will not be tedious, but only take a few Fathers whose Doctrin is generally received. <HI>Origen</HI> saith, It behooves not a man, who lives according to the Gos|pel, to <HI>Swear</HI> at all. <HI>Chrysostome</HI> forbids not only Swearing, but to <HI>Swear</HI> at all. <HI>Jerom,</HI> The Gospel Truth admits not of an Oath. <HI>Austin,</HI> Any man that is a common <HI>Swearer,</HI> no more credit can be given than to a Lyar, a thing too much in use in our Age, yet none debarred from <HI>Swearing</HI> in Judica|ture. <HI>Jerom</HI> upon <HI>Mat.</HI> 5. and <HI>James</HI> 5. These are his words, <HI>It was permitted to the Jews, being in wickedness and infancy to offer Sacrifice to God, least they should Sacrifice to Idols, so they might Swear by God, not that it was righ ful so to do, but because it was better to Swear by the Lord, than by false Gods or Devils; but the great Evangelical Sincerity and Truth admits not of an</HI>
<PB REF="5">
<HI>Oath, since every</HI> True Saying <HI>is equivolent thereunto. Theopha|lact, Hillary, Athanasius, Theodoret,</HI> and <HI>Lactantius,</HI> and others taught much against <HI>Swearing</HI> without any limitation. <HI>Polybi|us</HI> observes in the best and purest times, and simpler Ages of the World, Oaths were never used in Judicature; but after Unbe|lief and Lying increased, Oaths increased. <HI>Justin</HI> Martyr saith, <HI>It was enough security in all Cases to say,</HI> I am a Christian; and if any Oath either for matter or manner was tendred, they repeated this as the only satisfaction they could give, <HI>I am a Christian. Polycarpus</HI> and <HI>Basilides,</HI> both Martyrs, denied to Swear at all, and what is this become such a strange, new, and dangerous Doctrin amongst us in those days that profess Chri|stianity; as that now are reckoned good Members either of Church or State but Swearers, But I have done, desiring thee to peruse these things over in the same love that I writ them, and what ever thou dost hold thy hand from Persecution, for assuredly God will bring a rebuke upon the Nation for it, and all them that withstand the Lord in his People. Farewel.</P>
<CLOSER><SIGNED>Thy True Friend, Francis Howgill.</SIGNED></CLOSER>
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