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[TRANSLATED BY THE REV. S. THELWALL.]
HAVING already undergone the trouble peculiar to my opinion, I
will show in Latin also that it behoves our virgins to be veiled from
the time that they have passed the turning-point of their age: that
this observance is exacted by truth, on which no one can impose
prescription—no space of times, no influence of persons, no privilege
of regions. For these, for the most part, are the sources whence, from
some ignorance or simplicity, custom finds its beginning; and then it
is successionally confirmed into an usage, and thus is maintained in
opposition to truth. But our Lord Christ has surnamed Himself Truth,(2)
not Custom. If Christ is always, and prior to all, equally truth is a
thing sempiternal and ancient. Let those therefore look to themselves,
to whom that is new which is intrinsically old. It is not so much
novelty as truth which convicts heresies. Whatever savours of
opposition to truth, this will be heresy, even (if it be an) ancient
custom. On the other hand, if any is ignorant of anything, the
ignorance proceeds from his own defect. Moreover, whatever is matter of
ignorance ought to have been as carefully inquired into as whatever is
matter of acknowledgment received. The rule of faith, indeed, is
altogether one, alone immoveable and irreformable; the rule, to wit, of
believing in one only God omnipotent, the Creator of the universe, and
His Son Jesus Christ, born of the Virgin Mary, crucified under Pontius
Pilate, raised again the third day from the dead, received in the
heavens, sitting now at the right (hand) of the Father, destined to
come to judge quick and dead through the resurrection of the flesh as
well (as of the spirit). This law of faith being constant, the other
succeeding points of discipline and conversation admit the "novelty" of
correction; the grace of God, to wit, operating and advancing even to
the end. For what kind of (supposition) is it, that, while the devil is
always operating and adding daily to the ingenuities of iniquity, the
work of God should either have ceased, or else have desisted from
advancing? whereas the reason why the Lord sent the Paraclete was,
that, since human mediocrity was unable to take in all things at once,
discipline should, little by little, be directed, and ordained, and
carried on to perfection, by that Vicar of the Lord, the Holy Spirit.
"Still," He said, "I have many things to say to you, but ye are not yet
able to bear them: when that Spirit of truth shall have come, He will
conduct you into all truth, and will report to you the supervening
(things)."(3) But above, withal, He made a declaration concerning this
His work.(4) What, then, is the Paraclete's administrative office but
this: the direction of discipline, the revelation of the Scriptures,
the reformation of the intellect, the advancement toward the "better
things?"(5) Nothing is without stages of growth: all things await their
season. In short, the preacher says, "A time to everything."(6) Look
how creation itself advances little by little to fructification. First
comes the grain, and from the grain arises the shoot, and from the
shoot struggles out the shrub: thereafter boughs and leaves gather
strength, and the whole that we call a tree expands: then follows the
swelling of the germen, and from the germen bursts the flower, and from
the flower the fruit opens: that fruit itself, rude for a while, and
unshapely, little by little, keeping the straight course of its
development, is trained to the mellowness of its flavour.(1) So, too,
righteousness—for the God of righteousness and of creation is the
same—was first in a rudimentary state, having a natural fear of God:
from that stage it advanced, through the Law and the Prophets, to
infancy; from that stage it passed, through the Gospel, to the fervour
of youth: now, through the Paraclete, it is settling into maturity. He
will be, after Christ, the only one to be called and revered as
Master;(2) for He speaks not from Himself, but what is commanded by
Christ.(3) He is the only prelate, because He alone succeeds Christ.
They who have received Him set truth before custom. They who have heard
Him prophesying even to the present time, not of old, bid virgins be
wholly covered.
But I will not, meantime, attribute this usage to Truth. Be it,
for a while, custom: that to custom I may likewise oppose custom.
Throughout Greece, and certain of its barbaric provinces, the
majority of Churches keep their virgins covered. There are places, too,
beneath this (African) sky, where this practice obtains; lest any
ascribe the custom to Greek or barbarian Gentilehood. But I have
proposed (as models) those Churches which were founded by apostles or
apostolic men; and antecedently, I think, to certain (founders, who
shall be nameless). Those Churches therefore, as well (as others), have
the self-same authority of custom (to appeal to); in opposing phalanx
they range "times" and "teachers," more than these later (Churches do).
What shah we observe? What shall we choose? We cannot contemptuously
reject a custom which we cannot condemn, inasmuch as it is not
"strange," since it is not among "strangers" that we find it, but among
those, to wit, with whom we share the law of peace and the name of
brotherhood. They and we have one faith, one God, the same Christ, the
same hope, the same baptismal sacraments; let me say it once for all,
we are one Church.(4) Thus, whatever belongs to our brethren is ours:
only, the body divides us.
Still, here (as generally happens in all cases of various
practice, of doubt, and of uncertainty), examination ought to have been
made to see which of two so diverse customs were the more compatible
with the discipline of God. And, of course, that ought to have been
chosen which keeps virgins veiled, as being known to God alone; who
(besides that glory must be sought from God, not from men(5)) ought to
blush even at their own privilege. You put a virgin to the blush more
by praising than by blaming her; because the front of sin is more hard,
learning shamelessness from and in the sin itself. For that custom
which belies virgins while it exhibits them, would never have been
approved by any except by some men who must have been similar in
character to the virgins themselves. Such eyes will wish that a virgin
be seen as has the virgin who shall wish to be seen. The same kinds of
eyes reciprocally crave after each other. Seeing and being seen belong
to the self-same lust. To blush if he see a virgin is as much a mark of
a chaste(6) man, as of a chaste(7) virgin if seen by a man.
But not even between customs have those most chaste s teachers
chosen to examine. Still, until very recently, among us, either custom
was, with comparative indifference, admitted to communion. The matter
had been left to choice, for each virgin to veil herself or expose
herself, as she might have chosen, just as (she had equal liberty) as
to marrying, which itself withal is neither enforced nor prohibited.
Truth had been content to make an agreement with custom, in order that
under the name of custom it might enjoy itself even partially. But when
the power of discerning began to advance, so that the licence granted
to either fashion was becoming the mean whereby the indication of the
better part emerged; immediately the great adversary of good
things—and much more of good institutions—set to his own work. The
virgins of men go about, in opposition to the virgins of God, with
front quite bare, excited to a rash audacity; and the semblance of
virgins is exhibited by women who have the power of asking somewhat
from husbands,(9) not to say such a request as that (forsooth) their
rivals—all the more "free" in that they are the "hand-maids" of Christ
alone(10)—may be surrendered to them. "We are scandalized," they say,
"because others walk otherwise (than we do);" and they prefer being
"scandalized" to being provoked (to modesty). A "scandal," if I mistake
not, is an example not of a good thing, but of a bad, tending to sinful
edification. Good things scandalize none but an evil mind. If modesty,
if bashfulness, if contempt of glory, anxious to please God alone, are
good things, let women who are "scandalized" by such good learn to
acknowledge their own evil. For what if the incontinent withal say they
are "scandalized" by the continent? Is continence to be recalled? And,
for fear the multinubists be "scandalized," is monogamy to be rejected?
Why may not these latter rather complain that the petulance, the
impudence, of ostentatious virginity is a "scandal" to them? Are
therefore chaste virgins to be, for the sake of these marketable
creatures, dragged into the church, blushing at being recognised in
public, quaking at being unveiled, as if they had been invited as it
were to rape? For they axe no less unwilling to suffer even this. Every
public exposure of an honourable virgin is (to her) a suffering of
rape: and yet the suffering of carnal violence is the less (evil),
because it comes of natural office. But when the very spirit itself is
violated in a virgin by the abstraction of her covering, she has learnt
to lose what she used to keep. O sacrilegious hands, which have had the
hardihood to drag off a dress dedicated to God! What worse could any
persecutor have done, if he had known that this (garb) had been chosen
by a virgin? You have denuded a maiden in regard of her head, and
forthwith she wholly ceases to be a virgin tO herself; she has
undergone a change! Arise, therefore, Truth; arise, and as it were
burst forth from Thy patience! No custom do I wish Thee to defend; for
by this time even that custom under which Thou didst enjoy thy own
liberty is being stormed! Demonstrate that it is Thyself who art the
coverer of virgins. Interpret in person Thine own Scriptures, which
Custom understandeth not; for, if she had, she never would have had an
existence.
But in so far as it is the custom to argue even from the
Scriptures in opposition to truth, there is immediately urged against
us the fact that "no mention of virgins is made by the apostle where he
is prescribing about the veil, but that 'women' only are named;
whereas, if he had willed virgins as well to be covered, he would have
pronounced concerning 'virgins' also together with the 'women' named;
just as," says (our opponent), "in that passage where he is treating of
marriage,(1) he declares likewise with regard to 'virgins' what
observance is to be followed." And accordingly (it is urged) that "they
are not comprised in the law of veiling the head, as not being named in
this law; nay rather, that this is the origin of their being unveiled,
inasmuch as they who are not named are not bidden."
But we withal retort the self-same line of argument. For he who
knew elsewhere how to make mention of each sex—of virgin I mean, and
woman, that is, not-virgin—for distinction's sake; in these
(passages), in which he does not name a virgin, points out (by not
making the distinction) community of condition. Otherwise he could here
also have marked the difference between virgin and woman, just as
elsewhere he says, "Divided is the woman and the virgin."(2) Therefore
those whom, by passing them over in silence, he has not divided, he has
included in the other species.
Nor yet, because in that case "divided is both woman and virgin,"
will this division exert its patronizing influence in the present case
as well, as some will have it. For how many sayings, uttered on another
occasion, have no weight—in cases, to wit, where they are not
uttered—unless the subject-matter be the same as on the other
occasion, so that the one utterance may suffice! But the former case of
virgin and woman is widely "divided" from the present question.
"Divided," he says, "is the woman and the virgin." Why? Inasmuch as
"the unmarried," that is, the virgin, "is anxious about those (things)
which are the Lord's, that she may be holy both in body and in spirit;
but the married," that is, the not-virgin, "is anxious how she may
please her husband." This will be the interpretation of that
"division," having no place in this passage (now under consideration);
in which pronouncement is made neither about marriage, nor about the
mind and the thought of woman and of virgin, but about the veiling of
the head. Of which (veiling) the Holy Spirit, willing that there should
be no distinction, willed that by the one name of woman should likewise
be understood the virgin; whom, by not specially naming, He has not
separated from the woman, and, by not separating, has conjoined to her
from whom He has not separated her.
Is it now, then, a "novelty" to use the primary word, and
nevertheless to have the other (subordinate divisions) understood in
that word, in cases where there is no necessity for individually
distinguishing the (various parts of the) universal whole? Naturally, a
compendious style of speech is both pleasing and necessary; inasmuch as
diffuse speech is both tiresome and vain. So, too, we are content with
general words, which comprehend in themselves the understanding of the
specialties. Proceed we, then, to the word itself. The word (expressing
the) natural (distinction) is female. Of the natural word, the general
word is woman. Of the general, again, the special is virgin, or wife,
or widow, or whatever other names, even of the successive stages of
life, are added hereto. Subject, therefore, the special is to the
general (because the general is prior); and the succedent to the
antecedent, and the partial to the universal: (each) is implied in the
word itself to which it is subject; and is signified in it, because
contained in it. Thus neither hand, nor foot, nor any one of the
members, requires to be signified when the body is named. And if you
say the universe, therein will be both the heaven and the things that
are in it,—sun and moon, and constellations and stars,—and the earth
and the seas, and everything that goes to make up the list of elements.
You will have named all, when you have named that which is made up of
all. So, too, by naming woman, he has named whatever is woman's.
But since they use the name of woman in such a way as to think it
inapplicable save to her alone who has known a man, the pertinence of
the propriety of this word to the sex itself, not to a grade of the
sex, must be proved by us; that virgins as well (as others) may be
commonly comprised in it.
When this kind of second human being was made by God for man's
assistance, that female was forthwith named woman; still happy, still
worthy of paradise, still virgin. "She shall be called," said (Adam),
"Woman." And accordingly you have the name,—I say, not already common
to a virgin, but—proper (to her; a name) which from the beginning was
allotted to a virgin. But some ingeniously will have it that it was
said of the future, "She shall be called woman," as if she were
destined to be so when she had resigned her virginity; since he added
withal: "For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and be
conglutinated to his own woman; and the two shall be one flesh." Let
them therefore among whom that subtlety obtains show us first, if she
were surnamed woman with a future reference, what name she meantime
received. For without a name expressive of her present quality she
cannot have been. But what kind of (hypothesis) is it that one who,
with an eye to the future, was called by a definite name, at the
present time should have nothing for a surname? On all animals Adam
imposed names; and on none on the ground of future condition, but on
the ground of the present purpose which each particular nature
served;(1) called (as each nature was) by that to which from the
beginning it showed a propensity. What, then, was she at that time
called? Why, as often as she is named in the Scripture, she has the
appellation woman before she was wedded, and never virgin while she was
a virgin.
This name was at that time the only one she had, and (that) when
nothing was (as yet) said prophetically. For when the Scripture records
that "the two were naked, Adam and his woman," neither does this savour
of the future, as if it said "his woman" as a presage of "wife;" but
because his woman(2) was withal unwedded, as being (formed) from his
own substance. "This bone," he says, "out of my bones, and flesh out of
my flesh, shall be called woman." Hence, then, it is from the tacit
consciousness of nature that the actual divinity of the soul has educed
into the ordinary usage of common speech, unawares to men, (just as it
has thus educed many other things too which we shall elsewhere be able
to show to derive from the Scriptures the origin of their doing and
saying,) our fashion of calling our wives our women, however improperly
withal we may in same instances speak. For the Greeks, too, who use the
name of woman more (than we do) in the sense of wife, have other names
appropriate to wife. But I prefer to assign this usage as a testimony
to Scripture. For when two are made into one flesh through the
marriage-tie, the "flesh of flesh and bone of bones" is called the
woman of him of whose substance she begins to be accounted by being
made his wife. Thus woman is not by nature a name of wife, but wife by
condition is a name of woman. In fine, womanhood is predicable apart
from wifehood; but wifehood apart from womanhood is not, because it
cannot even exist. Having therefore settled the name of the newly-made
female—which (name) is woman—and having explained what she formerly
was, that is, having sealed the name to her, he immediately turned to
the prophetic reason, so as to say, "On this account shall a man leave
father and mother." The name is so truly separate from the prophecy, as
far as (the prophecy) from the individual person herself, that of
course it is not with reference to Eve herself that (Adam) has uttered
(the prophecy), but with a view to those future females whom he has
named in the maternal fount of the feminine race. Besides, Adam was not
to leave "father and mother"—whom he had not—for the sake of Eve.
Therefore that which was prophetically said does not apply to Eve,
because it does not to Adam either. For it was predicted with regard to
the condition of husbands, who were destined to leave their parents for
a woman's sake; which could net chance to Eve, because it could not to
Adorn either.
If the case is so, it is apparent that she was not surnamed woman
on account of a future (circumstance), to whom (that) future
(circumstance) did not apply.
To this is added, that (Adam) himself published the reason of the
name. For, after saying, "She shall be called woman," he said,
"inasmuch as she hath been taken out of man"—the man himself withal
being still a virgin. But we will speak, too, about the name of man(1)
in its own place. Accordingly, let none interpret with a prophetic
reference a name which was deduced from another signification;
especially since it is apparent when she did receive a name rounded
upon a future (circumstance)—there, namely, where she is surnamed
"Eve," with a personal name now, because the natural one had gone
before.(2) For if "Eve" means "the mother of the living," behold, she
is surnamed from a future (circumstance)! behold, she is pre-announced
to be a wife, and not a virgin! This will be the name of one who is
about to wed; for of the bride (comes) the mother.
Thus in this case too it is shown, that it was not from a future
(circumstance) that she was at that time named woman, who was shortly
after to receive the name which would be proper to her future
condition.
Sufficient answer has been made to this part (of the question).
Let us now see whether the apostle withal observes the norm of
this name in accordance with Genesis, attributing it to the sex;
calling the virgin Mary a woman, just as Genesis (does) Eve. For,
writing to the Galatians, "God," he says, "sent His own Son, made of a
woman,"(3) who, of course, is admitted to have been a virgin, albeit
Hebion(4) resist (that doctrine). I recognise, too, the angel Gabriel
as having been sent to "a virgin."(5) But when he is blessing her, it
is "among women," not among virgins, that he ranks her: "Blessed (be)
thou among women." The angel withal knew that even a virgin is called a
woman.
But to these two (arguments), again, there is one who appears to
himself to have made an ingenious answer; (to the effect that) inasmuch
as Mary was "betrothed," therefore it is that both by angel and apostle
she is pronounced a woman; for a "betrothed" is in some sense a
"bride." Still, between "in some sense" and "truth" there is difference
enough, at all events in the present place: for elsewhere, we grant, we
must thus hold. Now, however, it is not as being already wedded that
they have pronounced Mary a woman, but as being none the less a female
even if she had not been espoused; as having been called by this (name)
from the beginning: for that must necessarily have a prejudicating
force from which the normal type has descended. Else, as far as relates
to the present passage, if Mary is here put on a level with a
"betrothed," so that she is called a woman not on the Found of being a
female, but on the ground of being assigned to a husband, it
immediately follows that Christ was not born of a virgin, because
(born) of one "betrothed," who by this fact will have ceased to be a
virgin. Whereas, if He was born of a virgin—albeit withal "betrothed,"
yet intact—acknowledge that even a virgin, even an intact one, is
called a woman. Here, at all events, there can be no semblance of
speaking prophetically, as if the apostle should have named a future
woman, that is, bride, in saying "made of a woman." For he could not be
naming a posterior woman, from whom Christ had not to be born—that is,
one who had known a man; but she who was then present, who was a
virgin, was withal called a woman in consequence of the propriety of
this name,—vindicated, in accordance with the primordial norm, (as
belonging) to a virgin, and thus to the universal class of women.
Turn we next to the examination of the reasons themselves which
lead the apostle to teach that the female ought to be veiled, (to see)
whether the self-same (reasons) apply to virgins likewise; so that
hence also the community of the name between virgins and not-virgins
may be established, while the self-same causes which necessitate the
veil are found to exist in each case.
If "the man is bead of the woman,"(6) of course (he is) of the
virgin too, from whom comes the woman who has married; unless the
virgin is a third generic class, some monstrosity with a head of its
own. If" it is shameful for a woman to be shaven or shorn," of course
it is so for a virgin. (Hence let the world, the rival of God, see to
it, if it asserts that close-cut hair is graceful to a virgin in like
manner as that flowing hair is to a boy.) To her, then, to whom it is
equally unbecoming to be shaven or shorn, it is equally becoming to be
covered. If" the woman is the glory of the man," how much more the
virgin, who is a glory withal to herself! If "the woman is of the man,"
and "for the sake of the man," that rib of Adam(7) was first a virgin.
If "the woman ought to have power upon the head,"(1) all the more
justly ought the virgin, to whom pertains the essence of the cause
(assigned for this assertion). For if (it is) on account of the
angels—those, to wit, whom we read of as having fallen from God and
heaven on account of concupiscence after females—who can presume that
it was bodies already defiled, and relics of human lust, which such
angels yearned after, so as not rather to have been inflamed for
virgins, whose bloom pleads an excuse for human lust likewise? For thus
does Scripture withal suggest: "And it came to pass," it says, "when
men had begun to grow more numerous upon the earth, there were withal
daughters born them; but the sons of God, having descried the daughters
of men, that they were fair, took to themselves wives of all whom they
elected."(2) For here the Greek name of women does seem to have the
sense "wives," inasmuch as mention is made of marriage. When, then, it
says "the daughters of men," it manifestly purports virgins, who would
be still reckoned as belonging to their parents—for wedded women are
called their husbands'—whereas it could have said "the wives of men:"
in like manner not naming the angels adulterers, but husbands, while
they take unwedded" daughters of men," who it has above said were
"born," thus also signifying their virginity: first,"born;" but here,
wedded to angels. Anything else I know not that they were except "born"
and subsequently wedded. So perilous a face, then, ought to be shaded,
which has cast stumbling-stones even so far as heaven: that, when
standing in the presence of God, at whose bar it stands accused of the
driving of the angels from their (native) confines, it may blush before
the other angels as well; and may repress that former evil liberty of
its head,—(a liberty) now to be exhibited not even before human eyes.
But even if they were females already contaminated whom those angels
had desired, so much the more "on account of the angels" would it have
been the duty of virgins to be veiled, as it would have been the more
possible for virgins to have been the cause of the angels' sinning. If,
moreover, the apostle further adds the prejudgment of "nature," that
redundancy of locks is an honour to a woman, because hair serves for a
covering? of course it is most of all to a virgin that this is a
distinction; for their very adornment properly consists in this, that,
by being massed together upon the crown, it wholly covers the very
citadel of the head with an encirclement of hair.
The contraries, at all events, of all these (considerations)
effect that a man is not to cover his head: to wit, because he has not
by nature been gifted with excess of hair; because to be shaven or
shorn is not shameful to him; because it was not on his account that
the angels transgressed; because his Head is Christ.(4) Accordingly,
since the apostle is treating of man and woman—why the latter ought to
be veiled, but the former not—it is apparent why he has been silent as
to the virgin; allowing, to wit, the virgin to be understood in the
woman by the self-same reason by which he forbore to name the boy as
implied in the man; embracing the whole order of either sex in the
names proper (to each) of woman and man. So likewise Adam, while still
intact, is surnamed in Genesis man:(5) "She shall be called," says he,
"woman, because she hath been taken from her own man." Thus was Adam a
man before nuptial intercourse, in like manner as Eve a woman. On
either side the apostle has made his sentence apply with sufficient
plainness to the universal species of each sex; and briefly and fully,
with so well-appointed a definition, he says, "Every woman." What is
"every," but of every class, of every order, of every condition, of
every dignity, of every age?—if, (as is the case), "every" means total
and entire, and in none of its parts defective. But the virgin is
withal a part of the woman. Equally, too, with regard to not veiling
the man, he says "every." Behold two diverse names, Man and
Woman—"every one" in each case: two laws, mutually distinctive; on the
one hand (a law) of veiling, on the other (a law) of baring. Therefore,
if the fact that it is said "every man" makes it plain that the name of
man is common even to him who is not yet a man, a stripling male; (if),
moreover, since the name is common according to nature, the law of not
veiling him who among men is a virgin is common too according to
discipline: why is it that it is not consequently prejudged that, woman
being named, every woman-virgin is similarly comprised in the
fellowship of the name, so as to be comprised too in the community of
the law? If a virgin is not a woman, neither is a stripling a man. If
the virgin is not covered on the plea that she is not a woman, let the
stripling be covered on the plea that he is not a man. Let identity of
virginity, share equality of indulgence. As virgins are not compelled
to be veiled, so let boys not be bidden to be unveiled. Why do we
partly acknowledge the definition of the apostle, as absolute with
regard to "every man," without entering upon disquisitions as to why he
has not withal named the boy; but partly prevaricate, though it is
equally absolute with regard to "every woman?""If any," he says, "is
contentious, we have not such a custom, nor (has) the Church of
God."(1) He shows that there had been some contention about this point;
for the extinction whereof he uses the whole compendiousness (of
language): not naming the virgin, on the one hand, in order to show
that there is to be no doubt about her veiling; and, on the other hand,
naming "every woman," whereas he would have named the virgin (had the
question been confined to her). So, too, did the Corinthians themselves
understand him. In fact, at this day the Corinthians do veil their
virgins. What the apostles taught, their disciples approve.
Let is now see whether, as we have shown the arguments drawn from
nature and the matter itself to be applicable to the virgin as well (as
to other females), so likewise the precepts of ecclesiastical
discipline concerning women have an eye to the virgin.
It is not permitted to a woman to speak in the church;(2) but
neither (is it permitted her) to teach, nor to baptize, nor to offer,
nor to claim to herself a lot in any manly function, not to say (in
any) sacerdotal office. Let us inquire whether any of these be lawful
to a virgin. If it is not lawful to a virgin, but she is subjected on
the self-same terms (as the woman), and the necessity for humility is
assigned her together with the woman, whence will this one thing be
lawful to her which is not lawful to any and every female? If any is a
virgin, and has proposed to sanctify her flesh, what prerogative does
she (thereby) earn adverse to her own condition? Is the reason why it
is granted her to dispense with the veil, that she may be notable and
marked as she enters the church? that she may display the honour of
sanctity in the liberty of her head? More worthy distinction could have
been conferred on her by according her some prerogative of manly rank
or office! I know plainly, that in a certain place a virgin of less
than twenty years of age has been placed in the order of widows!
whereas if the bishop had been bound to accord her any relief, he
might, of course, have done it in some other way without detriment to
the respect due to discipline; that such a miracle, not to say monster,
should not be pointed at in the church, a virgin-widow! the more
portentous indeed, that not even as a widow did she veil her head;
denying herself either way; both as virgin, in that she is counted a
widow, and as widow, in that she is styled a virgin. But the authority
which licenses her sitting in that seat uncovered is the same which
allows her to sit there as a virgin: a seat to which (besides the
"sixty years"(3) not merely "single-husbanded "(women)—that is,
married women—are at length elected, but "mothers" to boot, yes, and
"educators of children;" in order, forsooth, that their experimental
training in all the affections may, on the one hand, have rendered them
capable of readily aiding all others with counsel and comfort, and
that, on the other, they may none the less have travelled down the
whole course of probation whereby a female can he tested. So true is;
it, that, on the ground of her position, nothing in the way of public
honour is permitted to a virgin.
Nor, similarly, (is it permitted) on the ground of any
distinctions whatever. Otherwise, it were sufficiently discourteous,
that while females, subjected as they are throughout to men, bear in
their front an honourable mark of their virginity, whereby they may be
looked up to and gazed at on all sides and magnified by the brethren,
so many men-virgins, so many voluntary eunuchs, should carry their
glory in secret, carrying no token to make them, too, illustrious. For
they, too, will be bound to claim some distinctions for
themselves—either the feathers of the Garamantes, or else the fillets
of the barbarians, or else the cicadas of the Athenians, or else the
curls of the Germans, or else the tattoo-marks of the Britons; or else
let the opposite course be taken, and let them lurk in the churches
with head veiled. Sure we are that the Holy Spirit could rather have
made some such concession to males, if He had made it to females;
forasmuch as, besides the authority of sex, it would have been more
becoming that males should have been honoured on the ground of
continency itself likewise. The more their sex is eager and warm toward
females, so much the more toil does the continence of (this) greater
ardour involve; and therefore the worthier is it of all ostentation, if
ostentation of virginity is dignity. For is not continence withal
superior to virginity, whether it be the continence of the widowed, or
of those who, by consent, have already renounced the common disgrace
(which matrimony involves)?(4) For constancy of virginity is maintained
by grace; of continence, by virtue. For great is the struggle to
overcome concupiscence when you have become accustomed to such
concupiscence; whereas a concupiscence the enjoyment whereof you have
never known you will subdue easily, not having an adversary (in the
shape of) the concupiscence of enjoyment.(1) How, then, would God have
failed to make any such concession to men more (than to women), whether
on the ground of nearer intimacy, as being "His own image," or on the
ground of harder toil? But if nothing (has been thus conceded) to the
male, much more to the female.
But what we intermitted above for the sake of the subsequent
discussion—not to dissipate its coherence—we will now discharge by an
answer. For when we joined issue about the apostle's absolute
definition, that "every woman" must be understood (as meaning woman) of
even every age, it might be replied by the opposite side, that in that
case it behoved the virgin to be veiled from her nativity, and from the
first entry of her age (upon the roll of time).
But it is not so; but from the time when she begins to be
self-conscious, and to awake to the sense of her own nature, and to
emerge from the virgin's (sense), and to experience that novel
(sensation) which belongs to the succeeding age. For withal the
founders of the race, Adam and Eve, so long as they were without
intelligence, went "naked;" but after they tasted of "the tree of
recognition," they were first sensible of nothing more than of their
cause for shame. Thus they each marked their intelligence of their own
sex by a covering.(2) But even if it is "on account of the angels" that
she is to be veiled,(3) doubtless the age from which the law of the
veil will come into operation will be that from which "the daughters of
men" were able to invite concupiscence of their persons, and to
experience marriage. For a virgin ceases to be a virgin from the time
that it becomes possible for her not to be one. And accordingly, among
Israel, it is unlawful to deliver one to a husband except after the
attestation by blood of her maturity;(4) thus, before this indication,
the nature is unripe. Therefore if she is a virgin so long as she is
unripe, she ceases to be a virgin when she is perceived to be ripe;
and, as not-virgin, is now subject to the law, just as she is to
marriage. And the betrothed indeed have the example of Rebecca, who,
when she was being conducted—herself still unknown—to an unknown
betrothed, as soon as she learned that he whom she had sighted from
afar was the man, awaited not the grasp of the hand, nor the meeting of
the kiss, nor the interchange of salutation; but confessing what she
had felt—namely, that she had been (already) wedded in spirit—denied
herself to be a virgin by then and there veiling herself.(5) Oh woman
already belonging to Christ's discipline! For she showed that marriage
likewise, as fornication is, is transacted by gaze and mind; only that
a Rebecca likewise some do still veil. With regard to the rest, however
(that is, those who are not betrothed), let the procrastination of
their parents, arising from straitened means or scrupulosity, look (to
them); let the vow of continence itself look (to them). In no respect
does (such procrastination) pertain to an age which is already running
its own assigned course, and paying its own dues to maturity. Another
secret mother, Nature, and another hidden father, Time, have wedded
their daughter to their own laws. Behold that virgin-daughter of yours
already wedded—her soul by expectancy, her flesh by
transformation—for whom you are preparing a second husband! Already
her voice is changed, her limbs fully formed, her "shame" everywhere
clothing itself, the months paying their tributes; and do you deny her
tO be a woman whom you assert to be undergoing womanly experiences? If
the contact of a man makes a woman, let there be no covering except
after actual experience of marriage. Nay, but even among the heathens
(the betrothed) are led veiled to the husband. But if it is at
betrothal that they are veiled, because (then) both in body and in
spirit they have mingled with a male, through the kiss and the fight
hands, through which means they first in spirit unsealed their modesty,
through the common pledge of conscience whereby they mutually plighted
their whole confusion; how much more will time veil them?—(time)
without which espoused they cannot be; and by whose urgency, without
espousals, they cease to be virgins. Time even the heathens observe,
that, in obedience to the law of nature, they may render their own
fights to the (different) ages. For their females they despatch to
their businesses from (the age of) twelve years, but the male from two
years later; decreeing puberty (to consist) in years, not in espousals
or nuptials. "Housewife" one is called, albeit a virgin, and
"house-father," albeit a stripling. By us not even natural laws are
observed; as if the God of nature were some other than ours!
Recognise the woman, ay, recognise the wedded woman, by the
testimonies both of body and of spirit, which she experiences both in
conscience and in flesh. These are the earlier tablets of natural
espousals and nuptials. Impose a veil externally upon her who has
(already) a covering internally. Let her whose lower parts are not bare
have her upper likewise covered. Would you know what is the authority
which age carries? Set before yourself each (of these two); one
prematurely[1] compressed in woman's garb, and one who, though advanced
in maturity, persists in virginity with its appropriate garb: the
former will more easily be denied to be a woman than the latter
believed a virgin. Such is, then, the honesty of age, that there is no
overpowering it even by garb. What of the fact that these (virgins) of
ours confess their change of age even by their garb; and, as soon as
they have understood themselves to be women, withdraw themselves from
virgins, laying aside (beginning with their head itself) their former
selves: dye[2] their hair; and fasten their hair with more wanton pin;
professing manifest womanhood with their hair parted from the front.
The next thing is, they consult the looking-glass to aid their beauty,
and thin down their over-exacting face with washing, perhaps withal
vamp it up with cosmetics, toss their mantle about them with an air,
fit tightly the multiform shoe, carry down more ample appliances to the
baths. Why should I pursue particulars? But their manifest appliances
alone[3] exhibit their perfect womanhood: yet they wish to play the
virgin by the sole fact of leaving their head bare—denying by one
single feature what they profess by their entire deportment.
If on account of men[4] they adopt a false garb, let them carry
out that garb fully even for that end;[5] and as they veil their head
in presence of heathens, let them at all events in the church conceal
their virginity, which they do veil outside the church. They fear
strangers: let them stand in awe of the brethren too; or else let them
have the consistent hardihood to appear as virgins in the streets as
well, as they have the hardihood to do in the churches. I will praise
their vigour, if they succeed in selling aught of virginity among the
heathens withal.[6] Identity of nature abroad as at home, identity of
custom in the presence of men as of the Lord, consists in identity of
liberty. To what purpose, then, do they thrust their glory out of sight
abroad, but expose it in the church? I demand a reason. Is it to please
the brethren, or God Himself? If God Himself, He is as capable of
beholding whatever is done in secret, as He is just to remunerate what
is done for His sole honour. In fine, He enjoins us not to trumpet
forth[7] any one of those things which will merit reward in His sight,
nor get compensation for them from men. But if we are prohibited from
letting "our left hand know" when we bestow the gift of a single
halfpenny, or any eleemosynary bounty whatever, how deep should be the
darkness in which we ought to enshroud ourselves when we are offering
God so great an oblation of our very body and our very spirit—when we
are consecrating to Him our very nature! It follows, therefore, that
what cannot appear to be done for God's sake (because God wills not
that it be done in such a way) is done for the sake of men,—a thing,
of course, primarily unlawful, as betraying a lust of glory. For glory
is a thing unlawful to those whose probation consists in humiliation of
every kind. And if it is by God that the virtue of continence is
conferred, "why gloriest thou, as if thou have not received?"[8] If,
however, you have not received it, "what hast thou which has not been
given thee?" But by this very fact it is plain that it has not been
given you by God—that it is not to God alone that you offer it. Let us
see, then, whether what is human be firm and true.
They report a saying uttered at one time by some one when first
this question was mooted, "And how shall we invite the other (virgins)
to similar conduct?" Forsooth, it is their numbers that will make us
happy, and not the grace of God and the merits of each individual! Is
it virgins who (adorn or commend) the Church in the sight of God, or
the Church which adorns or commends virgins? (Our objector) has
therefore confessed that "glory" lies at the root of the matter. Well,
where glory is, there is solicitation; where solicitation, there
compulsion; where compulsion, there necessity; where necessity, there
infirmity. Deservedly, therefore, while they do not cover their head,
in order that they may be solicited for the sake of glory, they are
forced to cover their bellies by the ruin resulting from infirmity. For
it is emulation, not religion, which impels them. Sometimes it is that
god— their belly[1]—himself; because the brotherhood readily
undertakes the maintenance of virgins. But, moreover, it is not merely
that they are ruined, but they draw after them "a long rope of
sins."[2] For, after being brought forth into the midst (of the
church), and elated by the public appropriation of their property,[3]
and laden by the brethren with every honour and charitable bounty, so
long as they do not fall,-when any sin has been committed, they
meditate a deed as disgraceful as the honour was high which they had.
(It is this.) If an uncovered head is a recognised mark of virginity,
(then) if any virgin falls from the grace of virginity, she remains
permanently with head uncovered for fear of discovery, and walks about
in a garb which then indeed is another's. Conscious of a now undoubted
womanhood, they have the audacity to draw near to God with head bare.
But the "jealous God and Lord," who has said, "Nothing covered which
shall not be revealed,"[4] brings such in general before the public
gaze; for confess they will not, unless betrayed by the cries of their
infants themselves. But, in so far as they are "more numerous," will
you not just have them suspected of the more crimes? I will say (albeit
I would rather not) it is a difficult thing for one to turn woman once
for all who fears to do so, and who, when already so turned (in
secret), has the power of (still) falsely pretending to be a virgin
under the eye of God. What audacities, again, will (such an one)
venture on with regard to her womb, for fear of being detected in being
a mother as well! God knows how many infants He has helped to
perfection and through gestation till they were born sound and whole,
after being long fought against by their mothers! Such virgins ever
conceive with the readiest facility, and have the happiest deliveries,
and children indeed most like to their fathers!
These crimes does a forced and unwilling virginity incur. The
very concupiscence of non-concealment is not modest: it experiences
somewhat which is no mark of a virgin,—the study of pleasing, of
course, ay, and (of pleasing) men. Let her strive as much as you please
with an honest mind; she must necessarily be imperilled by the public
exhibition s of herself, while she is penetrated by the gaze of
untrustworthy and multitudinous' eyes, while she is tickled by pointing
fingers, while she is too well loved, while she feels a warmth creep
over her amid assiduous embraces and kisses. Thus the forehead hardens;
thus the sense of shame wears away; thus it relaxes; thus is learned
the desire of pleasing in another way!
Nay, but true and absolute and pure virginity fears nothing more
than itself. Even female eyes it shrinks from encountering. Other eyes
itself has. It betakes itself for refuge to the veil of the head as to
a helmet, as to a shield, to protect its glory against the blows of
temptations, against the dam of scandals, against suspicions and
whispers and emulation; (against) envy also itself. For there is a
something even among the heathens to be apprehended, which they call
Fascination, the too unhappy result of excessive praise and glory. This
we sometimes interpretatively ascribe to the devil, for of him comes
hatred of good; sometimes we attribute it to God, for of Him comes
judgment upon haughtiness, exalting, as He does, the humble, and
depressing the elated.[6] The more holy virgin, accordingly, will fear,
even under the name of fascination, on the one hand the adversary, on
the other God,the envious disposition of the former, the censorial
light of the latter; and will joy in being known to herself alone and
to God. But even if she has been recognized by any other, she is wise
to have blocked up the pathway against temptations. For who will have
the audacity to intrude with his eyes upon a shrouded face? a face
without feeling? a face, so to say, morose? Any evil cogitation
whatsoever will be broken by the very severity. She who conceals her
virginity, by that fact denies even her womanhood.
Herein consists the defence of our opinion, in accordance with
Scripture, in accordance with Nature, in accordance with Discipline.
Scripture founds the law; Nature joins to attest it; Discipline exacts
it. Which of these (three) does a custom rounded on (mere) opinion
appear in behalf of? or what is the colour of the opposite view? God's
is Scripture; God's is Nature; God's is Discipline. Whatever is
contrary to these is not God's. If Scripture is uncertain, Nature is
manifest; and concerning Nature's testimony Scripture cannot be
uncertain? If there is a doubt about Nature, Discipline points out what
is more sanctioned by God. For noth- ing is to Him dearer than
humility; nothing more acceptable than modesty; nothing more offensive
than "glory" and the study of men-pleasing. Let that, accordingly, be
to you Scripture, and Nature, and Discipline, which you shall find to
have been sanctioned by God; just as you are biddeu to "examine all
things, and diligently follow whatever is better."[1]
It remains likewise that we turn to (the virgins) themselves, to
induce them to accept these (suggestions) the more willingly. I pray
you, be you mother, or sister, or virgin-daughter—let me address you
according to the names proper to your years—veil your head: if a
mother, for your sons' sakes; if a sister, for your brethren's sakes;
if a daughter for your fathers' sakes. All ages are perilled in your
person. Put on the panoply of modesty; surround yourself with the
stockade of bashfulness; rear a rampart for your sex, which must
neither allow your own eyes egress nor ingress to other people's. Wear
the full garb of woman, to preserve the standing of virgin. Belie
somewhat of your inward consciousness, in order to exhibit the truth to
God alone. And yet you do not belie yourself in appearing as a bride.
For wedded you are to Christ: to Him you have surrendered your flesh;
to Him you have espoused your maturity. Walk in accordance with the
will of your Espoused. Christ is He who bids the espoused and wives of
others Veil themselves;[2] (and,) of course, ranch more His own.
But we admonish you, too, women of the second (degree of)
modesty, who have fallen into wedlock, not to outgrow so far the
discipline of the veil, not even in a moment of an hour, as, because
you cannot refuse it, to take some other means to nullify it, by going
neither covered nor bare. For some, with their turbans and woollen
bands, do not veil their head, but bind it up; protected, indeed, in
front, but, where the head properly lies, bare. Others are to a certain
extent covered over the region of the brain with linen coifs of small
dimensions—I suppose for fear of pressing the head—and not reaching
quite to the ears. If they are so weak in their hearing as not to be
able to hear through a covering, I pity them. Let them know that the
whole head constitutes "the woman."[3] Its limits and boundaries reach
as far as the place where the robe begins. The region of the veil is
co-extensive with the space covered by the hair when unbound; in order
that the necks too may be encircled. For it is they which must be
subjected, for the sake of which "power" ought to be "had on the head:"
the veil is their yoke. Arabia's heathen females will be your judges,
who cover not only the head, but the face also, so entirely, that they
are content, with one eye free, to enjoy rather half the light than to
prostitute the entire face. A female would rather see than be seen. And
for this reason a certain Roman queen said that they were most unhappy,
in that they could more easily fall in love than be fallen in love
with; whereas thay are rather happy, in their immunity from that second
(and indeed more frequent) infelicity, that females are more apt to be
fallen in love with than to fall in love. And the modesty of heathen
discipline, indeed, is more simple, and, so to say, more barbaric. To
us the Lord has, even by revelations, measured the space for the veil
to extend over. For a certain sister of ours was thus addressed by an
angel, beating her neck, as if in applause: "Elegant neck, and
deservedly bare! it is well for thee to unveil thyself from the head
fight down to the loins, lest withal this freedom of thy neck profit
thee not!" And, of course, what you have said to one you have said to
all. But how severe a chastisement will they likewise deserve, who,
amid (the recital of) the Psalms, and at any mention of (the name of)
God, continue uncovered; (who) even when about to spend time in prayer
itself, with the utmost readiness place a fringe, or a tuft, or any
thread whatever, on the crown of their heads, and suppose themselves to
be covered? Of so small extent do they falsely imagine their head to
be! Others, who think the palm of their hand plainly greater than any
fringe or thread, misuse their head no less; like a certain (creature),
more beast than bird, albeit winged, with small head, long legs, and
moreover of erect carriage. She, they say, when she has to hide,
thrusts away into a thicket her head alone—plainly the whole of it,
(though)—leaving all the rest of herself exposed. Thus, while she is
secure in head, (but)
bare in her larger pans, she is taken wholly, head and all. Such
will be their plight withal, covered as they are less than is useful.
It is incumbent, then, at all times and in every place, to walk
mindful of the law, prepared and equipped in readiness to meet every
mention of God; who, if He be in the heart, will be recognised as well
in the head of females. To such as read these (exhortations) with good
will, to such as prefer Utility to Custom, may peace and grace from our
Lord Jesus Christ redound: as likewise to Septimius Tertullianus, whose
this tractate is. ELUCIDATIONS.
I. (Vicar of the Lord, p. 27.)
THE recurrence of this emphatic expression in our author is
worthy of special note. He knew of no other "Vicar of Christ" than the
promised Paraclete, who should bring all Christ's words to remembrance,
and be "another Comforter." Let me quote from Dr. Scott(1) a very
striking passage in illustration: "The Holy Ghost, after Christ's
departure from the world, acted immediately under Christ as the supreme
vicegerent of his kingdom; for next, and immediately under Christ, He
authorized the bishops and governors of the Church, and constituted
them overseers of the flock (Acts xx. 28). It was He that chose their
persons, and appointed their work, and gave them their several orders
and directions: in all which, it is evident that He acted under Christ
as His supreme substitute. Accordingly, by Tertullian he is styled 'the
Vicarious Virtue, or Power,' as He was the Supreme Vicar and substitute
of Christ in mediating for God with men."
II. (She shall be called woman, p. 31.)
The Vulgate reads, preserving something of the original
epigrammatic force, "Vocabitur VIR-ago, quoniam de VIR-O sumpta est."
The late revised English gives us, in the margin, Isshah and Ish, which
marks the play upon words in the Hebrew,—"She shall be called Isshah
because she was taken out of Ish." This Epithalamium is the earliest
poem, and Adam was the first poet.
As to the argument of our author, it is quite enough to say,
that, whatever we may think of his refinements upon St. Paul, he sticks
to the inspired text, and enforces God's Law in the Gospel. Let us
reflect, moreover, upon the awful immodesty of heathen manners (see
Martial, passim), and the necessity of enforcing a radical reform. All
that adorns the sex among Christians has sprung out of these severe and
caustic criticisms of the Gentile world and its customs. And let us
reflect that there is a growing licence in our age, which makes it
important to revert to first principles, and to renew the apostolic
injunctions, if not as Tertullian did, still as best we may, in our own
times and ways.
III. (These crimes, p. 36.)
The iniquity here pointed at has become of frightful magnitude in
the United States of America. We shall hear of it again when we come to
Hippolytus.[2] May the American editor be pardoned for referring to his
own commonitory to his countrywomen on this awful form of murder, in
Moral Reforms,[3] a little book upon practical subjects, addressed to
his own diocese.
Hippolytus speaks of the crime which had shocked Tertullian as
assuming terrible proportions at Rome in the time of Callistus[4] and
under his patronage, circa A.V. 220. But in this case it was not so
much the novelty of the evil which attracted the rebuke of the
Christian moralist, but the fact that it was licensed by a bishop.