Lebanon, a country study
  • Foreward
  • PREFACE
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • ECONOMY
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • ANCIENT TIMES
  • Babylonian Rule and the Persian Empire
  • The Seleucid Dynasty
  • LEBANON
  • Foreward
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • PREFACE
  • COUNTRY PROFILE
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • CHAPTER 1. Historical Setting
  • ANCIENT TIMES
  • Assyrian Rule
  • Babylonian Rule and the Persian Empire
  • Rule of Alexander the Great
  • The Seleucid Dynasty
  • THE ARAB PERIOD
  • The Umayyads, 660-750
  • The Abbasids, 750-1258
  • The Crusades, 1095-1291
  • The Mamluks, 1282-1516
  • OTTOMAN RULE, 1516-1916
  • The Maans, 1120-1697
  • The Shihabs, 1697-1842
  • Religious Conflicts
  • WORLD WAR I AND THE FRENCH MANDATE, 1914-41
  • The Mandate Period
  • World War II and Independence, 1939-41
  • INDEPENDENT LEBANON, 1943-76
  • The Khuri Era, 1943-52
  • The Shamun Era, 1952-58
  • The Rise of Shihabism, 1958-64
  • The Hilu Era, 1964-70
  • The Franjiyah Era, 1970-76
  • The Civil War, 1975-76
  • The Sarkis Administration, 1976-82
  • CHAPTER 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • Land
  • Climate
  • Rivers and Lakes
  • POPULATION
  • Migration
  • The War and Displacement in Beirut
  • The Palestinian Element
  • SECTARIANISM
  • Lebanese Confessional “Societies”
  • Sectarian and Clan Consciousness
  • RELIGION
  • Tenets of Islam
  • Muslim Sects
  • Twelver or Imami Shias
  • Ismailis
  • Alawis
  • Druzes
  • Christian Sects
  • Greek Catholics
  • Roman Catholics
  • Greek Orthodox
  • Jacobites
  • Armenian Orthodox or Gregorian
  • Assyrian or Nestorian Church
  • Jews
  • Others
  • Arabic
  • Other Languages
  • STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
  • The Family
  • Sex Roles
  • Marriage
  • Child-Rearing Practices
  • Impact of War on the Family
  • LIVING CONDITIONS
  • Wartime Conditions
  • EDUCATION
  • Primary Education
  • Intermediate Education
  • Secondary Education
  • Technical and Vocational Education
  • HEALTH
  • CHAPTER 3. THE ECONOMY
  • RECENT ECONOMIC HISTORY
  • Invasion and Trauma, 1982-87
  • THE OFFICIAL ECONOMY IN THE MID-1980s
  • Government Revenues
  • External Debt and Foreign Exchange
  • Inflation
  • The Budget
  • BANKING AND FINANCE
  • The Central Bank
  • International Banking
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • Roads
  • Railroads
  • Shipping
  • Aviation
  • Telecommunications
  • AGRICULTURE
  • Land and Irrigation
  • Crop Production
  • INDUSTRY
  • Cement
  • Electric Power and Petroleum Refining
  • AID AND RECONSTRUCTION
  • Arab Reconstruction Aid
  • Post-Israeli Invasion Reconstruction, 1982-84
  • Reconstruction and Chaos, 1984-87
  • CHAPTER 4. Government and Politics
  • THE BASIS OF GOVERNMENT
  • The Constitution
  • The National Pact
  • THE PRACTICE OF GOVERNMENT
  • Zuama Clientelism
  • The Presidency
  • The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
  • The Legislature
  • The Judiciary
  • The Bureaucracy
  • POLITICAL PARTIES AND GROUPINGS
  • Sectarian Groups
  • National Liberal Party
  • Lebanese Forces
  • Amal
  • Hizballah
  • Islamic Amal
  • Islamic Grouping
  • Union of Muslim Ulama
  • Independent Nasserite Movement
  • Progressive Socialist Party
  • Minority Parties
  • Kurdish Parties
  • Multisectarian Parties
  • Lebanese Communist Party
  • Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party
  • Organization of Communist Action
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
  • Syria
  • Israel
  • Palestinians
  • Iran
  • United States
  • Soviet Union
  • CHAPTER 5. National Security
  • THE CREATION OF THE ARMY
  • THE LEBANESE POLITICAL-MILITARY SITUATION: INDEPENDENCE TO
  • The Rosewater Revolution
  • The 1958 Civil War
  • The Cairo Agreement and the Prelude to the 1975 Civil War
  • THE 1975 CIVIL WAR
  • The Military Cabinet
  • The Early Stages of Combat
  • Syrian Intervention
  • The Riyadh Conference and the Arab Deterrent Force
  • The Red Line Arrangement
  • THE INTERWAR YEARS
  • Operation Litani
  • Operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
  • The Ascendancy of Bashir Jumayyil
  • The Missile Crisis
  • The Two-Week War
  • THE 1982 ISRAELI INVASION AND ITS AFTERMATH
  • Operation Peace for Galilee
  • The Siege of Beirut
  • The Multinational Force
  • The Rise of the Shias
  • The May 17 Agreement
  • The Israeli Defense Forces Withdrawal and the Mountain War
  • The Multinational Force Withdrawal
  • The Bikfayya Accord
  • Events in Southern Lebanon
  • Chaos in Beirut and Syrian Peacemaking Efforts
  • The War of the Camps
  • The Tripartite Accord
  • Pax Syriana
  • THE LEBANESE ARMED FORCES IN THE 1980s
  • Organization and Command Structure
  • The Supreme Defense Council
  • The Military Council
  • Military Intelligence
  • The Commander in Chief
  • The Army
  • The Fourth Brigade
  • The Sixth Brigade
  • The Seventh Brigade
  • The Eighth Brigade
  • The Ninth Brigade
  • The Eleventh Brigade
  • The Air Force and Navy
  • INTERNAL SECURITY AND TERRORISM
  • Suicide Bombings
  • The Hostage Crisis
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